2015 U.S. Cement Industry Annual Yearbook · 2015-09-29 · U.S. CEMENT INDUSTRY ANNUAL YEARBOOK...

2015 U.S. Cement Industry Annual Yearbookn Construction Factsn Industry Trendsn Domestic & International Coverage

U.S. CEMENT INDUSTRYANNUAL YEARBOOK

2015

The following analysis is prepared by the Portland Cement Association’s Market Intelligence Group based on data sources believed to be reliable; however, accuracy cannot be guaranteed. This report is not intended to

represent the viewpoint of Portland Cement Association member companies. The Portland Cement Association assumes no legal responsibility for the outcome of decisions or commitments made on the basisAssociation assumes no legal responsibility for the outcome of decisions or commitments made on the basis

of this information.

5420 Old Orchard RoadSkokie, Illinois 60077-1083847.966.6200 Fax 847.966.9781

Edward J. Sullivan, Vice President and Chief Economist 847.972.9006Dave Zwicke, Manager and Senior Economist 847.972.9192Joseph T. Chiappe, Market Intelligence Analyst 847.972.9310Andrew Moss, Market Intelligence Analyst 847.972.9068Brian Schmidt, Market Intelligence Analyst 847.972.9042RJ Gozun, Market Intelligence Analyst 847.972.9188Karen A. Arneson, Market Intelligence Specialist 847.972.9048Kevin Phelan Intern Economist

1150 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 500Washington, DC 20036-4104202.408.9494 Fax 202.408.0877www cement org

The U.S. Cement Industry Annual Yearbook may not be electronically redistributed or reproduced, in whole or in part, without authorization of the Portland Cement Association.

© 2015 Portland Cement Association

Kevin Phelan, Intern Economistwww.cement.org

Table 1 Construction and Economic Activity 1Table 2 Construction Put-in-Place 2Table 3 Government Deficits 3Table 4 Foreign Trade 4Table 5 Residential Drivers 5Table 6 Net Residential Balance 6Table 7 Nonresidential Drivers 7Table 8 Public Drivers 8

Table 9 U.S. Cement Industry Consumption - Exports - Imports - Shipments 9Table 10 U.S. Cement Industry Consumption - Exports - Imports - Shipments (%) 10Table 11 Apparent Use of Portland Cement by Market 11Table 12 Alternative Measures of Cement Usage Intensity 12Table 13 Single Family Construction 13Table 14 Multifamily Construction 14Table 15 Manufacturing Construction 15Table 16 Office Construction 16Table 17 Retail Construction 17Table 18 Total Public Construction 18Table 19 Highway Construction 19Table 20 Portland Cement Consumption Growth by State 20Table 21 Top 20 States in Portland Cement Consumption 21

Table 22 Highway Infrastructure Funding 23Table 23 Highway Congestion Measures 24Table 24 Airport Infrastructure Funding 25Table 25 Airport Congestion Measures 26Table 26 Seaport Congestion Measures 27

Table 27 Clinker Capacity 29Table 28 Clinker Production, Capacity, and Capacity Utilization 30Table 29 Age Distribution of U.S. Clinker Capacity by Process, 2013 31Table 30 Clinker Capacity by Census District 32Table 31 U.S. Cement Company Clinker Capacity 33Table 32 Foreign and Domestic Affiliated U.S. Clinker Capacity 34Table 33 Capacity Expansion Estimates 35Table 34 15 Largest States Ranked by Cement Grinding Capacity 36Table 35 Cement Imports 37Table 36 U.S. Cement and Clinker Imports by Port - Top Customs Districts 38Table 37 U.S. Cement and Clinker Imports by Country of Origin 38Table 38 Cement and Clinker Imports by Census District 39Table 39 Cement Inventories at Year-end 40

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Economic Activity

Cement Consumption

Infrastructure

Cement Supply

Table 40 Portland Cement Shipments by Type of Customer 41Table 41 Portland Cement Shipments by Type of Product 41Table 42 Shipments of Portland Cement from Mills by Type of Carrier 42Table 43 Summary of Energy Consumption 43Table 44 Alternative Fuels Utilized 44Table 45 Fossil Fuel Mix 45Table 46 Energy Consumption by Process 45Table 47 Resources Used in Producing Cement 46Table 48 U.S. Cement Industry Employment 47Table 49 U.S. Cement Industry Financial Statistics 47Table 50 Cement Industry Operating Characteristics 48

Table 51 Top World Producers of Hydraulic Cement 49Table 52 Population Growth Rates for Top World Producers of Hydraulic Cement 50Table 53 Cement Consumption 51

International

Operating Characteristics

Table 1Construction and Economic Activity

Ratio Ratio RatioConstruction Portland Cement* Portland Cement*

Construction Real GDP % of GDP to Construction to GDPYear (Billions 2009$) (Billions 2009$) (Percent) (Metric Tons per $Million) (Metric Tons per $Million)1994 904.5 9,905 9.1 90.8 8.291995 898.3 10,175 8.8 92.2 8.141996 972.4 10,561 9.2 89.9 8.281997 998.1 11,035 9.0 92.9 8.401998 1054.1 11,526 9.1 94.1 8.601999 1095.4 12,066 9.1 96.0 8.712000 1134.5 12,560 9.0 92.7 8.382001 1139.5 12,682 9.0 94.8 8.522002 1117.7 12,909 8.7 92.8 8.042003 1129.8 13,271 8.5 91.8 7.812004 1167.1 13,773 8.5 98.4 8.342005 1202.0 14,234 8.4 101.8 8.592006 1192.6 14,614 8.2 102.2 8.342007 1151.4 14,874 7.7 95.8 7.422008 1058.2 14,830 7.1 88.4 6.312009 904.9 14,419 6.3 75.9 4.762010 811.2 14,784 5.5 84.4 4.632011 775.6 15,021 5.2 90.6 4.682012 825.6 15,355 5.4 92.6 4.982013 840.9 15,583 5.4 94.6 5.102014 859.0 15,962 5.4 100.7 5.42

* Port land and M asonrySource: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Geological Survey, PCA M arket Intelligence

GDP

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

(Index 1990 = 1.0)

Construction Spending

Index of Construction and Economic Activity

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Ratio Portland Cement to Construction(Metric Tons per Million $2009)

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY YEARBOOK 2015 1

Table 2Construction Put-in-Place(Billions of $2009)

Year Total Residential Nonresidential Public Other1

1994 904.5 384.7 42.5 216.2 23.9 209.3 23.1 94.3 10.41995 898.3 348.7 38.8 239.0 26.6 214.8 23.9 95.8 10.71996 972.4 386.7 39.8 262.5 27.0 226.6 23.3 96.5 9.91997 998.1 385.9 38.7 282.7 28.3 231.8 23.2 97.7 9.81998 1054.1 421.2 40.0 298.6 28.3 227.8 21.6 106.7 10.11999 1095.4 443.9 40.5 294.3 26.9 240.1 21.9 117.1 10.72000 1134.5 450.1 39.7 310.1 27.3 247.2 21.8 127.2 11.22001 1139.5 451.9 39.7 295.8 26.0 264.1 23.2 127.6 11.22002 1117.7 481.4 43.1 237.1 21.2 301.4 27.0 97.8 8.72003 1129.8 516.8 45.7 223.5 19.8 265.7 23.5 123.7 11.02004 1167.1 572.3 49.0 226.9 19.4 256.0 21.9 111.8 9.62005 1202.0 611.7 50.9 226.3 18.8 252.5 21.0 111.5 9.32006 1192.6 576.0 48.3 241.1 20.2 258.6 21.7 117.0 9.82007 1151.4 458.5 39.8 273.9 23.8 270.5 23.5 148.5 12.92008 1058.2 335.7 31.7 285.4 27.0 276.6 26.1 160.5 15.22009 904.9 245.9 27.2 222.2 24.6 275.3 30.4 161.6 17.92010 811.2 242.8 29.9 159.4 19.7 264.9 32.7 144.2 17.82011 775.6 246.4 31.8 153.6 19.8 243.6 31.4 132.0 17.02012 825.6 280.6 34.0 169.4 20.5 226.9 27.5 148.7 18.02013 840.9 314.3 37.4 175.8 20.9 212.5 25.3 138.3 16.42014 859.0 308.1 35.9 189.8 22.1 208.4 24.3 152.7 17.8

Percent Change2014/2013 2.2% -2.0% 8.0% -1.9% 10.4%

¹ Public Utility, Farm Nonresidential, MiscellaneousSource: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau

Share of Total (%)

Share of Total (%)

Share of Total (%)

Share of Total (%)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Total Construction($2009 Bil)

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Share of Total Construction Spending

Residential

Nonresidential

Public


Table 3Government Deficits

Federal Federal Federal Deficit Federal Debt Long-Term NominalDebt Deficit/Surplus Share of GDP Share of GDP Interest Rate GDP

Year ($Billion) ($Billion) (%) (%) (%) ($Billion)

1994 4,800 (185) 2.5 65.7 7.37 7,3091995 4,989 (146) 1.9 65.1 6.88 7,6641996 5,323 (111) 1.4 65.7 6.70 8,1001997 5,502 (2) 0.0 63.9 6.61 8,6091998 5,614 54 0.6 61.8 5.58 9,0891999 5,776 159 1.6 59.8 5.87 9,6612000 5,662 255 2.5 55.1 5.94 10,2852001 5,943 94 0.9 56.0 5.49 10,6222002 6,406 (231) 2.1 58.4 5.42 10,9782003 6,998 (399) 3.5 60.8 5.05 11,5112004 7,596 (399) 3.3 61.9 5.11 12,2752005 8,170 (322) 2.5 62.4 4.56 13,0942006 8,680 (209) 1.5 62.6 4.87 13,8562007 9,229 (188) 1.3 63.7 4.83 14,4782008 10,700 (680) 4.6 72.7 4.28 14,7192009 12,311 (1,471) 10.2 85.4 4.07 14,4192010 14,025 (1,275) 8.5 93.7 4.25 14,9642011 15,223 (1,250) 8.1 98.1 3.91 15,5182012 16,433 (1,061) 6.6 101.7 2.92 16,1552013 17,352 (560) 3.4 104.1 3.45 16,6632014 18,141 (488) 2.8 104.6 3.34 17,348

Source: United States Department of Treasury, United States Federal Reserve

‐2000

‐1500

‐1000

‐500

0

500

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Federal Deficit/Surplus($ Bil )

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Federal Debt Share of GDP(Percent)


Table 4Foreign Trade

Trade Deficit

Year ($Billion) ($Billion) ($Billion)

1994 827 938 -111 1.51995 911 1,013 -101 1.31996 986 1,101 -115 1.41997 1,104 1,249 -145 1.71998 1,129 1,395 -265 2.91999 1,159 1,536 -377 3.92000 1,258 1,736 -478 4.62001 1,185 1,687 -502 4.72002 1,165 1,749 -584 5.32003 1,185 1,827 -642 5.62004 1,301 2,035 -735 6.02005 1,382 2,164 -782 6.02006 1,507 2,301 -794 5.72007 1,646 2,359 -713 4.92008 1,741 2,299 -558 3.82009 1,588 1,983 -395 2.72010 1,777 2,235 -459 3.12011 1,898 2,358 -459 3.02012 1,963 2,410 -447 2.82013 2,018 2,436 -418 2.52014 2,086 2,529 -443 2.6

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis

Value of Exports

TradeDeficit as a

% of GDP(%)

Value of Imports

‐900‐800‐700‐600‐500‐400‐300‐200‐100

0

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Trade Deficit($ Bil)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Trade Deficit as a Percent of GDP(Percent)


Table 5Residential Drivers

Single Family Multifamily Median Average 1st Time Apartment

Mortgage Home Monthly Home Median Mortgage Vacancy AgeRate Price Payment Buyers* Rent To Rent Rate Population*

