weeds, plant diseases, insects

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2015 GUIDE TO CROP PROTECTION

This publication is only a guide intended for the use of Saskatchewan growers. Always refer to the product label for application details and precautions.

label, use label directions.

SASKATCHEWAN MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 3085 Albert Street Regina, Saskatchewan CANADA S4S 0B1

www.saskatchewan.ca/agriculturePrinted January 2015 30M ISBN

088656-59953 0164

HERBICIDE ROTATION - 2015Resistance to a pesticide group will reduce the effectiveness of pesticides in that group over time. Rotation of herbicides and other pesticides is an important measure to delay the onset of resistance to any one pesticide group or mode-of-action.

aware that low risk does not mean no risk, since weeds have developed resistance to herbicides in these groups as well.

Herbicide Resistance Development Risk Based on Number of Applications

* Some products contain more than one active ingredient and therefore may appear in more than one

Rotation of Herbicides to Prevent ResistanceOTHER GROUPS Linuron (7), GoodHarvest (10), Liberty (10), Amitrole (11), Dual II Magnum (15), Focus*(15), Frontier Max (15), Kerb (15), Outlook (15), Primextra Magnum* (15), Distinct* (19), OverDrive* (19), Casoron (20), Gramoxone (22), diquat (22), Clever (26 in grasses), topramezone (27),

GROUP 1 (Grass Control)Axial, Axial Xtreme* Broadband*, clethodim, clodinafop, fenoxaprop, Poast Ultra, quizalofop, tralkoxydim,Traxos, Tundra*

GROUP 2 (Grass & Broadleaf control)Accent, Altitude FX*, Ares, Barricade*, Broadband*, Express Pro, Everest GBX*,

imazethapyr, Inferno Brands, Korrex*, metsulfuron, Muster, Odyssey, Option, Paradigm*, Permit, Pinnacle, Prism, Simplicity, Solo, Stellar*, thifensulfuron / tribenuron, tribenuron, Triton C and K*, (Grass & Broadleaf control) Aim, Authority, Blackhawk*, Blazer, CleanStart*, FlexStar*,

GROUP 9 (Grass & Broadleaf control)

glyphosate* glyphosate, glyphosate/dicamba*

GROUP 8 (Grass & Broadleaf control)Avadex, Eptam,Fortress*

GROUP 6 (Broadleaf Control)Basagran, bromoxynil,

bromoxynil / MCPA ester*,

GROUP 5 (Grass & Broadleaf control)Atrazine, Primextra Magnum*, bromoxynil / MCPA ester*, Clever (broadleaves),

Curtail M, dicamba, dicamba / mecoprop / MCPA,

glyphosate/dicamba*, Ko-Act*, Korrex*, Lontrel, MCPA, MCPB / MCPA, mecoprop, Momentum, Optica Trio, OverDrive*, Paradigm*, Pixxaro, Prestige, Pulsar, Stellar*, Triton C and K*, Trophy

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction ................................................................. 10 How to Use This Book ............................................................................................ 10 Product Labels and PCP Numbers ....................................................................... 10 Safe Use of Herbicides, Fungicides and Insecticides ...................................... 11 Protecting Yourself from Exposure to Herbicides, Fungicides, and In sec ti cides ....................................................................................................... 11 Protective Clothing .................................................................................................. 12 Protecting Your Eyes, Face and Lungs ................................................................. 13 Avoiding Spray Drift .............................................................................................. 13 Herbicide Efficacy With Low-drift Nozzles ....................................................... 14 Handling a Drift Complaint .................................................................................. 14 Mixing Pesticides ..................................................................................................... 14 Container Disposal .................................................................................................. 15 Sprayer Tank Cleaning ........................................................................................... 15 How to Identify Crop and Weed Leaf Stages .................................................... 17 Pesticide Formulations and Companies ............................................................. 20 Key to product pages ............................................................................................... 27

2. Weed Control ............................................................ 30 Integrated Weed Management .............................................................................. 30 Making Spray Decisions ....................................................................................... 30 Weed Resistance to Herbicides ............................................................................. 38 Adjuvants................................................................................................................... 42 Crop and Herbicide Recommendation Tables ................................................. 43 Special Weed Problems .......................................................................................... 59 Soil Residual Herbicides ....................................................................................... 64 Effect of Rainfall on Herbicide Efficacy ............................................................ 67 Products Available as Prepackaged Tank Mixes ............................................... 68 Herbicide Product Pages ........................................................................................ 69

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3. Plant Disease Control ............................................... 318 Integrated Plant Disease Management .............................................................. 318 Effects of Weather .................................................................................................... 321 Resistance Management ......................................................................................... 321 Fungicide Mode of Action .................................................................................... 322 Foliar Fungicide Tables ........................................................................................... 325 Foliar Fungicide Product Pages ............................................................................ 330 Seed Treatment Tables ............................................................................................ 400 Seed Treatment Product Pages .............................................................................. 404

4. Insect Control ........................................................... 466 Insect Management Decisions ............................................................................. 466 Field Scouting ........................................................................................................... 466 Insecticides and Bees .............................................................................................. 467 Insecticide Poisoning in Humans ........................................................................ 468 Resistance of Insects to Insecticides .................................................................... 468 Insecticide Groups. ..................................................................................................... 469 Field Scouting and Insect Management Charts (for individual crops) .............................................................................................. 472 Insect Control in Stored Grain .............................................................................. 507 Insecticide Product Pages ....................................................................................... 511

