2015 Virginia Workforce Development Survey

2015 Virginia Workforce Development Survey

June 20, 2016

Prepared by CURA @ VCU

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Virginia Job Vacancy Survey

Prepared for

Virginia Employment Commission

Report prepared by

John Accordino, Ph.D., FAICP

Fabrizio Fasulo, Ph.D.

Ivan Suen, Ph.D

Sarin Adhikari, Ph.D.

Center for Urban and Regional Analysis at VCU

Survey administered by

Mary Moore, Ph.D.

Jennifer Reid, Ph.D.

Survey and Evaluation Research Lab at VCU

two divisions of the L. Douglas Wilder

School of Government and Public Affairs

Virginia Commonwealth University

June 20, 2016

921 W. Franklin Street | PO Box 842028 | Richmond, Virginia 23284-2028

(804) 827-0525 | www.cura.vcu.edu|

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the Office of the Governor of Virginia and to the Virginia Employment Commission for the

opportunity to conduct and analyze the results of this survey. And we thank the employers who completed it.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... vi

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER 1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................. 3

Categories for the Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 3

The QCEW File ........................................................................................................................................ 7

Cleaning the QCEW Data File ................................................................................................................. 8

Sampling Design ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Survey Implementation .......................................................................................................................... 9

Survey Response Rate .......................................................................................................................... 10

Representativeness of the Sample ...................................................................................................... 10

Sampling Error at 95% Confidence Level ............................................................................................. 13

Potential Survey Measurement Errors ................................................................................................. 17

Estimating Total Job Vacancies – Method ........................................................................................... 17

Estimating Job Vacancies by Type and Duration ................................................................................. 20

Estimating Statewide Job Vacancies by Standard Occupational Classification Code .......................... 20

Estimating Job Vacancies by SOC Code by WIB Region ....................................................................... 21

CHAPTER 2. SURVEY RESULTS – STATEWIDE SUMMARY .................................................................. 22

Characteristics of Survey Respondents – Full- and Part-time Employees ........................................... 22

Expectations about Changes in Employment ...................................................................................... 22

Attributes Sought in New Hires ............................................................................................................ 22

Number of Vacancies and the Job Vacancy Rate ................................................................................. 23

Attributes of Job Vacancies .................................................................................................................. 24

Expected Difficulty in Filling Vacant Positions ..................................................................................... 25

Formal Education Required to Vacant Positions .................................................................................. 25

On-the-Job Training Required .............................................................................................................. 26

Level of Prior Work Experience Required ............................................................................................ 26

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Average Wage or Salary Level for Anticipated Job Openings .............................................................. 26

License or Industry-Recognized Credentials Required ........................................................................ 27

CHAPTER 3. SURVEY RESULTS AT THE INDUSTRY SECTOR LEVEL ....................................................... 28

Projected Vacancies and Full- versus Part-Time Vacancies by Industry Sector ................................... 28

Vacancy Rates by Industry Sector and Permanent versus Temporary / Seasonal Vacancies ............. 30

Formal Education, Experience, On-the-Job Training and Expected Difficulty Filling

Projected Vacancies ............................................................................................................................. 32

Average Annual Salaries and Hourly Wages by Industry ..................................................................... 34

Summary of Job Vacancies by Industry Sector .................................................................................... 36

CHAPTER 4. SURVEY RESULTS AT THE WORKFORCE INVESTMENT BOARD (WIB) REGION LEVEL ....... 37

Projected Vacancies and Full- versus Part-Time Vacancies by WIB Region ......................................... 37

Vacancy Rates by WIB Region and Permanent versus Temporary / Seasonal Vacancies ................... 40



Average Annual Salaries and Hourly Wages by WIB Region ................................................................. 44

Summary of Job Vacancies by WIB Region .......................................................................................... 46

CHAPTER 5. SURVEY RESULTS BY EMPLOYER SIZE ............................................................................. 47

Projected Vacancies and Full- versus Part-Time Vacancies by Employer Size ..................................... 47

Vacancy Rates by Employer Size and Permanent versus Temporary / Seasonal Vacancies ............... 47



Average Annual Salaries and Hourly Wages by Employer Size ............................................................ 49

Summary of Job Vacancies by Employer Size ...................................................................................... 51

CHAPTER 6. SURVEY RESULTS BY STANDARD OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION CODE....................... 52

Projected Vacancies and Full-Time, versus Part-Time Vacancies by Standard Occupational

Classification Code ................................................................................................................................ 52

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Projected Vacancies .............................................................................................................................. 54

Average Annual Salaries and Hourly Wages by Occupational Group ................................................... 57

Summary of Job Vacancies by Occupational Group ............................................................................. 60

Addendum: Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code ..................................................... 61

CHAPTER 7. ANALYSIS OF STANDARD OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION CODES BY WIB REGION ....... 73

WIB I. Southwest Virginia Workforce Investment Board ..................................................................... 74

WIB II. New River / Mount Rogers Workforce Investment Board ........................................................ 76

WIB III. Western Virginia Workforce Development Board ................................................................... 78

WIB IV. Shenandoah Valley Workforce Investment Board ................................................................... 80

WIB VI. Piedmont Workforce Network ................................................................................................. 82

WIB VII. Virginia’s Region 2000 Partnership ......................................................................................... 84

WIB VIII. South Central Workforce Investment Board.......................................................................... 86

WIB IX. Resource: Capital Region Workforce Partnership .................................................................... 88

WIB XI. Northern Virginia Workforce Investment System .................................................................... 90

WIB XII. Alexandria/Arlington Workforce Investment Board ............................................................... 92

WIB XIII. Bay Consortium Workforce Investment Board ..................................................................... 94

WIB XIV. Peninsula Council for Workforce Development .................................................................... 96

WIB XV. Crater Regional Workforce Investment Group ...................................................................... 98

WIB XVI. Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads Workforce Development Board ................................. 100

WIB XVII. West Piedmont Workforce Investment Board ................................................................... 102

Analysis of WIB Regions by Standard Occupational Classification Codes ......................................... 104

CHAPTER 8. ANALYSIS OF CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS OF “MIDDLE-SKILLS” JOB VACANCIES BY DETAILED (6-DIGIT) OCCUPATIONAL CODE, STATEWIDE AND BY WIB REGION ............................ 127

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 159

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Virginia Employment Commission (VEC) engaged Virginia Commonwealth University’s (VCU) Center for Urban

and Regional Analysis (CURA) to conduct and analyze the results of a Job Vacancy Survey for the Commonwealth of

Virginia. VEC designed the survey in collaboration with the Office of the Governor of Virginia and a stakeholder

group and passed it to CURA on August 31, 2015. CURA engaged VCU’s Survey and Evaluation Research Laboratory

(SERL), who conducted the survey from late-September until mid-December 2015. CURA analyzed the results and

wrote this report in December 2015 and January 2016.

CURA drew a survey sample of 30,000 establishments from VEC’s Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages

(QCEW) for fourth quarter 2014. QCEW classifies each establishment by North American Industry Classification

System (NAICS) code, establishment size (employment), and location in one of the state’s 15 Workforce Investment

Board (WIB) regions. Each survey respondent was asked to state:

• Current and projected number of employees over the coming 12 months – full-time, part-time and

seasonal.

• Number of projected job vacancies due to replacement and new positions and expected difficulty

filling those positions.

• Most important “hard” and “soft” skills needed for each type of job vacancy, including

apprenticeships or other experience, and formal degrees and certifications, licenses or other

credentials.

• Projected wage and salary levels for each job vacancy.

We received 7,890 valid survey responses, a response rate of 26.3%. The response is statistically highly reliable. At

the 95% confidence level, the sampling error is less than one percent. Moreover, the distribution of respondents

by industry, employment size and WIB region is highly representative of (similar to) the actual establishment

population.

Key Findings – Statewide

Employers project a 4.2% overall job vacancy rate in 2016, 61% due to separations and 39% due to new positions.

Extrapolated to the entire QCEW establishment population from which the survey sample was drawn, the number

of projected job vacancies in 2016 is estimated to be 130,827.

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Over 60% of the positions, an estimated 78,785 jobs, will be full-time, while 32% (41,803 jobs) will be part-time (8%

are unknown). Eighty-three percent (108,405) of the positions will be permanent and 16% (21,209) will be seasonal.

Employers expect it to be extremely difficult or very difficult to fill over 21% of the vacancies and moderately difficult

to fill an additional 39% of the vacancies. This perception permeates all industry sectors, employer sizes and

regions, for the most part. However, employers were not asked to state why they have these expectations. Thinking

that perhaps perceived difficulty in filling vacancies would be correlated with formal education or training

requirements, we cross-tabulated these variables. However, we found no strong correlation between perceived

difficulty in filling positions and formal education, training or skills required. (Please see Appendix E.)

Asked to rate the attributes they seek in new hires, employers ranked them in the following order: Professionalism,

Communication Skills, Basic Academic Skills, Interpersonal Skills, Critical Thinking Skills, and Technology Use.

Extensive formal education does not appear to be required for the majority of job openings. Almost two-thirds of

all openings (63%) require a high school diploma or GED, whereas about 12% require an associate degree or some

college with no degree, and 18% require a bachelor’s degree or higher. About one-third of the projected vacancies

requires licensing or other industry-recognized credential.

About half (46%) of all projected openings require on-the-job training of one month or less and about 31% require

training of 12 months or less. Over 42% of the projected openings require no prior experience and almost 53%

require less than five years’ experience.

For full-time positions, employers project, on average, an annual starting salary of $39,385. For part-time positions,

employers expect to pay an average hourly starting wage of $11.98.

Key Findings – Industry Sectors

Five industry sectors account for more than 70% of the projected job vacancies in 2016:

• Accommodation and Food Services – 24,728 estimated total vacancies (19% of all vacancies in

Virginia), including 16,948 part-time vacancies (41% of all part-time vacancies in Virginia).

• Health Care and Social Assistance – 22,225 estimated total vacancies (17% of all vacancies in

Virginia).

• Retail Trade – 20,463 estimated total vacancies (16% of all vacancies in Virginia), including 11,045

part-time vacancies (26% of all part-time vacancies in Virginia).

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• Professional, Scientific and Technical Services – 13,777 estimated total vacancies (11% of all

vacancies in Virginia).

• Administrative Support, and Waste Management and Remediation Services – 11,639 estimated

total vacancies (9% of total statewide vacancies).

We analyzed projected vacancies in all industry sectors on the following indicators:

Total vacancies, Full-time vacancies, Industry vacancy rates, Percentage of permanent positions, Expected difficulty

filling positions, Formal education requirements, License or certification requirements, Average annual salaries or

hourly wages.

The industry sectors that place most often (but not always) in the top six on these indicators (and the number of

times they place there) are:

• Professional, Scientific and Technical Services (5)

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• Administrative Support, and Waste Management and Remediation Services (5)

• Health Care and Social Assistance (4)

• Information (4)

• Accommodation and Food Services (3)

• Retail Trade (3)

• Finance and Insurance (3)

This does not make these industries more important than the others (eight other industries are tied for eighth place

in the list above), but it provides an initial picture of where workforce needs or skills gaps may be greatest.

Key Findings – Workforce Investment Board Regions

Workforce Investment Boards are regional organizations created within each state to oversee local

implementation of the federal Workforce Investment Act of 1998 and to undertake studies and other tasks

pursuant to developing the region’s employment and workforce. WIBs are comprised of appointed

representatives from business, government, labor unions, education and related sectors. There are 15

Workforce Investment Board (WIB) regions in the Commonwealth of Virginia; their names and locations

are shown below.

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Almost three-fourths of the total number of projected job vacancies in 2016 are accounted for by the five largest

WIB regions. This list below provides the number of projected vacancies and percent of the statewide vacancy total

for each:

• XI. Northern Virginia Workforce Investment System – 34,113 (26%)

• XVI. Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads Workforce Development Board – 22,110 (17%)

• IX. Resource: Capital Region Workforce Partnership – 18,291 (14%)

• XII. Alexandria / Arlington Workforce Investment Board – 9,428 (7%)

• XIV. Peninsula Council for Workforce Development – 7,705 (6%)

These WIB regions lie within the “urban crescent” that stretches from Northern Virginia through Richmond to

Hampton Roads, where the lion’s share of economic and population growth has occurred over the past half

century.

However, there is a strong “second tier” outside the crescent where growth in demand for workers is also projected

over the coming year:

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• II. New River / Mount Rogers Workforce Investment Board – 6,791 (5%)

• IV. Shenandoah Valley Workforce Investment Board – 6,712 (5%)

• III. Western Virginia Workforce Development Board – 5,934 (5%)

• XIII. Bay Consortium Workforce Investment Board – 5,633 (4%)

We analyzed projected vacancies in all WIB regions on the following indicators:

Total vacancies, Full-time vacancies, WIB vacancy rates, Percentage of permanent positions, Expected difficulty

filling positions, Formal education requirements, License or certification requirements, Average annual salaries or

hourly wages.

The WIB regions that place most often in the top five on the characteristics analyzed are (with number of times

mentioned):

• XI. Northern Virginia Workforce Investment System (6)

• XII. Alexandria / Arlington Workforce Investment Board (6)

• IX. Resource: Capital Region Workforce Partnership (5)

• XVI. Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads Workforce Development Board (4)

• XVI. Peninsula Council for Workforce Investment Board (3)

• XIII. Bay Consortium Workforce Investment Board (I-95 area) (3)

• I. Southwest Virginia Workforce Investment Board (3)

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Key Findings – Employer Size

It is useful to examine job vacancies and other economic

events by employer size, since establishments of

different sizes may experience economic forces

differently. The table on the right shows standard

employer size classes.

Eighty-four percent of the vacancies are expected to

occur in establishments ranging in size from 10 to 499

employees, with almost half of those occurring in the

25-99 size class. This same pattern holds for both full-

time and part-time projected vacancies. Projected

vacancy rates by employer size class are:

• 25 – 99 employees: 35%

• 100 – 499 employees: 27%

• 10 – 24 employees: 22%

• 1 – 9 employees: 14%

• 500 – 999 employees: 2%

• 1,000 or more employees: 0.4%

This finding, coupled with the fact that the top four size classes in this list (i.e. establishments with fewer than 500

employees) also account for the largest number of projected vacancies, allows us to conclude that filling projected

job vacancies will be a task, for the most part, for small to medium enterprises (SMEs).

Key Findings – Standard Occupational Classification Code

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics combines occupations into 24 major Standard Occupational

Classification (SOC) System codes, as shown in the table below. We translated employers’ survey responses

about the types of occupations they need into these standard codes, to enable analysis of employer needs so

that educators can, if necessary, develop or expand curricular offerings.

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SOC Code Occupational Group SOC

Code Occupational Group

11-0000 Management Occupations 35-0000Food Preparation and Serving

Related Occupations

13-0000Business and Financial

Operations Occupations37-0000

Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations

15-0000Computer and Mathematical

Occupations39-0000

Personal Care and Service Occupations

17-0000Architecture and Engineering

Occupations41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations

19-0000Life, Physical, and

Social Science Occupations43-0000

Office and Administrative Support Occupations

21-0000Community and Social Services

Occupations45-0000

Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations

23-0000 Legal Occupations 47-0000Construction and Extraction

Occupations

25-0000Education, Training, and

Library Occupations49-0000

Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations

27-0000Arts, Design, Entertainment,

Sports, and Media Occupations51-0000 Production Occupations

29-0000Healthcare Practitioners and

Technical Occupations53-0000

Transportation and Material Moving Occupations

31-0000Healthcare Support

Occupations55-0000 Military Specific Occupations

33-0000Protective Service

Occupations99-0000 Non-Classifiable Occupations

Source : Bureau of Labor Statistics

Major Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System Codes

Eighty percent of all projected job vacancies are in 12 occupations (number and percent of total vacancies

given below):

• Sales and Related Occupations – 11,788 (9%)

• Office and Administrative Support Occupations – 11,671 (9%)

• Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations – 11,235 (9%)

• Healthcare Support Occupations – 10,296 (8%)

• Education, Training, and Library Occupations – 9,893 (8%)

• Construction and Extraction Occupations – 9,122 (7%)

• Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations – 8,904 (7%)

• Protective Service Occupations – 8,535 (7%)

• Transportation and Material Moving Occupations – 7,194 (5%)

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• Installation, Maintenance and Repair Occupations – 5,617 (4%)

• Personal Care and Service Occupations – 5,433 (4%)

• Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations – 4,880 (4%)

• Production Occupations – 4,846 (4%)

With the exception of Education, Training and Library Occupations, the occupations in the list above have

somewhat modest skill requirements, pay wages / salaries within or close to the average range of $24,228 to

$43,355 per year, are not perceived to be severely difficult to fill.

However, when we rank-order occupations on the indicators of total number of vacancies, total full-time vacancies,

highest annual salaries, highest hourly wages, highest percentage requiring post-secondary education, highest

percentage requiring training licenses and certifications, and which employers expect to be the hardest to fill, the

following occupations appear most often as the top nine:

• Healthcare practitioners and Technical Occupations (4,880) 5 times in the top nine list

• Computer and Mathematical Occupations (2,817) 4

• Education, Training and Library Occupations (9,893) 4

• Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations (5,617) 4

• Architecture and Engineering Occupations (1,811) 4

• Legal Occupations (771) 4

• Healthcare Support Occupations (10,296) 3

• Protective Service Occupations (8,535) 3

• Transportation and Material Moving Occupations (7,194) 3

• Management Occupations (4,343) 3

• Business and Financial Operations Occupations (3,354) 3

• Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations (1,593) 3

These occupations comprise 47% of total projected vacancies – 61,104 jobs statewide.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The picture of Virginia’s labor market afforded by the employer job vacancy survey results is quite positive –

employers project a 4.2% overall vacancy rate over 2016, due to both replacement of retirees or other separations

and new positions. Within this general picture are four aspects, or sub-pictures:

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1. Expansion in Average-Wage Jobs: The most prevalent picture is that jobs requiring middle skills and paying

average wages, many of which will be part-time jobs, are growing throughout the state. But employers perceive

that they will have at least moderate difficulty filling these jobs.

2. Importance of Soft Skills: Asked to identify the attributes they seek in new hires, employers ranked “soft skills,”

such as professionalism and communication skills, slightly higher than “hard skills,” such as basic academic skills

and technology use. The implication is that “soft skills” should be significant part of human capital development

initiatives.

3. Expansion in Salaried Professional Jobs and Perceived Skilled Worker Supply Shortages: Another picture is one

of strong variation by region in the number of vacancies. This picture reinforces the decades-long pattern of

strong growth in the so-called urban crescent, with secondary growth nodes around Charlottesville and

Blacksburg. The majority of vacancies is projected to occur in these areas. Moreover, the vast majority of

vacancies requiring higher levels of formal skill and paying higher wages, e.g., Computer and Mathematical,

Management, Business and Financial, Architecture and Engineering, and Legal occupations are projected to

occur in these areas. Employers perceive that they will have at least moderate difficulty filling these vacancies

as well. This has implications not only for the curricula that workforce training institutions provide in the regions

where labor demand is expanding, but for higher education institutions throughout the state as well.

4. Expansion in Industry-, Occupation- and Region-Specific Pockets and Supply Shortages: Less prevalent than

expansion overall or expansion of higher-paid professional positions in the urban crescent, but no less

important, are pockets of industry- or occupation-specific expansion, and resultant potential labor shortages,

at various places in the Commonwealth. Production occupations in Danville, Roanoke or the Shenandoah

Valley, or Healthcare Practitioners near Blacksburg, for example, while not as numerous as other occupations

or as in other regions, nonetheless can have very important impacts on the local economy in those regions. It

is particularly important that vacancies in occupations which are part of basic activities (those whose products

or services are exported out of the region and which thereby support other, non-basic activities), are filled.

However, ultimately, all industries and occupations contribute to a vibrant economy.

We recommend that each workforce investment board and each industry association review the survey results

most pertinent to its area of concern, as they may differ from the general picture summarized here. We also

recommend that regional and industry organizations probe for reasons why survey respondents perceive they will

have difficulty filling their projected vacant positions.

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INTRODUCTION

The Virginia Employment Commission (VEC) engaged Virginia Commonwealth University’s (VCU) Center for Urban

and Regional Analysis (CURA) to conduct and analyze the results of a Job Vacancy Survey for the Commonwealth of

Virginia. VEC designed the survey in collaboration with the Office of the Governor of Virginia and a stakeholder

group and passed it to CURA on August 31, 2015. CURA engaged VCU’s Survey and Evaluation Research Laboratory

(SERL), who conducted the survey from late-September until mid-December 2015. CURA analyzed the results and

wrote this report in December 2015 and January 2016.

Job vacancy surveys can serve various purposes, depending upon their size, scope and detail. Large, occasional

statewide surveys, such as this one, serve multiple purposes and stakeholders. They inform business and

government by showing which industries and what sizes of establishments are adding or reducing employment and

in what regions they are doing so. They inform jobseekers by indicating which occupations are most in demand,

where they are most in demand, and the wage or salary rates they command. And they inform educators by

indicating which skills and certifications businesses need and where in the state these skills are most in need.

The survey whose results are reported here was sent to establishments listed in the VEC’s Quarterly Census of

Employment and Wages (QCEW), which classifies each business by North American Industry Classification System

(NAICS) code, establishment size (employment), and location in one of the state’s 15 Workforce Investment Board

(WIB) regions. Each survey respondent was asked to state:

• Current and projected number of employees over the coming 12 months – full-time, part-time and

seasonal.

• Number of projected job vacancies due to replacement and new positions.

• Most important “hard” and “soft” skills needed for each type of job vacancy, and preparation

needed, including apprenticeships or other experience, and formal degrees and certifications,

licenses or other credentials.

• Projected wage and salary levels for each job vacancy.

By cross-tabulating these job vacancy characteristics with each establishment’s industry, region and employment

size, this report provides a fine-grained picture of the number of workers and the skills employers in various

locations and industries project they will need in 2016. Like all projections of the future, these results must be used

with caution. Nevertheless, taken together, they show that Virginia businesses predict many job openings in the

coming months; some of these jobs will require skills and certifications that Virginia’s education and training

institutions may need to provide.

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The report is organized as follows: Chapter 1 describes the research methodology in detail. Chapters 2 through 7

describe the survey results. Chapter 2 presents an overview of the results for the entire state. Chapter 3 presents

job vacancies by industry (NAICS code), Chapter 4 presents the vacancies by (WIB) region, and Chapter 5 presents

the vacancies by employer size classification. Chapter 6 presents the vacancies by Standard Occupational

Classification (SOC) for the entire state, and presents the credential requirements for every major occupational

group. Chapter 7 breaks these occupation results down to the regional (WIB) level, so the reader can attain a

regional perspective on skills gaps that employers may face. Chapter 7 also contains a listing of Virginia community

colleges, the major source of education and training for many occupations, and a map depicting the location of

community colleges in relation to the WIB regions. It also presents maps showing the WIB regions where the

employers of specific occupations with projected vacancies are clustered. Chapter 8 addresses the important issue

of expected vacancies in “middle skills” jobs – those requiring moderate levels of formal education and generally

paying average wages.