Year (%) ($000) ($) (000) ($) Ratio (%) (000)1994 8.36 130 918 44,724 428 2.1 7.4 38,3951995 7.95 133 901 44,863 434 2.1 7.6 37,9801996 7.81 140 929 44,730 443 2.1 7.8 37,7401997 7.60 145 943 44,349 443 2.1 7.7 37,8081998 6.95 152 921 43,878 460 2.0 7.9 37,9701999 7.43 160 1,021 43,485 460 2.2 8.1 38,1662000 8.06 167 1,137 43,175 480 2.5 8.0 38,3972001 6.97 173 1,049 42,888 510 2.2 8.4 38,5772002 6.54 185 1,070 42,410 568 2.1 8.9 38,9352003 5.83 191 1,018 41,736 589 1.9 9.8 39,3632004 5.84 218 1,160 41,034 615 2.3 10.2 39,9532005 5.86 234 1,251 40,523 605 2.1 9.8 40,4952006 6.41 243 1,385 40,226 641 2.2 9.7 41,1462007 6.34 244 1,378 40,135 665 2.0 9.7 41,6212008 6.04 230 1,257 40,122 697 1.7 10.0 42,0832009 5.04 215 1,034 40,153 709 1.3 10.6 42,4622010 4.69 221 1,018 40,150 699 1.3 10.2 42,8492011 4.46 224 1,002 40,144 695 1.2 9.5 43,4632012 3.66 242 968 40,447 717 1.1 8.7 44,0082013 4.00 262 1,100 40,945 734 1.2 8.3 44,4522014 4.17 284 1,220 41,450 761 1.2 7.6 44,900

* Est imatedSource: U.S. Census Bureau, Freddie M ac

(000)

HomeImprovement

Housing Stock

126,853126,594126,029

129,452128,713128,059127,556127,255

115,769114,188112,499111,027109,593108,201106,788

125,152123,851122,145120,792118,799117,315

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Single Family Average Monthly Payment ($)

6

7

8

9

10

11

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Multifamily Vacancy Rates(Percent)


Table 6Net Residential Balance

Manufactured Annual Change Single Family Multifamily Home New

Households In Households Starts Starts Placements Demolition* Net SupplyYear (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000)1994 97,107 681 1,191 255 291 468 1,2681995 98,990 1,883 1,082 279 319 267 1,4131996 99,627 637 1,154 314 338 414 1,3921997 101,018 1,391 1,136 338 336 377 1,4341998 102,528 1,510 1,278 344 374 523 1,4721999 103,874 1,346 1,306 341 338 296 1,6902000 104,705 831 1,232 341 281 274 1,5812001 108,209 3,504 1,272 330 196 251 1,5462002 109,297 1,088 1,363 347 174 401 1,4832003 111,278 1,981 1,505 349 140 435 1,9942004 112,000 722 1,604 345 124 721 1,3532005 113,343 1,343 1,719 354 123 490 1,7062006 114,384 1,041 1,474 338 112 623 1,3012007 116,011 1,627 1,036 306 95 560 8772008 116,783 772 616 284 81 415 5652009 117,181 398 442 112 55 350 2592010 117,538 357 471 114 50 234 4022011 119,927 2,389 434 178 47 358 3012012 121,084 1,157 537 247 52 333 5032013 122,459 1,375 620 308 56 330 6542014 123,229 770 647 354 320 739

Source: U.S. Census Bureau* Estimated

58*

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Annual Change in Households

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Annual Net New Housing Supply(000)


Table 7 Nonresidential Drivers

Commercial InstitutionalManufacturing Office Retail Change in Healthcare

Capacity Vacancy Sales Population ExpenditureUtilization Rate Growth 5 - 19 Ratio1 Share of GDP

Year (%) (%) (% ) (%)

1994 82.8 13.7 8.2 8.0 17.1 9.31995 83.2 14.6 5.2 3.6 17.1 9.41996 82.2 13.0 6.3 6.1 16.9 9.31997 82.8 10.8 4.7 3.1 16.6 9.21998 81.2 9.1 4.7 2.5 16.3 9.21999 80.0 9.5 8.2 3.9 15.9 8.92000 79.2 11.2 6.5 4.9 15.9 8.92001 73.2 14.6 2.8 -6.6 15.7 9.42002 72.6 14.9 2.4 -1.4 15.7 9.92003 73.6 16.6 4.4 5.1 15.7 10.02004 76.0 16.4 6.5 8.7 15.5 10.12005 78.1 15.0 6.2 5.0 15.4 10.12006 78.6 13.3 5.1 0.8 15.3 10.12007 79.0 12.7 3.4 3.3 15.2 10.22008 74.7 13.9 -1.1 -3.4 15.0 10.62009 65.5 17.4 -7.4 -5.3 15.0 11.32010 71.1 18.1 5.4 2.4 15.5 11.32011 74.0 17.5 7.3 1.4 15.5 11.42012 75.0 17.2 5.0 0.8 15.6 11.42013 74.6 16.5 3.7 0.9 15.6 11.32014 76.0 14.5 3.9 2.6 15.6 11.3

1 2012-2014 are Nat ional Center for Educat ion Stat ist ics project ionsSources: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Transportat ion, CB Commercial, U.S. National Center for Educat ion Stat ist ics, U.S. Department of Health, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Centers for M edicare and M edicaid Services, Federal Reserve Board

Air

12.412.412.4

14.5

Travel Growth

(% )

12.812.612.512.412.4

14.113.713.3

12.7

12.412.512.512.612.712.7

Pop 65+Share of Total Pop

(%)(% )

Student Teacher

1.92.02.11.81.61.20.80.30.20.10.20.20.5

-0.2-0.3

0.40.40.3-0.1-0.4-0.3

13.112.9

60

65

70

75

80

85

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Manufacturing Capacity Utilization(Percent)

0

5

10

15

20

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Office Vacancy Rate(Percent)


Table 8Public Drivers

State/Local Real PublicShare of State State Construction

Total Public Government Revenue Municipal SpendingConstruction1 Revenues1 Per Capita1 Bond Rate Per Capita

Year (%) ($ Bil) ($) (%) (2009$)

1994 88.8 934 3,550 6.18 7421995 88.7 980 3,680 6.08 8071996 89.5 1,033 3,833 5.83 8411997 90.8 1,086 3,983 5.50 8501998 90.7 1,149 4,164 5.15 8261999 91.7 1,222 4,379 5.70 8612000 92.2 1,303 4,618 6.18 8762001 92.5 1,353 4,747 5.74 9272002 92.2 1,388 4,827 5.64 1,0482003 91.7 1,475 5,083 5.21 9162004 91.7 1,575 5,379 5.11 8742005 92.6 1,709 5,782 4.86 8542006 93.1 1,811 6,069 4.71 8672007 92.9 1,901 6,309 4.60 8982008 92.3 1,909 6,278 5.66 9102009 90.9 1,919 6,256 6.34 8972010 89.8 1,999 6,460 5.60 8562011 89.0 2,031 6,514 5.95 7812012 90.3 2,057 6,549 4.79 7222013 91.2 2,136 6,750 4.83 6712014 91.7 2,225 6,978 4.61 654

1 Based on nominal values

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

State and Share of Total Construction(%)

350

450

550

650

750

850

950

1050

1150

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Public Construction Spending Per Capita($2009)


Table 9U.S. Cement Industry Consumption - Exports - Imports - Shipments(Thousands of Metric Tons)

Consumption*Portland Masonry Cement Cement Change Total Shipments By

Year Cement Cement Total Exports Imports In Stocks Domestic Producers1994 82,119 3,267 85,386 646 11,302 -871995 82,829 3,160 85,989 761 13,848 1,1131996 87,406 3,399 90,805 807 14,154 -3261997 92,717 3,460 96,177 809 17,596 2961998 99,158 4,101 103,259 763 24,085 -3911999 105,153 4,352 109,505 736 29,321 9742000 105,200 4,333 109,533 777 28,684 1,1992001 108,040 4,482 112,523 785 25,861 -9662002 103,756 4,436 108,193 874 24,169 1,0802003 103,689 4,745 108,434 889 23,241 -1,0702004 114,896 5,172 120,068 880 27,305 -3,9652005 122,337 5,489 127,825 824 33,652 7102006 121,848 5,401 127,249 723 35,896 1,9302007 110,345 4,281 114,626 886 22,729 -4902008 93,543 3,046 96,589 823 11,519 -5302009 68,687 2,149 70,836 884 6,894 -2,2802010 68,459 1,915 70,374 1,178 6,781 1002011 70,309 1,836 72,145 1,414 6,543 902012 76,472 1,945 78,417 1,749 7,037 6502013 79,538 2,125 81,662 1,670 7,243 -3402014 86,496 2,251 88,747 1,300 8,392 -480 **

* Excludes Alaska, Foreign and Puerto Rico** USGS Est imateN o t e: Domest ic shipments include cement shipments from domest ic manufacturers and cement shipments ground from imported clinker, but exclude f inished cement imports.Sources: U.S. Geological Survey, Department of Commerce - Foreign Trade Division, PCA M arket Intelligence

81,17575,74973,77867,10664,87162,54685,36392,29494,00695,70789,67885,01285,97786,48082,825

74,643

81,89579,54579,68677,13274,015

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

U.S. Portland Cement Consumption(MillionMetric Tons)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

U.S. Masonry Cement Consumption(MillionMetric Tons)

CEMENT CONSUMPTION YEARBOOK 2015 9

Table 10U.S. Cement Industry Consumption - Exports - Imports - Shipments(Year-Year % Change)

ConsumptionPortland Masonry Cement & Clinker Total Shipments By

Year Cement Cement Total Exports Domestic Producers1994 7.2 8.4 7.3 4.5 2.71995 0.9 -3.3 0.7 17.8 -0.81996 5.5 7.6 5.6 6.1 4.21997 6.1 1.8 5.9 0.2 3.31998 6.9 18.5 7.4 -5.7 -0.21999 6.0 6.1 6.0 -3.5 3.02000 0.0 -0.5 0.0 5.5 1.12001 2.7 3.5 2.7 1.0 4.42002 -4.0 -1.0 -3.8 11.3 -0.62003 -0.1 7.0 0.2 1.7 -1.12004 10.8 9.0 10.7 -0.9 5.52005 6.5 6.1 6.5 -6.5 6.72006 -0.4 -1.6 -0.5 -12.2 -1.82007 -9.4 -20.7 -9.9 22.5 -1.82008 -15.2 -28.8 -15.7 -7.1 -7.52009 -26.6 -29.5 -26.7 7.4 -26.72010 -0.3 -10.9 -0.7 33.3 3.72011 2.7 -4.1 2.5 20.0 3.42012 8.8 5.9 8.7 23.7 9.92013 4.0 9.2 4.1 -4.5 2.72014 8.7 5.9 8.7 -22.2 7.2

Source: Calculated f rom Table 9

7.62.9

15.9

-36.7-49.3-40.1-1.6-3.5

ImportsCement

60.222.52.2

24.336.921.7-2.2-9.8-6.5-3.817.523.26.7

‐30‐25‐20‐15‐10‐5051015

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

U.S. Portland Cement Consumption(Year‐Year % Change)

‐40

‐30

‐20

‐10

0

10

20

30

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

U.S. Masonry Cement Consumption(Year‐Year % Change)


Table 11Apparent Use of Portland Cement by Market(Thousands of Metric Tons)

5 Year5 Year Average

Market 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014* Average Share (%)Total 68,453 70,278 76,472 79,538 86,496 76,247 Residential Buildings 14,946 17,134 19,624 22,990 22,591 19,457 25.5 New Housing 9,639 10,950 12,345 15,422 16,438 12,959 17.0 Single Family 8,667 9,100 10,198 12,634 13,261 10,772 14.1 Multi Family 972 1,849 2,147 2,788 3,177 2,187 2.9 Improvements 5,308 6,184 7,280 7,568 6,153 6,833 9.0Nonresidential Buildings 8,745 8,774 9,596 10,634 12,670 10,084 13.2 Manufacturing 494 629 681 722 759 657 0.9 Office 814 963 866 1,080 1,472 1,039 1.4 Lodging 334 274 359 420 645 407 0.5 Health Care 1,159 1,210 1,390 1,317 1,328 1,281 1.7 Religious 151 105 125 115 110 121 0.2 Educational 2,666 2,119 2,247 1,975 2,107 2,223 2.9 Commercial 3,126 3,474 3,927 5,005 6,248 4,356 5.7Public Utility & Other 2,315 3,041 3,682 3,937 5,574 3,710 4.9Farm Nonresidential 2,932 3,014 3,207 3,066 3,106 3,065 4.0Oil & Gas Wells 1,859 2,691 2,519 2,870 2,997 2,587 3.4Miscellaneous 1,631 1,339 1,676 1,601 1,827 1,615 2.1Public Construction 36,026 34,284 36,168 34,440 37,731 35,730 46.9 Buildings 2,623 2,005 2,051 1,875 1,911 2,093 2.7 Highways & Streets 23,148 23,990 25,457 23,871 25,662 24,426 32.0 Public Safety 221 165 135 157 149 165 0.2 Conservation 2,762 2,352 2,375 2,281 3,047 2,563 3.4 Sewage & Waste Disposal 4,209 3,324 3,456 3,498 3,951 3,688 4.8 Water Supply Systems 3,062 2,448 2,693 2,758 3,010 2,794 3.7Source: PCA M arket Intelligence: Apparent Use of Port land Cement by State and M arket* Preliminary Est imates