Reference Material Pesticide Index ............................................................................................................... 5 Crop Protection Companies ....................................................................Inside Cover Emergency Numbers ................................................................................Inside Cover Agricultural Offices ..................................................................................Inside Cover Metric Conversion Factors ............................................................................................ 9

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Herbicide Directory2,4-D ............................................................................................... 692,4-DB ............................................................................................. 72AAtrex Liquid ............................................................................. 73Accent ............................................................................................ 75Accurate (see metsulfuron) ................................................... 230Achieve (Liquid Achieve) (see tralkoxydim) ...................... 290Aim ............................................................................................... 77Ally Toss-N-Go (see metsulfuron) ....................................... 230Altitude FX.................................................................................... 78Altitude FX2.................................................................................. 80Amitrol 240 ................................................................................... 82Approve (see bromoxynil/2,4-D ester) .............................. 110Ares ............................................................................................... 83Armezon (see 'topramezone') ................................................. 286Arrow (see clethodim) .......................................................... 117Assert 300 SC (see imazamethabenz) ................................... 199Assert FL ..................................................................................... 85Assure II (see quizalofop) ...................................................... 261Attain XC (see fluroxypyr + 2,4-D) ...................................... 171Aurora (see clodinafop) ......................................................... 122Authority ....................................................................................... 86Authority Charge ........................................................................ 88Avadex Brands ............................................................................. 88Avert (see imazamethabenz) ................................................ 199Axial BIA ....................................................................................... 92Axial iPak ................................................................................... 94Axial Xtreme .............................................................................. 95Badge II (see bromoxynil/MCPA ester) ..............................111Banvel II (see dicamba) ......................................................... 126Banvel VM (see dicamba) .................................................... 126Barricade II .................................................................................... 96Basagran Brands .......................................................................... 98Battalion ..................................................................................... 101Bengal WB (see fenoxaprop) ............................................... 155Bison (see tralkoxydim) ........................................................ 290BlackHawk ............................................................................... 103Blazer ......................................................................................... 104Bonanza (see trifluralin) ....................................................... 297Broadband .................................................................................. 105BroadSide (see thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA) ........ 285Bromotril II (see bromoxynil) ............................................... 106Bromoxynil.................................................................................. 106Bromoxynil/2,4-D Ester ........................................................... 110Bromoxynil/MCPA ester ...........................................................111Brotex 240 (see bromoxynil) ................................................. 106Buctril M (see bromoxynil/MCPA ester) ............................111Bullwhip (see 'clodinafop') .................................................... 122Caliber 625 (see 2,4-DB) .......................................................... 72Casoron ........................................................................................ 114Centurion (see clethodim) .................................................... 117Chateau (see flumioxazin) .................................................... 169Cheminova Glyphosate (see glyphosate) ............................ 180CleanStart .................................................................................... 116ClearOut 41 Plus (see glyphosate) ........................................ 180Clethodim ................................................................................... 117Clever ......................................................................................... 120Clodinafop ............................................................................... 122Clovitox Plus (see MCPB/MCPA) ....................................... 224

Cobutox 625 (see 2,4-DB) ........................................................ 72Cordon (see fenoxaprop) ..................................................... 155Cougar (see 'fenoxaprop') ....................................................... 155Credit 45 (see glyphosate) ..................................................... 180CrushR Plus (see glyphosate) ............................................... 180Curtail M ..................................................................................... 125Deploy (see thifensulfuron/tribenuron) ............................ 281Desica (see 'diquat') .................................................................. 134Dicamba ....................................................................................... 126Dicamba/Mecoprop/MCPA .................................................. 130Dichlorprop/2,4-D ..................................................................... 132Dichlorprop-D/ Dichlorprop DX (see dichlorprop/2,4-D) ....132Diquash (see 'diquat') ................................................................ 134Diquat .......................................................................................... 134Distinct ....................................................................................... 136Dual II Magnum ........................................................................ 137DyVel ............................................................................................ 139DyVel DSp ................................................................................... 141Eclipse III ..................................................................................... 143Edge Granular ............................................................................ 144Embutox 625 (see 2,4-DB') ....................................................... 72Enforcer D ................................................................................... 145Enforcer M .................................................................................. 147Eptam 8-E .................................................................................... 149Escort ........................................................................................... 150Estaprop XT (see dichlorprop/2,4-D) ................................ 132Everest (see flucarbazone) ...................................................... 167Everest GBX ................................................................................ 152Express Pro ................................................................................ 154Express SG (see tribenuron) ................................................... 294Fenoxaprop ................................................................................ 155FirstStep Complete (see tribenuron) .................................... 294FlexStar GT ................................................................................. 158Florasulam + 2,4-D .................................................................... 159Florasulam + Curtail M ........................................................... 161Florasulam + glyphosate .......................................................... 163Florasulam + MCPA .................................................................. 165Flucarbazone............................................................................... 167Flumioxazin ............................................................................... 169 Flurox-24 (see fluroxypyr + 2,4-D) ...................................... 171 Fluroxypyr + 2,4-D .................................................................... 171Foax (see 'clodinafop') .............................................................. 122Focus ........................................................................................... 174Foothills NG (see clodinafop) .............................................. 122Fortress ....................................................................................... 175Frontier Max ............................................................................... 178Frontline 2,4-D XC (see 'florasulam + 2,4-D') ....................... 159Frontline XL (see 'florasulam + MCPA') ................................ 165Gladiator (see imazethapyr) ................................................ 201Glyfos (see glyphosate) ......................................................... 180Glykamba (see 'glyphosate/dicamba') .................................. 189Glyphosate .................................................................................. 180Glyphosate/dicamba ................................................................ 189GoodHarvest (MPower) ........................................................... 191Gramoxone ................................................................................. 192Grazon ......................................................................................... 193Harmony K ................................................................................. 195Harmony SG ............................................................................... 196