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CHAPTER 1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Categories for the Analysis

Data for this study were examined by the following four categories: major industry sectors (North American

Industry Classification System, or NAICS code), Workforce Investment Board (WIB) region, Standard Occupational

Classification (SOC) codes, and employer size (number of employees). These categories are discussed in the

sections that follow. Additional details are provided in Appendix A (Major Industries), Appendix B (WIB Regions),

and Appendix C (Major Occupational Groups).

Industry Sectors

Industries are classified using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The NAICS system was

developed by the United States, Canada, and Mexico in 1997, replacing the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)

system. The NAICS system provides the basis for classifying all establishments – private and public – by industry

and for collecting data on activity in these industries. Under the NAICS system, each product or service is assigned

a unique code in a nested hierarchy system, down to six levels of detail (e.g., Manufacturing, Food Manufacturing,

Dairy Products Manufacturing, Ice Cream & Frozen Desserts, etc.). Although some establishments produce goods

or services in more than one NAICS code, most databases that list employers or summarize economic activity (such

as the VEC’s QCEW file used for this study) use the NAICS code into which most of the establishment’s products or

services fall. In most cases, this is not problematic, because an establishment’s various products are likely to be

closely related (e.g., Ice Cream and Milk) and therefore in similar NAICS codes at the greatest level of detail.

This study uses establishment data at the most general level of detail, the “2-digit” level (e.g., Manufacturing), so

it can be assumed that all of a given establishment’s products or services are contained within that category. For

example, it is highly unlikely that the same establishment would produce and sell both manufactured products

and education services (which are in two different 2-digit NAICS categories). (See below for further information

about the QCEW data file used for this study.)

Table 1 lists the twenty major industry groups and their corresponding 2-digit NAICS codes. A description of Major

Industry Sectors can be found in Appendix A.

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NAICS Code Industry NAICS

Code Industry

11Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting

53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

21Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction

54Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services

22 Utilities 55Management of Companies and

Enterprises

23 Construction 56Administrative and Support and Waste

Management and Remediation Services

31 - 33 Manufacturing 61 Educational Services

42 Wholesale Trade 62 Health Care and Social Assistance

44 - 45 Retail Trade 71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

48 - 49Transportation and

Warehousing72 Accommodation and Food Services

51 Information 81Other Services (except Public

Administration)

52 Finance and Insurance 92 Public Administration

Source : US Census Bureau

Table 1. Major Industry Sectors

Workforce Investment Board Regions

Workforce Investment Boards are regional organizations created within each state to oversee local

implementation of the federal Workforce Investment Act of 1998, and to undertake studies and other tasks

pursuant to developing the region’s employment and workforce. WIBs are comprised of appointed

representatives from business, government, labor unions, education and related sectors. There are 15

Workforce Investment Board (WIB) regions in the Commonwealth of Virginia; their names and locations

are shown below. A detailed list of the localities (counties and independent cities) that comprise each

WIB is presented in Appendix B.

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WIB Number WIB Name WIB

Number WIB Name

ISouthwest Virginia

Workforce Investment Board XI

Northern Virginia Workforce Investment System

IINew River/Mount Rogers

Workforce Investment Board XII

Alexandria/Arlington Workforce Investment Board

IIIWestern Virginia

Workforce Development BoardXIII

Bay Consortium Workforce Investment Board

IVShenandoah Valley

Workforce Investment BoardXIV

Peninsula Council for Workforce Development

VI Piedmont Workforce Network XVCrater Regional

Workforce Investment Group

VII Virginia’s Region 2000 Partnership XVIOpportunity Inc. - Hampton Roads

Workforce Development Board

VIIISouth Central

Workforce Investment Board XVII

West Piedmont Workforce Investment Board

IXResource: Capital Region

Workforce PartnershipSource : Virginia Employment Commission

Table 2. Workforce Investment Board (WIB) Regions in Virginia

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Employer Size Categories

For this study, we defined six employer size categories based on the number of employees (both full-time and part-time) working at the establishment. These categories are shown in Table 3.

Occupational Classification Codes

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics combines occupations into 24 major Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System codes, as displayed in Table 4. We translated employers’ survey responses about the types of occupations or skills they need into these standard codes, to enable analysis of employer needs, and so that educators can, if necessary, develop or expand curricular offerings.

Category Number

Employer Size Category(Number of Employees)

1 1 to 9 employees

2 10 to 24 employees




6 1,000 or more employees


Table 3. Employer Size Categories

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SOC Code Occupational Group SOC

Code Occupational Group

11-0000 Management Occupations 35-0000Food Preparation and Serving

Related Occupations


Operations Occupations37-0000

Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations


Occupations39-0000

Personal Care and Service Occupations


Occupations41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations


Social Science Occupations43-0000

Office and Administrative Support Occupations


Occupations45-0000

Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations

23-0000 Legal Occupations 47-0000Construction and Extraction

Occupations


Library Occupations49-0000

Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations


Sports, and Media Occupations51-0000 Production Occupations


Technical Occupations53-0000

Transportation and Material Moving Occupations


Occupations55-0000 Military Specific Occupations


Occupations99-0000 Non-Classifiable Occupations


Table 4. Major Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System Codes

The QCEW File

To conduct the Job Vacancy Survey, we drew a sample of Virginia employers from the VEC’s QCEW file – the

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. This file contains all establishments that employ workers and which

are therefore required to file quarterly reports with the VEC as part of the federal-state unemployment insurance

program. In August 2015, VEC provided VCU with the fourth quarter 2014 file from which to draw the survey

sample.

The QCEW data include the following information:

• Employer name;

• Physical address;

• Mailing address for unemployment insurance filings (UI address);

• Number of employees at the physical location;

8

• Employer’s industry classification code (NAICS code);

• Locality code indicating the Virginia city or county where the job site is located (ANSI / FIPS code);

• Ownership code (i.e., private, local government, state government, or Federal government).

Cleaning the QCEW Data File

The QCEW fourth quarter file contains 223,186 establishments. Because the QCEW file does not have

establishment email addresses, it was necessary to solicit participation in the survey via the US Postal Service. (See

description of process, below.) To make sure the survey would reach the establishments, we cleaned the data set

by removing establishments that met the following criteria:

1. Businesses with missing, incomplete, incorrect, or un-geocodable addresses. There were 51,985

establishments that met this criterion, so the survey population was reduced from 223,186 to

171,201 establishments.

2. We sent the 171,201 establishment addresses through the US Postal Service to check address

deliverability – 19,240 had undeliverable addresses and were removed. This left 151,961 valid

addresses, so these became the sampling frame from which we drew the survey sample.

Sampling Design

Given the short time period allotted for the survey and for the study overall, and the fact that establishment email

addresses were not available, we selected a relatively large number of establishments, so as to ensure that we

would receive enough responses to achieve a high degree of statistical reliability. We randomly selected 30,000

(about 19.7% of the 151,961 businesses) as the survey sample. We utilized the stratified random sampling

technique to draw a proportionate sample from the sampling frame in two steps:

1. We first grouped establishments into homogeneous subgroups, or strata, based on the

combinations of 20 major NAICS industry sectors, 16 regions (including 15 WIB Regions and one

out-of-state group), and six employer size categories.

2. We then applied the simple random sampling technique to select 19.7% of businesses from each

stratum to be included in the survey sample. The survey sample contains 30,000 establishments

such that the distribution of the sample businesses in each stratum is proportional to that of the

sampling frame (or population).

9

Survey Implementation

The survey was conducted over a period of two and one-half months, from late-September through mid-December,

2015. Appendix D lists each step in detail. In brief, VEC developed the survey in collaboration with the Office of

the Governor of Virginia and with a stakeholder group. VEC provided the survey to VCU on August 31, 2015. SERL

then programmed the survey in VCU’s REDCap on-line survey system and created address labels from the sample

of 30,000 establishments drawn by CURA from the QCEW file. On September 15, VEC provided VCU with letterhead

to be used for a letter requesting that establishments complete the survey, along with VEC envelopes. On

September 19, SERL initiated a pilot test of the survey with 100 establishments.

Establishments received three formal requests to complete the survey – an initial letter, a postcard follow-up and

then a final letter. Establishments that did not respond within two weeks after the second letter received a phone

call asking them to complete the survey and offering assistance.

SERL sent the initial request to complete the survey on September 29 to the sample of 30,000 establishments. This

request was in the form of a letter on VEC letterhead, signed by David Tysinger of the VEC and John Accordino of

CURA. (See Appendix D.) The letter asked establishments to access their own personalized survey in REDCap by

entering a URL given in the letter into the on-line system. Establishments were invited to direct questions about

the survey and requests for assistance to David Tysinger and John Accordino. In the first few weeks of the survey,

Tysinger and Accordino passed these requests on to SERL, which set up and staffed a help center to respond to all

requests for assistance, generally by emailing the URL to the person requesting assistance, so that s/he could simply

click the link and complete the survey on-line. SERL maintained the help center through December 16., 2015

On October 9, SERL mailed a follow-up postcard to all 30,000 establishments, thanking those who had participated

and requesting that the others do so. Each establishment’s personalized URL was provided on the postcard and

recipients were requested to direct requests for assistance to the SERL help center. (See Appendix D.) On

November 5, SERL sent a second letter to each establishment that had not yet responded to the survey. (See

Appendix D.) This letter was printed on VEC letterhead and signed by David Tysinger of the VEC and John Accordino

of CURA. It was accompanied by a paper survey with a stamped, self-addressed envelope for those establishments

that preferred to complete the survey on paper.

On November 13, SERL began phoning establishments that had not yet responded to the survey to encourage them

to respond to the survey and to assist them in doing so, if necessary. On December 16, SERL provided the survey

results to CURA.

10

Survey Response Rate

Out of the 30,000 establishments, we received 7,890 valid surveys, resulting in a survey response rate of 26.3%.

This is within the normal range for a social science survey and, given the short time frame of the survey, it is quite

good. As discussed below, it is large enough to ensure a very high degree of overall statistical reliability.

Representativeness of the Sample

The distribution of the 7,890 survey respondents closely matches the distribution of the sampling frame of 151,961

establishments across industry sectors, WIB regions and employment size classes. In other words, the survey

respondents represent the actual population of establishments well, as shown in Tables 5 to 7 below. In each table

(one each for NAICS, WIB region and employer size), the two columns on the right compare the percentage of cases

in the QCEW population to the percentage of cases in the sample. In all cases, the two percentages match each

other very closely.

11

NAICS Code Industry

Number of Cases in the Population1

Percent of Cases in the Population

Number of Cases in the

Sample

Percent of Cases in the

Sample


1,075 1% 79 1%


126 0% 4 0%

22 Utilities 324 0% 15 0%

23 Construction 15,404 10% 1,003 13%

31 - 33 Manufacturing 4,214 3% 316 4%

42 Wholesale Trade 6,554 4% 323 4%

44 - 45 Retail Trade 19,669 13% 810 10%


Warehousing4,188 3% 216 3%

51 Information 2,483 2% 93 1%

52 Finance and Insurance 8,907 6% 366 5%

53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 7,062 5% 333 4%


24,150 16% 1,362 17%

55 Management of Companies and Enterprises 1,392 1% 70 1%

56Administrative and Support and Waste

Management and Remediation Services8,941 6% 409 5%

61 Educational Services 2,378 2% 178 2%

62 Health Care and Social Assistance 17,147 11% 923 12%

71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 2,110 1% 117 1%

72 Accommodation and Food Services 12,861 8% 476 6%

81 Other Services (except Public Administration) 11,378 7% 712 9%

92 Public Administration 1,598 1% 85 1%

OVERALL 151,961 100% 7,890 100%

Source : VEC Job Vacancy Survey, CURA@VCU, 2016; QCEW 2014Q4.1 Based on QCEW establl ishments - in the QCEW 2014Q4 - with clean addresses.

Table 5. Representativeness of the Sample by NAICS Code Arranged by NAICS Code Number

12

WIB Number WIB Name

Number of Cases in the Population



Sample


Sample

- Out of State 177 0% 5 0%

ISouthwest Virginia

Workforce Investment Board 1,900 1% 110 1%



IIIWestern Virginia

Workforce Development Board6,886 5% 391 5%

IVShenandoah Valley

Workforce Investment Board9,525 6% 640 8%

VI Piedmont Workforce Network 8,004 5% 497 6%

VII Virginia’s Region 2000 Partnership 4,548 3% 275 3%

VIIISouth Central



Workforce Partnership22,078 15% 1,131 14%

XINorthern Virginia

Workforce Investment System39,427 26% 1,809 23%

XIIAlexandria/Arlington


XIIIBay Consortium


XIVPeninsula Council for

Workforce Development 8,346 5% 411 5%

XVCrater Regional

Workforce Investment Group2,530 2% 123 2%

XVIOpportunity Inc. - Hampton Roads Workforce

Development Board 20,895 14% 1,034 13%

XVIIWest Piedmont


OVERALL 151,961 100% 7,890 100%

Source : VEC Job Vacancy Survey, CURA@VCU, 2016; QCEW 2014Q4.1 Based on QCEW establishments - in the QCEW 2014Q4 - with clean addresses.

Table 6. Representativeness of the Sample by WIB Region Arranged by WIB Region

13

Category Number


Number of Cases in the Population



Sample


Sample

1 1 to 9 Employees 102,656 68% 5,207 66%

2 10 to 24 Employees 27,545 18% 1,590 20%

3 25 to 99 Employees 17,242 11% 902 11%

4 100 to 499 Employees 4,015 3% 177 2%

5 500 to 999 Employees 311 0.2% 10 0.1%

6 1,000 or More Employees 192 0.1% 4 0.05%

OVERALL 151,961 100% 7,890 100%

Source : VEC Job Vacancy Survey, CURA@VCU, 2016; QCEW 2014Q4.1 Based on QCEW establl ishments - in the QCEW 2014Q4 - with clean addresses.

Table 7. Representativeness of the Sample by Employer Size Arranged by Employer Size Category

Sampling Error at 95% Confidence Level

One indicator of the quality of a sampling method is the size of the so-called sampling error. No sample is likely to

have exactly the same characteristics as the actual population it is meant to estimate. The difference between the

characteristics of the sample and the characteristics of the population is called the sampling error. Although the

size of the sampling error cannot be ascertained precisely, it can be estimated using statistical probability

techniques. We calculated the sampling error based on the percentage of cases with job vacancies from the survey.

Given a 95% confidence level, the overall sampling error was determined to be plus or minus 0.9%. (The

mathematical formula is given below.) This means that in 95 out of 100 random samples, such as the one we drew

for this study, the percentage of establishments with vacancies would be less than 1% different from the percentage

we found through our sample survey. In short, we can have a great deal of confidence in these results.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 1.96 ∗ �𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣 ∗ (1 − 𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣)

𝑆𝑆

1.96: z-score value at 95% confidence level

𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣: percent of cases with job vacancies

𝑆𝑆: number of cases in the survey

We then applied the same approach to determine the sampling error in each NAICS Code, each WIB Region, and

each Employer Size category. Here the sampling errors are somewhat higher, due to the smaller number of cases

14

in some of the sub-groups, as shown in the following tables. Nevertheless, with the exception of sub-groups that

have small numbers in the overall establishment population – Mining, Quarrying, Oil and Gas Extraction, Utilities,

and establishments with more than 500 employees – the size of the errors is quite modest. For example, the

percent of establishments with 25 to 99 employees that reported vacancies on the survey is 40.6%. The sampling

error is plus or minus 3.2% for this sub-group, which means that in 95 random samples out of 100 that one could

draw from the total population of establishments, the vacancy rate projected by those establishments would be

between 37.4% and 43.8%. Tables 8 to 10 show the estimated sampling error by industry sector, workforce

investment board, and employer size.

15

NAICS Code Industry


Sample

Number of Cases with Vacancies

Percent of Cases with Vacancies

Sampling Error (+/-)


79 7 9% 6%


4 1 25% 42%

22 Utilities 15 4 27% 22%

23 Construction 1,003 201 20% 2%

31 - 33 Manufacturing 316 92 29% 5%

42 Wholesale Trade 323 52 16% 4%

44 - 45 Retail Trade 810 177 22% 3%


Warehousing216 62 29% 6%

51 Information 93 16 17% 8%

52 Finance and Insurance 366 59 16% 4%

53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 333 38 11% 3%


1,362 246 18% 2%

55 Management of Companies and Enterprises 70 15 21% 10%


Management and Remediation Services409 110 27% 4%

61 Educational Services 178 65 37% 7%

62 Health Care and Social Assistance 923 243 26% 3%

71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 117 32 27% 8%

72 Accommodation and Food Services 476 155 33% 4%

81 Other Services (except Public Administration) 712 157 22% 3%

92 Public Administration 85 36 42% 11%

OVERALL 7,890 1,768 22% 1%

Source : VEC Job Vacancy Survey, CURA@VCU, 2016

Table 8. Estimated Sampling Error by NAICS Code95% Confidence level - Arranged by NAICS Code Number

16

WIB Number WIB Name


Sample




- Out of State 5 2 40% 43%

ISouthwest Virginia

Workforce Investment Board 110 14 13% 6%



IIIWestern Virginia

Workforce Development Board391 80 20% 4%

IVShenandoah Valley

Workforce Investment Board640 147 23% 3%

VI Piedmont Workforce Network 497 109 22% 4%

VII Virginia’s Region 2000 Partnership 275 53 19% 5%

VIIISouth Central



Workforce Partnership1,131 276 24% 3%

XINorthern Virginia

Workforce Investment System1,809 374 21% 2%

XIIAlexandria/Arlington


XIIIBay Consortium


XIVPeninsula Council for

Workforce Development 411 102 25% 4%

XVCrater Regional

Workforce Investment Group123 28 23% 7%

XVIOpportunity Inc. - Hampton Roads Workforce

Development Board 1,034 240 23% 3%

XVIIWest Piedmont


OVERALL 7,890 1,768 22% 1%


Table 9. Sampling Error by WIB Region95% Confidence Level - Arranged by WIB Region

17

Category Number



Sample




1 1 to 9 Employees 5,207 787 15% 1%

2 10 to 24 Employees 1,590 499 31% 2%

3 25 to 99 Employees 902 366 41% 3%

4 100 to 499 Employees 177 105 59% 7%

5 500 to 999 Employees 10 8 80% 25%

6 1,000 or More Employees 4 3 75% 42%

OVERALL 7,890 1,768 22% 1%


Table 10. Sampling Error by Employer Size95% Confidence Level - Arranged by Employer Size Category

Potential Survey Measurement Errors

Although the survey results are statistically very reliable, one should be aware of potential errors that can occur

in any survey. As noted above, the survey asked establishments to project job openings over the next 12 months;

an undertaking that is inherently subject to error. Moreover, although all establishments were encouraged to

complete the survey even if they did not expect vacancies, it is possible that some establishments that did not

expect vacancies did not make time to complete the survey; the short time allotted for completion of the survey

makes this somewhat more likely.

Estimating Total Job Vacancies – Method The job vacancy rate – job openings that survey respondents expect to have over the next 12 months due to new

positions and to replacements – according to the survey results, is 4.2%. As discussed above, this number should

be treated as just an estimate, as it is based on survey respondents’ projections of the future, not a record of actual

vacancies that occurred in the past. Nevertheless, it provides a useful indicator of the general level of hiring and

economic activity that is expected.

18

To extrapolate this rate to the entire state and to estimate the number of job vacancies for each NAICS code, WIB

region and employer size category, we used the same fine-grained approach that we used to determine the survey

sample. (The mathematical model is shown below.)

Step 1: We first classified survey respondents into groups defined by NAICS Code, WIB Region, and

Employer Size. We then aggregated the number of job vacancies and employment of each group to

determine its job vacancy rate.

Step 2: We applied the same approach and classified the 151,961 businesses (the number with addresses

from which we drew the survey sample) into groups defined by NAICS Code, WIB Region, and employer

size. We aggregated the employment in each group and multiplied the group employment with the

corresponding group job vacancy rate derived from Step 1 above. The result was further divided by (1 −

𝑣𝑣𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘) (see below) to derive the estimated statewide job vacancies of that group.

Step 3: We then aggregated all the statewide job vacancies of all groups, which yielded a statewide total

of 130,827 job vacancies.

The number of job vacancies estimated for the entire state – 130,827– is derived from the 151,961 establishments

with address information (the total employment of the 151,961 businesses was 2,985,173). If we applied the same

4.2% vacancy rate to all 223,186 businesses in the QCEW database (their total employment was 3,670,747), the

estimated number of job vacancies statewide would be 160,873. However, because address information for 71,225

establishments is incomplete or missing entirely, we could not use them to derive vacancy rates by WIB region;

moreover, we have no way of knowing if these establishments are still in operation. Thus, this report uses the

figure of 151,961 establishments as the basis for all calculations of vacancy rates. However, the reader should bear

in mind that the number of vacancies estimated from 151,961 employers – 130,827 – is likely to be on the

conservative side. The actual number may lie somewhere between 130,827 and 160,873.

The statewide vacancy rate was estimated using the following model:

𝑣𝑣𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘: job vacancy rate of NAICS Code i, WIB Region j, Employer Size k from the survey

𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘: total job vacancies of NAICS Code i, WIB Region j, Employer Size k from the survey

𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘: total employment of NAICS Code i, WIB Region j, Employer Size k from the survey

19

𝑣𝑣𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘 =𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘

𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘 + 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘

𝑅𝑅 =𝑉𝑉

𝐸𝐸 + 𝑉𝑉

(𝐸𝐸 + 𝑉𝑉) ∗ 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉 𝐸𝐸 ∗ 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑉𝑉 ∗ 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉 𝐸𝐸 ∗ 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉 − (𝑉𝑉 ∗ 𝑅𝑅) 𝐸𝐸 ∗ 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉 ∗ (1 − 𝑅𝑅)

𝑉𝑉 =𝐸𝐸 ∗ 𝑅𝑅1 − 𝑅𝑅

𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘′ =𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘 ∗ 𝑣𝑣𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘1 − 𝑣𝑣𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘

𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘′ : estimated statewide job vacancies of NAICS Code i, WIB Region j, Employer Size k

𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘: total employment of NAICS Code i, WIB Region j, Employer Size k from QCEW

𝑣𝑣𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘: job vacancy rate of NAICS Code i, WIB Region j, Employer Size k from the survey

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅′ =∑𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘′

𝐸𝐸 +∑𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘′

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅′: estimated statewide job vacancy rate

∑𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘′ : total estimated statewide job vacancies


𝐸𝐸: total employment of all businesses from QCEW

20

Estimating Job Vacancies by Type and Duration

To determine the type of job vacancies (in terms of full-time and part-time) and duration of job vacancies (in terms

of permanent and seasonal/temporary), we first calculated the distribution of job vacancies by type and duration

from the survey. We then applied the percentage of each category to the total estimated statewide job vacancies

of 130,827 to estimate the statewide number of job vacancies by type and duration.