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Apparent Use of Portland Cement(Residential Buildings ‐ Thousand Metric Tons)

26%26%

48%

Apparent Use of Portland Cement by Market

(5 Year Average Share)

Residential Nonresidential Public


Table 12Alternative Measures of Cement Usage Intensity

Real Portland Portland PortlandConstruction $ Cement Consumption Cement Consumption Cement Consumption

per Capita per Capita per Million Construction $ per Construction WorkerYear (000, $2009) (Metric Tons) (Metric Tons) (Metric Tons)

1994 3.437 0.312 90.8 16.121995 3.374 0.311 92.2 15.701996 3.609 0.324 89.9 15.791997 3.661 0.340 92.9 15.951998 3.821 0.359 94.1 16.131999 3.926 0.377 96.0 16.072000 4.021 0.373 92.7 15.502001 3.999 0.379 94.8 15.832002 3.886 0.361 92.8 15.452003 3.894 0.357 91.8 15.402004 3.986 0.392 98.4 16.472005 4.067 0.414 101.8 16.682006 3.997 0.408 102.2 15.842007 3.822 0.366 95.8 14.462008 3.480 0.308 88.4 13.062009 2.950 0.224 75.9 11.422010 2.622 0.221 84.4 12.412011 2.488 0.226 90.6 12.712012 2.628 0.243 92.6 13.552013 2.657 0.251 94.6 13.582014 2.694 0.271 100.7 14.09

20 Year Average 3.479 0.325 93.1 14.8010 Year Average 3.141 0.293 92.7 13.78 5 Year Average 2.618 0.243 92.6 13.27

Sources: U.S. Dept. of Labor, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, PCA

0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.45

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Portland Cement Consumption per Capita(Metric Tons)

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Construction Spending per Capita(000, $2009)


Table 13Single Family Construction

Single 1st Time Home Single Cement Family Mortgage Affordability Home Ownership Family Tons per Starts Rate Index Buyers1 Rate Cement SF Start

Year (000) (%) (% Change) (000) (%) (000 MT) (Metric Tons)1994 1,191 8.36 -2.2 44,724 64.0 17,084 14.31995 1,082 7.95 -1.8 44,863 64.7 17,084 15.81996 1,154 7.81 0.3 44,730 65.4 18,880 16.41997 1,136 7.60 0.5 44,349 65.7 19,226 16.91998 1,278 6.95 5.4 43,878 66.3 20,764 16.31999 1,306 7.43 -1.5 43,485 66.8 22,114 16.92000 1,232 8.06 -7.1 43,175 67.4 23,328 18.92001 1,272 6.97 5.7 42,888 67.8 24,046 18.92002 1,363 6.54 -2.5 42,410 67.9 25,954 19.02003 1,505 5.83 3.5 41,736 68.3 27,357 18.22004 1,604 5.84 -4.9 41,034 69.0 30,245 18.92005 1,719 5.86 -9.5 40,523 68.9 34,861 20.32006 1,474 6.41 -4.5 40,226 68.8 30,485 20.72007 1,036 6.34 8.4 40,135 68.1 21,064 20.32008 616 6.04 18.7 40,122 67.8 12,191 19.82009 442 5.04 21.9 40,153 67.4 8,242 18.62010 471 4.69 1.9 40,150 66.9 8,667 18.42011 434 4.46 8.9 40,144 66.1 9,100 21.02012 537 3.66 5.7 40,447 65.4 10,198 19.02013 620 4.00 -9.6 40,945 65.1 12,634 20.42014 647 4.17 -7.5 41,450 64.5 20.5

1 Ages 30-39* Preliminary Est imate

13,261*

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Single Family Starts(000 of Units)

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Single Family Cement Intensity(Metric Tons Per Single Family Start)


Table 14Multifamily Construction

Multifamily Vacancy To Rent Age Multifamily Tons per Starts Rate Ratio Population1 Population2 Cement MF Start

Year (000) (%) (%) (000) (000) (000 MT) (Metric Tons)

1995 279.0 9.0 2.1 37,980 33,769 1,991 7.11996 314.3 9.2 2.1 37,740 34,142 2,141 6.81997 338.3 9.0 2.1 37,808 34,401 2,316 6.81998 343.6 9.0 2.0 37,970 34,619 2,533 7.41999 341.1 8.7 2.2 38,166 34,797 2,869 8.42000 341.3 8.7 2.5 38,397 35,070 3,228 9.52001 329.5 8.9 2.2 38,577 35,290 3,303 10.02002 347.0 9.7 2.1 38,935 35,522 3,216 9.32003 348.7 10.8 1.9 39,363 35,864 2,601 7.52004 345.3 10.9 2.3 39,953 36,203 2,965 8.62005 354.4 10.0 2.1 40,495 36,650 3,356 9.52006 338.3 9.8 2.2 41,146 37,164 2,985 8.82007 306.1 10.0 2.0 41,621 37,826 2,606 8.52008 283.7 10.5 1.7 42,083 38,778 2,675 9.42009 111.6 11.3 1.3 42,462 39,623 889 8.02010 114.1 11.1 1.3 42,849 40,479 972 8.52011 177.6 10.0 1.2 43,463 41,367 1,849 10.42012 246.8 9.3 1.1 44,008 43,165 2,147 8.72013 308.0 8.0 1.2 44,452 44,723 2,788 9.12014 356.0 7.0 1.2 44,900 46,243 8.9

1 Ages 20-292 Ages 65 and older* Preliminary EstimateSources: PCA M arket Intelligence, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Census Bureau

Age

3,177*

Cement Apartment RetirementMortgage

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013

Multifamily Starts(000 of Units)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013

Multifamily Cement Intensity(Metric Tons per Multifamily Start)


Table 15Manufacturing Construction

Industrial ManufacturingProduction Manufacturing Cement Tons

Index Utilization Cement Per Million $Year (2007=100) (%) (%) (000 MT) (Metric Tons)1995 74 83.2 221 7.1 3,869 62.51996 78 82.2 -4 7.6 3,701 56.71997 83 82.8 183 8.2 4,278 68.51998 88 81.2 140 8.4 3,920 60.81999 92 80.0 -238 8.3 3,276 60.92000 96 79.2 -59 7.7 2,334 42.02001 93 73.2 -822 9.1 1,921 35.72002 93 72.6 -1,183 11.2 1,283 40.82003 94 73.6 -749 11.6 1,103 37.82004 96 76.0 -194 11.2 1,236 41.12005 100 78.1 -89 10.2 1,307 38.32006 102 78.6 -71 9.6 1,213 33.32007 104 79.0 -276 9.9 1,161 26.92008 101 74.7 -473 10.5 1,090 19.92009 89 65.5 -1,559 13.4 641 11.22010 94 71.1 -319 13.4 494 11.92011 97 74.0 198 13.8 629 15.82012 100 75.0 200 13.1 681 15.22013 102 74.6 93 11.3 722 15.62014 106 76.0 168 10.3 15.0

* Preliminary Est imateSources: PCA M arket Intelligence, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Census Bureau, CB Commercial and Bureau of Labor Stat ist ics

Manufacturing Employment

(000)

759*

IndustrialVacancy Rate

50.7

Change in

($2009 Bil)Construction Manufacturing

61.9

46.444.839.941.657.454.6

31.5

65.262.4

Capacity

64.5

43.136.434.130.129.2

53.855.553.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013

Manufacturing Construction Spending($2009 Bil)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013

Cement Intensity In Manufacturing(Metric Tons per Million $2009)


Table 16Office Construction

Change in EstimatedOffice Office Office Office Vacancy Office Cement Tons

Construction Employment Employment Capacity1 Rate Cement Per Million $Year ($2009 Bil) (000) (000) (000 Employees) (%) (000 MT) (Metric Tons)1995 52.6 22,553 732 - 14.6 3,239 621996 57.5 23,420 867 27,408 13.0 3,588 62.41997 67.1 24,674 1,253 28,344 10.8 4,589 68.41998 77.0 25,930 1,257 29,062 9.1 6,217 80.71999 82.4 27,128 1,198 29,859 9.5 7,133 86.52000 91.0 28,080 952 31,019 11.2 5,967 65.62001 83.5 28,006 -74 31,520 14.6 5,789 69.42002 60.3 27,326 -679 32,011 14.9 3,521 58.42003 53.4 27,253 -74 32,015 16.6 3,305 61.82004 55.6 27,618 365 33,115 16.4 3,146 56.62005 56.3 28,211 594 33,756 15.0 2,978 52.92006 59.9 28,971 759 34,083 13.3 3,319 55.42007 65.9 29,322 352 33,811 12.7 3,411 51.72008 66.2 28,925 -398 33,133 13.9 2,745 41.42009 44.8 27,220 -1,705 31,615 17.4 1,360 30.32010 30.4 27,130 -91 32,855 18.1 814 26.82011 29.3 27,702 572 33,806 17.5 963 32.92012 33.4 28,391 690 34,393 17.2 866 25.92013 35.9 29,350 959 35,457 16.5 1,080 30.12014 40.9 30,149 799 36,101 14.5 36.0

* Preliminary Est imate1 Employment BasedSources: PCA M arket Intelligence, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Census Bureau, CB Commercial and Bureau of Labor Stat ist ics

Office

1,472*

0

20

40

60

80

100

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013

Office Construction Spending($2009 Bil)

0

20

40

60

80

100

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013

Cement Intensity in Office Construction(Metric Tons per Million $2009)


Table 17Retail Construction

RealConsumer Change in

Retail Spending Retail Sentiment Retail Cement Tons Construction Growth Employment Index Cement Per Million $

Year ($2009 Bil) (%) (000) (1985=100) (000 MT) (Metric Tons)

1995 75.7 3.0 409 100 12,620 166.61996 82.4 3.5 246 105 12,569 152.51997 86.6 3.8 249 125 12,920 149.31998 86.3 5.3 220 132 15,515 179.81999 87.8 5.3 361 135 16,808 191.32000 90.5 5.1 308 139 15,513 171.52001 87.8 2.6 -39 107 14,791 168.52002 77.6 2.6 -212 97 12,439 160.32003 74.2 3.1 -110 80 10,698 144.22004 76.6 3.8 143 96 11,790 153.82005 73.7 3.5 220 100 11,815 160.32006 76.3 3.0 75 106 12,887 168.92007 85.0 2.2 161 103 11,455 134.82008 76.0 -0.3 -232 58 9,151 120.42009 43.8 -1.6 -763 45 4,478 102.22010 31.4 1.9 -77 54 3,126 99.52011 33.3 2.3 223 58 3,474 104.32012 35.1 1.5 168 67 3,927 111.92013 37.5 1.7 239 73 5,005 133.42014 44.1 2.7 288 87 141.6

* Preliminary Est imateSources: PCA M arket Intelligence, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Census Bureau, CB Commercial and Bureau of Labor Stat ist ics

Consumer

6,248*

0

20

40

60

80

100

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013

Retail Construction Spending($2009 Bil)

0

50

100

150

200

250

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013

Cement Intensity Retail Construction(Metric Tons per Million $2009)


Table 18Total Public Construction

State/LocalPublic Share Government Public

Construction of Total Public1 Employment CementYear ($2009 Bil) (%) (000) (000 MT)

1995 214.8 88.7 26,746 124.51996 226.6 89.5 28,301 124.91997 231.8 90.8 30,510 131.61998 227.8 90.7 30,814 135.31999 240.1 91.7 31,847 132.62000 247.2 92.2 30,347 122.82001 264.1 92.5 33,564 127.12002 301.4 92.2 32,950 109.32003 265.7 91.7 36,482 137.32004 256.0 91.7 41,632 162.62005 252.5 92.6 44,499 176.22006 258.6 93.1 46,184 178.62007 270.5 92.9 45,298 167.52008 276.6 92.3 41,017 148.32009 275.3 90.9 31,597 114.82010 264.9 89.8 36,026 136.02011 243.6 89.0 34,284 140.82012 226.9 90.3 36,168 159.42013 212.5 91.2 34,440 162.12014 208.4 91.7 181.0

* Preliminary Est imate1 Based on nominal valueSources: PCA M arket Intelligence, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Census Bureau, CB Commercial, Bureau of Labor Stat ist ics, Federal Highway Administrat ion, Bureau of Economic Analysis