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Hawkeye Power (see dicamba) ............................................ 126Heat .............................................................................................. 196Horizon NG (see clodinafop) ................................................ 122Imazamethabenz ....................................................................... 199Imazethapyr ................................................................................ 201Impact (see 'topramezone') ...................................................... 286Inferno (see 'tribenuron') .......................................................... 294Inferno Duo................................................................................. 203Infinity ......................................................................................... 204Kerb .............................................................................................. 206Ko-Act ....................................................................................... 208Korrex ........................................................................................ 209Koril 235 (see bromoxynil) ................................................... 106Ladder (see clodinafop) ......................................................... 122Lajj Plus (see glyphosate) ....................................................... 180Leader (see bromoxynil/2,4-D ester) ................................ 110Liberty 150 SN ............................................................................ 210Liberty 200 SN ............................................................................ 213Linuron ........................................................................................ 214Logic M ('see bromoxynil/MCPA ester') ................................111Lontrel 360 ................................................................................. 217Lorox (see linuron) ................................................................ 214Manipulator ................................................................................ 219Marengo (see tralkoxydim) .................................................... 290Matrix (see glyphosate) ......................................................... 180Maverick III (see glyphosate) ............................................... 180MCPA ........................................................................................... 221MCPB/MCPA ............................................................................. 224Mecoprop-P ................................................................................ 226Metribuzin ................................................................................ 227Metsulfuron ............................................................................. 230Mextrol 450 (see bromoxynil/MCPA ester) ........................111Momentum ................................................................................ 233MPower Battlefront (see florasulam + 2,4-D; Curtail M; glyphosate; MCPA) .....................159, 161, 163, 165MPower Glyphosate (see glyphosate) ................................. 180MPower HellCat (see fenoxaprop) ....................................... 155MPower Kamikaze (see imazethapyr).................................. 201MPower R (see 'thifensulfuron/tribenuron') ........................ 281MPower X (see 'tribenuron') .................................................... 294MultiStar (see imazethapyr) .................................................. 201Muster Toss-N-Go...................................................................... 235NextStep NG (see clodinafop) ............................................ 122Nimble (see thifensulfuron/tribenuron) ............................ 281Nuance (see tribenuron) ........................................................ 294Nufarm Clodinafop (see 'clodinafop') .................................... 122 Nufarm Tralkoxydim (see tralkoxydim) ............................. 290OcTTain XL (see fluroxypyr + 2,4-D) .................................. 171Odyssey ....................................................................................... 237Odyssey Ultra ............................................................................. 239Optica Trio .................................................................................. 239Option 35 DF/Option 2.25 OD................................................ 241Oracle (see dicamba) ............................................................. 126Outlook ...................................................................................... 242Overdrive ................................................................................. 243Paradigm ................................................................................... 245Pardner (see bromoxynil) ..................................................... 106Permit........................................................................................... 246Phantom (see imazethapyr) ................................................... 201Pinnacle SG ................................................................................. 248Pixxaro ......................................................................................... 250Poast Ultra................................................................................... 251PrePass XC (see 'florasulam + glyphosate') .......................... 163

Prestige XC .................................................................................. 254Primextra II Magnum ............................................................... 256Princep Nine-T (see simazine) ............................................. 271Priority (see 'florasulam + glyphosate') ................................ 163Prism SG ...................................................................................... 257Pulsar .......................................................................................... 259Puma Advance (see fenoxaprop) .......................................... 155Pursuit (see imazethapyr) ...................................................... 201Quizalofop .................................................................................. 261Reclaim ........................................................................................ 263Refine M (see 'thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA') .......... 285Refine SG (see thifensulfuron/tribenuron) ......................... 281Reflex ........................................................................................... 265Reglone Desiccant (see 'diquat') ............................................. 134Reglone Ion (see 'diquat') ......................................................... 134Restore II ..................................................................................... 266Retain ........................................................................................... 268Reward......................................................................................... 269Rival (see trifluralin) ............................................................. 297Roundup brand products (R/T 540, Transorb HC, Ultra 2, WeatherMax) (see glyphosate) ........................... 180Rush 24 (see 'fluroxypyr + 2,4-D') .......................................... 171Rustler (see glyphosate/dicamba) ........................................ 189Salute .......................................................................................... 270Salvo (see 2,4-D) ...................................................................... 69Select (see clethodim) ............................................................ 117Sencor (see 'metribuzin') ........................................................... 227Shadow RTM (see clethodim) .............................................. 117Sharpshooter (see glyphosate) .............................................. 180Sharpshooter Plus (see glyphosate)...................................... 180Sierra (see flucarbazone) ....................................................... 167Signal (see clodinafop)........................................................... 122Simazine ...................................................................................... 271Simazine 480 (see simazine) ................................................. 271Simplicity .................................................................................... 273SlamR (see clodinafop) ......................................................... 122Smoke (see 'glyphosate') .......................................................... 180Solo ............................................................................................... 275Spectrum (see 'florasulam + Curtail M') ................................ 161Spike-Up (see tribenuron) .................................................... 294Spitfire (see florasulam + 2,4-D; Curtail M; glyphosate; MCPA) ....................................... 159, 161, 163, 165StartUp (see glyphosate) ....................................................... 180Stellar ........................................................................................ 276Sword (see dicamba/mecoprop/MCPA) ........................... 130Tandem ..................................................................................... 278Target (see dicamba/mecoprop/MCPA)............................ 130Tensile ......................................................................................... 280Thifensulfuron/tribenuron ..................................................... 281Thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA ...................................... 285Thrasher II (see bromoxynil /2,4-D ester) ......................... 110Thumper (see bromoxynil/2,4-D ester) ............................. 110Topline (see 'florasulam + MCPA') ........................................ 165Topside (See MCPB/MCPA) ................................................ 224Topramezone .............................................................................. 286Tordon 22K .................................................................................. 288Touchdown Total (see glyphosate) ...................................... 180Tracker XP (see dicamba/mecoprop/MCPA ester) ......... 130Tralkoxydim ............................................................................. 290Traxion (see glyphosate) ...................................................... 180Traxos ......................................................................................... 292Treflan (see trifluralin) .......................................................... 297Tribenuron ................................................................................... 294