We used the same approach to estimate the number of job vacancies by type and duration for each NAICS Code,

WIB Region, and Employer Size category.

Estimating Statewide Job Vacancies by Standard Occupational Classification Code

One of the most important tasks of this survey is to estimate the need for workers by occupation. On the survey,

employers were asked to describe the occupations that they project will need to be filled. We translated these

occupations into Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) codes, as discussed above. To estimate total statewide

demand for each occupation, we assumed that total estimated statewide job vacancies by SOC Code are distributed

proportionally to the distribution of job vacancies by SOC Code in the survey results. Given this assumption, we

first calculated the proportion of job vacancies in each SOC Code by dividing the job vacancies of that SOC Code by

the total job vacancies identified in the survey. We then multiplied that proportion by the total estimated statewide

job vacancies to derive the estimated statewide job vacancies for each SOC Code.

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠′ = �𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘′ ∗𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠∑𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠′: estimated statewide job vacancies of SOC Code s


∑𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘′ : total estimated statewide job vacancies

𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠: job vacancies of SOC Code s from the survey

∑𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠: total job vacancies from the survey

21

Estimating Job Vacancies by SOC Code by WIB Region

It is particularly important to estimate the occupation and skill levels required in specific regions of the

Commonwealth, so as to supply jobseekers and educators in each region with the best possible information. Hence,

we estimated the job vacancies of each SOC code for each WIB Region. To do so, we first calculated the proportion

of job vacancies of that SOC Code in the WIB Region by dividing the job vacancies of that SOC Code in the WIB

Region by the total job vacancies in the WIB Region, derived from the survey results. We then multiplied that

proportion by the total estimated statewide job vacancies in the WIB Region to derive the estimated statewide job

vacancies of that SOC Code in the WIB Region.

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖′ = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖′ ∗𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖′ : estimated job vacancies of SOC Code s in WIB Region j

𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖′: estimated statewide job vacancies of WIB Region j

𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖: job vacancies of SOC Code s in WIB Region j from the survey

𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖: job vacancies of WIB Region j from the survey

22

CHAPTER 2. SURVEY RESULTS – STATEWIDE SUMMARY

This chapter presents results of the Job Vacancy Survey at the aggregate, statewide level.

Characteristics of Survey Respondents – Full-

and Part-time Employees

As indicated in Table 11, 7,890 employers

completed the survey. Their total employment

is 200,130. Almost 79% of their employees work

full-time; 21% work part-time.

Expectations about Changes in Employment

Respondents were asked to indicate their

expectations about the change in the number of

jobs at the specific site to which the survey request was mailed (some establishments have multiple sites) during

the next 12 months. Their responses paint a generally positive picture. As indicated in Table 12, just over half (57%)

stated that the number of jobs would stay the same. About one quarter stated that the number of jobs would

increase (7%) or possibly increase (18%), whereas only 7% responded that jobs would possibly decrease (5%) or

definitely decrease (2%).

Attributes Sought in New Hires

Employers were asked to rate the importance of a list of

employee attributes for positions they might wish to fill over

the coming 12 months on a scale of Not Important to

Extremely Important. Their responses are provided in Table

13 below. Using a simple weighting system (assigning higher

numerical weights to more importance in the scale), we find

that Professionalism is the most important attribute overall,

followed by Communication Skills, Interpersonal Skills, Basic

Academic Skills, Critical Thinking Skills, and Technology Use.

In short, the “soft skills” slightly outweigh the “hard skills,”

but the differences among them are small.

Type of Position

Number of Employers

Number of Employees Percentage

Full-Time 7,703 157,729 79%

Part-Time 7,310 42,401 21%

Total 7,890 200,130 100%


Table 11. Part-Time, Full-Time, and Total Employment in Establishments

who Completed the Survey

PercentageNumber of Cases

Will increase 7% 575

Possibly increase 18% 1,410

Stay the same 57% 4,508

Possibly decrease 5% 388

Will decrease 2% 193

Do not know 10% 756

No Response 1% 60

Total 100% 7,890


Table 12. Expected Change in the Number of Jobs

in the Next Twelve Months

23

Not Important

Slightly Important

Moderately Important

Very Important

Extremely Important

No Answer Total

Number of Cases

Basic academic skills 3% 3% 12% 27% 47% 8% 100% 7,890

Critical thinking skills 3% 3% 14% 33% 40% 7% 100% 7,890

Communications skills 2% 1% 9% 30% 50% 7% 100% 7,890

Interpersonal skills 2% 2% 12% 32% 44% 8% 100% 7,890

Technology use 6% 9% 22% 29% 27% 8% 100% 7,890

Professionalism 2% 1% 5% 23% 61% 8% 100% 7,890


Table 13. Percent of Employers Indicating the Importance of Specific Skills in their Future Hires

Number of Vacancies and the Job Vacancy Rate

As indicated in Table 14, the 7,890 establishments

that responded to the survey expect a total of 7,871

job vacancies over the coming 12 months; a job

vacancy rate of 4.2%. As noted in Chapter 1

(Methodology), there is a 95% chance that the actual

rate among the entire population of establishments

in Virginia is between 4.1% and 4.3%. 1 As discussed

in Chapter 1, we estimate the total number of job

vacancies in Virginia to be 130,827. For the

remainder of this report, we use this estimate –

130,827– to describe job vacancies and we use the

corresponding vacancy estimates for each industry,

WIB region, and employment size class to discuss job

vacancies at those levels of detail. Please refer to

Chapter 1 for a discussion of these methods.

1 The 4.2% rate is similar to the 4.1% rate calculated for October 2015 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the entire Southeast Region of the United States. See U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey. http://www.bls.gov/schedule/archives/jolts_nr.htm#2015

Total Number of Survey Responses 7,890

Total Number of Expected Vacancies from Survey 7,871

Estimated Job Vacancies 130,827

Total Number of Virginia Establishments1 151,961

Employment 2,985,173

Estimated Job Vacancy Rate 4.2%

Table 14. Summary of Job Vacancy Data

Estimated Number of Job Vacancies and Job Vacancy Rate – Statewide Summary

1 This is the population (or universe) that CURA used to draft the sample for the survey. Based on the QCEW database, the total number of businesses operating in Virginia is 223,186, but for 71,225 of them there was no geographical information, so they were excluded from the population from which the sampling was drafted.

Source : VEC Job Vacancy Survey, CURA@VCU, 2016; and Bureau of Labor Statistics

24

Attributes of Job Vacancies

Table 15 provides detail about the types

of jobs that employers predict they will

need to fill. The 30% of establishments

anticipating vacancies differs slightly

from the 25% of employers in Table 12

who stated that they expect jobs to

increase. We ascribe the difference to

the fact that the question answered in

Table 12 did not ask explicitly about

replacement jobs. Thus, we assume

that some employers included

replacement jobs in that answer and

some did not.

The majority of openings indicated in

Table 15 – 61%, an estimated 79,439

vacancies – will be to replace existing

employees, primarily those who retire.

The remaining 39%, an estimated

51,388 vacancies, will be new positions,

presumably created as establishments

expand or perhaps restructure. More

than 60% of the positions – an

estimated 78,785 jobs – will be full-

time, while 32% (41,803 jobs) will be

part-time. Eighty-three percent,

108,405 of the positions will be

permanent and 16%, or 21,209 positions will be seasonal.

No Yes No Response Total

5,445 2,385 60 7,890

69% 30% 1% 100%

130,827

Replacement Jobs

New Jobs

Total

79,439 51,388 130,827

61% 39% 100%

Full-Time Positions

Part-Time Positions

Unknown Total

78,785 41,803 10,239 130,827

60% 32% 8% 100%

Permanent Positions

Temporary or Seasonal Positions

Unknown Total

108,405 21,209 1,213 130,827

83% 16% 1% 100%


Duration of Position

Table 15. Summary of Job Vacancy Data

Percentage of Employers Anticipating One or More Vacancies in the next Twelve Months

Type of Position

Total Number of Estimated Vacancies in Virginia in the Next Twelve Months

25

Expected Difficulty in Filling Vacant Positions

The picture of expanding demand for labor just presented is generally quite positive, but it is accompanied by a

more challenging picture. Employers expect to encounter difficulties in filling their vacant positions. As indicated

in Table 16, employers expect it to be very difficult or extremely difficult to fill over 20% of the vacancies and

moderately difficult to fill an additional 39% of the vacant positions. Only 17% of the projected openings are

expected to be not difficult to fill. Employers were not asked to state the reasons why they expect these difficulties,

but they may indicate a tightening labor market, in general, and perhaps skills gaps in some areas. (The latter issue

is addressed further in Chapters 6 and 7.)

Formal Education Required for Vacant Positions

Extensive formal education does not appear to be required for the majority of job openings (see table 17). Almost

two-thirds of all openings (63%) require a high school diploma or GED. whereas about 12% require an associate

degree or some college with no degree, and 18% require a bachelor’s degree or higher. Of the 81,811 vacancies

requiring a high school diploma or GED, 37% require a license or certification.

PercentageNumber of Vacancies

Extremely difficult 6% 8,155

Very difficult 15% 19,682

Moderately difficult 39% 51,613

Slightly difficult 22% 28,978

Not difficult 17% 21,796

Don't Know 0.5% 604

Total 100% 130,827


Table 16. Expected Difficulty in Filling Projected Open

Job Positions Education Level PercentageNumber of Vacancies

High school diploma/GED 63% 81,811

Some college, no degree 8% 10,615

Associate degree 4% 4,823

Bachelors degree 14% 18,835

Masters degree 2% 2,276

Doctoral or professional degree

2% 2,004

Other 8% 10,462

Total 100% 130,827


Table 17. Level of Education Required for Projected

Open Job Positions

26

On-the-Job Training Required

Nor does extensive on-the-job training seem to be required for most expected job openings. About half of all

projected job openings (46%) require short-term, on-the-job training of one month or less and over 31% require

training of 12 months or less.

Level of Prior Work Experience Required

Very few of the projected job openings are projected to require extensive prior experience. For 42% of the

projected openings, no prior experience is required and for over 53% of the openings, one to five years of

experience is required.

Average Wage or Salary Level for Anticipated Job Openings

As shown in Table 20, for full-time positions, employers expect to pay an average annual salary of $39,385 per year.

For part-time vacancies, employers expect to pay an average hourly wage of $11.98. Note that survey respondents

sometimes provided hourly rates and sometimes provided annual rates for both full-time and part-time positions.

This was not the intent of the VEC in designing the survey, as respondents were instructed to write: “Annual wage

for full-time and hourly wage for part-time.” However, many employers did not follow this instruction. Therefore,

to ensure that we do not omit important information, we have provided all of it in Table 20 – two columns for full-

time rates (annual and hourly) and two columns for part-time rates (annual and hourly).

Training Level PercentageNumber of Vacancies

Internship/residency 3% 3,318

Apprenticeship 3% 4,177

Long-term on-the-job training: more than 12 months

12% 15,833

Moderate-term on-the-job training: 1 to 12 months

31% 40,122

Short-term on-the-job training: one month or less

46% 59,644

None 6% 7,731

Total 100% 130,827


Table 18. Level of Training Required for Projected

Open Job Positions Experience Level Percentage

Number of Vacancies

None 42% 55,406

1 to 5 years 53% 68,840

6 to 10 years 4% 5,609

>10 years 1% 972

Total 100% 130,827


Table 19. Level of Experience Required for Projected

Open Job Positions

27

License or Industry-Recognized Credentials Required

About one- third of the projected vacant positions require licensing or other industry-recognized credentials. This

amounts to an estimated 44,386 jobs statewide. In addition, slightly more than half of these vacancies require an

additional license or certification. This is discussed in detail in Chapters 6, 7 and 8. The requirement could range

from specialized licenses, such as a tradesman’s license for an electrician, to more common licenses,

such as a valid driver’s license.

Type of JobAverage

Annual SalaryAverage

Hourly Rate

Full-Time Vacancies $39,385 $13.81

Part-Time Vacancies $21,236 $11.98


Table 20. Average Salary or Wage for Projected Open Job Positions

PercentageNumber of Vacancies

No 66% 86,441

Yes 34% 44,386

Total 100% 130,827


Table 21. Projected Job Vacancies Requiring a License or other

Industry-Recognized Credentials

28

CHAPTER 3. SURVEY RESULTS AT THE INDUSTRY SECTOR LEVEL

This chapter analyzes the survey results by each of the 20 major industry sectors, denoted by North American

Industry Classification (NAICS) codes. (See Methodology, Chapter 1, for a brief discussion of NAICS codes.)

Projected Vacancies and Full- versus Part-Time Vacancies by Industry Sector

Table 22 presents estimated full-time and part-time vacancies by industry sector, broken out by full-time and

part-time positions. The industries are listed in order from those with the largest number of estimated vacancies,

to the smallest.

The top five industry sectors – Accommodation and Food Services, Health Care and Social Assistance, Retail Trade,

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services, and Administrative Support and Waste Management and

Remediation Services – together account for 72% of the total number of projected vacancies in 2016.

1. Accommodation and Food Services – 24,728 estimated total vacancies, equal to 19% of all vacancies in Virginia; including 16,948 part-time vacancies, or 41% of all part-time vacancies in Virginia.

2. Health Care and Social Assistance – 22,225 estimated total vacancies, equal to 16% of all vacancies in Virginia.

3. Retail Trade – 20,463 estimated total vacancies, equal to 16% of all vacancies in Virginia; including 11,045 part-time vacancies, or 26% of all part-time vacancies in Virginia.

4. Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services – 13,777 estimated total vacancies, equal to 11% of all vacancies in Virginia.

5. Administrative Support, and Waste Management and Remediation Services – 11,639 estimated total vacancies, equal to 9% of total vacancies statewide.

Full-time vacancies are concentrated mostly in these industries:

• Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services – 11,625 • Health Care and Social Assistance – 11,486 • Retail Trade – 7,687 • Administrative Support, and Waste Management and Remediation Services – 7,058 • Construction – 6,432 • Accommodation and Food Services – 5,972 • Manufacturing – 4,834 • Other Services (except Public Administration) – 2,958 • Public Administration – 2,852 • Wholesale Trade – 2,121 • Transportation and Warehousing – 2,020

29

NAICS Code Industry

Estimated Total

Vacancies

Estimated Full-Time Vacancies

Estimated Part-Time Vacancies

UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies

72 Accommodation and Food Services 24,728 5,972 16,948 1,807 19%

62 Health Care and Social Assistance 22,225 11,486 6,948 3,791 17%

44 - 45 Retail Trade 20,463 7,687 11,045 1,731 16%


13,777 11,625 1,750 402 11%


Management and Remediation Services11,639 7,058 4,259 321 9%

23 Construction 7,360 6,432 631 297 6%

81Other Services

(except Public Administration)6,358 2,958 2,389 1,011 5%

31 - 33 Manufacturing 5,155 4,834 284 37 4%

61 Educational Services 3,322 1,908 1,086 327 3%

92 Public Administration 2,933 2,852 81 0 2%


Warehousing2,746 2,020 509 218 2%

52 Finance and Insurance 2,456 1,961 457 38 2%

42 Wholesale Trade 2,281 2,121 107 53 2%

71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 2,254 350 1,904 0 2%

53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 1,187 877 292 18 1%

51 Information 814 748 22 44 1%

55Management of Companies

and Enterprises667 535 90 42 1%


358 337 16 5 0.3%

22 Utilities 102 102 0 0 0.1%


3 3 0 0 0%

TOTAL 130,827 78,785 41,803 10,239 100%


Table 22. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, andTotal Vacancies in Virginia, by Major Industry Sector

(ranked by estimated number of total vacancies)

Note : The category subtotals of Full-time, Part-time, and Don’t Know do not match with the statewide subtotals because the proportions of Full-time, Part-time, Don’t Know vary from one NAICS Code to another. However, the grand total of 130,827 stays the same.

30

Part-time vacancies are concentrated mostly in these industries:

• Accommodation and Food Services – 16,948

• Retail Trade – 11,045

• Health Care and Social Assistance – 6,948

• Administrative Support, and Waste Management and Remediation Services – 4,259

• Other Services (Except Public Administration) – 2,389

• Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation – 1,904

• Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services – 1,750

• Educational Services – 1,086

Vacancy Rates by Industry Sector and Permanent versus Temporary / Seasonal Vacancies

Table 23 shows the estimated job vacancy rate within each industry, as well as the percentage of permanent versus

seasonal/temporary vacancies. In general, the same industries that project the largest number of vacancies overall

also project the largest vacancy rates within their industries.

Industry vacancy rates are highest in these industries (rate and number of positions):

• Accommodation and Food Services – 8.3% (24,728)

• Administrative Support, and Waste Management and Remediation Services – 6.0% (11,639)

• Other Services (except Public Administration) – 5.7% (6,358)

• Health Care and Social Assistance – 5.3% (22,225)

• Retail Trade – 5.3% (20,463)

• Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation – 5% (2,254)

• Construction – 4.5% (7,360)

• Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services – 4% (13,777)

Table 23 also shows the percentages of projected vacancies that will be permanent, versus temporary or seasonal

positions.

The percentage of permanent positions is highest in these industries (percentage):

• Utilities – 100%

• Mining, Quarrying, Oil and Gas Extraction – 100%

• Information – 97%

• Finance and Insurance – 95%

• Public Administration – 95%

• Manufacturing – 94%

• Real Estate and Rental and Leasing – 94%

• Professional, Scientific and Technical Services – 92%

• Wholesale Trade – 91%

• Health Care and Social Assistance – 89%

• Management of Companies and Enterprises – 86%

31

NAICS Code Industry

Estimated Number of Vacancies

Annual Employment

Estimated Job Vacancy Rate

Permanent Vacancies

Seasonal/ Temporary Vacancies

72 Accommodation and Food Services 24,728 272,657 8.3% 76% 24%

62 Health Care and Social Assistance 22,225 396,983 5.3% 89% 11%

44 - 45 Retail Trade 20,463 366,940 5.3% 78% 22%


13,777 324,763 4.1% 92% 8%


Management and Remediation Services11,639 183,954 6.0% 74% 26%

23 Construction 7,360 156,712 4.5% 83% 17%

81Other Services

(except Public Administration)6,358 105,561 5.7% 77% 23%

31 - 33 Manufacturing 5,155 196,009 2.6% 94% 6%

61 Educational Services 3,322 298,746 1.1% 84% 16%

92 Public Administration 2,933 129,667 2.2% 95% 5%


Warehousing2,746 100,463 2.7% 84% 16%

52 Finance and Insurance 2,456 115,269 2.1% 95% 5%

42 Wholesale Trade 2,281 85,971 2.6% 91% 9%

71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 2,254 46,890 4.6% 43% 57%

53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 1,187 45,098 2.6% 94% 6%

51 Information 814 67,179 1.2% 97% 3%


and Enterprises667 65,955 1.0% 86% 14%


358 8,871 3.9% 33% 67%

22 Utilities 102 14,834 0.7% 100% 0%


3 2,651 0.1% 100% 0%

TOTAL 130,827 2,985,173 4.2% 83% 17%

Source : VEC Job Vacancy Survey, CURA@VCU, 2016; QCEW 2014Q4 for Annual Employment.

Table 23. Estimated Job Vacancy Rate, and Permanent vs Seasonal or Temporary Positions in Virginia, by Major Industry Sector


32

Formal Education, Experience, On-the-Job Training and Expected Difficulty Filling Projected Vacancies

Table 24 shows additional key attributes of projected job vacancies – the percentages that require formal education

or training and the difficulty that employers expect in trying to fill them. With the exception of Agriculture, Forestry,

Fishing and Hunting, Information, and the Accommodation and Food Services industries, employers in most

industries expect to encounter difficulty filling most of their vacant positions.

Expected difficulty in filling projected vacant positions is highest in these industries (percentage):

• Utilities (88%) • Information (84%) • Administrative Support, and Waste Management and Remediation Services (75%) • Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services (73%) • Transportation and Warehousing (72%) • Real Estate, Rental and Leasing (71%) • Management of Companies and Enterprises (69%) • Construction (67%) • Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction (67%) • Wholesale Trade (65%) • Retail Trade (62%)

In most industries, the percentage of projected vacancies that will require more formal education than a high school

diploma or GED is less than 30%. In the following industries, however, more than 30% of projected vacancies

require formal education beyond high school (percent):

• Information (84%) • Educational Services (74%) • Professional, Scientific and Technical Services (72%) • Finance and Insurance (48%) • Wholesale Trade (41%) • Real Estate, and Rental and Leasing (38%) • Health Care and Social Assistance (35%) In some industries, licenses or professional credentials are required for many jobs.

The percentage of vacant positions requiring licenses or professional credentials is highest in these industries

(percent):

• Mining, Quarrying and Oil and Gas Extraction (67%) • Health Care and Social Assistance (57%) • Management of Companies and Enterprises (57%) • Transportation and Warehousing (53%) • Administrative Support, and Waste Management

and Remediation Services (43%) • Educational Services (43%)

• Other Services (except Public Administration) (39%) • Finance and Insurance (38%) • Public Administration (37%) • Real Estate, and Rental and Leasing (31%) • Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services

(29%)

33

NAICS Code Industry


Percent expected to be

moderately or more

difficult to fill

Percent requiring education

beyond HS/GED

Percent needing

on-the-job training

Percent requiring

prior work experience

Percent requiring a license or

credentials

72 Accommodation and Food Services 24,728 45% 7% 93% 13% 11%

62 Health Care and Social Assistance 22,225 53% 35% 96% 32% 57%

44 - 45 Retail Trade 20,463 62% 13% 93% 26% 13%


13,777 73% 72% 94% 57% 29%


Management and Remediation Services11,639 75% 16% 94% 22% 43%

23 Construction 7,360 67% 8% 93% 52% 22%

81Other Services

(except Public Administration)6,358 61% 26% 82% 29% 39%

31 - 33 Manufacturing 5,155 57% 18% 100% 39% 12%

61 Educational Services 3,322 57% 74% 78% 13% 43%

92 Public Administration 2,933 49% 29% 100% 28% 37%


Warehousing2,746 72% 7% 93% 30% 53%

52 Finance and Insurance 2,456 60% 48% 98% 52% 38%

42 Wholesale Trade 2,281 65% 41% 82% 31% 29%

71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 2,254 59% 23% 90% 45% 14%

53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 1,187 71% 38% 95% 48% 31%

51 Information 814 84% 84% 89% 70% 22%


and Enterprises667 69% 21% 100% 80% 57%


358 35% 7% 99% 75% 0%

22 Utilities 102 88% 19% 100% 31% 13%


3 67% 0% 100% 67% 67%

TOTAL 130,827 60% 29% 93% 32% 34%


Table 24. Education, Experience, and Difficulty Filling Projected Vacancies, by Industry Sector


34

Average Annual Salaries and Hourly Wages by Industry

Table 25 shows the annual salaries and hourly wages employers expect to pay for vacant positions.