Change In

37,731*

1571071242463984833293957038183

-404-166-6810

Cement Tons Per Million $ (Metric Tons)

17024429145-65

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013

Public Construction Spending($2009 Bil)

0

50

100

150

200

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013

Cement Intensity in Public Construction(Metric Tons per Million $2009)


Table 19Highway Construction

EstimatedDiscretionary

Highway Highway Cement Tons Construction Spending3 Per Million $

Year ($2009 Bil) ($ Bil) (Metric Tons)

1995 66.3 34.6 31.7 14,562 219.71996 65.4 33.5 31.8 15,645 239.31997 66.9 32.6 34.3 17,272 258.41998 66.4 32.9 33.5 17,159 258.31999 70.6 40.7 30.0 17,880 253.12000 72.6 42.3 30.3 17,849 245.82001 78.0 42.8 35.3 20,522 263.12002 79.5 43.1 36.4 20,046 252.22003 77.6 37.2 40.4 20,920 269.62004 75.1 42.6 32.5 22,007 293.22005 75.5 43.7 31.8 26,169 346.82006 78.7 41.7 37.1 27,854 353.82007 78.7 41.5 37.2 28,262 358.92008 80.6 41.4 39.2 25,962 322.12009 82.2 42.0 40.2 20,054 244.12010 82.2 42.9 39.3 23,148 281.72011 76.3 41.4 34.9 23,990 314.32012 74.7 41.5 33.2 25,457 340.72013 73.9 37.2 36.7 23,871 323.02014 75.0 36.5 38.5 342.1

1 Highway Trust Fund ecompasses ISTEA/TEA/SAFETEALU/M AP-21 and subsequent extensions following 2009 expirat ion2 Data based on planned allocat ions, not actual funding3 Includes ARRA Spending* Preliminary Est imateSources: PCA M arket Intelligence, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Transportat ion

25,662*

Trust Fund Highway

Authorizations1, 2 Cement

Highway,

(000 MT)($2009 Bil)

Roadway, and Bridge

0102030405060708090

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013

Highway Construction Spending($2009 Bil)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013

Cement Intensity Highway Construction(Metric Tons per Million $2009)


Table 20Portland Cement Consumption Growth by State(Compound Annual Growth Rate)

1985 - 1994 1995 - 2004 2005 - 2014 1985 - 2014Nevada 8.9 Wyoming 8.0 North Dakota 12.0 North Dakota 4.9Idaho 7.8 Arizona 6.2 Oklahoma 0.9 Idaho 2.4Hawaii 7.4 DC 6.0 Texas 0.1 Iowa 2.3Wisconsin 4.9 California 5.8 Iowa 0.0 Nevada 2.2Montana 4.9 South Dakota 5.4 West Virginia -0.4 Montana 2.1Washington 4.6 Florida 5.3 South Dakota -0.5 Nebraska 1.9Iowa 4.5 South Carolina 5.3 Louisiana -0.5 South Dakota 1.9Indiana 4.4 Maine 1.1 Nebraska -0.8 Hawaii 1.8Missouri 4.3 Vermont 3.3 DC -1.3 DC 1.8Oregon 4.0 Nevada 4.9 Delaware -1.7 Texas 1.5Ohio 3.8 Texas 4.6 Montana -1.7 Washington 1.4Illinois 3.8 Rhode Island 4.3 Colorado -1.9 Wisconsin 1.3Nebraska 3.6 Colorado 4.1 Kansas -2.0 Oklahoma 1.2Mississippi 3.0 Idaho 4.0 New York -2.1 Colorado 1.2Minnesota 2.9 Montana 4.0 Pennsylvania -2.1 Indiana 1.1Delaware 2.8 New Jersey 3.7 Vermont -0.6 West Virginia 1.1North Carolina 2.8 Maryland 3.5 Ohio -2.4 South Carolina 0.9Michigan 2.6 Virginia 3.5 Utah -2.4 Minnesota 0.9South Dakota 2.5 New York 3.3 Indiana -2.5 Ohio 0.8Tennessee 2.5 New Hampshire -1.4 Hawaii -2.6 North Carolina 0.8Kentucky 2.4 Connecticut 3.1 Wyoming -2.6 Utah 0.8Arkansas 2.3 Georgia 3.0 Washington -2.8 Arkansas 0.6Colorado 2.0 New Mexico 2.9 Maryland -2.8 Illinois 0.5West Virginia 2.0 Nebraska 2.9 Mississippi -3.0 Mississippi 0.5Alabama 1.9 Illinois 1.9 Minnesota -3.1 Kentucky 0.4Pennsylvania 1.7 Minnesota 2.8 Wisconsin -3.1 Oregon 0.3New Mexico 1.7 Oklahoma 2.7 Massachusetts -3.1 Kansas 0.2Arizona 1.5 North Dakota 2.5 North Carolina -3.3 New Mexico 0.2Kansas 0.9 Iowa 2.6 New Jersey -3.5 Pennsylvania 0.1Utah 0.8 Massachusetts 2.5 Arkansas -3.5 Tennessee 0.1South Carolina 0.6 Wisconsin 2.4 Kentucky -3.7 Florida 0.1DC 0.6 Washington 2.3 Connecticut -3.9 Delaware 0.0Florida 0.5 Arkansas 2.3 South Carolina -3.9 Missouri -0.1Georgia 0.5 North Carolina 2.2 New Mexico -3.9 Arizona -0.1Rhode Island 0.2 Pennsylvania 1.9 Illinois -4.4 New York -0.2North Dakota -0.8 Indiana 1.9 Michigan -4.5 California -0.2Oklahoma -0.8 Louisiana 0.8 Virginia -4.7 Wyoming -0.2California -1.0 West Virginia 1.7 Idaho -4.7 Louisiana -0.2New Jersey -1.0 Alabama 1.7 Tennessee -4.7 Michigan -0.3Massachusetts -1.0 Missouri 1.6 Rhode Island -5.1 Maryland -0.4Virginia -1.1 Kentucky 1.6 Oregon -5.5 New Jersey -0.4Maine -1.2 Michigan 1.6 California -5.6 Georgia -0.5New York -1.3 Kansas 1.4 Alabama -5.7 Virginia -0.5Maryland -1.9 Ohio 1.2 Missouri -5.8 Alabama -0.7Texas -1.9 Mississippi 1.2 Maine -2.1 Vermont -0.8Connecticut -2.3 Tennessee 0.4 New Hampshire -1.9 Rhode Island -1.0Louisiana -2.5 Oregon 0.9 Georgia -6.5 Maine -1.0Wyoming -3.2 Utah 0.7 Florida -7.0 Massachusetts -1.0New Hampshire -3.4 Hawaii 0.6 Nevada -8.2 Connecticut -1.3Vermont -4.2 Delaware -2.0 Arizona -9.1 New Hampshire -1.9Total U.S. -0.8 Total U.S. 3.3 Total U.S. -3.4 Total U.S. 0.5

Source: U.S. Geological Survey


Table 21Top 20 States in Portland Cement Consumption1

(Thousands of Metric Tons)

State 1994 State 2004 State 2014California 8,199 California 14,222 Texas 14,882 Texas 7,871 Texas 13,095 California 8,623 Florida 5,623 Florida 9,698 Florida 5,486 Illinois 3,593 Illinois 3,988 Ohio 3,055 Ohio 3,481 Arizona 4,117 Illinois 2,897 Pennsylvania 3,069 Georgia 4,109 Pennsylvania 2,673 Georgia 2,752 Ohio 3,999 New York 2,551 Michigan 2,585 Pennsylvania 3,397 Georgia 2,249 Missouri 2,385 New York 3,236 North Carolina 2,081 New York 2,347 Michigan 3,176 Colorado 2,071 Arizona 2,158 North Carolina 2,743 Louisiana 2,052 North Carolina 2,152 Missouri 2,623 Iowa 1,928 Wisconsin 1,890 Virginia 2,478 Michigan 1,840 Indiana 1,875 Colorado 2,440 Arizona 1,804 Colorado 1,747 Nevada 2,382 Oklahoma 1,747 Washington 1,722 Wisconsin 2,329 Wisconsin 1,720 Virginia 1,715 Indiana 2,239 Indiana 1,694 Tennessee 1,711 Louisiana 1,882 Washington 1,678 Louisiana 1,706 Minnesota 2,076 Virginia 1,653 New Jersey 1,428 Tennessee 1,875 Missouri 1,543 Total U.S. 82,119 Total U.S. 114,896 Total U.S. 86,496

1 U.S. Total excludes AK, Foreign, and Puerto RicoSource: U.S. Geological Survey

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Portland Cement Consumption(Top Three States ‐ Share of the Total U.S., % )

54%

35%

11%

Portland Cement ConsumptionShare of Total U.S.

2014

Top 10 States Mid 20 States Remaining States

YEARBOOK 2015CEMENT CONSUMPTION YEARBOOK 2015 21

This page intentionally left blank.

YEARBOOK 2015

Table 22Highway Infrastructure Funding

FuelEconomy

Year (average MPG)

1994 18.4 18.4 16.9 1.5 20.4 56.41995 18.4 17.6 16.4 2.0 20.5 58.91996 18.3 17.0 16.3 2.0 20.4 60.81997 18.4 16.6 15.5 2.9 20.1 62.61998 18.4 16.4 15.5 2.9 20.1 63.41999 18.4 15.8 15.5 2.9 19.7 65.62000 18.4 15.2 15.5 2.9 19.8 68.32001 18.4 14.6 15.5 2.9 19.6 70.92002 18.4 14.3 15.5 2.9 19.4 72.32003 18.4 14.1 15.5 2.9 19.6 73.62004 18.4 13.3 15.5 2.9 19.3 78.12005 18.4 12.2 15.5 2.9 19.9 85.02006 18.4 11.3 15.5 2.9 20.1 91.52007 18.4 10.7 15.5 2.9 20.6 97.42008 18.4 10.3 15.5 2.9 21.0 100.92009 18.4 10.4 15.5 2.9 22.4 100.02010 18.4 10.3 15.5 2.9 22.6 100.42011 18.4 10.0 15.5 2.9 22.4 103.92012 18.4 9.6 15.5 2.9 23.6 107.82013 18.4 9.4 15.5 2.9 24.1 110.22014 18.4 9.2 15.5 2.9 24.2 112.3

Source: PCA Market Intelligence, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)

(cents per gallon)

Deflated

(1993$)

2,968

3,0252,9682,9462,9562,998

2,9273,0032,9992,9692,9372,8862,8562,7922,7472,6792,625

(cents per gallon)

Public TransitHighway

2,5602,4822,4232,358

(cents per gallon)Gas Tax

(cents per gallon)

Gas TaxHighway

(2009=100)Cost Index

ConstructionAllocation

(Bil Miles)

Vehicle Miles

Traveled

Gas Tax Gas Tax

Allocation

0

50

100

150

200

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Gas Tax vs. Highway Construction Cost Inflation(Cost Index Base: 1993=100)

Gas Tax

Cost Index

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

22.0

24.0

26.0

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Average Miles Per Gallon(Total Average MPG for All Vehicle Types)

INFRASTRUCTURE YEARBOOK 2015 23

Table 23Highway Congestion

LicensedDrivers

Year1994 8,143,014 175,403 198,045 46.4 41.11995 8,158,253 176,628 201,530 46.2 40.51996 8,178,654 179,539 206,570 45.6 39.61997 8,242,437 182,709 207,754 45.1 39.71998 8,160,858 184,980 211,617 44.1 38.61999 8,177,983 187,170 216,309 43.7 37.82000 8,224,245 190,625 221,475 43.1 37.12001 8,251,865 191,276 230,428 43.1 35.82002 8,295,171 194,296 229,620 42.7 36.12003 8,315,121 196,166 231,390 42.4 35.92004 8,338,821 198,889 237,243 41.9 35.12005 8,371,718 200,665 241,194 41.7 34.72006 8,420,589 202,810 244,166 41.5 34.52007 8,457,353 205,742 247,265 41.1 34.22008 8,483,969 208,321 248,165 40.7 34.22009 8,542,163 209,618 246,283 40.8 34.72010 8,581,158 210,115 242,061 40.8 35.52011 8,567,618 211,875 244,778 40.4 35.02012 8,606,003 211,815 253,639 40.6 33.92013 8,656,070 212,160 255,877 40.8 33.82014

* Est imatedSource: Federal Highway Administrat ion, National Highway Traff ic Safety Administrat ion