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Seed Treatment DirectoryAdmire SPT (see imidacloprid) ............................................. 427Agrox FL .................................................................................. 404Alias 240 SC (see imidacloprid) ............................................ 427Allegiance FL (see 'metalaxyl') ................................................ 436Apron Advance/Apron Maxx RTA/Maxx RFC .................. 405Armour (see triticonazole) ..................................................... 457Armour RTU (see triticonazole) ........................................... 457Belmont 2.7FS (see 'metalaxyl') .............................................. 436Charter RTU (see triticonazole) ............................................. 457

Confine (see 'phosphorous acid') ........................................... 438Confine Extra (see 'phosphorous acid') ................................ 438Crown .......................................................................................... 407Cruiser 5FS .................................................................................. 408Cruiser Maxx Beans / Pulses .................................................. 409Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Beans ........................................................ 409Cruiser Maxx Cereals / Cereals Commercial .............................. 411Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Cereals .............................................. 411Cruiser Maxx D Potatoes / Potato Extreme ......................... 414

Foliar Fungicide DirectoryAcapela ............................................................................................330Acrobat 50 WP .................................................................................332ADAMA Azoxystrobin (see 'azoxystrobin') ..............................335Allegro 500F .....................................................................................333Astound ............................................................................................334Azoxystrobin ................................................................................335Blanket ...........................................................................................337Bravo 500/Bravo Zn (see 'chlorothalonil') ................................341Bumper 418 EC (see propiconazole) ........................................371Cabrio Plus ....................................................................................338Cantus WDG .................................................................................339Caramba .........................................................................................340Chlorothalonil ...............................................................................341Confine Extra ...................................................................................344Contans WG ....................................................................................345Copper ..............................................................................................346Copper 53W/Copper Spray (see copper) ...............................346Curzate 60 DF ..................................................................................348Delaro ..............................................................................................349Dithane Rainshield (see mancozeb) .........................................361Echo 720/Echo 90DF (see chlorothalonil) ................................341Folicur 432 F (see 'tebuconazole') ................................................393Folicur 250 EW (see 'tebuconazole') ...........................................393Fontelis ............................................................................................351Fuse (see 'tebuconazole') ..............................................................393Gavel 75 DF .....................................................................................352Headline EC .....................................................................................353Inspire ............................................................................................356Iprodione ........................................................................................357Kingpin 75 WDG ...........................................................................361Lance WDG ......................................................................................358Luna Tranquility ............................................................................360Mancozeb .........................................................................................361Manzate Pro-stick (see mancozeb) ...........................................361Nufarm Propiconazole (see 'propiconazole') ............................371

Overall 240 SC (see 'iprodione') ..................................................345Palliser (see 'tebuconazole') ........................................................393Parasol WG (see copper) ...........................................................334Penncozeb 75 DF (see mancozeb) ............................................361Phostrol ............................................................................................362Pivot 418 EC (see propiconazole) .............................................371Polyram DF ......................................................................................364Priaxor ..............................................................................................365Priaxor DS ........................................................................................368Proline 480 SC .................................................................................369Propel (see propiconazole) .........................................................371Propiconazole ..................................................................................371Propulse ...........................................................................................374Prosaro 250 EC ................................................................................375Quadris (see 'azoxystrobin') ..........................................................335Quadris Top ....................................................................................377Quash ...............................................................................................378Quilt ..................................................................................................379Ranman 400SC ................................................................................382Reason 500SC ..................................................................................383Regalia Maxx ..................................................................................384Revus ................................................................................................385Revus Top ........................................................................................386Ridomil Gold Products ..................................................................386Rovral Flo (see iprodione) ..........................................................357Scala SC ............................................................................................388Senator 70WP ..................................................................................389Serenade Max / Serenade CPB ...................................................390Tanos 50 DF......................................................................................391Tattoo C ............................................................................................392Tebuconazole ................................................................................393Tilt 250E (see propiconazole) ....................................................371Twinline ..........................................................................................396Vertisan ...........................................................................................397Zampro ...........................................................................................399

TriCor (see 'metribuzin') .......................................................... 227Trifluralin ................................................................................... 297Triton C ........................................................................................ 302Triton K ........................................................................................ 304Trophy .......................................................................................... 306Tropotox Plus (see MCPB/MCPA) ...................................... 224Tundra ........................................................................................ 307Turboprop (see dichlorprop/2,4-D) .................................... 132Ultim ............................................................................................ 309Valtera (see flumioxazin) ..................................................... 169Vantage Plus Max II (see glyphosate) ................................. 180