The reader will note that survey respondents sometimes provided hourly rates and sometimes provided annual

rates for both full-time and part-time positions. Please see note on p.26 regarding employer survey responses

Note that the annual and hourly compensation rates listed in Table 4 are not average rates for the industries.

Rather, in many, if not most cases, they are likely to be starting salary positions, hence they may appear to be lower

than industry averages.

In 16 of the 20 industrial sectors, the average annual wages/salaries that employers expect to pay are between

$24,228 and $43,355. The four sectors with the highest average annual wages for projected vacancies are:

• Information -- $78,132

• Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services -- $59,996

• Wholesale Trade -- $49,546

• Management of Companies and Enterprises -- $46,861

Similarly, average hourly wages for part-time positions average $12 across all respondents who provided this

answer. All industry sectors except Educational Services (at $19 per hour) and Professional, Scientific, and Technical

Services (at $18 per hour) expect to pay between $8 and $15 per hour for the part-time positions that they expect

to be vacant during the coming year.

35

NAICS Code Industry

Estimated Total

Vacancies

Average Annual Wage for Estimated

Full-Time Vacancies

Average Hourly Rate

for Estimated Full-Time Vacancies


Part-Time Vacancies

Average Hourly Rate

for Estimated Part-Time Vacancies

72 Accommodation and Food Services 24,728 $29,810 $9.50 $17,993 $8.34

62 Health Care and Social Assistance 22,225 $35,853 $15.25 $18,059 $15.36

44 - 45 Retail Trade 20,463 $31,653 $12.26 $17,324 $9.38


13,777 $59,996 $17.01 $26,064 $17.73


Management and Remediation Services11,639 $30,100 $13.03 $21,497 $13.37

23 Construction 7,360 $34,322 $14.72 $24,248 $11.99

81Other Services

(except Public Administration)6,358 $38,453 $14.15 $25,438 $10.26

31 - 33 Manufacturing 5,155 $30,793 $14.44 $27,333 $10.37

61 Educational Services 3,322 $37,827 $12.78 $36,943 $18.73

92 Public Administration 2,933 $39,672 $16.83 $22,000 $11.00


Warehousing2,746 $35,497 $13.57 $26,800 $14.32

52 Finance and Insurance 2,456 $43,355 $12.98 N/A $10.83

42 Wholesale Trade 2,281 $49,546 $14.74 $15,000 $10.50

71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 2,254 $35,000 $16.00 $20,833 $10.38

53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 1,187 $38,158 $14.46 N/A $11.90

51 Information 814 $78,132 $17.33 N/A $10.00


and Enterprises667 $46,861 $10.10 N/A N/A


358 $24,228 $10.09 N/A $9.67

22 Utilities 102 $35,335 $15.00 N/A N/A


3 $37,267 N/A N/A N/A

TOTAL 130,827 $39,385 $13.81 $21,236 $11.98


Table 25. Average Annual Salary and Hourly Wage for Full-Time and Part-Time Vacancies in Virginia, by Industry Sector


36

Summary of Job Vacancies by Industry Sector

As the foregoing account shows, every industry sector is affected in some way by projected job vacancies

over the coming year. Depending upon one’s interest, e.g., full-time, part-time, formal education

requirements, difficulty in finding workers, etc., different sectors may appear to have more projected

openings.

At this point, we can very roughly gauge the overall relevance of job vacancies to each sector by

identifying the top six industries on the following indicators: total vacancies, full-time vacancies, industry

vacancy rates, percentage of permanent positions, expected difficulty in filling positions, formal

education requirements, license or certification requirements, and average annual salaries or hourly

wages. The industries that place most often (but not always) in the top six on these indicators (and

number of times they place there) are:

• Professional, Scientific & Technical Services (4) • Health Care & Social Assistance (4)

• Administrative Support, and Waste Management and Remediation Services (4)

• Construction (3)

• Wholesale Trade (3)

• Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction (3)

This does not make these industries more important than the others (eight other industries are tied for

the next place in the list above), but it provides an initial picture of where workforce needs or skills gaps

may be greatest.

37

CHAPTER 4. SURVEY RESULTS AT THE WORKFORCE INVESTMENT BOARD (WIB) REGION LEVEL

This chapter analyzes the survey results by each of the 15 Workforce Investment Board (WIB) regions. (See Chapter

1, Methodology, for a brief discussion of WIB regions.)

Projected Vacancies and Full- versus Part-Time Vacancies by WIB Region

Table 26 presents estimated vacancies by WIB region, broken out by full-time and part-time positions. The regions

are listed in order from those with the largest to the smallest number of estimated vacancies. Almost three fourths

(74%) of the total expected vacancies in Virginia are accounted for by the six largest WIB regions that lie within the

“urban crescent” that stretches from Northern Virginia through Richmond to Hampton Roads.

• Northern Virginia Workforce Investment System – 34,113 (26%)

• Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads Workforce Development Board – 22,110 (17%)

• Resource: Capital Region Workforce Partnership – 18,291 (14%)

• Alexandria / Arlington Workforce Investment Board – 9,428 (7%)

• Peninsula Council for Workforce Development – 7,705 (6%)

• Bay Consortium Workforce Investment Board (portion along I-95) – 5,633 (4%)

However, significant growth in job vacancies is also projected for four WIB regions that lie outside the

crescent:

• New River / Mount Rogers Workforce Investment Board – 6,791 (5%)

• Shenandoah Valley Workforce Investment Board – 6,712 (5%)

• Western Virginia Workforce Development Board – 5,934 (5%)

• Piedmont Workforce network – 4,955 (4%) Full-time vacancies are projected to be concentrated primarily in (number full-time vacancies):

• Northern Virginia Workforce Investment System – 22,948

• Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads Workforce Development Board – 13,922

• Resource: Capital Region Workforce Partnership – 11,646

A secondary concentration area for full-time vacancies includes the following WIB regions (number of

full-time vacancies):

• Alexandria / Arlington Workforce Investment Board – 5,509

• Shenandoah Valley Workforce Investment Board – 4,590

• Peninsula Council for Workforce Development – 3,207

38

• New River / Mount Rogers Workforce Investment Board – 3,144

• Bay Consortium Workforce Investment Board – 3,134

• Piedmont Workforce Network (WIB VI) – 2,989

• Western Virginia Workforce Development Board – 2,975

Projected part-time vacancies also are concentrated primarily in Northern Virginia, Hampton Roads, and

the Capital Region. Secondarily, projected part-time vacancies are concentrated in Alexandria/Arlington,

as well as the Peninsula, Bay Consortium (near I-95), and New River / Mount Rogers regions.

39

Workforce Investment Board Region

Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies

Northern Virginia Workforce Investment System (WIB XI)

34,113 22,948 9,835 1,330 26%

Opportunity Inc. - Hampton Roads Workforce Development Board (WIB XVI)

22,110 13,922 6,377 1,811 17%

Resource: Capital Region Workforce Partnership (WIB IX)

18,291 11,646 5,683 962 14%

Alexandria / Arlington Workforce Investment Board (WIB XII)

9,428 5,509 3,810 109 7%

Peninsula Council for Workforce Development (WIB XIV)

7,705 3,207 3,349 1,149 6%

New River / Mount Rogers Workforce Investment Board (WIB II)

6,791 3,144 3,296 351 5%

Shenandoah Valley Workforce Investment Board (WIB IV)

6,712 4,590 1,641 480 5%

Western Virginia Workforce Development Board (WIB III)

5,934 2,975 2,258 701 5%

Bay Consortium Workforce Investment Board (WIB XIII)

5,633 3,134 2,174 325 4%

Piedmont Workforce Network (WIB VI) 4,955 2,989 963 1,003 4%

West Piedmont Workforce Investment Board (WIB XVII)

2,496 1,426 523 547 2%

Crater Regional Workforce Investment Group (WIB XV)

2,337 1,335 527 474 2%

Virginia’s Region 2000 Partnership (WIB VII) 1,808 1,276 435 97 1%

Southwest Virginia Workforce Investment Board (WIB I)

1,544 899 645 0 1%

South Central Workforce Investment Board (WIB VIII)

938 783 133 22 1%

Out of State 30 3 27 0 0%

Statewide Total 130,827 78,785 41,803 10,239 100%


Table 26. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in Virginia, by Workforce Investment Board


Note : The category subtotals of Full-time, Part-time, and Don’t Know do not match up with the statewide subtotals because the proportions of Full-time, Part-time, Don’t Know vary from one WIB to another. However, the grand total of 130,827 stays the same.

40

Vacancy Rates by WIB Region and Permanent versus Temporary / Seasonal Vacancies

Table 27 presents a somewhat different picture of projected job vacancy in the Commonwealth. The highest

projected regional job vacancy rates are in the following WIBs:

• New River / Mount Rogers Workforce Investment Board – 6.2%

• Southwest Virginia Workforce Investment Board – 5.1%

• Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads Workforce Development Board – 4.9%

• Bay Consortium Workforce Investment Board – 4.7%

• Alexandria / Arlington Workforce Investment Board – 4.6%

On the indicator of permanent, as opposed to seasonal / temporary, vacancies the WIBs with the highest

percentages of openings are:

• Southwest Virginia Workforce Investment Board – 95%

• South Central Workforce Investment Board – 93%

• Resource: Capital Region Workforce Partnership – 87%

• Peninsula Council for Workforce Development – 86%

• Alexandria / Arlington Workforce Investment Board – 86%

• Northern Virginia Workforce Investment System – 85%

• Piedmont Workforce Network – 84%

• West Piedmont Workforce Investment Board – 82%

• Western Virginia Workforce Development Board – 81%

41



Annual Employment


Permanent Vacancies



34,113 780,749 4.2% 85% 15%


22,110 433,663 4.9% 80% 20%


18,291 471,072 3.7% 87% 13%


9,428 194,694 4.6% 86% 14%


7,705 191,696 3.9% 86% 14%


6,791 102,470 6.2% 78% 22%


6,712 176,087 3.7% 79% 21%


5,934 140,227 4.1% 81% 19%


5,633 114,400 4.7% 73% 27%

Piedmont Workforce Network (WIB VI) 4,955 121,621 3.9% 84% 16%


2,496 53,565 4.5% 82% 18%


2,337 57,397 3.9% 75% 25%

Virginia’s Region 2000 Partnership (WIB VII) 1,808 80,379 2.2% 75% 25%


1,544 28,572 5.1% 95% 5%


938 37,956 2.4% 93% 7%

Out of State 30 625 4.6% 100% 0%

Statewide Total 130,827 2,985,173 4.2% 83% 17%


Table 27. Estimated Job Vacancy Rate, and Permament vs Seasonal or Temporary Positions in Virginia, by Workforce Investment Board


42


Table 28 shows the percentages of projected vacancies that require formal education or training and the difficulty

that employers expect in trying to fill them. As in the Industry Sectors, in all of the WIB regions except Crater

Regional Workforce Investment Group more than half of the employers who responded to the survey expect

moderate to very great difficulty in filling their projected job vacancies.

The perceived difficulties are greatest in:

• Shenandoah Valley Workforce Investment Board – 77%

• South Central Workforce Investment Board – 73%


• Peninsula Council for Workforce Development – 72%




• Bay Consortium Workforce Investment Board – 59%

In most WIB regions, the percentage of anticipated vacancies requiring more than a high school diploma or GED is

about a third or less.

However, in the following regions, a larger percentage of anticipated job openings will require more formal

education:





The percentage of projected vacant positions requiring a license or other credentials appears to be more evenly

distributed geographically than it is by industry. The percentage of regions where job openings will require a license

or other credentials is highest in the following regions:




• Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads Workforce Development Board – 40%

43

• Crater Regional Workforce Investment Group – 39%



• Shenandoah Valley Workforce Investment Board – 32%




moderately or more

difficult to fill


beyond HS/GED

Percent needing

on-the-job training

Percent requiring



credentials


34,113 66% 35% 94% 37% 40%


22,110 57% 18% 91% 36% 40%


18,291 50% 35% 94% 36% 27%


9,428 63% 58% 77% 34% 20%


7,705 72% 15% 97% 19% 29%


6,791 54% 23% 99% 23% 20%


6,712 77% 17% 91% 31% 32%


5,934 56% 21% 96% 33% 30%


5,633 59% 41% 86% 23% 37%

Piedmont Workforce Network (WIB VI) 4,955 54% 37% 97% 34% 48%


2,496 73% 26% 99% 22% 35%


2,337 38% 15% 92% 45% 39%

Virginia’s Region 2000 Partnership (WIB VII) 1,808 53% 24% 89% 37% 19%


1,544 62% 1% 97% 10% 81%


938 73% 17% 98% 54% 20%

Out of State 30 9% 100% 100% 9% 100%

Statewide Total 130,827 60% 29% 93% 32% 34%


Table 28. Education, Experience, and Difficulty Filling Projected Vacancies, by Workforce Investment Board


44

Average Annual Salaries and Hourly Wages by WIB Region

Table 29 shows annual salaries and hourly wages employers expect to pay for vacant positions.

As discussed in Chapter 3, Survey Results by Industry Sector Level, survey respondents sometimes provided hourly

rates and sometimes provided annual rates for both full-time and part-time positions. Thus, to ensure that we do

not omit important information, we have provided all of it in Table 29 – two columns for full-time rates (annual and

hourly) and two columns for part-time rates (annual and hourly). Since different employers entered hourly and

annual pay rates, even for full-time jobs, we cannot blend the two. Also, the annual and hourly compensation rates

are not average rates. Rather, in many cases, they are likely to be entry-level positions, hence they may appear to

be lower than industry averages.

The WIB regions with the highest annual wages/salaries that employers expect to pay are in Northern Virginia,

where living costs tend to be higher than elsewhere and where some higher-paid industries, such as Information

and Professional, Scientific & Technical Services are concentrated:

• Alexandria / Arlington Workforce Investment Board – $58,938

• Northern Virginia Workforce Investment System – $45,405

The WIB regions with the next-highest average annual wage/salary rates are, for the most part, areas within the

urban crescent and in the Piedmont region (presumably near Charlottesville):

• Resource: Capital Region Workforce Partnership – $39,872

• Crater Regional Workforce Investment Group – $38,892

• Bay Consortium Workforce Investment Board – $38,686

• Piedmont Workforce Network – $36,908

• Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads Workforce Development Board – $35,828

• Peninsula Council for Workforce Development – $35,611

45


Estimated Total

Vacancies


Full-Time Vacancies

Average Hourly Rate



Part-Time Vacancies

Average Hourly Rate



34,113 $45,405 $14.58 $24,675 $14.92


22,110 $35,828 $13.61 $19,039 $9.75


18,291 $39,872 $14.87 $23,105 $10.42


9,428 $58,938 $13.04 $36,137 $18.87


7,705 $35,611 $14.11 $17,954 $8.73


6,791 $33,170 $14.06 $14,941 $9.59


6,712 $33,338 $11.82 $18,628 $10.45


5,934 $33,500 $14.34 $17,971 $10.11


5,633 $38,686 $11.62 $18,443 $9.52

Piedmont Workforce Network (WIB VI) 4,955 $36,908 $15.23 $33,000 $18.21


2,496 $29,129 $11.38 $27,591 $9.46


2,337 $38,892 $14.39 $25,800 $10.48

Virginia’s Region 2000 Partnership (WIB VII) 1,808 $33,452 $12.58 $16,120 $8.67


1,544 $25,001 $12.52 $7,419 $8.06


938 $32,793 $13.03 $23,333 $12.68

Out of State 30 $85,000 N/A $20,000 $20.00

Statewide Total 130,827 $39,385 $13.81 $21,236 $11.98


Table 29. Average Annual Salary and Hourly Wage for Full-Time and Part-Time Vacancies in Virginia, by Workforce Investment Board


46

Summary of Job Vacancies by WIB Region

As with industry sectors, so too with WIB regions – different ones stand out on different characteristics of job

vacancies. Nevertheless, it is useful to mention those that appear most often in the top five lists of those

characteristics, since those may be the ones most likely to require responses by educators. The WIB regions that

place most often in the top five on the characteristics analyzed above – number of vacancies, full-time vacancies,

vacancy rate, permanent vacancies, perceived difficulty in filling the vacancies, formal education required, license

or credentials required, average annual salary or hourly wage – are (with number of times mentioned):

• Northern Virginia Workforce Investment System (7)

• Alexandria / Arlington Workforce Investment Board (6)

• Resource: Capital Region Workforce Partnership (6)

• Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads Workforce Development Board (4)

• Bay Consortium Workforce Investment Board (near I-95) (3)

• Southwest Virginia Workforce Investment Board (3)

• Piedmont Workforce Network (3)

• Peninsula Council for Workforce Development (3)

• Crater Regional Workforce Investment Group (3)

47

CHAPTER 5. SURVEY RESULTS BY EMPLOYER SIZE

This chapter analyzes the survey results by each of the six employer size levels.

Projected Vacancies and Full- versus Part-Time Vacancies by Employer Size

Table 30 displays total projected job vacancies by employer size, listed by size class from the highest to the lowest

number of vacancies. As the table shows, 84% of the vacancies are projected to occur in establishments ranging in

size from 10 to 499 employees, and 35% of those occurring in the 25-99 size class. This same pattern pertains to

both full-time and part-time projected vacancies.

Category Number Employer Size

Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies

3 25 to 99 Employees 46,200 27,728 15,910 2,562 35%

4 100 to 499 Employees 34,969 18,932 12,282 3,755 27%

2 10 to 24 Employees 28,137 16,569 9,551 2,017 22%

1 1 to 9 Employees 18,463 10,852 6,018 1,593 14%

5 500 to 999 Employees 2,524 2,324 0 200 2%

6 1,000 or More Employees 533 533 0 0 0.4%

TOTAL 130,827 78,785 41,803 10,239 100%


Table 30. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in Virginia, by Employer SIze


Note : The category subtotals of Full-time, Part-time, and Don’t Know do not match up with the statewide subtotals because the proportions of Full-time, Part-time, Don’t Know vary from one employer size category to another. However, the grand total of 130,827 stays the same.

Vacancy Rates by Employer Size and Permanent versus Temporary / Seasonal Vacancies

Table 31 shows a slightly different pattern from Table 30. Examining the Estimated Job Vacancy Rate column, we

see that Establishments with 10-24 employees expect the highest vacancy rate – 6.3%, whereas establishments

with 25-99 employees and 1-9 employees anticipate vacancy rates of 5.5% and 5.4% respectively.

48

On the characteristic of permanent versus seasonal/temporary vacancies, the largest employers – those with 1,000

or more employees and those with 500 - 999 employees – expect to offer the highest percentage of permanent

jobs – 100% and 99%, respectively. Percentages of permanent-job vacancies in the other employer sizes range

from 78% to 84%.



Annual Employment


Permanent Vacancies


3 25 to 99 Employees 46,200 791,016 5.5% 83% 17%

4 100 to 499 Employees 34,969 764,099 4.4% 84% 16%

2 10 to 24 Employees 28,137 417,763 6.3% 81% 19%

1 1 to 9 Employees 18,463 321,978 5.4% 78% 22%

5 500 to 999 Employees 2,524 212,443 1.2% 99% 1%

6 1,000 or More Employees 533 477,874 0.1% 100% 0%

TOTAL 130,827 2,985,173 4.2% 83% 17%


Table 31. Estimated Job Vacancy Rate, and Permament vs Seasonal or Temporary Positions in Virginia, by Employer Size



Table 32 shows additional key attributes of projected job vacancies – the percentages that require formal education

or training and the difficulty that employers expect in trying to fill them. In contrast to the industrial sector analysis

and, to some extent, the WIB region analysis, expected difficulty filling positions is more evenly spread among the

six employer sizes, ranging from a low of 54% of employers in the 1,000 or more employee size class to 67% in the

10-24 employee size class. Perhaps what is most important about these numbers is that in every employment size

class, employers expect to encounter some amount of difficulty filling over half of the positions that they project to

be vacant.

Yet, with some exceptions, the difficulty does not appear to be due to high levels of formal education required. In

employment size class 1,000 or more employees, 54% of the projected vacancies will require education beyond

high school, but in other size classes, the percentage needing post-secondary education ranges from 25% to 35%.

Conversely, in the largest employer size class (1,000 or more employees), only 69% of workers filling projected

49

vacancies will need on-the-job training, whereas in all other size classes, the percentage needing on-the-job training

ranges from 92% to 98%.

The variable: “Percent requiring a license or other credentials” shows no clear pattern among the employer sizes,

ranging from a low of 27% in size class 10 to 24 employees, to a high of 56% in the 500 to 999 employee size class.

Perhaps the most important finding here is that at least 34% of all vacant positions will require a license or other

credential.

The variable “Percent requiring prior work experience” shows no clear pattern; it ranges from a low of 6% in the

largest employment size class (1,000 and more) to 41% in the 1 to 9 employees class.




moderately or more

difficult to fill


beyond HS/GED

Percent needing

on-the-job training

Percent requiring



credentials

3 25 to 99 Employees 46,200 57% 27% 93% 30% 28%

4 100 to 499 Employees 34,969 57% 25% 92% 28% 43%

2 10 to 24 Employees 28,137 67% 28% 94% 38% 27%

1 1 to 9 Employees 18,463 62% 35% 92% 41% 32%

5 500 to 999 Employees 2,524 56% 30% 98% 13% 56%

6 1,000 or More Employees 533 54% 54% 69% 6% 31%

TOTAL 130,827 60% 29% 93% 32% 34%


Table 32. Education, Experience, and Difficulty Filling Projected Vacancies, by Employer Size


Average Annual Salaries and Hourly Wages by Employer Size

Table 33 shows annual salaries and hourly wages employers expect to pay for vacant positions.

As discussed previously, Survey Results by Industry Sector Level, survey respondents sometimes provided hourly


not omit information, we have provided all of it in Table 33 – two columns for full-time rates (annual and hourly)

and two columns for part-time rates (annual and hourly). Since different employers entered hourly and annual pay

rates, even for full-time jobs, we cannot blend the two.

50

Also, the annual and hourly compensation rates are not average rates. Rather, in many cases, they are likely to be

entry-level positions, hence they may appear to be lower than industry averages.

Average annual wages for full-time positions projected to be vacant, by employer size, do not show clear patterns

or a large amount of variation. They range from a low of $34,186 for employers with 500-999 employees, to a high

of $44,367 for employers with 10 to 24 employees. Average hourly wages for full-time vacancies are also within a

similarly tight band, with no clear patterns of variation by employer size class.