8,716,663*

RoadwayLane Miles

Total

(000)Licensed Drivers Fatalities

Lane Miles

(000)

TotalVehiclesOn Road

Per Thousand Vehicles

Per ThousandLane Miles

220.0

(per million drivers)

179.6200.5210.6217.0

161.6157.1153.3158.4157.4 156.4*

215.4218.6221.0220.6

232.1

222.9224.5229.9234.3236.8

213,793* 256,552* 40.8* 34.0*

30323436384042444648

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Lane Miles per Thousand Licensed Drivers

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Lane Miles per Thousand Vehicles


YEARBOOK 2015

Table 24Airport Infrastructure Funding

Year1994 5,189 3,667 914 6.25 10.00 6.01995 5,534 5,127 666 6.25 10.00 6.01996 2,369 2,189 871 6.25 10.00 6.01997 4,007 1,327 901 6.25 10.00 6.01998 8,698 4,589 1,093 6.25 9.00 12.01999 11,126 7,363 1,106 6.25 8.00 12.22000 10,557 7,074 1,804 6.25 7.50 12.42001 10,098 7,345 1,993 6.25 7.50 12.82002 9,808 4,815 1,281 6.25 7.50 13.22003 9,255 3,898 1,012 6.25 7.50 13.42004 9,621 2,447 869 6.25 7.50 13.72005 10,754 1,940 748 6.25 7.50 14.12006 11,073 1,773 719 6.25 7.50 14.52007 11,941 1,533 732 6.25 7.50 15.12008 12,422 1,435 776 6.25 7.50 15.42009 10,851 299 512 6.25 7.50 16.12010 10,794 696 259 6.25 7.50 16.12011 11,726 1,405 535 6.25 7.50 16.32012 12,532 912 1,044 6.25 7.50 16.72013 12,854 1,046 921 6.25 7.50 17.22014 13,513 600 658 6.25 7.50 17.5

Sources: Federal Aviat ion Administrat ion, U.S. Census Bureau, Internal Revenue Service

($ per passenger)(%) (%)Spending

Domestic International

TaxPassenger

Ticket TaxDeparture

(Nominal Mil $)

Construction CargoTax

AirportAirport and Airway Trust Fund

Tax Receipts(Mil $) (Year End)

Airport and Airway Trust

Fund Balance

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Airport Construction Spending(Nominal Million $)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Air Traffic Tax Receipts(Mil $)


Table 25Airport Congestion Measures

Air Total Landed Aviation Travelers Cargo Incidents

Year1994 573,576 8.4 55,708 173 139 3,317 2,1871995 586,327 2.2 60,025 188 141 3,117 2,2141996 621,613 6.0 61,765 191 141 3,252 2,1061997 641,564 3.2 66,707 192 144 3,334 2,0321998 656,689 2.4 71,379 205 137 3,208 2,0681999 684,164 4.2 75,553 219 142 3,117 2,0762000 710,299 3.8 74,927 218 138 3,265 2,0442001 661,069 -6.9 71,595 211 128 3,126 1,9062002 644,579 -2.5 73,433 211 128 3,051 1,8852003 651,729 1.1 72,961 210 130 3,108 1,9482004 706,398 8.4 74,297 219 128 3,219 1,7982005 737,187 4.4 76,269 224 120 3,286 1,8542006 739,275 0.3 76,362 222 125 3,331 1,6672007 763,480 3.3 76,583 232 120 3,296 1,8412008 735,032 -3.7 70,405 229 114 3,214 1,7482009 696,806 -5.2 63,494 224 106 3,112 1,6272010 712,588 2.3 67,759 223 111 3,190 1,5982011 724,860 1.7 67,448 220 111 3,288 1,6352012 731,129 0.9 66,656 209* 117* 3,498 1,5892013 738,616 1.0 68,655 200 114 3,694 1,3132014 760,847 3.0 71,329 203* 118* 3,748 1,176

* Est imatedNote: 2013 Air Travelers and Total Landed Cargo are Preliminary EstimatesSource: Federal Aviat ion Administrat ion, National Transportat ion Safety Board

Travelers Travelers Aircraft Per Aircraft Per Aircraft

(000) (% Change)

Air Active Hours Flown

(000 tons) (000)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Ratio of Total Travelers to Aircraft

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Cargo Tons Per Aircraft

YEARBOOK 2015


Table 26Seaport Congestion Measures

RatioWater Transportation

to GDPYear (%)

1994 2,215 4.1 20,389 2.2 0.281995 2,240 1.2 22,082 8.3 0.291996 2,284 1.9 23,837 7.9 0.291997 2,333 2.1 24,569 3.1 0.291998 2,340 0.3 24,848 1.1 0.271999 2,323 -0.7 26,218 5.5 0.272000 2,425 4.4 27,590 5.2 0.272001 2,393 -1.3 27,743 0.6 0.262002 2,340 -2.2 26,953 -2.8 0.252003 2,394 2.3 31,262 16.0 0.272004 2,552 6.6 37,318 19.4 0.302005 2,528 -1.0 39,252 5.2 0.302006 2,588 2.4 42,190 7.5 0.302007 2,564 -0.9 48,330 14.6 0.332008 2,477 -3.4 54,733 13.2 0.372009 2,211 -10.8 49,217 -10.1 0.342010 2,334 5.6 54,004 9.7 0.362011 2,367 1.4 56,578 4.8 0.362012 2,307 -2.6 56,731 0.3 0.352013 2,275 -1.4 58,460 3.0 0.35

Sources: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, M arit ime Administrat ion, Bureau of Economic Analysis

Commerce Commerce Gross Output Gross Output(Million Short Tons) (% Change) (Mil $) (% Change)

Water WaterU.S. Waterborne U.S. Waterborne Transportation Transportation

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

Waterborne Commerce ‐Domestic(Million Short Tons)

0200400600800

1,0001,2001,4001,6001,800

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

Waterborne Commerce ‐ Foreign(Million Short Tons)


This page intentionally left blank.

Table 27Clinker Capacity*(Thousands of Metric Tons) Average

Number Number Average Daily Annual Year of Plants¹ of Kilns Kiln Capacity Clinker Capacity Clinker Capacity1994 110 207 364 233.8 75,4131995 110 208 367 236.4 76,3351996 109 202 376 234.8 76,0001997 108 200 383 236.9 76,6521998 108 198 393 240.4 77,9141999 109 199 403 246.1 80,1622000 109 201 418 259.2 84,0522001 108 190 470 277.0 89,2452002 108 189 484 280.3 91,4902003 108 187 492 281.4 92,0752004 107 186 504 286.1 93,7852005 107 186 506 286.9 94,0962006 105 178 532 288.4 94,6932007 105 178 537 291.2 95,6012008 104 167 584 297.9 97,4622009 101 164 615 307.7 100,9162010 102 154 673 315.9 103,6022011 99 150 681 311.6 102,1972012 100 151 684 314.9 103,2862013 106 143 698 304.4 99,859

106 143 698 304.4 99,859* Years 2011-2012 are est imates calculated from the 2010 base, adding expansions and subtract ing only announced permanent closures.**Reflects Capacity Adjustments through 12/31/2013Source: PCA U.S. Port land Cement Industry: Plant Informat ion Summary

2014**

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Average Kiln Capacity(Thousands of Metric Tons)

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

100,000

110,000

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Clinker Capacity(Thousands of Metric Tons)

YEARBOOK 2015CEMENT SUPPLY YEARBOOK 2015 29

Table 28Clinker Production,Capacity and Capacity Utilization

Clinker UtilizationYear Production Rate

(MMT) (%)

1994 68.6 75.4 91.01995 70.0 76.3 91.71996 70.4 76.0 92.61997 72.7 76.7 94.81998 75.9 77.9 97.41999 77.3 80.2 96.42000 79.6 84.1 94.72001 79.9 89.2 89.52002 83.0 91.5 90.82003 83.2 92.1 90.42004 88.0 93.8 93.82005 88.7 94.1 94.32006 89.9 94.7 95.02007 87.5 95.6 91.62008 79.6 97.5 81.62009 56.9 100.9 56.42010 60.4 103.6 58.32011 62.0 102.2 60.62012 67.8 103.3 65.62013 69.9 99.9 70.02014 74.9 75.1

* Years 2011-2012 are est imates calculated f rom the 2010 base, adding expansions and subtract ing only announced permanent closures.

**Reflects Capacity Adjustments through 12/31/2013C linker is the primary intermediate product of cement making. Kilns produce clinker which is f inelyground to make f inished cement. Clinker comprises approximately 92% of cement's f inal weight .Source: U.S. Geological Survey, PCA U.S. Port land Cement Industry: Plant Information Summary

ClinkerCapacity*

(MMT)

99.9**

0

20

40

60

80

100

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Clinker Production(MillionMetric Tons)

0

20

40

60

80

100

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Capacity Utilization Rate(Percent)


Table 29Age Distribution of U.S. Clinker Capacity by Process, 2013*(Percent)

Age of Kilns Wet Process Dry Process TotalBefore 1931 5.3 0.0 0.31931-1935 0.0 0.0 0.01936-1940 0.0 0.0 0.01941-1945 0.0 0.0 0.01946-1950 0.0 0.1 0.11951-1955 0.0 0.7 0.71956-1960 19.3 2.6 3.41961-1965 39.9 4.9 6.61966-1970 23.8 1.6 2.71971-1975 11.6 4.1 4.51976-1980 0.0 13.9 13.2After 1980 0.0 72.1 68.5Total Clinker*Reflects Capacity Adjustments through 12/31/2013

Source: PCA U.S. Port land Cement Industry: Plant Informat ion Summary

99,85994,920 4,939

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

< 1950 50's 60's 70's 1980 >

Age Distribution of U.S. Kilns ‐ 2013(Percent)

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013

Dry Process Kilns(Percent of Total)


Table 30Clinker Capacity By Census District*(Thousands of Metric Tons)

East East West WestNew Mid South North South North South

Year England Atlantic Atlantic Central Central Central Central Mountain Pacific Total1994 392 9,117 10,115 10,890 6,170 10,037 10,495 6,406 11,791 75,4131995 392 9,099 10,164 11,007 6,278 10,171 10,646 6,685 11,893 76,3351996 392 9,091 10,160 10,992 6,194 10,151 10,684 6,683 11,653 76,0001997 392 9,090 10,082 10,533 6,384 10,220 10,673 6,928 12,350 76,6521998 392 9,554 10,418 10,634 6,452 10,324 10,729 7,147 12,264 77,9141999 392 9,463 11,323 10,656 6,625 10,498 11,040 7,127 13,038 80,1622000 392 9,614 12,343 11,408 7,351 10,666 11,947 7,498 12,833 84,0522001 392 9,183 12,712 11,337 7,715 11,766 13,660 8,384 14,096 89,2452002 392 9,236 12,585 11,354 8,570 12,260 13,671 9,293 14,129 91,4902003 392 9,186 13,887 11,291 8,369 12,327 13,621 8,828 14,174 92,0752004 392 9,300 14,355 11,319 8,597 14,241 12,519 8,754 14,308 93,7852005 392 9,357 14,436 11,269 8,677 12,376 14,408 8,744 14,437 94,0962006 776 9,159 14,998 11,581 8,722 12,191 14,228 8,657 14,381 94,6932007 661 9,088 15,334 12,108 8,815 12,716 14,175 8,411 14,293 95,6012008 647 9,021 16,096 11,720 8,700 12,787 15,074 8,256 15,161 97,4622009 647 8,567 18,032 10,890 8,389 15,328 15,074 9,119 14,870 100,9162010 647 8,805 18,806 10,890 8,286 16,327 16,383 9,418 14,040 103,6022011 647 7,947 18,806 10,890 7,872 15,908 16,383 9,717 14,040 102,2102012 647 7,947 18,806 10,890 7,872 15,908 17,472 9,717 14,040 103,2862013 693 7,872 18,278 9,863 8,302 15,564 15,800 9,393 14,094 99,859

693 7,872 18,278 9,863 8,302 15,564 15,800 9,393 14,094 99,859* Years 2011-2012 are est imates calculated f rom the 2010 base, adding expansions and subtract ing only announced permanent closures.**Reflects Capacity Adjustments through 12/31/2013Source: PCA U.S. Port land Cement Industry: Plant Information Summary

2014**

Pacific14.1%

Mountain9.4%

West North Central15.6%

West South Central15.8%

East North Central9.9%

East South Central 8.3%

South Atlantic 18.3%

Middle Atlantic7.9%

New England0.7%

Clinker Capacity2014**


Table 31U.S. Cement Company Clinker Capacity(Gray and White Plants) (Thousands of Metric Tons - Estimated as of 12/31/2013)