Varro ............................................................................................ 311Velocity m3.................................................................................. 313Velpar DF .................................................................................... 315Vector (see 'glyphosate') .......................................................... 180Vigil WB (see fenoxaprop) ..................................................... 155Viper ADV................................................................................... 316VMD 480 (see dicamba) ........................................................ 126WildCat (see fenoxaprop) ..................................................... 155Wise-Up (see glyphosate) ....................................................... 180Yuma GL (see quizalofop) ...................................................... 261

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Insecticide DirectoryActara ................................................................................................511Admire (see imidacloprid) ..........................................................533Agri-Mek1.9% Insecticide/Miticide ............................................512Alias (see imidacloprid) ..............................................................533Ambush (see permethrin) ..........................................................544Assail .................................................................................................513Beleaf ...............................................................................................514Capture ..........................................................................................515Chlorpyrifos ..................................................................................516Citadel (see chlorpyrifos) ..........................................................516Closer ...............................................................................................517Clutch ...............................................................................................518Concept ............................................................................................519Coragen ............................................................................................520Cygon (see dimethoate) ..............................................................526Cypermethrin ..................................................................................521Decis ..................................................................................................523Delegate ...........................................................................................524Dibrom ..............................................................................................525Dimethoate .......................................................................................526Dipel 2X DF .....................................................................................528Eco Bran............................................................................................529Endosulfan .......................................................................................530Entrust ..............................................................................................531Fulfill .................................................................................................532Grapple / Grapple2 (see imidacloprid) ...................................533Imidacloprid ....................................................................................533Imidan ...............................................................................................534Insecto (see Stored Grain) .........................................................507Lagon (see dimethoate) ..............................................................526Lambda-Cyhalothrin ......................................................................535Lannate .............................................................................................537

Lorsban (see chlorpyrifos) ..........................................................516Malathion ........................................................................................538Malathion grain dust (see Stored Grain) .................................507Matador (see lambda-cyhalothrin) ............................................535Minecto Duo .................................................................................539Movento ..........................................................................................540MPOWER Krypton (see chlorpyrifos) ......................................516Nolo Bait ........................................................................................541Nufos (see chlorpyrifos) ............................................................516Oberon ..............................................................................................542Orthene .............................................................................................543Permethrin .......................................................................................544Perm-Up (see permethrin) ..........................................................544Phostoxin (see Stored Grain) ......................................................507Pounce (see permethrin) ............................................................544Protect-IT (see Stored Grain) .....................................................507Pyrifos (see chlorpyrifos) ..........................................................516Pyrinex (see chlorpyrifos) ..........................................................516Ripcord (see cypermethrin) ........................................................521Rimon................................................................................................545Sevin XLR Plus ................................................................................546Silencer (see lambda-cyhalothrin) .............................................535Sluggo Professional .......................................................................547Success .............................................................................................548Tempo (see Stored Grain) ............................................................507Thimet ...............................................................................................549Thiodan (see endosulfan) ............................................................530Thionex (see endosulfan) ............................................................530Up-Cyde (see cypermethrin) ......................................................521Vydate ...............................................................................................550Warhawk (see chlorpyrifos) ..........................................................516

DB-Red L ..................................................................................... 416Dividend XL RTA ....................................................................... 417EverGol Energy ......................................................................... 419Gaucho CS FL ............................................................................. 421Gemini ......................................................................................... 422General Storage Disinfectant ................................................... 423Heads Up Plant Protectant ...................................................... 424Helix Vibrance. .......................................................................... 425Helix XTra ................................................................................... 425Imidacloprid ............................................................................... 426Insure Cereal .............................................................................. 428Lumiderm .................................................................................. 430Mancozeb .................................................................................... 431Maxim D / Liquid PSP/PSP/MZ PSP .................................. 432Maxim Quattro .......................................................................... 433Mertect SC ................................................................................... 434Metalaxyl .................................................................................... 435Phosphorous Acid ..................................................................... 437Poncho 600 FS (see Prosper Evergol) ................................... 439Potato ST 16 (see mancozeb) ................................................. 431Proseed ....................................................................................... 438Prosper Evergol/Prosper FX .................................................. 439Rampart (see 'phosphorous acid') .......................................... 437Rancona Apex ........................................................................... 441

Rancona RS ................................................................................ 442Raxil MD ..................................................................................... 443Raxil PRO ................................................................................... 444Raxil PRO Shield ....................................................................... 446Raxil WW .................................................................................... 447Senator PSPT .............................................................................. 448Solan MZ (see mancozeb) ..................................................... 431Sombrero 600 FS (see 'imidacloprid') .................................... 426Stadium ...................................................................................... 449StorOx .......................................................................................... 450Stress Shield 600 ........................................................................ 451Thiram 75WP .............................................................................. 452Titan ST (see Prosper Evergol) ............................................ 439Trilex AL .................................................................................... 453Trilex EverGol .......................................................................... 454Triticonazole .............................................................................. 456Tuberseal (see mancozeb) ..................................................... 431Verimark (see 'Lumiderm') ..................................................... 430Vibrance 500 FS .......................................................................... 458Vibrance Maxx RTA/RFC ....................................................... 459Vibrance Quattro ....................................................................... 460Vibrance XL/Vibrance XL Co-Pack ........................................ 462Vitaflo Brands ............................................................................. 464

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Table 1: Metric Conversion Factors* (Approximate)

Metric to Imperial Imperial to MetricMetric Unit Multiply By Imperial Unit Multiply By Metric Unit