Estimated Total

Vacancies


Full-Time Vacancies

Average Hourly Rate for



Part-Time Vacancies

Average Hourly Rate


3 25 to 99 Employees 46,200 $37,097 $14.14 $19,482 $10.82

4 100 to 499 Employees 34,969 $39,581 $13.05 $22,375 $14.40

2 10 to 24 Employees 28,137 $44,367 $14.51 $21,158 $10.63

1 1 to 9 Employees 18,463 $40,915 $14.10 $24,013 $12.88

5 500 to 999 Employees 2,524 $34,186 $12.72 N/A N/A

6 1,000 or More Employees 533 $39,366 $16.50 N/A N/A

TOTAL 130,827 $39,385 $13.81 $21,236 $11.98


Table 33. Average Annual Salary, and Hourly Wage for Full-Time and Part-Time Vacancies in Virginia, by Employer Size


51

Summary of Job Vacancies by Employer Size

The survey data on vacancies by employer size reviewed here do not, for the most part, reveal significant patterns

of differences by employment size class. A notable exception to this is the projected vacancy rates by employer

size class. To repeat the findings of Table 31, they are:

• 1 – 9 employees: 5.4%

• 10 – 24 employees: 6.3%

• 25 – 99 employees: 5.5%

• 100 – 499 employees: 4.4%

• 500 – 999 employees: 1.2%

• 1,000 or more employees: 0.1%

This finding, coupled with the fact that the top four size classes in this list (i.e. establishments with fewer than 500

employees) also account for the largest number of projected vacancies, we can conclude filling projected job

vacancies will be a task, for the most part, for small to medium enterprises (SMEs).

52

CHAPTER 6. SURVEY RESULTS BY STANDARD OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION CODE

This chapter analyzes the survey results by Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) code. As mentioned in

Chapter 1, one of the most important tasks of this survey is to estimate the need for workers by occupation. On

the survey, employers were asked to describe the occupations that they project will need to be filled. We translated

these occupations into SOC codes, and we present that analysis in this chapter. Chapter 7 further analyzes SOC

codes by WIB region and Chapter 8 presents “middle skill” job vacancies by SOC code.

Projected Vacancies and Full-Time, versus Part-Time Vacancies by Standard Occupational Classification Code

Table 34 shows projected total vacancies, as well as full-time and part-time break-outs, by SOC code. The

codes are sorted by largest number of vacancies to smallest. Over two thirds (68%) of the total projected

vacancies in Virginia are in nine occupations (number and percent of total vacancies):

• Sales and Related Occupations – 11,788 (9%) • Office and Administrative Support Occupations – 11,671 (9%) • Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations – 11,235 (9%) • Healthcare Support Occupations – 10,296 (8%) • Education, Training, and Library Occupations – 9,893 (8%) • Construction and Extraction Occupations – 9,122 (7%) • Building and Grounds Cleaning, and Maintenance Occupations – 8,904 (7%) • Protective Service Occupations – 8,535 (7%) • Transportation and Material Moving Occupations – 7,194 (5%)

One of these occupations – Food Preparation and Serving Related – does not make it onto the top nine list in

full-time vacancies. The top nine full-time occupations (which comprise 60% of all full-time vacancies) are

(with number of full-time positions):

• Construction and Extraction Occupations – 7,764 • Office and Administrative Support Occupations – 7,210 • Protective Service Occupations – 7,093 • Education, Training, and Library Occupations – 6,406 • Sales and Related Occupations – 5,299 • Transportation and Material Moving Occupations – 5,265 • Installation, Maintenance and Repair Occupations – 4,947 • Healthcare Support Occupations – 4,695 • Production Occupations – 4,091

The top nine part-time occupations are (with number of positions):

• Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations – 8,082

53

• Sales and Related Occupations – 5,735 • Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations – 4,326 • Office and Administrative Support Occupations – 3,974 • Healthcare Support Occupations – 3,203 • Personal Care and Service Occupations – 2,985 • Education, Training and Library Occupations – 2,582 • Community and Social Services – 1,610 • Transportation and Material Moving Occupations – 1,526

SOC Code

Standard Occupational Classification

Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies

41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 11,788 5,299 5,735 755 9%

43-0000Office and Administrative

Support Occupations11,671 7,210 3,974 486 9%

35-0000Food Preparation and Serving

Related Occupations11,235 1,861 8,082 1,291 9%


Occupations10,296 4,695 3,203 2,398 8%


Library Occupations9,893 6,406 2,582 905 8%

47-0000Construction and Extraction

Occupations9,122 7,764 989 369 7%

37-0000Building and Grounds Cleaning and

Maintenance Occupations8,904 3,790 4,326 788 7%


Occupations8,535 7,093 1,409 34 7%

53-0000Transportation and Material

Moving Occupations7,194 5,265 1,526 402 5%

49-0000Installation, Maintenance,

and Repair Occupations5,617 4,947 503 168 4%

39-0000Personal Care and

Service Occupations5,433 1,358 2,985 1,090 4%


Technical Occupations4,880 2,348 1,274 1,258 4%

51-0000 Production Occupations 4,846 4,091 721 34 4%


Table 34. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in Virginia, by Standard Occupational Classification


Note : The category subtotals of Full-time, Part-time, and Don’t Know do not match up with the statewide subtotals because the proportions of Full-time, Part-time, Don’t Know vary from one SOC Code to another. However, the grand total of 130,827 stays the same.

54

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies

11-0000 Management Occupations 4,343 3,873 352 117 3%


Operations Occupations3,354 2,800 486 67 3%


Occupations2,817 2,616 201 0 2%


Occupations2,733 1,107 1,610 17 2%


Occupations1,811 1,777 17 17 1%


Social Science Occupations1,593 1,358 184 50 1%

45-0000Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations

1,576 1,174 386 17 1%

00-0000 Unclassified 1,559 1,291 201 67 1%


Sports, and Media Occupations855 235 620 0 1%

23-0000 Legal Occupations 771 671 101 0 1%

TOTAL 130,827 79,029 41,468 10,329 100%


Note : The category subtotals of Full-time, Part-time, and Don’t Know do not match up with the statewide subtotals because the proportions of Full-time, Part-time, Don’t Know vary from one SOC Code to another. However, the grand total of 130,827 stays the same.

Table 34. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in Virginia, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)



Table 35 shows the amount of formal and informal training, certifications and experience required in the

occupations projected to be vacant in 2016. With one exception, this picture differs from that painted by the

foregoing table. The top nine occupations in terms of total number of vacancies are not among the top nine in

terms of expected difficulty to fill them (although the difficulty percentages for those top nine occupations range

from 66% to 82% -- still large). Rather, the most difficult-to-fill vacancies are projected to be in the following nine

occupational groups (with total vacancies and percent expected to be difficult to fill). These occupations comprise

24% of total vacancies.

• Installation, Maintenance and Repair Occupations – 5,617 (79%) • Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations – 4,880 (79%) • Production Occupations – 4,846 (69%) • Management Occupations – 4,343 (81%)

55

• Business and Financial Operations Occupations – 3,354 (71%) • Computer and Mathematical Occupations – 2,817 (82%) • Community and Social Services Occupations – 2,733 (69%) • Architecture and Engineering Occupations – 1,811 (77%) • Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations – 1,576 (66%)

The top seven occupations requiring formal education beyond high school or GED are listed below (with total

vacancies and percent requiring higher education). Note also that, with the exception of Education, prior work

experience is also required for 57% to 75% of the projected vacancies in these occupations:

• Education, Training and Library Occupations – 9,893 (79%)

• Management Occupations – 4,343 (70%)

• Business and Financial Occupations – 3,354 (76%)

• Computer and Mathematical Occupations – 2,817 (85%)

• Architecture and Engineering Occupations – 1,811 (89%)

• Life, Physical and Social Science Occupations – 1,593 (100%)

• Legal Occupations – 771 (74%)

The nine occupational groups with the highest percentages of vacancies requiring a license or other credential are

listed below (with total vacancies and percent requiring license or other credential):

• Healthcare Support Occupations – 10,296 (87%)

• Education, Training and Library Occupations – 9,893 (49%)

• Protective Service Occupations – 8,535 (69%)

• Transportation and Material Moving Occupations – 7,194 (59%)

• Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations – 5,617 (38%)

• Personal Care and Service Occupations – 5,433 (46%)

• Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations – 4,880 (84%)

• Unclassified – 1,559 (66%)2

• Legal Occupations – 771 (54%)

2 For this group of occupations, either the survey respondent gave no information or it was not clear enough for us to identify a SOC code.

56

SOC Code




moderately or more

difficult to fill


beyond HS/GED

Percent needing

on-the-job training

Percent requiring



credentials

41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 11,788 59% 20% 95% 27% 18%


Support Occupations11,671 54% 36% 97% 39% 6%


Related Occupations11,235 48% 5% 96% 14% 13%


Occupations10,296 59% 24% 93% 25% 87%


Library Occupations9,893 55% 79% 82% 16% 49%


Occupations9,122 52% 3% 95% 39% 10%


Maintenance Occupations8,904 62% 0% 95% 8% 13%


Occupations8,535 56% 12% 100% 14% 69%


Moving Occupations7,194 64% 2% 91% 27% 59%


and Repair Occupations5,617 79% 13% 90% 63% 38%


Service Occupations5,433 60% 16% 86% 26% 46%


Technical Occupations4,880 79% 56% 94% 52% 84%

51-0000 Production Occupations 4,846 69% 7% 99% 42% 5%

11-0000 Management Occupations 4,343 81% 70% 97% 75% 29%


Operations Occupations3,354 71% 76% 93% 57% 24%


Occupations2,817 82% 85% 93% 62% 21%


Occupations2,733 69% 40% 99% 31% 9%


Occupations1,811 77% 89% 87% 69% 22%


Social Science Occupations1,593 25% 100% 96% 73% 2%


1,576 66% 35% 99% 59% 6%

00-0000 Unclassified 1,559 55% 44% 94% 45% 66%


Sports, and Media Occupations855 55% 43% 82% 29% 33%

23-0000 Legal Occupations 771 57% 74% 98% 59% 54%

TOTAL 130,827 61% 29% 94% 33% 34%


Table 35. Education, Experience, and Difficulty Filling Projected Vacancies, by Standard Occupation Classification


57

In the Addendum to this chapter, we present a table for each (2-digit) Occupational Code that lists the various specific credentials mentioned by employers who stated that they expect to have vacancies in these occupations.

Average Annual Salaries and Hourly Wages by Occupational Group

Table 36 shows annual salaries and hourly wages employers expect to pay for vacant positions, by occupational

group.

As discussed previously, Survey Results by Industry Sector Level, survey respondents sometimes provided hourly


not omit information, we have provided all of it in Table 35 – two columns for full-time rates (annual and hourly)

and two columns for part-time rates (annual and hourly). Also, the annual and hourly compensation rates are not

average rates. Rather, in many cases, they may be entry-level positions, hence they may appear to be lower than

industry averages.

The nine occupational groups with the highest salaries correspond closely to the nine occupations with the highest

formal education requirements, and highest percentages of vacancies perceived to be difficult to fill. These

occupations (with total projected vacancies and average annual salaries/wages) are:

• Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations (4,880) $53,835

• Management Occupations (4,343) $62,918

• Business and Financial Operations Occupations (3,354) $56,975

• Computer and Mathematical Occupations (2,817) $75,548

• Architecture and Engineering Occupations (1,811) $55,406

• Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations (1,593) $49,386

• Unclassified (1,559) $51,560

• Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports and Media Occupations (855) $66,333

• Legal Occupations (771) $62,191

The top nine occupational groups in terms of average hourly wage for part-time positions differs from the list of

occupations with the highest number of vacancies. The nine occupations with the highest hourly wages for part-

time work (with total projected vacancies and hourly wages) are:

• Healthcare Support Occupations (10,296) $16.78

• Education, Training and Library Occupations (9,893) $18.13

• Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations (4,880) $28.83

58

• Management Occupations (4,343) $18.70

• Business and Financial Operations Occupations (3,354) $14.64

• Architecture and Engineering Occupations (1,811) $14.00

• Life, Physical and Social Science Occupations (1,593) $31.80

• Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports and Media Occupations (855) $16.52

• Legal Occupations (771) $22.00

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies


Full-Time Vacancies

Average Hourly Rate



Part-Time Vacancies

Average Hourly Rate


41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 11,788 $35,811 $11.22 $17,733 $8.87


Support Occupations11,671 $34,600 $13.27 $19,291 $10.95


Related Occupations11,235 $30,762 $10.04 $16,263 $8.44


Occupations10,296 $28,219 $14.57 $20,600 $16.78


Library Occupations9,893 $34,435 $12.11 $34,572 $18.13


Occupations9,122 $29,272 $13.72 $21,834 $9.93


Maintenance Occupations8,904 $24,822 $10.87 $18,896 $9.20


Occupations8,535 $34,089 $13.19 $24,000 $9.50


Moving Occupations7,194 $36,951 $13.85 $25,642 $9.28


and Repair Occupations5,617 $37,526 $15.95 $30,000 $10.00


Service Occupations5,433 $32,916 $21.18 $29,929 $11.28


Technical Occupations4,880 $53,835 $20.45 $28,463 $28.83

51-0000 Production Occupations 4,846 $27,753 $14.58 $19,261 $9.35

11-0000 Management Occupations 4,343 $62,918 $15.15 $26,011 $18.70


Operations Occupations3,354 $56,975 $13.30 $26,378 $14.64


Occupations2,817 $75,548 $19.52 $10,000 $12.99


Occupations2,733 $36,677 $16.28 $16,062 $11.79


Table 36. Average Annual Salary, and Hourly Wage for Full-Time and Part-Time Vacancies in Virginia, by Standard Occupational Classification


59

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies


Full-Time Vacancies

Average Hourly Rate



Part-Time Vacancies

Average Hourly Rate



Occupations1,811 $55,406 $20.47 N/A $14.00


Social Science Occupations1,593 $49,386 $16.95 N/A $31.80


1,576 $30,601 $11.33 N/A $9.67

00-0000 Unclassified 1,559 $51,560 $17.06 N/A $7.89


Sports, and Media Occupations855 $66,333 $15.00 $10,833 $16.52

23-0000 Legal Occupations 771 $62,191 $20.63 $31,500 $22.00

TOTAL 130,827 $39,385 $13.81 $21,236 $11.98


Table 36. Average Annual Salary, and Hourly Wage for Full-Time and Part-Time Vacancies in Virginia, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


60

Summary of Job Vacancies by Occupational Group

The picture of projected job vacancies by occupational group revealed through the foregoing discussion is

somewhat bi-polar. When we rank-order occupations on the indicators of total number of vacancies, total full-time

vacancies, highest annual salaries, highest hourly wages, highest percentage requiring post-secondary education,

highest percentage requiring training, licenses and certifications, and which employers expect to be the hardest to

fill, the following occupations appear most often in the top nine (with the number of times they appear):

• Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations (5,617) 5

• Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations (4,880) 5

• Protective Service Occupations (8,535) 4

• Production Occupations (4,846) 4

• Management Occupations (4,343) 4

• Computer and Mathematical Occupations (2,817) 4

• Community and Social Services Occupation (2,733) 4

• Architecture and Engineering Occupations (1,811) 4

• Legal Occupations (771) 4

These occupations comprise 28% of total projected vacancies – 36,353 jobs statewide.

More prevalent are jobs that require less formal education of certifications, pay average wages, and are not

perceived to be as difficult to fill. Among the top 12 occupations in terms of number of projected vacancies – Food

Preparation and Serving Related, Office and Administrative Support, Sales and Related, Healthcare Support,

Education, Training and Library, Construction and Extraction, Protective Services, Building and Grounds Cleaning

and Maintenance, Transportation and Material Moving, Personal Care and Services, Installation, Maintenance and

Repair, and Production Occupations – only two, Protective Services and Installation, Maintenance, and Repair– fall

into the category of most-often on the top nine list, described above.

The general overall picture then, is one of moderate technical workforce requirements. However, in some

industries, as noted in Chapter 3, or in some WIB regions, as discussed in Chapter 5, technical skill requirements

and gaps may be greater. In Chapter 7 we explore the latter issue by presenting projected vacancies by occupational

group and by WIB region.

61

Addendum: Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code

The survey asked employers who answered that they expect to have vacancies to also state if the vacancies require

workers to have any specific credentials. Those who answered this question affirmatively were then asked to

identify the primary credential and, if more are required, to identify secondary credentials as well.

Of the 130,827 total estimated vacancies statewide, 66% do not require any credentials and 34% do require at least

one credential. Although most employers specified only one credential for the 34% of jobs that require them, some

identified two or more credentials.

The following tables present, for each standard occupational code, all of the credentials that employers who expect

vacancies in that specific code identified. Some occupational groups, e.g., Healthcare Practitioners and Technical

Occupations, have many different credentials, whereas others have only a few.

To get the most value from the tables, we recommend that the reader first examine the line near the top of each

table which shows Estimated Number of Vacancies (statewide) for this occupation, Percent of Total Estimated

Vacancies (that this occupation constitutes), and finally the percentage of these occupations with a Credential

Requirement. For SOC 11 Management Occupations, for example, we estimate a total of 4,343 vacancies

statewide, comprising 3% of total vacancies. Of these, 71% require no credentials, whereas 29% do require

credentials.

62

,

11 - Management Occupations 4,343 3% 71% 29% 100%

Adobe Illustrator certificationsAutomotive Fleet Manager certificationBusiness LicenseCAE certificationCDA Early Childhood certificationCertified Apartment Manager (CAM)Certified Export SpecialistCMCA certificationCPA licenseCPR &First-Aid certificationCSP certificationCustoms Broker LicenseCustoms Specialists certificationDBIA certification


DEA certificationDental Hygienist licenseDPOR licensingFitness industry certificationsFood Safety LicenseFood Service Manager certificationHorticultural Badge & Knowledge certificationHRCI certificationInbound Marketing certificationInDesignLibrary of Virginia Librarian certificationMaster Technician's certificationMAT certificationMedical license

NPI certificationOSHA 10 certificationOSHA 30 certificationOSHA certificationPHR certificationPMP certificationProfessional Engineer LicensePTOE certificationReal Estate LicenseRegistered Private InvestigatorRegistered Professional Archaeologist (RPA)Safe food handlers’ certificationSafety certificationServe Safe certification

Required Credentials

Table 37. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 11 Management Occupations

SOC Code and OccupationEstimated Number of Vacancies

Percent of Total Estimated Vacancies

Credential Requirement (%)

No Yes Total

Note: No credentials information available for those job vacancies that were not possible to classify in any SOC (1,559 estimated vacancies, or 1.2% of all estimated vacancies)

13 - Business and Financial Operations Occupations

3,354 3% 76% 24% 100%

CFP certificationChFC certificationSeries 63,65 certificationAPA certificationAplus certificationBank product certificationBusiness Analyst Association certificationCertified Meeting PlannerCISA certificationCISSP certificationCLU certificationCPA license


No Yes Total


CRPC certificationEIT certificationEITC certifcationFINRA Series 7 certificationFood Training certificationHR certificationHubSpot certificationInbound Marketing certificationIRS enrolled agentLiberty tax service certificationLife Coach Aptitude Technical certification Life Insurance LicenseMicrosoft certification

NMLSPMI certificationPMP certificationProfessional Engineer LicensePTIN registrationSalesperson LicenseSeries 66 State Insurance certificationSHRM certificationSmart Tan certificationUS Government sercurity clearanceVA Life & Health LicenseVA Property and Casualty licenseVirginia Loan officer license

Table 38. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 13 Business and Financial Operations Occupations




63

15 - Computer and Mathematical Occupations

2,817 2% 79% 21% 100%

A+ certification Adobe Creative Suite Agile certificationAWS certificationCAP certificationCEH certification CISA certificationCISM certificationCISSP certificationClass B Commercial Driver's LicenseCOMP TIA certification


Table 39. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 15 Computer and Mathematical Occupations




No Yes Total


CSEP certificationGraphic Design HTML TrainingINCOSE certificationInterface Design CredentialsISSAP certificationISSEP certificationITIL certificationJAVA software certificationJuniper certification

MCSE certificationMicrosoft certificationsMitel Product CertficationsNetwork + certificationOracle certificationPMP certificationSecurity + certificationSix Sigma certificationUS security clearanceVOIP product & application certifications

17 - Architecture and Engineering Occupations

1,811 1% 78% 22% 100%

AIA licenseArchitecture licenseDriver’s LicenseEIT certificationFE examHVA certificationISO certification


No Yes Total


LC certificationLEED AP certificationLEED BD+C certificationLEED O+M certificationLSIT certificationPE = Professional Engineer license

PLS certificationPlumber certificationRCDD certification Revit (R) certificationTS certificationU. S. government security clearance

Table 40. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 17 Architecture and Engineering Occupations




64

19 - Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations

1,593 1% 98% 2% 100%

American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP)BCIA certificationCCRC certification


Table 41. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 19 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations




No Yes Total


IATA certificationLPC licenseLPN license

PSJA WAZWPER certificationPWD licenseSCSW license

21 - Community and Social Services Occupations

2,733 2% 91% 9% 100%

BSW certificationClergy OrdinationCPR & First Aide certification


No Yes Total


Licensed Clinical Social WorkerLicensed Proffesional Counselor licenseLMFT certification

LMSW certificationMSW certificationQMHP certification

Table 42. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 21 Community and Social Services Occupations




23 - Legal Occupations 771 1% 46% 54% 100%

Admission to Virginia Supreme Court Bar/U.S. District Court Bar


Table 43. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 23 Legal Occupations




No Yes Total


Law License from Virginia State BarNotary certification

Paralegal certificatePatent Agent certification

65

25 - Education, Training, and Library Occupations

9,893 8% 51% 49% 100%

AMI credentialAMS credentialsASE State InspectionCDA - Child Development Associate certificationCPR & First Aid certificationDriver's LicenseEarly Childhood Education certificationGeneral Instructor certification


No Yes Total


Industry certifications for CTE TeachersLicense to practice independently as a counselorLicense to practice independently as a psychologistLicensed Teacher in the area of Music Education K-5MAT certificationMontessori teaching credential

National certificationPara Pro certificationSocial Services required trainingSpecial Education Teacher endorsementSpeech Pathologist certifiedSuzuki Teacher TrainingTeacher certificationTeaching LicenseVirginia Teaching License

Table 44. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 25 Education, Training, and Library Occupations




27 - Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations

855 1% 67% 33% 100%

AIFD certificationCertified Dance InstructorCPR & First Aid certificationETCP Arena Rigging certificationETCP Electrician certificationETCP Theater Rigging certification


Table 45. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 27 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations




No Yes Total


Floral design school certificateIIDA certificationSafety certificationUSA Gymnastics Professional Member with 101 credentials

USAG Safety certification USAG U100 instructors’ courseUSASF certificationsUSPTA certificationUSPTR certification