Rank Company Clinker Capacity* Percent of Industry1 CEMEX 14,580 14.62 Holcim (US) Inc. 13,950 14.03 Ash Grove Cement Company 7,302 7.34 Buzzi Unicem, Inc. 7,221 7.25 Lafarge North America Inc. 6,512 6.56 Martin Marietta Materials, Inc.** 5,792 5.87 Lehigh Cement Company 5,585 5.68 Essroc Cement Corp. 4,195 4.29 Argos USA Corporation** 3,521 3.510 Eagle Materials 3,441 3.411 CalPortland 3,396 3.412 Lehigh Southw est Cement Company 2,965 3.013 Titan America 2,955 3.014 Giant Cement Holding 2,554 2.615 GCC of America Inc 1,875 1.916 St. Marys Cement Inc 1,870 1.917 Mitsubishi Cement Corporation 1,498 1.518 Texas-Lehigh Cement Company 1,118 1.119 National Cement Co. Of California 1,033 1.020 Monarch Cement Company 988 1.021 Continental Cement Co., Inc. 929 0.922 American Cement Company 917 0.923 Salt River Materials Group-Phoenix Cement 912 0.924 National Cement Co. of Alabama 899 0.925 Alamo Cement Company 887 0.926 Suw annee American Cement 814 0.827 Capitol Aggregates, Ltd. 701 0.728 Drake Cement 599 0.629 Lehigh Northeast Cement Company 586 0.630 Armstrong Cement & Sup. Corp. 264 0.3

0Total Capacity 99,859

*Reflects Capacity Adjustments through 12/31/2013**M art in M ariet ta M aterials, Inc. acquired Texas Industries in Q1 2014; Argos USA Corp. acquired Vulcan M aterials in Q1 2014Source: PCA U.S. Port land Cement Industry: Plant Information Summary


Table 32Foreign Affiliated U.S. Clinker Capacity(Gray and White Plants) Clinker Capacity

(000 Metric Tons)Company Affiliation as of December, 31, 2013 Country 12/31/2013**Alamo Cement Co. Buzzi Unicem Italy 887Argos USA Cementos Argos S.A. Columbia 3,521Buzzi Unicem USA, Inc. Buzzi Unicem Italy 7,221CalPortland Taiheiyo Cement Corp. Japan 3,396CEMEX CEMEX S.A.B. de C.V. Mexico 14,580Drake Cement LLC Cementos Lima SA Peru 599Essroc Cement Corp. Italcementi Group Italy 4,195GCC of America, Inc Grupo Cementos de Chihuahua Mexico 1,875Giant Cement Holding, Inc. Cementos Portland Valderrivas Spain 2,554Holcim (US) Inc. Holcim, Ltd. Switzerland 13,950Lafarge North America Inc. Lafarge SA France 6,512Lehigh Hanson Cement Company Heidelberg Cement INC. Germany 5,585Lehigh Northwest Cement Company Heidelberg Cement INC. Germany 586Lehigh Southwest Cement Company Heidelberg Cement INC. Germany 2,965Mitsubishi Cement Corporation Mitsubishi Materials Corp. Japan 1,498National Cement Co. of Alabama Vicat S.A. France 899National Cement Co. of California Vicat S.A. France 1,033St. Marys Cement Inc. (U.S.)/VCNA Votorantim Brazil 1,870Suwannee American Cement/VCNA Votorantim (50%)/Anderson Columbia (50%) Brazil/USA 814Texas-Lehigh Cement Company Heidelberg Cement (50%)/Eagle Materials (50%) Germany/USA 1,118Titan America LLC Titan Cement Co. SA Greece 2,955

Total Foreign Owned Capacity: 78,613Total U.S. Capacity: 99,859

Percent of U.S. Foreign Owned Clinker Capacity : 78.7%

Domestic Affiliated U.S. Clinker CapacityCompanyAmerican Cement Compnay CRH/Trap Rock Industries 917Armstrong Cement & Sup. Corp. Snyder Associated Companies INC. 264Ash Grove Cement Company Privately Held 7,302Capitol Aggregates, Ltd. H. B. Zachry Construction Co. 701Continental Cement Co., Inc. Continental Cement Co. LLC 929Eagle Materials Eagle Materials 3,441Monarch Cement Company Privately Held 988Phoenix Cement Company Salt River Materials Group 912Martin Marietta Materials, Inc. Martin Marietta Materials, Inc. 5,792

Total Domestic Owned Capacity: 21,246Total U.S. Capacity: 99,859

Percent of U.S. Domestically Owned Clinker Capacity : 21.3%**Reflects Capacity Adjustments through 12/31/2013; includes temporarily furloghed plants***Martin Marietta Materials, Inc. acquired Texas Industries in Q1 2014; Argos USA Corp. acquired Vulcan Materials in Q1 2014


Table 33Capacity Expansion Estimates(Clinker, Thousands of Metric Tons)

Year OnCompany Location Stream 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 TotalTotal Expansion 2,204 7,398 4,419 949 1,089 0 0 16,059Estimated Dollar Investment ($ Millions) 608 2,039 1,039 83 300 0 0 4,069

2008Cemex (South) Brooksville, Florida 2008 406 406 0 0 0 0 0 813Continental Cement Hannibal, Missouri 2008 394 0 0 0 0 0 0 394Cemex New Braunfels, Texas 2008 1,192 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,192Texas Industries Oro Grande, California 2008 212 637 0 0 0 0 0 849

2009American Cement Co. (G) Sumterville, Florida (G) 2009 0 917 0 0 0 0 0 917Buzzi Unicem Festus, Missouri 2009 0 983 0 0 0 0 0 983Essroc Cement Martinsburg, West Virginia 2009 0 870 0 0 0 0 0 870GCC America (G) Pueblo, Colorado (G) 2009 0 863 0 0 0 0 0 863Holcim (G) St. Genevieve, Missouri (G) 2009 0 2,722 999 0 0 0 0 3,720

2010Ash Grove Cement Foreman, Arkansas 2010 0 0 1,309 0 0 0 0 1,309Drake Cement (G) Paulden, Arizona (G) 2010 0 0 299 299 0 0 0 599Vulcan Materials Newberry, Florida 2010 0 0 773 0 0 0 0 773National Cement Ragland, Alabama 2010 0 0 650 650 0 0 0 1,300Giant Cement Bath, Pennsylvania 2010 0 0 389 0 0 0 0 389

2012Texas Industries Inc New Braunfels, Texas 2012 0 0 0 0 1,089 0 0 1,089

Net U.S. Capacity Changes 2,204 7,398 4,419 949 1,089 0 0 16,059(G) Designates a greenfield plant. All other listings reflect expansions

Net Expansion


Table 3415 Largest States Ranked by Cement Grinding Capacity(Thousands of Metric Tons - as of 12/31/13)

1994 2004 2014Cement Percent of Cement Percent of Cement Percent ofGrinding U.S. Grinding U.S. Grinding U.S.

State Rank Capacity Total Rank Capacity Total Rank Capacity Total Texas 1 11,238 12.3 2 12,803 10.9 1 15,562 12.3California 2 10,932 12.0 1 14,892 12.7 2 14,710 11.7Florida 5 5,346 5.9 3 7,925 6.7 3 11,261 8.9Missouri 7 4,630 5.1 7 5,931 5.0 4 10,273 8.1Alabama 6 4,723 5.2 6 6,286 5.3 5 6,736 5.3Pennsylvania 3 7,647 8.4 4 7,312 6.2 6 6,605 5.2Michigan 4 6,157 6.7 5 6,687 5.7 7 4,954 3.9Maryland 15 1,841 2.0 14 3,278 2.8 8 4,052 3.2Arizona 16 1,818 2.0 13 3,435 2.9 9 4,038 3.2Indiana 12 2,656 2.9 10 3,772 3.2 10 3,735 3.0South Carolina 11 2,706 3.0 8 5,417 4.6 11 3,731 3.0Colorado 14 1,863 2.0 16 2,876 2.4 12 3,675 2.9Iowa 9 2,813 3.1 12 3,515 3.0 13 3,381 2.7Kansas 13 1,964 2.2 9 3,952 3.4 14 3,217 2.5Illinois 8 3,017 3.3 11 3,673 3.1 15 2,847 2.3Total U.S. 91,228 117,662 126,260Source: PCA U.S. Port land Cement Industry: Plant Informat ion Summary


Table 35Cement Imports(Thousands of Metric Tons)

Percent Share of ConsumptionFinished U.S. Cement Finished

Year Clinker Cement Total Consumption1 Clinker Cement Total1994 2,208 9,095 11,302 85,386 2.6 10.7 13.21995 2,858 10,990 13,848 85,989 3.3 12.8 16.11996 2,548 11,606 14,154 90,805 2.8 12.8 15.61997 3,027 14,569 17,596 96,177 3.1 15.1 18.31998 4,134 19,952 24,085 103,259 4.0 19.3 23.31999 4,570 24,781 29,321 109,505 4.2 22.6 26.82000 3,760 24,923 28,684 109,533 3.4 22.8 26.22001 1,782 24,079 25,861 112,523 1.6 21.4 23.02002 1,603 22,567 24,169 108,193 1.5 20.9 22.32003 1,838 21,403 23,241 108,434 1.7 19.7 21.42004 1,630 25,675 27,305 120,068 1.4 21.4 22.72005 2,941 30,711 33,652 127,825 2.3 24.0 26.32006 3,425 32,471 35,896 127,249 2.7 25.5 28.22007 990 21,739 22,729 114,626 0.9 19.0 19.82008 621 10,898 11,519 96,589 0.6 11.3 11.92009 556 6,338 6,894 70,836 0.8 8.9 9.72010 613 6,168 6,781 70,374 0.9 8.8 9.62011 606 5,937 6,543 72,145 0.8 8.2 9.12012 786 6,251 7,037 78,417 1.0 8.0 9.02013 806 6,436 7,243 81,662 1.0 7.9 8.92014 720 7,673 8,392 88,747 0.8 8.6 9.5

1 Port land and M asonry. Excludes AK, Foreign and Puerto RicoSource: U.S. Department of Commerce - Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Geological Survey

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Total Imports(Thousands of Metric Tons)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

U.S. Import Share of Consumption(Percent)


Table 36U.S. Cement and Clinker Imports By Port - Top Customs Districts(Thousands of Metric Tons)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Houston/Galveston 1,969 2,619 3,371 3,350 1,876 793 612 699 813 1,137 1,546Seattle 1,654 1,489 1,619 1,788 1,243 783 916 1,053 1,036 1,104 1,126Detroit 1,419 1,317 1,214 1,021 838 841 939 947 1,114 1,061 1,013Buffalo 699 792 932 766 485 494 555 488 538 519 633Miami 807 823 832 809 708 574 590 555 572 457 538Philadelphia 2,294 2,265 2,186 1,046 375 185 147 170 248 150 506New York City 839 1,265 1,207 933 291 214 213 25 276 379 461Cleveland 655 867 1,032 1,194 788 292 332 343 335 534 441Columbia-Snake 417 428 495 477 383 276 277 290 315 270 336Honolulu 181 178 122 150 173 162 167 191 281 259 295Pembina 384 336 418 460 399 248 174 184 205 232 239Ogdensburg 410 494 605 316 187 140 141 158 190 191 193All Others 15,549 20,780 21,863 10,420 3,774 1,892 1,717 1,440 1,115 949 1,065Total U.S. 27,305 33,652 35,896 22,729 11,519 6,894 6,781 6,543 7,037 7,243 8,392Source: U.S. Department of Commerce - Foreign Trade Division

Table 37U.S. Cement and Clinker Imports - Country of Origin(Thousands of Metric Tons)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Canada 5,753 5,404 5,059 5,326 4,104 3,426 3,410 3,416 3,709 3,615 3,769Korea 1,729 2,672 2,745 2,686 1,283 882 1,045 1,402 1,280 1,244 1,375China 3,215 4,726 10,620 5,377 2,098 608 688 578 375 514 856Greece 2,011 2,786 1,950 703 213 186 191 0 609 686 773Mexico 1,439 2,185 2,276 1,700 1,088 380 382 368 316 319 372Sweden 1,058 1,050 889 457 261 74 83 81 132 46 357Taiwan 0 1,759 2,180 2,168 855 254 232 65 39 270 356Egypt 0 569 275 95 57 55 44 71 84 89 95France 79 74 97 111 108 65 91 72 85 93 95Turkey 771 675 591 138 96 95 21 1 9 26 79Denmark 373 439 296 239 99 69 54 74 96 36 72Spain 412 236 69 29 0 81 109 106 163 132 72Columbia 2,123 1,849 1,874 1,555 969 659 322 229 87 2 36Croatia 0 34 29 26 34 15 24 33 24 22 24Other 8,341 9,194 6,945 2,119 254 44 86 46 31 148 61Total U.S. 27,305 33,652 35,896 22,729 11,519 6,894 6,781 6,543 7,037 7,243 8,392Source: U.S. Department of Commerce - Foreign Trade Division