LINEAR LINEARcentimetre (cm) x 0.39 inch x 2.54 centimetre (cm)

AREA AREAsquare metre (m2) x 1.2 square yard x 0.84 square metre (m2)hectare (ha) x 2.5 acres x 0.4 hectare (ha)

VOLUME VOLUMElitre (L) x 0.22 gallon x 4.55 litre

PRESSURE PRESSUREkilopascals (kPa) x 0.14 psi x 6.9 kilopascals (kPa)

WEIGHT WEIGHTgram (g) x 0.035 oz x 28.35 gram (g)kilogram (kg) x 2.2 lb x 0.454 kilogram (kg)

AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURALlitres per hectare (L/ha) x 0.089 gallons per acre x 11.23 litres per hectare (L/ha)litres per hectare (L/ha) x 0.357 quarts per acre x 2.81 litres per hectare (L/ha)litres per hectare (L/ha) x 0.71 pints per acre x 1.41 litres per hectare (L/ha)millilitres per hectare (mL/ha) x 0.014 fl.oz per acre x 70.22 millilitres per hectare (mL/ha)kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) x 0.89 lb per acre x 1.12 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha)grams per hectare (g/ha) x 0.014 oz per acre x 70 grams per hectare (g/ha)

*EXAMPLE: To convert centimetres to inches, multiply by 0.39; conversely, to convert inches to centimetres, mul ti ply by 2.54. CAUTION: Herbicide labels are in metric units only. Conversion between the Metric and Imperial system may result in confusion. It is recommended to use metric units only.

10

Guide toCrop Protection 2015

For Reference Until December 31, 2015This publication is updated annually and replaces

the 2014 and previous issues.

Introduction

How to Use This BookThis publication is only a guide. Always refer to the product label for application details and precautions. If the information in this publication differs from the label information, follow label instructions.The Guide to Crop Protection is divided into four sections: (1) Weed Control; (2) Foliar Fungicides; (3) Seed Treatments; and (4) Insect Control.To use the information in each of these sections, use the following process:1. Turn to the charts at the beginning of each section.

There is a set of charts for weeds, plant diseases and insect control. Select the chart for the crop you want or plan to grow. Use the chart to match your weed, disease or insect problems with the products available for that crop.

2. Once you have narrowed your product choices down to a few candidates, go to the recommendation section for that product. Products are listed alphabetically. Read the recommendations thoroughly for each product you are considering.

3. Read the product label attached to the container for detailed instructions on application.

This publication is intended to be used as a guide only. Information contained herein is that available at time of printing. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, the provincial government does not accept responsibility for label changes. When more than one trade name is listed, not all weeds or tank mixes may appear on all labels. Consult product labels attached to pesticide containers for final detailed instructions.Certain recommendations in this publication are given in quantity of commercial product per acre (mL, L, g or kg/acre). Product labels are given in quantity of product per hectare (mL, L, g or kg/ha). To avoid application errors be sure to read and understand label recommendations. The Guide to Crop Protection includes the most recent recommendations for weed, plant disease and insect

control in field and forage crops. These recommendations are based on the uses registered under the Pest Management Regulatory Agencys Pest Control Products Act. It is an offence under The Pest Control Products Act to apply any chemical in a manner not consistent with the product label. If you have any doubts regarding the instructions in this publication, or on the product label, contact the company representative, your local agricultural office or the Pest Management Regulatory Agency for further advice.

Product Labels and PCP NumbersOn each Product Page you will see a Registration or PCP number, so named because it is mandated by the Pest Control Products Act. Under the Act, every pesticide requires a unique identifier the products Registration or PCP num-ber. That number must also appear on the products label.The pesticide label packaged with the product is the author-itative source of information on use of the product and will contain more detailed information than is included in this Guide. Some products have a number of trade names for the same active ingredient. However, each product will have its own Registration (PCP) number and these appear next to the registrants names. Users who are seeking more detailed information than is provided in this guide, prior to purchase, can use the Registration (PCP) number to access a sample product label online through the Pest Management Regulatory Agencys (PMRA) website or they can contact the PMRA Hotline by phone at 1-800-267-6315. Use this link http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pest/index-eng.php and select the link that reads Search Pesticide Labels to access Electronic Label Search Tool. The PMRA Product Information database can be searched by a products trade name, active ingredient, company name or Registration (PCP) number. Since several products can contain the same active ingredient and there are often sev-eral versions of the same or similar labels on this database, using the PCP number is the most direct route to finding the

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label that links to the product page in this Guide. There may be some differences between a label found on the package and the sample labels found on the PMRA-Label Search web site so always refer to the packaged product label when applying the product.Once the product is located, you may click on its number to view an Adobe Acrobat (PDF) document containing the label and any supplemental registrations. Some of these documents run to many pages but you can use the Find capabilities of the Acrobat Reader plug-in for your browser to jump to specific areas of interest. If you do not have Adobe Acrobat Reader installed on your computer you can download a free version from www.adobe.com

Safe Use of Herbicides, Fungicides and InsecticidesHerbicides, fungicides and insecticides are classified ac cord ing to the use hazard and risk involved. The cat e go-ries of hazard are:

toxicity flammability explosive potential corrosivity other

The degree of risk is represented by symbols taken from common traffic sign shapes represented by the stop, caution and yield signs. The signal word for each of the signs is danger (high risk), warning (moderate risk) and cau tion (low risk). Where the risk is min i mal, no des ig na-tion is re quired. The label on the con tain er will carry the ap pro pri ate signs for the pro tec tion of the user. Degree of risk symbols for her bi cides, in sec ti cides and fungicides used in field and for age crops are included in the product di rec to ry. The symbols are il lus trat ed in Fig ure 1.