66

29 - Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations

4,880 4% 16% 84% 100%

ABO certificationACLS certification Acupuncture certificationAdvanced Cardiac Life Support certificationAHA certificationAmerican Speech Language Hearing Association License Anesthesia licenseARDMS certificationARRT certificationASHA certificationBasic Life Support certificationBoard of dentistry licenseCertificate of Clinical CompetenceCertified Clinical Medical Assistant Certified Medical Assistant CHPCN certificationCNA licenseCPhT certificationCPR certification


No Yes Total


CSCS certificationDental License w/ Endodontic certificateDO licenseDry Needling certificationEmergency Vehicle Operators certificationEMT-Intermediate or Paramedic certificationLPN licenseNational technician certificationNBCOT certificationNCCPA & Medical License for VANCCPA certificationNitrogen Oxide Administration certificationNurse Practitioner LicenseNursing LicenseOCS certificationOphthalmic Assistant/Technician certificationOptician licensePedorthist certificationPharmacy Technician License

Physical Therapy LicensePsychiatrist CertificationRBT Certification Registered Orthopedic TechnologistRMA licenseRN LicenseState of Virginia Psychological LicenseTechnician CertificationVA Chiropractic licenseVA Dental Hygienist LicenseVA Department of Health LicenseVA Medical LicenseVeterinary Technician LicensedVirginia Board Certification in Nephrology licenseVirginia Board of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology- licenseVirginia Board of Pharmacy licenseVirginia Veterinary Medicine licenseVLS Certification

Table 46. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 29 Healthcare Practitioners and Techinical Occupations




67

31 - Healthcare Support Occupations 10,296 8% 13% 87% 100%

ACLS certificationActivity Director training certificationCCHT certificationCertified Care ManagerCertified in Basic Life Support certificationCertified Massage TherapistCertified Nurse MidwifeCertified Nursing Assistant LicenseCertified Ophthalmic AssistantCertified Veterinary AssistantCosmetologist certificationD.A. Certified DCA certificationDVM VA Health Professional License


Table 47. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 31 Healthcare Support Occupations




No Yes Total


First Aid and CPR certificationLCSW, LCSW-S (Licensed Clinical Social Worker or Supervisee)LPC, LMHP-R (Licensed Professional Counselor or Resident) LPN licenseMedical Technician LicenseMedical Assistant CertificateMedication Aide License from Board of NursingMedication Technician certificationNFPA70E certificationOrthodontic Assistant certificationPCA License

Personal Care Aide CertificatePhlebotomy certificatePhysical therapy licensePhysician Assistant certificationRadiology SAFETY certificationRN licenseSedation certificationVA Board of Medicine Occupational Therapist licensureVDH LicenseVeterinary Technician certificationVLS certificationX-ray technician Certificate

33 - Protective Service Occupations 8,535 7% 31% 69% 100%

1xReveal experienceAED certificationAutomated Tactical Analysis of Crime certificationCPR certification D Cuts certificationEMT-B certificationEMT-C Paramedic certificationEMT-Paramedic certification


No Yes Total


EVO certificationFirefighter I certificationFirefighter II certificationFirst Aid certification GIS experience Hazmat Operation certificationLifeguard certificationOSHA certification

RapidGate CredentialSecurity certificationSecurity License by VA DCJSSpecial Police Commission (SPO license) VA DCJS certificationVA Driver's License Vsign certification

Table 48. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 33 Protective Service Occupations




68

35 - Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations

11,235 9% 87% 13% 100%

ABC LicenseCPR certificationDriver license Food Handling CertificationFood Manager License


Table 49. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 35 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations




No Yes Total


Food Safety certificationFood Safety Manager CertificationFood Service CardHealth Dept. certificationHVAC certification

Serve Safe certificationVA ABC TiPS alcohol serving class/certificationVirginia Food Safety certification

37 - Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations

8,904 7% 87% 13% 100%

Applicators LicenseBackflow devise certification Certification from Dept. of AgricultureClass A Commercial Driver LicenseRegistered pesticide technician - VA license


No Yes Total


Fertilizer technician certificationIICRC Carpet Cleaning certificationISA Certified Arborist VA Certified horticulturalistLime technician certification

Miss Utility dig certificationNC Driver licenseStorm water management certificationVA driver license

Table 50. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 37 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations




69

39 - Personal Care and Service Occupations

5,433 4% 54% 46% 100%

ACE certificationAFAA certificationBarber LicenseCertification in yoga or pilatesCertified Nursing AssistantCertified swim coachCGC evaluator certificationCosmetology LicenseCPR certificationCPT (Certified Personal Trainer) certification


Table 51. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 39 Personal Care and Service Occupations




No Yes Total


Crematory Operator's CertificateDog Grooming certificationFirst Aid certificationFuneral director License Hairdresser LicenseLifeguard certificationMassage Therapist certificationMDT Care certificationNail technician licenseNASM certification

National board certified coloristNutrition certification PCA Training certificationPersonal Care Assistant CertificatePOP Military dog handler certificationRYT 200 certificationSmart Tan Master certificationTiPs certificationVA board of Embalmers License

41 - Sales and Related Occupations 11,788 9% 82% 18% 100%

Advanced security licensesAnnuities LicenseApplicators LicenseBike school certificationCHFC certificationCIC certificationCLU certificationCOLB Hazmat&tanker endorsement certificationCRP certification


No Yes Total


DPOR Cemetery Board licenseGMS certificationInsurance LicenseLife and Health LicenseLife Insurance LicenseLUTCF certificationMortgage licenseMotor Vehicle Dealer Board Salesman's licenseNC Driver’s License

NTEP certificationProperty & Casualty LicenseRegistered Electrical Engineer licenseSales Person LicenseSeries 6 and 63 certificationServe Safe certificationVA Driver's LicenseVA Horticulture certificationVA Real Estate License

Table 52. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 41 Sales and Related Occupations




70

43 - Office and Administrative Support Occupations

11,671 9% 94% 6% 100%

ASE certificationC.N.A. Nursing licenseCertified Planning Management certificateCIC certificationCisco certificationCISR certificationCMC certification CMP certificationCollections certificationCounty Health certificationCPA licenseCPC certificationCPR and First Aid certificationCRM certificationCSS Scripting certificationDriver's license


Table 53. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 43 Office and Administrative Support Occupations




No Yes Total


Electrical certificationEmergency communications dispatch certificationEmergency management certificationsEngineer LicenseFINRA licenseFood Handler Card certificationGov't secret sec. clearanceHilton Training certificationHTML certificationHVAC certificationIT certificationJava certificationLicensed Practical Nurse licenseLife & Health Insurance LicenseMedical Assistant certificationMedical Coding Certificate

NET certificationNIMSNotary Public certificationOracle CertifiedParalegal CertificatePayroll professional certificationPlumbing certificationProperty & Casualty Insurance LicenseReal Estate licenseRespiratory Therapist licenseRN license Securities License series 6 Series 7 certificationSQL database administration certificationVSIN certification

45 - Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations

1,576 1% 94% 6% 100%

Arborist Pesticide certificationCDL licenseCertified Arborist





No Yes Total


Grain operator certificationHorticultural certification

Mill operator certificationSpray license

Table 54. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 45 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations

SOC Code and Occupation

71

47 - Construction and Extraction Occupations

9,122 7% 90% 10% 100%

American Society of Home Inspectors certificationBoard of Contractors Tradesman LicenseBoom lift certificationBoard of contractor’s license A or BCAS certificationCDL Driver License CPD certificationCPR-First Aid certification


No Yes Total


Driver's LicenseEITElectrical tradesman licenseForklift certificationGPD certificationJourneyman’s card LEED AP BD+C certificationMaster Plumber License

OSHA certificationScaffold competent certification Scissor lift certificationSSPC C3 C1 PCI Level 1 BCI QC certificationTradesman License - ElectricianVirginia Safety Inspection LicenseWelding card (certification)




Table 55. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 47 Construction and Extraction Occupations

49 - Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations

5,617 4% 62% 38% 100%

CDL licenseCertified Diesel MechanicCET certificationCFC certificationCPO LicenseDPOR certificationDriver's LicenseEEC certificationEITElectrical certificationEPA certificationFAA A & P LicenseFiber/copper certificationForklift operator certificationGlazier certificationHarley Davidson Certified


No Yes Total


HVAC certificateI-CAR certificationJourneyman's CardLead LicenseManufacturer certification (Bicsi Keyscan Pelco DCJS)Marine Engine Manufacturer certificationMaster Gas licenseMaster Level Technician certificationMasters HVAC licenseMotorcycle Technician certificationNADCA certificationNATE CertificateNEHA certificationNFPA70E certification

NRSB certificationPesticide Certified Applicator licensePlumber’s certificationPool operator certification Real Estate LicenseRegistered Technician LicenseRVDA certificationSoils 1 Concrete 1 Asphalt 1 certificationState Inspectors LicenseTelephone certification Tower Climber certificationTradesman Electrician licenseVA DCJS certificationVA state safety and emissions certificationWelding license

Table 56. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 49 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations




72

51 - Production Occupations 4,846 4% 95% 5% 100%

ASE certificationAuto Cad certificationCDL licenseDJCS (VA armed license)


No Yes Total


Driver's LicenseElectronic certificationFork Lift certificationProfessional Seamstress certification

Secret Clearance State Tradesman licenseWaste Water Treatment certificationWelding Certificate




Table 57. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 51 Production Occupations

53 - Transportation and Material Moving Occupations

7,194 5% 41% 59% 100%

CDL Class A licenseCDL class B licenseCrane Operator certificationDriver's LicenseDriving School CertificateEquipment Operator certificationFirst aid and CPR certificationForklift License


No Yes Total


Hazmat certificationMAT certification NCCCO certificationTow Permit certificationVA Class II solid waste certificationVA Private Security Registration certification

VDACS Commercial Applicator licenseVDACS Registered Technician licenseVDOT Traffic Control Technician certificationWreaker Driver’s License

Table 58. Required Credentials by Standard Occupational Code - SOC 53 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations




73

CHAPTER 7. ANALYSIS OF STANDARD OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION CODES BY WIB REGION

This chapter analyzes the survey results by Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) code and by WIB region. One of

the most important tasks of this survey is to estimate the need for workers by occupation, and it is particularly important

that workforce investment boards and regional training providers understand projected job vacancies in their regions.

For each of the 15 WIB regions in Virginia, this chapter provides a profile of its most prevalent projected job vacancies

and the community colleges located within its boundaries.

Each profile includes a list of the community college campuses that serve the region, along with the community

where it is located. Below is a map of Virginia showing the boundaries of WIB regions and the locations of

community colleges. The numbers on this map correspond to the numbers assigned to each community college in

the Occupation by WIB analysis below. Appendices G and H provide a complete listing of the community colleges

and their programs.

Also, at the end of this chapter, we present maps of Virginia for each of the 22 SOC codes (not including

Unclassified), showing the WIB regions in which projected vacancies for each SOC code are concentrated.

74

WIB I. Southwest Virginia Workforce Investment Board

Table 59 shows total, full-time and part-time projected vacancies by Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)

code for the Southwest Virginia Workforce Investment Board. As the table indicates, 80% of the region’s 1,544 job

vacancies are projected to occur in three occupational codes:

• Healthcare Support Occupations (41%) • Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (29%) • Transportation and Material Moving Occupations (10%)

Note that all 450 of the vacancies in the Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations are projected to be

part-time.

1 Mountain Empire Community College Big Stone Gap

2 Southwest Virginia Community College Cedar Bluff

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies

31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations 630 615 15 N/A 41%

35-0000Food Preparation and Serving Related

Occupations450 N/A 450 N/A 29%

53-0000Transportation and Material Moving

Occupations150 135 15 N/A 10%

41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 105 N/A 105 N/A 7%

43-0000Office and Administrative Support



Occupations60 60 N/A N/A 4%


Maintenance Occupations30 N/A 30 N/A 2%

49-0000Installation, Maintenance, and Repair


29-0000Healthcare Practitioners and Technical


00-0000 Unclassified N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

11-0000 Management Occupations N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

13-0000Business and Financial Operations

OccupationsN/A N/A N/A N/A N/A


Table 59. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB I, by Standard Occupational Classification


75

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies





19-0000Life, Physical, and Social Science




23-0000 Legal Occupations N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

25-0000Education, Training, and Library


27-0000Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and

Media OccupationsN/A N/A N/A N/A N/A



39-0000Personal Care and Service


45-0000Farming, Fishing, and Forestry


51-0000 Production Occupations N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

WIB I Total 1,544 899 645 N/A 100%


Table 59. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB I, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


76

WIB II. New River / Mount Rogers Workforce Investment Board

Table 60 shows total, full-time and part-time projected vacancies by SOC code for the New River / Mount Rogers

Workforce Investment Board. The table shows that almost two-thirds – 64% -- of the region’s 6,791 projected

vacancies are in five occupational codes:

• Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (26%) • Community and Social Services Occupations (12%) • Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations (11%) • Office and Administrative Support Occupations (9%) • Protective Service Occupations (6%)

Note that almost all of the vacancies in Food Preparation and Serving and in Community and Social Services – 2,221

jobs –are projected to be part-time positions. These are not the only part-time positions. Out of 6,791 projected

vacancies, 3,290 – 48% are projected to be part-time positions.

3 New River Community College Dublin

4 Virginia Highlands Community College Abingdon

5 Wytheville Community College - Main Campus Wytheville

6 Wytheville Community College - The Crossroads Institute Galax

7 Wytheville Community College - The Summit Center Marion

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies


Occupations1,774 129 1,504 141 26%






Occupations587 176 329 82 9%


Table 60. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB II, by Standard Occupational Classification


77

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies





51-0000 Production Occupations 341 341 N/A N/A 5%




Maintenance Occupations282 94 188 N/A 4%



11-0000 Management Occupations 211 176 35 N/A 3%

41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 200 141 35 23 3%


Occupations164 117 N/A 47 2%


Occupations70 12 23 35 1%









Media Occupations35 23 12 N/A 1%







WIB II Total 6,791 3,149 3,290 352 100%


Table 60. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB II, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


78

WIB III. Western Virginia Workforce Development Board


code for the Western Virginia Workforce Development Board. As the table indicates, about two-thirds (65%) of the

region’s 5,934 projected job vacancies will occur in six occupational codes. And as indicated, many of these will be

part-time jobs. Out of the total of 5,934 projected vacancies, employers identified about 50% for full-time

positions.

• Healthcare Support Occupations (16%)

• Personal Care and Service Occupations (4%) – 29% of these are part-time

• Production Occupations (10%) – 38% of these are part-time

• Sales and Related Occupations (14%) – 81% of these part-time

• Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (7%) – 56% of these part-time

• Office and Administrative Support Occupations (13%)

8. Dabney S. Lancaster Community College - Forge Campus Clifton Forge

9. Virginia Western Community College Roanoke

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies

31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations 953 484 203 265 16%

41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 843 156 687 N/A 14%


Occupations750 437 297 16 13%

51-0000 Production Occupations 609 344 234 31 10%






Table 61. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB III, by Standard Occupational Classification


79

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies























Media Occupations16 16 N/A N/A 0%









WIB III Total 5,934 2,967 2,264 703 100%


Table 61. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB III, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


80

WIB IV. Shenandoah Valley Workforce Investment Board


code for the Shenandoah Valley Workforce Investment Board. Over two thirds68% of the region’s projected job

vacancies will be in seven occupational codes. Although most of these will be full-time positions, 83% of the

positions in the Food Preparation and Serving occupations group will be part.

• Transportation and Material Moving Occupations (16%) • Sales and Related Occupations (12%) • Construction and Extraction Occupations (11%) • Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (8%) • Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations (7%) • Installation, Maintenance and Repair Occupations (7%) • Office and Administrative Support Occupations (7%)

10 Blue Ridge Community College Weyers Cave

11 Dabney S. Lancaster Community College - Rockbridge Regional Center Buena Vista

12 Lord Fairfax Community College - Luray-Page County Center Luray

13 Lord Fairfax Community College - Middletown Campus Middletown

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies


Occupations1,083 775 147 160 16%



Occupations709 588 107 13 11%




Maintenance Occupations495 361 107 27 7%




Table 62. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB IV, by Standard Occupational Classification


81

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies


Occupations441 214 214 13 7%

51-0000 Production Occupations 401 388 13 N/A 6%





31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations 241 187 N/A 53 4%

11-0000 Management Occupations 174 174 N/A N/A 3%

00-0000 Unclassified 147 134 N/A 13 2%











23-0000 Legal Occupations 40 40 N/A N/A 1%








Media Occupations13 N/A 13 N/A 0%

WIB IV Total 6,712 4,586 1,645 481 100%


Table 62. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB IV, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


82

WIB VI. Piedmont Workforce Network


code for the Piedmont Workforce Network. Two-thirds (68%) of the projected openings will be in seven

occupational codes. Most of these will be full-time jobs, but in three of these seven occupational codes – Healthcare

Practitioners and Technical Occupations, Healthcare Support Occupations, and Building and Grounds Cleaning and

Maintenance Occupations – respondents did not state whether the jobs would be full- or part-time.

• Education, Training and Library Occupations (17%) • Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations (11%) • Healthcare Support Occupations (11%) • Construction and Extraction Occupations (10%) • Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations (7%) • Production Occupations (6%) • Sales and Related Occupations (6%) – 47% of these are part-time

14 Germanna Community College - Daniel Technology Center Culpeper

15 Germanna Community College - Locust Grove Campus Locust Grove

16 Lord Fairfax Community College - Fauquier Campus Warrenton

17 Lord Fairfax Community College - Vint Hill Warrenton

18 Piedmont Community College - Eugene Giuseppe Center Stanardsville

19 Piedmont Community College - Jefferson School Center Charlottesville

20 Piedmont Community College - Main Campus Charlottesville

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies




Occupations569 10 183 376 11%

31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations 528 71 173 284 11%




Table 63. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB VI, by Standard Occupational Classification


83

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies


Maintenance Occupations325 20 N/A 305 7%






























00-0000 Unclassified 20 N/A 20 N/A 0%


WIB VI Total 4,955 2,995 954 1,005 100%


Table 63. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB VI, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


84

WIB VII. Virginia’s Region 2000 Partnership


code for Virginia’s Region 2000 Partnership. Almost three quarters (76%) of the region’s projected job vacancies

will be in seven occupational codes. Most of these will be full-time positions, but in Food Preparation and Serving

Related Occupations, Sales and Related Occupations, and Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance

Occupations, the majority of jobs will be part-time.

• Construction and Extraction Occupations (16%) • Installation, Maintenance and Repair Occupations (14%) • Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (11%) – 86% of these part-time • Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations (10%) • Sales and Related Occupations (9%) – 53% of these are part-time • Office and Administrative Support Occupations (8%) • Transportation and Material Moving Occupations (8%)

21 Central Virginia Community College Lynchburg

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies


Occupations287 257 10 20 16%















Table 64. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB VII, by Standard Occupational Classification


85

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies










31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations 30 N/A 10 20 2%
















WIB VII Total 1,808 1,265 445 99 100%


Table 64. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB VII, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


86

WIB VIII. South Central Workforce Investment Board


code for the South Central Workforce Investment Board. Eighty eight percent of the region’s projected job

vacancies are in seven occupational codes. Two thirds (83%) of these openings are projected to be full-time.

• Office and Administrative Support Occupations (25%) • Protective Service Occupations (24%) • Transportation and Material Moving Occupations (14%) • Sales and Related Occupations (7%) • Healthcare Support Occupations (7%) • Construction and Extraction Occupations (6%) • Community and Social Service Occupations (5%)

22 Southside Virginia Community College - Christanna Campus Alberta

23 Southside Virginia Community College - Clarksville Enrichment Complex Clarksville

24 Southside Virginia Community College - Cumberland County Community Center Cumberland

25 Southside Virginia Community College - Estes Community Center Chase City

26 Southside Virginia Community College - John H. Daniel Campus Keysville

27 Southside Virginia Community College - Lake Country Advanced Knowledge Center South Hill

28 Southside Virginia Community College - Occ. Tech Center/ Pickett Park Blackstone

29 Southside Virginia Community College - Southern Virginia Higher Education Center South Boston

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies









Table 65. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB VIII, by Standard Occupational Classification


87

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies














Maintenance Occupations15 15 N/A N/A 2%




51-0000 Production Occupations 8 N/A 8 N/A 1%
















WIB VIII Total 938 788 128 23 100%


Table 65. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB VIII, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


88

WIB IX. Resource: Capital Region Workforce Partnership


code for Resource: Capital Region Workforce Partnership. Sixty percent of the region’s projected job vacancies are

in the top seven occupational codes. Fifty three percent of these positions are projected to be full-time, 39% are

projected to be part-time and for the remainder we have no information on full-time versus part-time status. The

Food Preparation and Serving Related, Personal Care and Service, Sales and Related, and Office and Administrative

Support occupations – four of the top seven occupation groups – show large percentages of part-time positions on

these projections.

• Construction and Extraction Occupations (11%) • Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (10%) • Office and Administrative Support Occupations (9%) • Protective Service Occupations (9%) • Sales and Related Occupations (8%) • Healthcare Support Occupations (7%) • Personal Care and Service Occupations (7%)

30 J. Sargeant Reynolds - Downtown Campus Richmond

31 J. Sargeant Reynolds - Goochland Campus Goochland

32 J. Sargeant Reynolds - Parham Road Campus Richmond

33 John Tyler Community College - Chester Campus Chester

34 John Tyler Community College - Midlothian Campus Midlothian

35 Rappahannock Community College - New Kent Site New Kent

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies


Occupations1,961 1,856 60 45 11%


Occupations1,916 45 1,706 165 10%


Occupations1,617 1,512 105 N/A 9%


Table 66. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB IX, by Standard Occupational Classification


89

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies


Occupations1,587 1,182 374 30 9%

41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 1,467 614 778 75 8%


Occupations1,272 239 1,033 N/A 7%

31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations 1,197 464 254 479 7%


Occupations928 793 120 15 5%



00-0000 Unclassified 868 838 15 15 5%





11-0000 Management Occupations 539 404 120 15 3%


Occupations479 195 225 60 3%







23-0000 Legal Occupations 299 284 15 N/A 2%










WIB IX Total 18,291 11,615 5,703 973 100%


Table 66. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB IX, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


90

WIB XI. Northern Virginia Workforce Investment System


code for the Northern Virginia Workforce Investment System. As the Northern Virginia economy is more diverse

than others analyzed here, projected vacancies are spread among more occupations. Eighty percent of the region’s

projected job vacancies are in the top eleven occupational codes. Two thirds (66%) of these positions are projected

to be full-time, whereas about 30% are projected to be part-time and 4% are unknown. Occupations with large

percentages of part-time projected vacancies are Healthcare Support; Healthcare Practitioners and Technical

Occupations; Education, Training and Library Occupations; and Office and Administrative Support.