Table 38Cement & Clinker Imports By Census District(Thousands of Metric Tons)

East East West WestNew Mid South North South North South

Year England Atlantic Atlantic1 Central Central Central Central Mountain Pacific Total1994 129 1,526 2,839 1,872 155 359 2,383 376 1,663 11,3021995 153 1,649 4,039 2,210 401 374 2,844 546 1,629 13,8481996 109 1,668 4,321 2,364 383 475 2,308 625 1,901 14,1541997 234 2,171 5,117 2,489 273 531 3,305 662 2,815 17,5961998 548 2,338 6,214 3,401 322 559 5,910 766 4,027 24,0851999 773 2,336 7,487 2,944 440 703 8,821 822 4,996 29,3212000 1,240 2,457 7,525 2,396 557 607 7,961 735 5,206 28,6842001 1,083 2,440 6,594 2,254 393 571 5,529 917 6,080 25,8612002 1,205 2,279 6,694 2,338 501 439 4,539 678 5,496 24,1692003 984 2,251 6,335 2,629 368 428 3,861 585 5,800 23,2412004 1,027 2,439 6,786 2,432 528 354 5,045 897 7,768 27,3052005 1,163 2,918 8,604 2,308 514 375 7,580 1,130 9,061 33,6522006 937 3,062 8,673 2,147 521 302 8,930 1,104 10,219 35,8962007 889 2,517 4,093 1,788 2 323 5,191 723 7,202 22,7292008 403 1,585 1,387 1,330 0 328 2,649 358 3,479 11,5192009 265 1,176 898 1,335 0 276 1,228 0 1,716 6,8942010 192 1,118 765 1,496 0 285 1,045 0 1,879 6,7812011 94 922 673 1,435 0 294 1,166 45 1,913 6,5432012 109 1,242 679 1,652 0 415 1,070 8 1,862 7,0372013 106 1,259 426 1,581 0 400 1,394 8 2,069 7,2432014 147 1,432 775 1,646 0 431 1,823 1 2,138 8,392

1 Includes Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin IslandsSource: U.S. Department o f Commerce - Foreign Trade Division

New England1.8%

Mid‐Atlantic17.1%

South Atlantic9.2%

East North Central19.6%West North

Central5.1%

West South Central21.7%

Mountain0.0%

Pacific25.5%

Cement and Clinker Imports2014


Table 39Cement* Inventories at Year-end(Thousands of Metric Tons)

Stocks at Year-Year U.S. Year-YearYear Mills & Terminals % Change Consumption % Change1994 4,701 -1.8 85,386 7.3 17.21995 5,814 23.7 85,989 0.7 21.21996 5,488 -5.6 90,805 5.6 18.91997 5,784 5.4 96,177 5.9 18.81998 5,393 -6.8 103,259 7.4 16.31999 6,367 18.1 109,505 6.0 18.22000 7,566 18.8 109,533 0.0 21.62001 6,600 -12.8 112,523 2.7 18.42002 7,680 16.4 108,193 -3.8 22.22003 6,610 -13.9 108,434 0.2 19.12004 6,740 2.0 120,068 10.7 17.62005 7,450 10.5 127,825 6.5 18.22006 9,380 25.9 127,249 -0.5 23.12007 8,890 -5.2 114,626 -9.9 24.32008 8,360 -6.0 96,589 -15.7 27.12009 6,080 -27.3 70,836 -26.7 26.92010 6,180 1.6 70,374 -0.7 27.52011 6,270 1.5 72,145 2.5 27.22012 6,920 10.4 78,417 8.7 27.62013 6,580 -4.9 81,662 4.1 25.22014 6,100 -7.3 88,747 8.7 21.5

* Port land & M asonry (excludes Puerto Rico)Source: U.S. Geological Survey

Days Supply

‐30

‐20

‐10

0

10

20

30

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Cement Inventories(% Change at Year End)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Inventory: Days Supply


Table 40Portland Cement Shipments by Type of Customer*(Thousands of Metric Tons)

2011 2012 2013Quantity % of Total Quantity % of Total Quantity % of Total

Ready-Mix Concrete 49,100 69.8 53,700 70.3 56,500 71.1Concrete Product Manufacturers 8,040 11.4 8,300 10.9 9,030 11.4Contractors 6,160 8.8 6,780 8.9 5,850 7.4Building Material Dealers 2,430 3.5 3,070 4.0 3,000 3.8Oil Well, Mining, and Waste 3,160 4.5 3,480 4.6 3,670 4.6Government & Misc. 1,370 1.9 1,070 1.4 1,440 1.8Total Shipments 70,300 76,400 79,500

* Includes imported cement and cement made from imported clinker. Excludes Puerto Rico, data may not add to totals due to roundingNote: 2013 PreliminarySource: U.S. Geological Survey

Table 41Portland Cement Shipped from U.S. Plants by Type of Product*(Thousands of Metric Tons)

2011 2012 2013Quantity % of Total Quantity % of Total Quantity % of Total

General Use and Moderate Heat 54,500 77.5 59,400 77.7 61,000 76.7 (Types I and II)High-Early Strength (Type III) 2,550 3.6 2,520 3.3 2,670 3.4Sulfate-Resisting (Type V) 9,340 13.3 10,300 13.5 11,100 14.0Block 147 0.2 142 0.2 165 0.2Oil Well 1,750 2.5 2,000 2.6 2,420 3.0White 635 0.9 705 0.9 794 1.0Blended Portland Slag and Pozzolan 741 1.1 636 0.8 615 0.8 Portland Fly Ash and Other 593 0.8 643 0.8 652 0.8Miscellaneous 26 0.0 3 0.0 37 0.0Total Shipments 70,300 76,400 79,500

* Includes sales of imported cement. Excludes Puerto Rico, data may not add to to tals due to roundingNote: 2013 PreliminarySource: U.S. Geological Survey

YEARBOOK 2015OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS YEARBOOK 2015 41

Table 42Shipments of Portland Cement from Mills by Type of Carrier(Percent Distribution)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Shipments to Ultimate Customer Rail 2.0 1.8 1.7 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.9 3.1 1.8 1.5 2.1 Truck 98.1 97.4 97.6 97.5 97.3 97.1 97.1 96.6 96.9 98.2 97.6 Barge & Boat 0.2 1.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.3 0.2 0.2 Unspecified 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Shipments from Plant to Terminal (Bulk only) Rail 49.8 50.7 48.2 48.0 42.9 46.0 46.3 47.7 44.6 49.1 49.8 Truck 17.9 18.2 15.7 19.4 21.0 23.0 19.3 19.0 16.5 14.4 15.9 Barge & Boat 32.3 31.1 36.0 32.6 36.1 31.1 34.4 33.3 38.9 36.6 34.2 Unspecified 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Percent of Total Shipments Terminal to customer 44.0 44.3 45.5 44.9 45.2 43.9 44.0 41.2 46.1 46.0 44.7 Plant to customer 56.2 56.2 54.0 55.0 54.8 56.2 55.9 58.9 53.9 53.9 55.3

Note: 2013 PreliminarySource: U.S. Geological Survey

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

Shipments from Terminal to Consumer(Percent of Total Shipments)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

Shipments from Plant to Terminal

Rail

Barge & Boat

Truck


Table 43Summary of Energy Consumption(Thousands of BTUs per Equivalent Metric Ton*)

1972 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 13/72 13/12Gasoline 7.4 5.4 5.3 4.6 2.5 2.1 1.8 -75.3 -12.6Middle Distillates** 88.3 41.7 44.1 40.1 42.7 42.2 45.0 -49.0 6.7 Diesel - - - - 32.0 34.6 37.2 - - Fuel Oil - - - - 10.7 7.6 7.9 - -Residual oil 808.9 4.3 9.6 8.6 - - - - -LPG 1.4 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 -78.5 -15.1Total Petroleum Products 906.0 52.1 59.8 54.0 46.8 44.7 47.1 -94.8 5.4Natural gas 3,347.1 120.1 170.3 129.9 173.5 486.2 397.8 -88.1 -18.2Coal 2,639.0 2,601.3 2,410.5 2,382.3 2,512.7 2,141.9 2,195.3 -16.8 2.5Petroleum Coke 39.6 846.4 761.4 769.9 682.7 635.1 666.0 1,581.8 4.9Total Coal and Coke 2,678.6 3,447.7 3,171.9 3,152.2 3,195.3 2,777.0 2,861.3 6.8 3.0Alternative Fuel ‐ 515.6 578.6 578.3 633.1 568.5 633.4 ‐ 11.4Total Fuel 6,931.7 4,135.5 3,980.6 3,914.3 4,048.7 3,876.4 3,939.6 -43.2 1.6Electricity 488.6 526.1 554.4 538.3 512.0 509.4 492.9 0.9 -3.2Total Fuel and Power 7,420.3 4,661.6 4,535.0 4,452.6 4,560.8 4,385.8 4,432.5 -40.3 1.1* Equivalent Metric Ton = weighted average of 92% clinker production plus 8% finished cement production**Collection of Diesel and Fuel Oil individually commenced in 2011Source: PCA U.S. Labor-Energy Input Survey

% Change

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

5.0

5.2

5.4

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

Energy Resources(Million BTU per 000 Tons Produced)

60%62%64%66%68%70%72%74%76%78%

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

U.S. Plants ‐ Energy Consumption(Coal and Coke)


Table 44Alternative Fuels Utilized

United States2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Total Reporting Plants 97 96 96 98 98 97 90 88 84 84 83Plants using Alternative Fuel 56 62 64 65 64 66 63 64 62 63 61Percent 57.7 64.6 66.7 67.0 65.3 68.0 70.0 72.8 73.8 75.0 73.0Types of Alternative Fuels Used* Tire Derived Fuel 35 44 52 47 41 43 40 39 37 36 34 Waste Oil 13 16 17 16 15 18 18 16 11 11 16 Solvents 13 12 11 10 10 11 11 11 9 9 12 Other 22 28 36 40 39 42 43 45 49 67 69Source: PCA U.S. Labor-Energy Input Survey

34

16 12

69

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Tire Derived Fuel

Waste Oil Solvents Other

Count of Alternative Fuel‐ 2013(Number of Plants)

26%

12%

9%

53%

Tire Derived Fuel Waste OilSolvents Other

Share of Alternative Fuels Used ‐ 2013


Table 45Fossil Fuel Mix(% Distribution of BTUs Consumed)

1972 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Coal and Coke 36.1 75.4 75.8 75.6 74.3 69.9 70.8 69.7 63.3 64.7Natural Gas 45.1 3.6 3.2 3.0 2.6 3.8 2.9 3.9 11.1 9.0Petroleum Products 12.2 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1Electricity 6.6 11.0 11.2 11.1 11.3 12.8 12.1 11.4 11.6 10.9Alternative Fuels 0.0 9.2 8.9 9.4 10.7 12.2 13.0 14.0 13.0 14.3Total Fuel 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Source: PCA U.S. Labor-Energy Input Survey

Table 46Energy Consumption by Process(Thousands of BTUs per Equivalent Metric Ton*)

% Change1972 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 13/72 13/12

Fuel and ElectricityAll Plants 7,438 4,755 4,699 4,649 4,704 4,662 4,535 4,453 4,561 4,402 4,432 -40 1Wet-Process Plants 7,998 6,807 6,387 6,464 6,485 6,612 6,359 6,714 7,043 6,981 7,696 -4 10Dry-Process Plants 6,895 4,407 4,433 4,375 4,434 4,384 4,383 4,303 4,418 4,269 4,281 -38 0FuelAll Plants 6,931 4,245 4,180 4,131 4,181 4,135 3,981 3,914 4,049 3,876 3,940 -43 2Wet-Process Plants 7,498 6,291 5,879 5,949 5,979 6,099 5,823 6,196 6,561 6,021 7,209 -4 20Dry-Process Plants 6,393 3,899 3,913 3,856 3,909 3,856 3,827 3,764 3,904 3,756 3,788 -41 1Electricity (kWh per Equivalent Metric Ton)All Plants 143 149 152 152 153 155 162 158 150 149 146 2 -2Wet-Process Plants 142 151 149 151 148 150 157 152 141 136 143 1 5Dry-Process Plants 142 149 153 152 154 156 163 158 151 150 146 3 -3*Equivalent Metric Ton = weighted average of 92% clinker production plus 8% finished cement productionSource: PCA U.S. Labor-Energy Input Survey