Figure 1. Degree of Risk and Hazard Symbols

DANGER WARNING CAUTION

POISON CORROSIVE FLAMMABLE EXPLOSIVE OTHER

LD50 values are used to rate the toxicity of pesticides. The LD50 refers to the dose of pesticide (in mg per kg of the test animals body weight) that is lethal to 50 percent of the group of test animals. For example, if a pesticide has an LD50 value of 10 mg/kg, and the test animals each weigh 1 kg, then 50 percent of the animals would die if they each ate 10 mg of the pesticide.

Table 2. Oral LD50 Values as they relate to the Risk/Haz ard Symbols

DANGER POISON WARNING POISON LD50 less than 500 mg/kg LD50 500-1,000 mg/kg indicates high toxicity indicates moderate toxicity

CAUTION POISON SYMBOL ABSENT LD50 1,000-2,500 mg/kg LD50 greater than 2,500 mg/kg indicates low toxicity indicates very low toxicityDifferent types of protective equipment are required for pesticides that differ in toxicity. Special equip ment re quire-ments are described on the product label, but in general the following precautions must be taken when using pes ti cides of different hazard ratings.Danger Poison - requires goggles, respirator, gloves and skin protection, avoid fumes and spray mist.Warning Poison - requires goggles, gloves and skin pro tec-tion, avoid fumes and spray mist.Caution Poison - requires gloves and skin pro tec tion, avoid fumes and spray mist.The absence of a hazard symbol on a pesticide label in di-cates low toxicity to mammals. Nevertheless, protective clothing should be worn when using pesticides that do not have a hazard symbol.

Protecting Yourself from Exposure to Herbicides, Fungicides and InsecticidesThe use of protective equipment and sound safety pro-ce dures will help minimize your exposure to herbicides, fun gi cides and insecticides. Follow the 10 rules for safe ap pli ca tion listed below, and wear the safety equipment rec om mend ed.

10 Rules for Safe Application 1. Never smoke or eat while applying pesticides. 2. Avoid inhaling sprays or dusts. Wear protective cloth-

ing and a respirator. 3. Sprayer lines carrying chemicals should not enter the

operators cab. 4. Have soap, water and a towel available. Should con cen-

trat ed product spill on skin, hands, face or eyes, wash immediately.

5. Wash hands and face when leaving the treated area, before break periods, lunch or urination.

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Protective ClothingWear protective equipment as described in the chart to reduce exposure.

EQUIPMENT PROTECTION HOW TO WEAR IT

Coveralls There are two types of coveralls: dis pos able and reusable.Disposable cov er alls are lightweight and comfortable on warm days. They can be worn for mixing and ap ply ing pesticides, then discarded at the days end. If they be come con tam i nat ed, they should be dis card ed at once. The second type of coverall is made of washable fabric and may be reused many times. These fab ric cov er alls are ad e-quate for use with all but the most high ly tox ic and con cen trat-ed pes ti cides.

Button (or zip) right up to the neck. Loose cov er alls around the neck will suck and blow pes ti cide in and out of the in te ri or of the coveralls as you bend and move.

Wear coveralls over a long-sleeved shirt and pants.

Aprons When pour ing or oth er wise han dling con cen trat ed pes ti cides, it makes good sense to wear pro tec tion in the form of an apron. The apron protects the front of your body from spills or splashes of the concentrate. The apron should be made of rubber or synthetic liquid-proof ma te ri al that will resist the sol-vents used in formulating the pesticide.

Make sure the apron covers your body from your chest to your boots.

Gloves Protect your hands by wearing chem i cal-resistant gloves. Neo prene gloves provide the best protection. Natural rubber gloves may be used when handling organo-phos pho rus or carbamate pesticides. Be sure that they are de signed for use with solvents and pesticides. Never use lined gloves, gloves with wristbands or leath er gloves.

Put gloves on and roll up the first inch or two of the cuff. That way when you lift your hands, any liq uid on the gloves wont drip down your arms.

Hats Use a chemical-resistant hat, preferably made of wash able plastic. The hat may be a hard hat or made of flexible plastic. In either case, it should have a plastic sweat band. Wash and dry entire hat after each use and before storing. Ordinary baseball caps with cloth sweat bands are dan ger ous as they absorb the pesticide and re con tam i nate the forehead each time you wear them. Even small amounts of moderately or slightly toxic pes ti cides may cause se vere skin irritation or other illness if exposure con tin ues for several days.

Boots Wear chemical-re sis tant, unlined boots. These boots are available in a variety of styles and materials. Neo prene boots are the best. Knee-length boots offer greater pro tec tion be cause they extend above the low er end of the apron. Avoid leath er or fabric boots and shoes because these will absorb pes ti cides and cannot be cleaned effectively.

Wear your pant legs outside the top of your boots. This will prevent spills and splashes from running into the boot and onto your leg.

6. Bathe or shower and change into clean clothing after working with pesticides. Wash clothing each day before re-use.

7. Call a physician or get the patient to a hospital im me-di ate ly if symptoms of illness occur during or shortly after pesticide application. Be sure to take along the product label or container.

8. Store pesticides out of reach of children and where there is no chance of contact with human food or live-

stock feeds. Do not store herbicides with insecticides and avoid cross-contamination. Storage areas should be locked.