• Protective Service Occupations (12%) • Office and Administrative Support Occupations (11%) • Healthcare Support Occupations (11%) • Education, Training and Library Occupations (8%) • Computer and Mathematical Occupations (6%) • Sales and Related Occupations (6%) • Management Occupations (6%) • Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (5%) • Business and Financial Operations Occupations (5%) • Construction and Extraction Occupations (5%) • Transportation and Material Moving Occupations (5%)

36 Northern Virginia Community College - Annandale Campus Annandale

37 Northern Virginia Community College - Loudoun Campus Sterling

38 Northern Virginia Community College - Manassas Campus Manassas

39 Northern Virginia Community College - Medical Education Campus Springfield

40 Northern Virginia Community College - Reston Center Reston

41 Northern Virginia Community College - Woodbridge Campus Woodbridge

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies


Occupations4,225 3,724 501 N/A 12%


Occupations3,891 2,339 1,480 72 11%

31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations 3,629 1,026 2,602 N/A 11%


Table 67. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB XI, by Standard Occupational Classification


91

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies


Occupations2,745 1,265 1,361 119 8%

41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 2,101 1,385 525 191 6%

11-0000 Management Occupations 1,934 1,790 48 95 6%


Occupations1,910 1,647 263 N/A 6%


Occupations1,743 1,576 167 N/A 5%


Occupations1,671 1,456 95 119 5%


Occupations1,623 764 501 358 5%


Occupations1,552 836 597 119 5%


Occupations1,456 1,265 95 95 4%


Maintenance Occupations1,265 1,241 24 N/A 4%


Occupations1,026 406 573 48 3%




Occupations645 454 119 72 2%







00-0000 Unclassified 119 95 N/A 24 0%





WIB XI Total 34,113 22,989 9,787 1,337 100%


Table 67. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB XI, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


92

WIB XII. Alexandria/Arlington Workforce Investment Board


code for the Alexandria / Arlington Workforce Investment Board. Eighty-two percent of projected position

vacancies are in ten occupational groups. Within these ten groups, 59% of the vacancies are projected to be for

full-time jobs and 40% are projected to be for part-time jobs. The following occupations will have large percentages

of part-time openings: Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations, Education, Training and Library, Sales and

Related, Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance, and Office and Administrative Support.

• Education, Training and Library Occupations (16%) • Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations (9%) • Management Occupations (8%) • Sales and Related Occupations (8%) • Office and Administrative Support Occupations (8%) • Business and Financial Operations Occupations (7%) • Healthcare Support Occupations (7%) • Computer and Mathematical Occupations (7%) • Protective Service Occupations (7%) • Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations (5%)

42 Northern Virginia Community College - Alexandria Campus Alexandria

43 Northern Virginia Community College - Arlington Center Arlington

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies


Occupations1,523 88 1,435 N/A 16%






Occupations773 397 309 66 8%




Table 68. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB XII, by Standard Occupational Classification


93

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies

31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations 707 707 N/A N/A 7%























23-0000 Legal Occupations 44 N/A 44 N/A 0%







WIB XII Total 9,428 5,586 3,731 110 100%


Table 68. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB XII, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


94

WIB XIII. Bay Consortium Workforce Investment Board


code for the Bay Consortium Workforce Investment Board. Most of the job vacancies are located near the I-95

corridor within the “urban crescent,” not in the eastern, more rural part of the WIB region. Seventy-four percent

of projected position vacancies are in seven occupational groups. Within these seven groups, 52% of the vacancies

are projected to be for full-time work and 43% are projected to be part-time jobs (5% are unknown).

• Education, Training and Library Occupations (25%) • Sales and Related Occupations (15%) – 91% part-time • Office and Administrative Support Occupations (9%) • Healthcare Support Occupations (8%) – 73% of these are part-time • Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations (6%) – 60% of these are part-time • Transportation and Material Moving Occupations (6%) • Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (5%) – 79% of these are part-time

44 Eastern Shore Community College Melfa

45 Germanna Community College - Automotive Technology Center Fredericksburg

46 Germanna Community College - Stafford County Center Stafford

47 Germanna Community College - Fredericksburg Area Campus Fredericksburg

48 Rappahannock Community College - Kilmarnock Center Kilmarnock

49 Rappahannock Community College - King George Site King George

50 Rappahannock Community College - King William Site King William

51 Rappahannock Community College - Warsaw Campus Warsaw

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies


Occupations1,412 1,367 30 15 25%



Occupations535 282 134 119 9%



Table 69. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB XIII, by Standard Occupational Classification


95

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies


Occupations1,412 1,367 30 15 25%



Occupations535 282 134 119 9%






























00-0000 Unclassified 15 N/A N/A 15 0%






WIB XIII Total 5,633 3,225 2,066 342 100%


Table 69. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB XIII, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


96

WIB XIV. Peninsula Council for Workforce Development


code for the Peninsula Council for Workforce Development. Seventy-five percent of projected position vacancies

are in seven occupational groups. Within these seven occupational groups, 32% of the projected openings are for

full-time jobs, and 48% are for part-time jobs (20% are unknown). Occupational groups among the top seven with

high concentrations of part-time jobs are Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance, Sales and Related, Office

and Administrative Support, and Transportation and Material Moving.

• Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations (30%) – 71% of these are part-time • Healthcare Support Occupations (10%) • Sales and Related Occupations (10%) – 71% are part-time • Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (8%) – 84% of these are part-time • Office and Administrative Support Occupations (8%) – 41% of these are part-time • Production Occupations (5%) • Transportation and Material Moving Occupations (4%) – 56% of these are part-time

52 Rappahannock Community College - Glenns Campus Glenns

53 Thomas Nelson Community College - Center for Building and Construction Trades Hampton

54 Thomas Nelson Community College - Hampton Campus Hampton

55 Thomas Nelson Community College - Historic Triangle Campus Williamsburg

56 Thomas Nelson Community College - Peninsula Workforce Development Center Hampton

57 Thomas Nelson Community College - Southeast Higher Education Center Newport News

58 Thomas Nelson Community College - Thomas Nelson Workforce Center Williamsburg

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies


Maintenance Occupations2,313 653 1,646 14 30%




Occupations624 170 142 312 8%


Table 70. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB XIV, by Standard Occupational Classification


97

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies


Occupations610 341 255 14 8%

















00-0000 Unclassified 128 43 85 N/A 2%
















WIB XIV Total 7,705 3,207 3,349 1,149 100%


Table 70. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB XIV, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


98

WIB XV. Crater Regional Workforce Investment Group


code for the Crater Regional Workforce Investment Group. Eighty-nine percent of projected position vacancies are

in the top ten occupational groups. Within these ten occupational groups, 56% of the projected openings are for

full-time jobs and 20% are for part-time jobs (24% are unknown). Occupational groups with large concentrations

of part-time jobs are Protective Services and Sales and Related.

• Production Occupations (24%) • Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations (14%) • Healthcare Support Occupations (10%) • Education, Training and Library Occupations (8%) • Installation, Maintenance and Repair Occupations (8%) • Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations (6%) • Transportation and Material Moving Occupations (6%) • Protective Service Occupations (5%) – 100% of these are part-time • Sales and Related Occupations (5%) – 66% of these are part-time • Office and Administrative Support Occupations (5%)

59 Southside Virginia Community College - Southside Virginia Education Center Emporia

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies



Occupations334 19 19 297 14%









Table 71. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB XV, by Standard Occupational Classification


99

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies































WIB XV Total 2,337 1,410 427 501 100%


Table 71. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB XV, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


100

WIB XVI. Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads Workforce Development Board


code for Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads Workforce Development Board. Seventy seven percent of projected

position vacancies are in the top nine occupational groups. Within these top nine groups, 59% of the projected

vacancies are for full-time jobs and 32% are for part-time jobs (9% are unknown). Groups with large percentages

of part-time jobs are Sales and Related, Office and Administrative Support, Food Preparation and Serving, Personal

Care and Service, and Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance.

• Sales and Related Occupations (15%) – 36% of these are part-time • Construction and Extraction Occupations (11%) • Personal Care and Service Occupations (10%) – 49% of these are part-time • Office and Administrative Support Occupations (8%) – 25% of these are part-time • Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations (8%) – 53% of these are part-time • Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (7%) – 75% of these are part-time • Protective Service Occupations (7%) • Transportation and Material Moving (6%) • Healthcare Support Occupations (5%)

60 Paul D. Camp Community College - Franklin Campus Franklin

61 Paul D. Camp Community College - Hobbs Suffolk Campus Suffolk

62 Paul D. Camp Community College - PDCCC at Smithfield Smithfield

63 Tidewater Community College - Center for Workforce Solutions Suffolk

64 Tidewater Community College - Center for Workforce Solutions Virginia Beach Office Virginia Beach

65 Tidewater Community College - Chesapeake Campus Chesapeake

66 Tidewater Community College - District Administration Building Norfolk

67 Tidewater Community College - Norfolk Norfolk

68 Tidewater Community College - Portsmouth Campus Portsmouth

69 Tidewater Community College - Regional Automotive Center Chesapeake

70 Tidewater Community College - Tri-Cities Center Portsmouth

71 Tidewater Community College - Virginia Beach Campus Virginia Beach

72 Tidewater Community College - Visual Arts Center Portsmouth

101

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies

41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 3,308 1,957 1,190 161 15%


Occupations2,481 2,038 424 20 11%


Occupations2,320 161 1,130 1,029 10%


Occupations1,836 1,311 464 61 8%


Maintenance Occupations1,715 746 908 61 8%


Occupations1,654 282 1,251 121 7%


Occupations1,553 1,553 N/A N/A 7%


Occupations1,271 1,150 121 N/A 6%

31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations 1,210 1,089 121 N/A 5%


Occupations1,069 867 202 N/A 5%






Occupations363 40 101 222 2%












00-0000 Unclassified 101 81 20 N/A 0%





WIB XVI Total 22,110 13,960 6,334 1,816 100%


Table 72. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB XVI, by Standard Occupational Classification


102

WIB XVII. West Piedmont Workforce Investment Board


code for the West Piedmont Workforce Investment Board. Ninety percent of projected position vacancies are in

the top eight occupational groups. Within these top eight groups, 58% of the projected openings are for full-time

positions and 21% are for part-time positions (21% are unknown). Occupational groups with high concentrations

of projected part-time jobs are Food Preparation and Serving Related and Sales and Related.

• Education, Training and Library Occupations (30%) • Transportation and Material Moving Occupations (15%) • Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (13%) – 96% of these are part-time • Production Occupations (11%) • Construction and Extraction Occupations (6%) • Sales and Related Occupations (5%) – 63% of these are part-time • Office and Administrative Support Occupations (5%) • Installation, Maintenance and Repair Occupations (5%)

73 Danville Community College 1008 South Main Street Danville

74 Patrick Henry Community College - Main Campus Martinsville

75 Patrick Henry Community College - Patrick County Site Stuart

76 Patrick Henry Community College - The Racing College Martinsville

77 Patrick Henry Community College - Thomas P. Dalton Idea Center Martinsville

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies




Occupations368 309 24 36 15%








Table 73. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB XVII, by Standard Occupational Classification


103

SOC Code


Estimated Total

Vacancies



UnknownPercent of

Total Vacancies










Maintenance Occupations36 N/A N/A 36 1%




Occupations24 N/A N/A 24 1%

















WIB XVII Total 2,496 1,426 523 547 100%


Table 73. Estimated Full-Time, Part-Time, and Total Vacancies in WIB XVII, by Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


104

Analysis of WIB Regions by Standard Occupational Classification Codes

In this section we reverse the procedure of the previous section. Rather than construct a profile of each

WIB region, we construct a profile of each of the Standard Occupational Codes (not including Unclassified

occupations). For each code, we present a map showing where, in the state, employers who project at

least one vacancy in that occupation are located. Each dot on each map represents one establishment

survey respondent. If an employer projects openings in two or more occupations, that employer will be

represented by two or more different dots. However, because of the small scale of the maps, in most

cases more than one establishment, and sometimes many establishments, are “stacked on top of each

other,” thus giving the mistaken impression that only one establishment is represented there, whereas in

fact, many establishments are there. However, since the vast majority of vacancies are projected to occur

in small to medium enterprises (SMEs), one can still learn a great deal from the maps. Nevertheless, the

reader should use these maps to gain an overall impression of the concentration of specific occupations

in a WIB region, not an exact count. For the latter purpose, one should consult the tables in the previous

section.

Along with each map, we list the names of the WIB regions where a particular occupation is primarily

concentrated. However, the reader will note that the list generally does not include all WIB regions where

there are projected to be vacancies in an occupation.

105

11 - Management Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia

• XII: Alexandria/Arlington

• IX: Resource: Capital Region

• XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads

• III: Western Virginia

106

13 - Business and Financial Operations Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • III: Western Virginia

107

15 - Computer and Mathematical Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • XIV: Peninsula Council

108

17 – Architecture and Engineering Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • XIV: Peninsula Council

109

19 - Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • IX: Resource: Capital Region • VI: Piedmont

110

21 - Community and Social Services Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • XIV: Peninsula Council • II: New River / Mount Rogers

111

23 - Legal Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads

112

25 - Education, Training and Library Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • XIV: Peninsula Council • XIII: Bay Consortium

113

27 - Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports and Media Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • IX: Resource: Capital Region

114

29 - Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • III: Western Virginia • II: New River / Mount Rogers • VI: Piedmont

115

31 - Healthcare Support Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • XIV: Peninsula • III: Western Virginia • VI: Piedmont • IV: Shenandoah Valley • II: New River / Mount Rogers

116

33 - Protective Service Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • II: New River / Mount Rogers

117

35 - Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • XIV: Peninsula • II: New River / Mount Rogers • III: Western Virginia • VI: Piedmont • IV: Shenandoah Valley • VII: Virginia’s Region 2000 • XIII: Bay Consortium

118

37 - Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • XIV: Peninsula • III: Western Virginia • II: New River / Mount Rogers • IV: Shenandoah Valley

119

39 - Personal Care and Service Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • XIV: Peninsula • III: Western Virginia • IV: Shenandoah Valley • VI: Piedmont

120

41 - Sales and Related Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • XIV: Peninsula • III: Western Virginia • IV: Shenandoah Valley • VI: Piedmont • VII: Virginia’s Region 2000 • II: New River / Mount Rogers • XVII: West Piedmont

121

43 - Office and Administrative Support Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • XIV: Peninsula • III: Western Virginia • II: New River / Mount Rogers • IV: Shenandoah Valley • VI: Piedmont • VII: Virginia’s Region 2000 • XIII: Bay Consortium • VII: Virginia’s Region 2000 Partnership

122

45 - Farming, Fishing and Forestry Occupations

• IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • VI: Piedmont

123

47 - Construction and Extraction Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • XIV: Peninsula • III: Western Virginia • IV: Shenandoah Valley • VI: Piedmont • II: New River / Mount Rogers • XIII: Bay Consortium

124

49 - Installation, Maintenance and Repair Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • XIV: Peninsula • III: Western Virginia • IV: Shenandoah Valley • VII: Virginia’s Region 2000 • West Piedmont

125

51 - Production Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • XIV: Peninsula • II: New River / Mount Rogers • III: Western Virginia • IV: Shenandoah Valley • XVII: West Piedmont

126

53 - Transportation and Material Moving Occupations

• XI: Northern Virginia • XII: Alexandria/Arlington • IX: Resource: Capital Region • XVI: Opportunity Inc. – Hampton Roads • XIV: Peninsula • II: New River / Mount Rogers • III: Western Virginia • IV: Shenandoah Valley • XVII: West Piedmont • VI: Piedmont • VIII: South Central • XIII: Bay Consortium

127

CHAPTER 8. ANALYSIS OF CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS OF “MIDDLE-SKILLS” JOB VACANCIES BY DETAILED (6-DIGIT) OCCUPATIONAL CODE, STATEWIDE AND BY WIB REGION

As the name indicates, middle-skills jobs are those that require some formal training or education and skill, but

neither extensive formal education nor extensive training. The Job Vacancy Survey asked employers to choose a

level of formal education required for anticipated job vacancies from a list given in the survey. Accordingly, middle-

jobs are defined in this report as those designated by employers as requiring either Some College, No Degree or

Associate’s Degree.

In addition to middle levels of formal education, some middle-skills jobs also require credentials or certification that

a worker has achieved a certain level of competence in a given occupation. Examples include real estate licenses,

fork lift certification, or ABC licenses.

Middle skills jobs typically pay wages higher than jobs requiring lower levels of formal skill or training and may thus

represent a way for persons to raise their standard of living. It is important that education and training providers

understand the needs of employers for workers with middle skills, as well as the professional certifications or

certified competencies the jobs may require, so that vacancies can be filled quickly and businesses can be maximally

productive.

This chapter presents tables that show survey results on middle-skills job vacancies and the certifications that those

jobs may require. Table 74 lists all estimated middle-skills job vacancies at the Detailed Occupation (“6-digit”) level

for all of Virginia. The occupations are ordered from the largest number of estimated vacancies to the smallest.

For example, the first occupation listed is Nursing Assistants. Based on the survey results, we estimate that there

will be 1,217 vacancies in this occupation in 2016, which amounts to 8% of total estimated vacancies. (Recall from

the discussion of methodology in Chapter 1 that this number is an extrapolation from the actual survey results.)

The survey results indicate that 85% of these positions do not require credentials, but that 15% do require them.

The credentials mentioned by employers (usually no more than one was mentioned by a given employer), are:

Property and Casualty Insurance License, Life and Health Insurance License, CMA Certification, CMCA Certification,

and Government Secret Security Clearance.

128

31-1014 Nursing Assistants 1,217 8% 85% 15% 100%

Certified Nursing Assistant LicenseLPN LicensureRN licensure

Medication Aide licensureACLS certificationVLS certification

CPR and First Aid certificationPhilebotomy

Medical Assistance certification

25-3099 Teachers and Instructors, All Other 834 6% 92% 8% 100%First Aid and CPR certificiation

CDA training certifiedEarly Childhood Credentials

43-6014 Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive

750 5% 89% 11% 100%

Property and Casualty Insurance LicenseLife & Health Insurance License

CMA certificationCMCA certification

Government Secret Security Clearance

25-9041 Teacher Assistants 750 5% 93% 7% 100%CDA training certificates

Early Childhood CredentialsPara-pro examination

41-3099 Sales Representatives, Services, All Other 667 4% 85% 15% 100%Property and Casualty License

Life and Health LicenseSaleman License issued by Dealer Board

33-2011 Firefighters 600 4% 94% 6% 100%

Drivers LicenseEMT-B certificationEMT-P certification

Firefighter I certificationFirefighter II CertificationHazmat Opts Certification

EVO certification


Table 74. Estimated Number and Required Credentials for "Middle-Skills" Job Vacancies, by Detailed Occupation

(ranked by estimated number of vacancies)

SOC Code - Detailed Occupation

Estimated Number of

Middle-Skill Vacancies

PercentCredential Requirement (%)


No Yes Total

129

43-4171 Receptionists and Information Clerks 450 3% 89% 11% 100%Medical Assistant Certified

Cisco certificationIT certification

39-9011 Childcare Workers 450 3% 96% 4% 100% CPR & First Aid certification

43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 384 3% 100% 0% 100%

29-1141 Registered Nurses 384 3% 87% 13% 100% Registered Nurse licensure

11-9199 Managers, All Other 334 2% 85% 15% 100%

Serv Safe CertificationFood safety certificate

Registered Private Investigatortips trained

43-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers

300 2% 78% 22% 100%

Property & Casualty Insurance LicenseCPR and First Aid CertificationMedical Coding certification

CNA certificationMicrosoft OfficeCIC certification

CISR certificationCRM certification

49-9071 Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 300 2% 78% 22% 100%

Electronics Industrial Maintainence certificationAutomation PLC Certification

Real Estate licenseSoils 1 Concrete 1 Asphalt 1 certification

Board of Contractors License

43-4081 Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks 300 2% 94% 6% 100% Hilton Training Certification

29-2061 Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses 217 1% 62% 38% 100%

VA Dept of Health LicensureCPR certification

LPN licensureCMA certification

RN licensureRMA certification


Table 74. Estimated Number and Required Credentials for "Middle-Skills" Job Vacancies, by Detailed Occupation (continued)



Estimated Number of




No Yes Total

130

43-3011 Bill and Account Collectors 217 1% 92% 8% 100% Collections Certification

41-9099 Sales and Related Workers, All Other 200 1% 75% 25% 100%

Life and Health Insurance licenseProperty and Casualty Insurance license

MVDB certificationDPOR Cemetery Board license

33-3051 Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers 200 1% 92% 8% 100%VA Driver's License

Psychological examination

43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks 183 1% 100% 0% 100%

35-3031 Waiters and Waitresses 183 1% 91% 9% 100% ABC Licensure

17-2199 Engineers, All Other 167 1% 100% 0% 100%

41-3021 Insurance Sales Agents 133 1% 25% 75% 100%Property & Casualty License

Life and Health LicenseLUTCF license

11-9051 Food Service Managers 133 1% 88% 13% 100% Virginia Food Safety LicenseServ Safe Certificate

41-2031 Retail Salespersons 133 1% 88% 13% 100% bike school training

13-1051 Cost Estimators 117 1% 100% 0% 100%

25-2011 Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education 117 1% 71% 29% 100%CDA training certified

Social Services required training

11-2021 Marketing Managers 108 0% 100% 0% 100%

11-3011 Administrative Services Managers 100 1% 83% 17% 100% Adobe Certifications IllustratorInDesign

31-9091 Dental Assistants 100 1% 33% 67% 100%

Dental Board of Virginia LicensureX-Ray CertificationCPR certification

Radiology Safety certificationSedation certification





Estimated Number of




No Yes Total

131

31-9099 Healthcare Support Workers, All Other 100 1% 67% 33% 100%First Aid and CPR CertificationCertified Opthalmic Assistant

Medication Aide licensure

43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks 100 1% 83% 17% 100%Plumbing State certification Electrical State certification

HVAC State certification

49-2094 Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment

100 1% 67% 33% 100% Electrial Tradesman certificationMilitary credentials

49-3023 Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics 100 1% 67% 33% 100%ASE-Automotive Service Excellence certification

Drivers LicenseState Inspection certification

47-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers

100 1% 67% 33% 100% CONTRACTORS CLASS A OR B licenseDriver License

53-3099 Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other 100 1% 50% 50% 100%

MAT training certificationFirst aid and CPR certification

CDA certificationCDL license

Driver's license w/0 points

11-3021 Computer and Information Systems Managers 100 1% 83% 17% 100% PMP

35-9031 Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop

100 1% 100% 0% 100%

31-9092 Medical Assistants 83 1% 40% 60% 100% Medical Assistant certification

15-1151 Computer User Support Specialists 83 1% 80% 20% 100% Security Certificate

23-2099 Legal Support Workers, All Other 83 1% 80% 20% 100% Paralegal Certificate

27-2022 Coaches and Scouts 83 1% 40% 60% 100%

USA Gymnastics Professional MemberSafety Certificate

CPR & First Aid CertificateUS Professional Tennis Association certification

US Professional Tennis Registry certification





Estimated Number of




No Yes Total

132

43-2021 Telephone Operators 83 1% 100% 0% 100%

45-2092 Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse

83 1% 100% 0% 100%

15-2031 Operations Research Analysts 83 1% 80% 20% 100% Military qualifications

11-9141 Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers 67 0% 25% 75% 100%

Real Estate LicenseDPOR License

CMCA certificate

43-6012 Legal Secretaries 67 0% 100% 0% 100%

43-9061 Office Clerks, General 67 0% 75% 25% 100% Property and Casualty Insurance License

51-9198 Helpers--Production Workers 66.71081678 0% 75% 25% 100%Fork Lift certification

Non-commercial driver's license Welding certification

15-1134 Web Developers 67 0% 100% 0% 100%Adobe Creative Suite

Graphic Design HTML Training

15-1143 Computer Network Architects 67 0% 50% 50% 100%

COMP TIA certificationMitel Product Certfications

VOIP specific product certificationVOIP application certifications

11-9151 Social and Community Service Managers 67 0% 50% 50% 100%

CPR & 1st Aid Certified MAT Certified

Food manager Ceritifed16 + training hours

6 months programmatic exp.