Table 47Resources Used in Producing Cement¹(Per Thousand Metric Tons of Cement Production)

Material Energy* Labor**Year (metric tons) (million BTUs per ton) (Tons per Hour)

1990 1,600 5,321 2.231991 1,593 5,417 2.081992 1,596 5,294 2.181993 1,560 5,315 2.191994 1,545 5,204 2.311995 1,626 5,261 2.351996 1,593 5,201 2.391997 1,577 5,171 2.471998 1,604 5,107 2.491999 1,634 5,040 2.532000 1,619 4,982 2.542001 1,629 4,930 2.582002 1,678 4,858 2.782003 1,595 4,762 2.882004 1,624 4,755 2.962005 1,608 4,699 2.962006 1,645 4,649 2.972007 1,635 4,704 2.912008 1,626 4,662 2.712009 1,568 4,535 2.382010 -- 4,453 2.662011 -- 4,561 2.862012 -- 4,386 3.042013 -- 4,433 3.09

Percent Change (13/12) -- 1.1% 1.6%1 Port land and M asonry* Equivalent Energy Ton = weighted average of 92% clinker production plus 8% f inished cement production**Equivalent Labor Ton = weighted average of 85% clinker product ion plus 15% f inished cement productionSource: PCA U.S. Labor-Energy Input Survey, U.S. Geological Survey

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

Labor Resources(Tons Per Hour)

0

100

200

300

400

500

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

Labor Resources(Employee ‐Hours per 000 Tons Produced (US & Canada)


Table 48U.S. Cement Industry Employment

Cement* Tons Cement* TonsAll Employees Production Workers per Employee per Production Worker

Year (Thousands) (Thousands) (Thousands) (Thousands)1970 28.80 24.30 2.38 2.821975 28.70 22.80 2.21 2.781980 30.40 24.20 2.29 2.881985 21.20 15.90 3.88 5.171990 17.29 13.40 4.67 6.031991 16.88 12.20 4.24 5.871992 16.44 12.80 4.63 5.941993 16.40 12.50 4.85 6.371994 16.53 12.40 5.17 6.891995 16.43 12.60 5.23 6.821996 16.24 12.50 5.59 7.261997 16.20 12.50 5.94 7.691998 16.51 12.71 6.26 8.121999 16.67 12.85 6.57 8.522000 16.88 12.73 6.49 8.602001 16.82 12.73 6.69 8.842002 16.44 13.18 6.58 8.212003 16.46 12.97 6.59 8.362004 16.24 12.77 7.39 9.402005 16.86 12.68 7.58 10.082006 17.01 13.22 7.48 9.632007 17.48 13.37 6.56 8.572008 17.29 13.69 5.59 7.062009 15.44 10.81 4.59 6.552010 13.65 9.55 5.16 7.372011 13.45 9.17 5.36 7.862012 12.86 9.25 6.10 8.482013 12.88 9.34 6.34 8.74

* Port land + M asonrySource: Annual Survey of M anufacturers, U.S. Census (NAICS 327310)

Table 49U.S. Cement Industry Financial Statistics(Median Results Cement Operations)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Gross Margin (%) 31.4 32.1 24.7 15.2 6.8 6.7 10.3 13.8 16.3 16.3Operating Profit (%) 25.9 25.0 19.9 10.4 1.1 -3.5 5.4 6.8 8.8 10.2Operating Profit ($/ton) 26.50 26.40 20.30 10.20 1.00 -3.00 4.60 6.10 8.40 11.00Annual Capital Expenditures (% of sales) 7.2 8.2 8.0 7.5 4.4 3.9 6.2 7.0 7.0 7.4Source: PCA Financial Benchmarking Survey

2014

IndustryTotal


Table 50Cement Industry Operating Statistics

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Value of Shipments ($ Billion) 7.41 7.78 8.72 9.75 10.34 10.67 9.25 5.75 5.19 5.44 5.94 6.58LaborEmployment (000) 17.7 17.4 16.9 16.7 17.1 17.9 18.2 14.3 12.9 12.4 12.6 12.3Payroll ($ Million) 890.5 902.4 930.2 956.2 978.6 1,081.0 1,108.0 861.1 801.8 767.6 785.7 820.3Energy ($ Million)Purchased Fuel & Power 1,114.9 1,160.5 1,257.1 1,425.3 1,608.8 1,677.0 1,668.5 1,046.2 1,098.2 1,147.0 1,253.0 1,363.3 Fuel 565.9 570.3 626.2 723.2 841.3 870.3 869.1 520.9 556.3 620.1 680.1 735.7 Power 549.0 590.2 630.9 702.1 767.5 806.7 799.4 525.3 541.9 527.0 572.9 627.5NonEnergy Material 1,806.3 1,819.7 1,855.5 1,952.1 2,146.8 2,414.8 2,223.3 1,085.4 1,327.0 1,525.6 1,539.1 1,822.1Investment ($ Million)New Capital Expenditures 1,300.8 792.7 602.4 783.6 966.1 1,347.2 1,281.1 1,076.1 782.3 299.2 257.3 430.0 Buildings 184.5 180.9 67.7 95.7 86.7 96.6 129.3 39.0 50.7 33.2 16.6 24.9 Equipment 1,116.4 611.8 534.8 687.9 879.4 1,250.6 1,151.8 1,037.1 731.6 266.0 240.7 405.1Key Ratios - Percent of Shipments (%)Payroll 12.0 11.6 10.7 9.8 9.5 10.1 12.0 15.0 15.4 14.1 13.2 12.5Purchased Fuel and Power 15.1 14.9 14.4 15.4 15.6 15.7 18.0 18.2 21.2 21.1 21.1 20.7NonEnergy Materials 24.4 23.4 21.3 21.1 20.8 22.6 24.0 18.9 25.6 28.0 25.9 27.7Source: Annual Survey of Manufacturers, U.S. Census (NAICS 327310)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

U.S. Cement Industry ‐ Capital Expenditures (Billion $)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Value of Industry Shipments(Billion $)


Table 51Top World Producers of Hydraulic Cement(Thousand of Metric Tons)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014China 970,000 1,074,000 1,240,000 1,360,000 1,400,000 1,646,000 1,880,000 2,080,000 2,184,000 2,414,000 2,476,000India 127,600 141,800 159,010 170,460 177,300 195,930 224,720 240,510 246,700 255,790 265,140United States 92,440 93,910 97,690 92,630 84,020 60,370 66,450 67,900 74,150 76,600 82,700Turkey 38,800 42,800 47,400 49,300 53,110 53,970 66,200 67,800 67,600 74,400 77,200Brazil 34,200 35,600 41,900 46,600 51,300 51,700 59,120 64,090 68,810 70,160 71,360Russia 44,000 48,000 54,700 59,900 53,600 44,200 50,400 56,100 61,500 66,300 68,470Iran 31,460 31,840 35,200 41,000 44,500 52,100 61,600 66,400 70,250 68,700 66,700Japan 72,400 73,500 73,200 71,200 68,000 60,000 56,600 56,400 59,300 61,700 62,500Egypt 29,800 33,600 36,200 40,370 39,840 46,940 47,950 45,420 52,200 50,100 49,000Korea, Republic of 54,300 47,200 49,200 52,200 51,650 50,130 47,420 48,250 46,860 47,300 47,300Mexico 33,900 36,000 38,020 38,620 37,090 35,810 34,500 35,400 37,830 36,250 37,840Pakistan 13,630 16,360 18,410 24,220 30,870 33,370 32,400 31,600 33,110 33,600 35,290Italy 46,950 46,410 47,880 47,540 43,030 36,320 34,280 32,790 26,240 23,080 21,200Spain 46,600 50,350 54,030 54,720 42,080 29,500 21,170 22,180 15,940 13,730 13,910Total World 2,195,410 2,364,960 2,618,860 2,813,950 2,871,840 2,945,000 3,364,850 3,638,740 3,782,700 4,074,820 4,181,270

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Cement Review, PCA

4.30%

4.35%

4.40%

4.45%

4.50%

4.55%

4.60%

4.65%

4.70%

4.75%

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

U.S. Share of World Population

0500

1,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,500

2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Total World Production of Hydraulic Cement(MillionMetric Tons)

YEARBOOK 2015INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOK 2015 49

Table 52Population Growth Rates for Top World Producers of Hydraulic Cement(Year-Year % Change)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014China 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.40India 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30United States* 0.90 0.90 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.80 0.70 0.70 0.80 0.80Japan 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10Brazil 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.80Korea, South 0.40 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20Turkey 1.50 1.50 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.10Iran 1.10 1.30 1.20 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20Russia -0.50 -0.50 -0.30 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Egypt 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.90 1.90 1.80Italy 0.70 0.40 0.40 0.80 0.70 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.30Mexico 1.30 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.20 1.20Spain 1.60 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.80Pakistan 1.90 1.70 1.90 1.70 1.70 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.50 1.50Total World 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.11 1.09 1.08

*Includes Puerto Rico.Source: U.S. Census Bureau: International Data Base

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

U.S. Japan Italy Germany France U.K. Russia Canada

Share of G8 Countries to Total World Cement Consumption ‐2014


Table 53Cement Consumption(Million Metric Tons)

G8 CountriesG8 Share

Total G8 World of WorldYear U.S. Japan Italy Germany France U.K. Russia Canada Consumption Consumption Consumption (%)1995 85.99 79.60 32.46 37.98 19.73 13.12 35.30 6.93 311.11 21.71996 90.80 82.30 33.62 35.55 18.72 14.50 26.76 7.26 309.52 21.01997 96.18 78.60 33.77 34.26 18.73 14.80 25.90 7.63 309.86 20.21998 103.26 71.59 34.70 37.26 18.98 14.70 26.00 7.61 314.10 20.61999 109.51 70.77 36.12 38.34 20.21 15.10 28.40 8.01 326.46 20.42000 109.53 72.27 38.34 35.44 20.63 14.10 30.60 8.27 329.19 20.02001 112.52 68.64 39.47 30.46 20.66 14.05 33.30 8.41 327.51 19.32002 108.19 64.59 41.30 29.02 20.73 14.62 35.90 8.48 322.83 17.82003 108.43 60.13 43.50 29.03 20.68 14.37 38.50 8.90 323.54 16.42004 120.07 58.00 46.36 29.02 21.94 14.95 41.50 9.33 341.17 15.92005 127.83 59.04 46.05 26.93 22.52 14.81 46.00 9.43 352.60 13.72006 127.25 58.62 46.88 28.92 24.09 14.73 52.20 9.56 362.25 14.12007 114.63 55.90 46.37 27.21 24.80 15.77 61.05 9.82 355.55 12.92008 96.59 50.50 43.80 27.30 24.13 13.35 61.60 9.61 326.88 11.42009 70.84 44.00 35.95 25.38 20.38 11.29 43.80 7.96 259.60 8.72010 70.37 41.80 33.93 24.69 19.79 10.51 49.40 8.78 259.28 7.82011 72.20 32.80 27.96 21.41 11.31 57.40 8.83 274.01 7.62012 77.80 25.57 26.77 19.97 10.52 65.20 9.50 279.63 7.52013 81.70 21.70 26.52 19.22 11.45 69.70 9.12 286.41 7.12014 89.10 4,139.52*

* Estimated

44.3042.10

295.06*47.00

48.00* 19.90* 27.10* 7.1* 18.20* 9.19* 12.43* 71.14*

1,435.801,475.151,531.281,527.501,603.601,648.891,698.831,815.651,970.252,149.55

3,311.693,585.173,745.654,033.53

2,564.462,568.002,763.002,857.002,998.00

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

U.S. Share Cement Consumption

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

Cement Consumption Per Capita

G8

World

US& Canada


2015 U.S. Cement Industry Annual Yearbook · 2015-09-29 · U.S. CEMENT INDUSTRY ANNUAL YEARBOOK...

Documents

Transcript of 2015 U.S. Cement Industry Annual Yearbook · 2015-09-29 · U.S. CEMENT INDUSTRY ANNUAL YEARBOOK...