17-3012 Electrical and Electronics Drafters 67 0% 50% 50% 100%LEED AP BD+C certification

EIT Revit ® certification

35-1012 First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers 67 0% 75% 25% 100% Credential not specified

39-7011 Tour Guides and Escorts 67 0% 100% 0% 100%

41-9011 Demonstrators and Product Promoters 67 0% 100% 0% 100%





Estimated Number of




No Yes Total

133

13-2072 Loan Officers 67 0% 75% 25% 100% Virginia Loan Officer license NMLS

25-2021 Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education

67 0% 100% 0% 100%

35-2014 Cooks, Restaurant 67 0% 100% 0% 100%

39-4031 Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Directors 50 0% -33% 133% 100%VA Board of Embalmers licensureCrematory Operator's Certificate

Board of Funeral Directors licensure

11-3031 Financial Managers 50 0% 67% 33% 100% CPA

13-2082 Tax Preparers 50 0% 33% 67% 100%

EITC certificationbank product certification

IRS Enrolled AgentCPA

Liberty tax service certification Level 1

29-2021 Dental Hygienists 50 0% 33% 67% 100%Dental Board LicensureDental Hygienst License

Nitrogen Oxide Administration Certification

43-9021 Data Entry Keyers 50 0% 33% 67% 100% Drivers License

31-9096 Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers 50 0% 33% 67% 100% Veterinary Technician Licensure

41-9091 Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related Workers 50 0% 67% 33% 100% non-commercial drivers license

21-1019 Counselors, All Other 50 0% 100% 0% 100%

41-9031 Sales Engineers 50 0% 100% 0% 100%

11-9081 Lodging Managers 33 0% 100% 0% 100%

13-1199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other 33 0% 50% 50% 100%Technical certification in Life Coach Aptitude

training

11-2022 Sales Managers 33 0% 100% 0% 100%





Estimated Number of




No Yes Total

134

11-9021 Construction Managers 33 0% 50% 50% 100% Safety Certificate

13-1141 Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists 33 0% 100% 0% 100%

13-2011 Accountants and Auditors 33 0% 50% 50% 100% CPA

15-1121 Computer Systems Analysts 33 0% 50% 50% 100%Microsoft Certification

A+ certification Network + certification

17-3011 Architectural and Civil Drafters 33 0% 100% 0% 100%

33-3021 Detectives and Criminal Investigators 33 0% 0% 100% 100%GIS experience

1xReveal experienceAutomated Tactical Analysis of Crime

41-1012 First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers 33 0% 50% 50% 100% Property & Casualty licenseCIC certification

43-6011 Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants 33 0% 100% 0% 100%

15-1132 Software Developers, Applications 33 0% 50% 50% 100%Microsoft Access

SQL Microsoft Office

15-1141 Database Administrators 33 0% 50% 50% 100% COMP TIA certification

17-1011 Architects, Except Landscape and Naval 33 0% 100% 0% 100%

27-3099 Media and Communication Workers, All Other 33 0% 50% 50% 100%ETCP Electician certification

ETCP Arena Rigging certificationETCP Theater Rigging certification

29-2032 Diagnostic Medical Sonographers 33 0% 50% 50% 100% ARDMS certifiedARRT certified

29-2041 Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics 33 0% 50% 50% 100%EMS certified as EMT-Intermediate or Paramedic

Advanced Cardiac Life Support certification Emergency Vehicle Operators certification

29-2052 Pharmacy Technicians 33 0% 50% 50% 100% CPhT certification





Estimated Number of




No Yes Total

135

29-2099 Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other 33 0% 100% 0% 100%

35-3041 Food Servers, Nonrestaurant 33 0% 100% 0% 100%

39-9031 Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors 33 0% 50% 50% 100% Credential not specified

51-2041 Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters 33 0% 50% 50% 100% welding certificates

51-4041 Machinists 33 0% 100% 0% 100%

51-9011 Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders 33 0% 50% 50% 100% Waste Water Treatment Certification

11-3051 Industrial Production Managers 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

11-3061 Purchasing Managers 17 0% 0% 100% 100% Certified Export Specialist

11-3071 Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

11-3121 Human Resources Managers 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

11-9111 Medical and Health Services Managers 17 0% 0% 100% 100%Registered Dental Hygienist Registered Dental Assistant

13-2061 Financial Examiners 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

13-2081 Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

13-2099 Financial Specialists, All Other 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

15-1199 Computer Occupations, All Other 17 0% 100% 0% 100%





Estimated Number of




No Yes Total

136

19-3051 Urban and Regional Planners 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

23-2011 Paralegals and Legal Assistants 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

25-1194 Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary 17 0% 0% 100% 100% ASE State Inspection certificate

27-1022 Fashion Designers 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

29-1071 Physician Assistants 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

29-2057 Ophthalmic Medical Technicians 17 0% 0% 100% 100% Ophthalmic Assistant/Technician certification

33-9099 Protective Service Workers, All Other 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

35-1011 Chefs and Head Cooks 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

35-2015 Cooks, Short Order 17 0% 0% 100% 100% SafeServ Certification

35-3011 Bartenders 17 0% 0% 100% 100% SafeServ Certification

37-3011 Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers 17 0% 0% 100% 100%VA Pesticide LicensureISA Certified Arborist

VA Certified Horticulturalist39-1021 First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers 17 0% 0% 100% 100% Smart Tan Master Certification

41-2011 Cashiers 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

41-9022 Real Estate Sales Agents 17 0% 0% 100% 100% VA Real Estate sales license

43-3021 Billing and Posting Clerks 17 0% 100% 0% 100%





Estimated Number of




No Yes Total

137

43-3051 Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks 17 0% 0% 100% 100% Certified payroll professional certification

43-4161 Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

43-5032 Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

49-9091 Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

51-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers 17 0% 0% 100% 100%

CDL LicenseASE Certification

51-2022 Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers 17 0% 0% 100% 100%Electronic Certificates specific to industrial repair

manufacturers

51-3011 Bakers 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers 17 0% 0% 100% 100% welding certificates

51-6052 Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers 17 0% 0% 100% 100% professional seamstress certification

51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

51-9071 Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

51-9082 Medical Appliance Technicians 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

53-3032 Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 17 0% 100% 0% 100%

53-3033 Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers 17 0% 0% 100% 100%

Total 15,110 100% 81% 19% 100%





Estimated Number of




No Yes Total

138

Table 75 shows the estimated total expected vacancies in middle-skills jobs by the 15 WIB regions, ranked from

largest number of vacancies to smallest. As the table shows, the Northern Virginia Workforce Investment System

(WIB XI) has the highest number of expected middle-skills job vacancies at 4,894, or 32% of total middle-skills

vacancies. WIB XI is followed by Resource: Capital Region Workforce Partnership (WIB IX) with 2,738 expected

middle-skills job vacancies and Opportunity, Inc. – Hampton Roads Workforce Development Board (WIB XVI) with

2,092 expected vacancies. Together, the three WIB regions have 64% of expected middle-skills job vacancies in the

Commonwealth.


Estimated Total

Vacancies

Percent of Total

Vacancies

Northern Virginia Workforce Investment System (WIB XI) 4,894 32%

Resource: Capital Region Workforce Partnership (WIB IX) 2,738 18%

Opportunity Inc. - Hampton Roads Workforce Development Board (WIB XVI) 2,092 14%

New River / Mount Rogers Workforce Investment Board (WIB II) 888 6%

Western Virginia Workforce Development Board (WIB III) 841 6%

Peninsula Council for Workforce Development (WIB XIV) 795 5%

Alexandria / Arlington Workforce Investment Board (WIB XII) 784 5%

Bay Consortium Workforce Investment Board (WIB XIII) 748 5%

Shenandoah Valley Workforce Investment Board (WIB IV) 427 3%

Piedmont Workforce Network (WIB VI) 365 2%

Virginia’s Region 2000 Partnership (WIB VII) 300 2%

West Piedmont Workforce Investment Board (WIB XVII) 202 1%

Crater Regional Workforce Investment Group (WIB XV) 193 1%

South Central Workforce Investment Board (WIB VIII) 81 1%

Southwest Virginia Workforce Investment Board (WIB I) 0 0%

Statewide Total 25,573 100%


Table 75. Estimated "Middle-Skills" Job Vacancies in Virginia, by Workforce Investment Board


139

Tables 76 through 89 show estimated total middle-skills job vacancies by detailed (6-digit) Occupational Code, by

WIB region. For example, Table 76 shows that WIB II, New River / Mount Rogers Workforce Investment Board,

expects 12 vacancies for Nursing Assistants (code 31-1014) in 2016. To determine if this position also requires

specific credentials, one can scan through Table 74 at the beginning of this chapter. As that table shows, code 31-

1014 requires Certified Nursing Assistant License, LPN licensure, RN licensure, Medication Aide licensure, etc.

SOC Code Detailed Standard Occupational Classification

Estimated Total

Vacancies

Percent of Total

Vacancies

29-1141 Registered Nurses 234 26%

35-3031 Waiters and Waitresses 93 11%

43-4081 Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks 93 11%

43-6014Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and

Executive82 9%

35-9031 Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop 70 8%

25-3099 Teachers and Instructors, All Other 58 7%

35-2014 Cooks, Restaurant 47 5%

27-3099 Media and Communication Workers, All Other 23 3%

29-2041 Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics 23 3%

41-2031 Retail Salespersons 23 3%

43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 23 3%

49-2011 Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers 23 3%

11-3021 Computer and Information Systems Managers 12 1%


Table 76. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB II by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification


140


Estimated Total

Vacancies

Percent of Total

Vacancies

11-9081 Lodging Managers 12 1%

13-1141 Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists 12 1%

31-1014 Nursing Assistants 12 1%

33-3051 Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers 12 1%

41-3099 Sales Representatives, Services, All Other 12 1%

43-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers 12 1%

47-3013 Helpers--Electricians 12 1%

WIB II Total 888 100%


Table 76. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB II by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification (continued)



Estimated Total

Vacancies

Percent of Total Vacancies


45-2092 Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse 78 9%


41-9099 Sales and Related Workers, All Other 47 6%

31-9096 Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers 31 4%

39-9031 Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors 31 4%


43-4171 Receptionists and Information Clerks 31 4%


Table 77. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB III by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification


141


Estimated Total

Vacancies


11-2022 Sales Managers 16 2%

11-2031 Public Relations and Fundraising Managers 16 2%

11-3011 Administrative Services Managers 16 2%

11-3031 Financial Managers 16 2%

15-1143 Computer Network Architects 16 2%

25-1194 Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary 16 2%

41-9022 Real Estate Sales Agents 16 2%

43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks 16 2%


Executive16 2%

WIB III Total 841 100%


Table 77. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB III by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification(continued)



Estimated Total

Vacancies


49-9071 Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 53 13%


Executive40 9%

15-1141 Database Administrators 27 6%

41-3021 Insurance Sales Agents 27 6%



Table 78. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB IV by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification


142


Estimated Total

Vacancies



49-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers 27 6%


11-9199 Managers, All Other 13 3%

13-2061 Financial Examiners 13 3%



27-2022 Coaches and Scouts 13 3%


29-2061 Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses 13 3%

31-9092 Medical Assistants 13 3%

31-9096 Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers 13 3%

33-9099 Protective Service Workers, All Other 13 3%

39-4031 Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Directors 13 3%



49-3023 Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics 13 3%


WIB IV Total 427 100%


Table 78. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB IV by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


143


Estimated Total

Vacancies





11-9051 Food Service Managers 20 6%



Executive20 6%

13-1051 Cost Estimators 10 3%

13-2099 Financial Specialists, All Other 10 3%

15-1121 Computer Systems Analysts 10 3%

35-1011 Chefs and Head Cooks 10 3%

37-3011 Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers 10 3%

41-1012 First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers 10 3%




43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks 10 3%

43-9061 Office Clerks, General 10 3%

47-2031 Carpenters 10 3%

51-9082 Medical Appliance Technicians 10 3%

WIB VI Total 365 100%


Table 79. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB VI by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification


144


Estimated Total

Vacancies



49-2094Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial

Equipment39 13%


41-9031 Sales Engineers 29 10%

25-9041 Teacher Assistants 19 6%

47-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers 19 6%


11-9021 Construction Managers 10 3%

27-1022 Fashion Designers 10 3%





43-9021 Data Entry Keyers 10 3%


WIB VII Total 300 100%


Table 80. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB VII by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification


145


Estimated Total

Vacancies




41-9011 Demonstrators and Product Promoters 16 20%

41-2011 Cashiers 8 10%




Executive8 10%

WIB VIII Total 81 100%


Table 81. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB VIII by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification



Estimated Total

Vacancies


33-2011 Firefighters 536 20%

39-9011 Childcare Workers 402 15%





Executive89 3%


Table 82. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB IX by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification


146


Estimated Total

Vacancies



43-3011 Bill and Account Collectors 74 3%

13-2072 Loan Officers 60 2%

23-2099 Legal Support Workers, All Other 60 2%

39-7011 Tour Guides and Escorts 60 2%

21-1019 Counselors, All Other 45 2%





11-1011 Chief Executives 30 1%

11-2021 Marketing Managers 30 1%

11-9141 Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers 30 1%


17-1011 Architects, Except Landscape and Naval 30 1%

29-2032 Diagnostic Medical Sonographers 30 1%

29-2081 Opticians, Dispensing 30 1%





Table 82. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB IX by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


147


Estimated Total

Vacancies


53-3099 Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other 30 1%

11-3051 Industrial Production Managers 15 1%

11-3121 Human Resources Managers 15 1%

11-9111 Medical and Health Services Managers 15 1%


13-1199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other 15 1%

15-1134 Web Developers 15 1%

25-2011 Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education 15 1%

31-9011 Massage Therapists 15 1%

31-9099 Healthcare Support Workers, All Other 15 1%

35-1012 First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers 15 1%

35-2015 Cooks, Short Order 15 1%


43-3021 Billing and Posting Clerks 15 1%

43-6012 Legal Secretaries 15 1%


45-2099 Agricultural Workers, All Other 15 1%

47-2031 Carpenters 15 1%

47-3012 Helpers--Carpenters 15 1%

49-2011 Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers 15 1%




148


Estimated Total

Vacancies



Equipment15 1%


51-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers 15 1%

51-3011 Bakers 15 1%

51-9198 Helpers--Production Workers 15 1%

WIB IX Total 2,738 100%




149


Estimated Total

Vacancies




Executive428 9%





31-9091 Dental Assistants 143 3%


43-9081 Proofreaders and Copy Markers 143 3%

15-1151 Computer User Support Specialists 119 2%

43-2021 Telephone Operators 119 2%



11-9151 Social and Community Service Managers 95 2%

17-3012 Electrical and Electronics Drafters 95 2%


25-2021 Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education 95 2%





Table 83. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB XI by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification


150


Estimated Total

Vacancies





29-2056 Veterinary Technologists and Technicians 48 1%


35-3041 Food Servers, Nonrestaurant 48 1%


41-9011 Demonstrators and Product Promoters 48 1%

43-9021 Data Entry Keyers 48 1%



11-3061 Purchasing Managers 24 0%

11-9021 Construction Managers 24 0%


13-1141 Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists 24 0%

13-2011 Accountants and Auditors 24 0%

17-3011 Architectural and Civil Drafters 24 0%

19-3051 Urban and Regional Planners 24 0%

29-1071 Physician Assistants 24 0%

29-2021 Dental Hygienists 24 0%


Table 83. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB XI by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


151


Estimated Total

Vacancies



29-2081 Opticians, Dispensing 24 0%



41-1012 First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers 24 0%


43-3051 Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks 24 0%

43-4161 Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping 24 0%

43-6011 Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants 24 0%




47-2141 Painters, Construction and Maintenance 24 0%

47-4099 Construction and Related Workers, All Other 24 0%


Equipment24 0%

49-9021 Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers 24 0%

53-3032 Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 24 0%

53-3033 Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers 24 0%

WIB XI Total 4,894 100%


Table 83. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB XI by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


152


Estimated Total

Vacancies



11-3021 Computer and Information Systems Managers 109 14%

15-2031 Operations Research Analysts 109 14%


33-3021 Detectives and Criminal Investigators 44 6%







Executive22 3%

51-6052 Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers 22 3%


WIB XII Total 784 100%


Table 84. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB XII by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification


153


Estimated Total

Vacancies






51-2041 Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters 28 4%



13-2082 Tax Preparers 14 2%

15-1121 Computer Systems Analysts 14 2%

17-3011 Architectural and Civil Drafters 14 2%



47-3012 Helpers--Carpenters 14 2%


WIB XIII Total 1,027 100%


Table 85. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB XIII by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification


154


Estimated Total

Vacancies


17-2199 Engineers, All Other 142 18%



43-9199 Office and Administrative Support Workers, All Other 57 7%


35-1012 First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers 43 5%

15-1132 Software Developers, Applications 28 4%



41-9091Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related

Workers28 4%


51-9011 Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders 28 4%

11-3071 Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers 14 2%

15-1199 Computer Occupations, All Other 14 2%


35-3011 Bartenders 14 2%




Table 86. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB XIV by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification


155


Estimated Total

Vacancies





51-9071 Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers 14 2%

WIB XIV Total 795 100%


Table 86. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB XIV by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification (continued)



Estimated Total

Vacancies



11-9081 Lodging Managers 18 9%


13-1199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other 18 9%


49-9091 Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers 18 9%

WIB XV Total 193 100%


Table 87. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB XV by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification


156


Estimated Total

Vacancies


31-9011 Massage Therapists 322 15%


43-3011 Bill and Account Collectors 161 8%



Executive121 6%


15-1134 Web Developers 60 3%




45-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers 60 3%


13-2082 Tax Preparers 40 2%


29-2052 Pharmacy Technicians 40 2%

29-2099 Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other 40 2%






Table 88. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB XVI by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification


157


Estimated Total

Vacancies






13-2011 Accountants and Auditors 20 1%

13-2081 Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents 20 1%

23-2011 Paralegals and Legal Assistants 20 1%

23-2099 Legal Support Workers, All Other 20 1%


29-2056 Veterinary Technologists and Technicians 20 1%

29-2057 Ophthalmic Medical Technicians 20 1%

39-1021 First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers 20 1%

41-9091Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related

Workers20 1%

43-5032 Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance 20 1%

47-2111 Electricians 20 1%

47-3013 Helpers--Electricians 20 1%

49-9021 Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers 20 1%

51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers 20 1%

51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers 20 1%


WIB XVI Total 2,092 100%


Table 88. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB XVI by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification (continued)


158


Estimated Total

Vacancies




49-3021 Automotive Body and Related Repairers 24 12%

51-4041 Machinists 24 12%






43-6011 Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants 12 6%


51-2022 Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers 12 6%

WIB XVII Total 202 100%


Table 89. Estimated "Middle Skills" Vacancies in WIB XVII by Detailed Standard Occupational Classification


159

CONCLUSION

The picture of Virginia’s labor market afforded by the employer job vacancy survey results is quite positive –

employers project a 4.2% overall vacancy rate over 2016, due to both replacement of retirees or other separations

and new positions. Within this general picture are four aspects, or sub-pictures:

1. Expansion in Average-Wage Jobs: The most prevalent picture is that jobs requiring middle skills and paying

average wages, many of which will be part-time jobs, are growing throughout the state. But employers perceive

that they will have difficulties filling these jobs.

2. Importance of Soft Skills: Asked to identify the attributes they seek in new hires, employers ranked “soft skills,”

such as professionalism and communication skills, slightly higher than “hard skills,” such as basic academic skills

and technology use. The implication is that soft skills should be part of human capital development initiatives.

3. Expansion in Salaried Professional Jobs and Perceived Skilled Worker Supply Shortages: A third picture is one of

strong variation by region in the number of vacancies. The picture reinforces the decades-long pattern of strong

growth in the so-called urban crescent, with secondary growth nodes around Charlottesville and Blacksburg.

The majority of vacancies is projected to occur in these areas. Moreover, the vast majority of vacancies

requiring higher levels of formal skill and paying higher wages, e.g., Computer and Mathematical and Legal

occupations are projected to occur in these areas. Employers perceive that they will have difficulty filling these

vacancies as well. This has implications not only for the curricula that workforce training institutions provide in

the regions where labor demand is expanding, but for higher education institutions throughout the state.

4. Expansion in Industry-, Occupation- and Region-Specific Pockets and Supply Shortages: Less prevalent than

expansion overall or expansion of higher-paid professional positions in the urban crescent, but no less

important, are pockets of industry- or occupation-specific expansion, and resultant labor shortages, at various

places in the Commonwealth. Production occupations in Danville, Roanoke or the Shenandoah Valley, or

Healthcare Practitioners near Blacksburg, for example, while not as numerous as other occupations or as other

regions, nonetheless can have very important impacts on the local economy in those regions. It is particularly

important that vacancies in occupations which are part of basic activities (those whose products or services are

exported out of the region and which thereby support other, non-basic activities) are filled. However,

ultimately, all industries and occupations contribute to a vibrant economy.

We recommend that each workforce investment board and each industry association review the survey results

most pertinent to its area of concern, as they may differ from the general picture portrayed here. We also

recommend that regional or industry organizations probe for reasons why survey respondents perceive they will

160

have difficulty filling their projected vacant positions. Above we have suggested why this may be the case, but the

survey contained no direct questions about this matter. Yet the crafting or continuation of effective workforce

education and training policy may depend, in part, upon the answer to that question.

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2015 Virginia Workforce Development Survey

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