9. Keep chemicals in their original containers, never in unmarked containers or bottles used for food or drink.

10. Follow proper container disposal methods. All con-tain ers should be triple rinsed or pressure rinsed, punc tured to render the container non-reusable, and de liv ered to designated disposal sites.

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EQUIPMENT PROTECTION HOW TO WEAR IT

Goggles Chemical-resistant goggles keep your eyes safe from both splashing and, if using dry for mu la tions, dusts or gran ules. Dont use goggles with cloth or elastic headbands as these will absorb pesticides.

Wear goggles snugly on your face so that the sides of your head are protected from splashes. If you wear glasses, make sure you purchase goggles that fit snugly over them. Nev er wear contact lenses when working around pesticides.

Respirators Only NIOSH-ap proved respirators should be used. Do not exchange parts of different respirators. (For example, do not use a cartridge pro duced by Company A with a res-pi ra tor produced by Company B as the combination may not pro vide adequate protection to the user). Dust masks are ineffective in protecting against herbicide vapours. Similarly, the filters on tractor cabs are intended to remove dust and are not designed to protect against herbicide vapours or mists. Chemical cartridge res pi ra tors are recommended for outdoor use when mixing and applying herbicides.

When carrying out operations, change filters each day. The car tridge should be replaced when chem i cal odour becomes apparent or when breathing becomes dif fi cult. New cartridges should always be installed at the beginning of the spray season. Prior to com menc ing work, check the face seal while the respirator is on the wearers face. Regardless of design, res pi ra tors cannot be worn securely by peo ple wearing beards, mous tach es or side burns.

Face Shields Goggles offer some protection, but fre quent ly full-face pro tec-tion is ad vised or required according to the pesticide la bel. It is especially im por tant to protect your eyes and face when pouring or mixing liquid con cen trates. Ef fec tive face shields are made of clear plastic.

Since the shield attaches to the hard hat, you can raise or lower it as need-ed.

Protecting Your Eyes, Face and LungsWear the following equipment to protect your facial area from exposure:

Avoiding Spray DriftTo minimize the risk of drift, follow these guide lines:1. Do not spray in winds above 15 km/h (9 mph).2. Do not spray under dead calm conditions in early morn-

ing, night, or late evening. These are often as so ci at ed with temperature in ver sions and the com bi na tion of these factors can result in long-dis tance spray drift (2 km or more). Fog or dust that seems to hang in the air is a good in di ca tor of an inversion.

3. Avoid nozzle pressures above 45 psi (310 kPa) for con-ven tion al flat fan tips.

4. Use a minimum of 45 L/acre wa ter for all pesticides unless otherwise spec i fied for the product.

5. Take note of buffer zones identified in the Re stric tions section of this guide. Do not spray when the wind is blowing towards a nearby sen si tive crop, shelterbelt, garden, or water body.

6. Use amine formulations of 2,4-D or MCPA where pos si-ble. Use special care when ap ply ing volatile her bi cides (most herbicides in Group 3 and Group 4, par tic u lar ly ester for mu la tions). Avoid spraying these products on or im me di ate ly be fore hot days.

7. Ensure that air flow from air assisted spray ers is prop er-ly set to minimize airblast rebound and drift for dif fer ent crop canopies.

8. Operate nozzles at their minimum rec om mend ed height. For 80 tips, this is 18 (45 cm), and for 110 tips, this is 12 (35 cm). Ori ent ing nozzles forward allows further height re duc tions.

9. Special nozzles are now available that cre ate coarse, low-drift sprays. Pre-orifice, Turbo-TeeJet, or venturi-type nozzles are avail able from a number of man u fac tur ers, and these re duce drift by 50 to 95 per cent. (Re fer to the sec-tion en ti tled Herbicide Ef fi ca cy with Low-Drift Noz zles)

10. Consider equipping your sprayer with pro tec tive shrouds. A number of different designs are available that can reduce drift between 35 and 75 percent.

11. Reduce travel speeds. rapid air movement over nozzle tips increases the risk of fine droplets prone to drift and turbulence from the sprayer itself can increase the uncer-tainty of spray deposition.

For more information on reducing drift refer the Factsheet entitled Spray Drift Causes and Solutions available at the Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture Website: www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca

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Herbicide Efficacy with Low-drift NozzlesA number of low-drift nozzles are now available from dif-fer ent suppliers. Well established nozzles, such as the Turbo TeeJet, reduce drift by about 50 percent and pro vide equiv-a lent efficacy to a standard flat fan nozzle. New er nozzles (venturi types) are best known for their dra mat ic ability to reduce drift (50 to 95 percent). Research sug gest that these noz zles perform well at conventional carrier vol umes, trav-el speeds, and product rates. Some aspects re quire special attention:Pressure: Some venturi-type nozzles require higher pres-sures to operate properly. Below 40 psi (275 kPa), patterns for these designs may deteriorate rapidly resulting in poor overlaps and erratic control. Design improvements have resulted in venturi nozzles that require less pressure to operate effectively. When using automatic rate controllers, make sure your pressures match the recommended pres-sure ranges for good nozzle performance. Water Volume: Droplet size becomes more important at lower water volumes. Little is known about low-drift noz-zle performance at or below 5 gal/acre (23 L/acre). Since low-drift nozzles generate fewer droplets than con ven tion-al nozzles, ensure that water volumes are high enough for coverage when using coarse sprays. Weed Type: Difficult-to-wet weeds, such as wild oats, green foxtail, lambs-quarters, and cleavers, typically re quire finer sprays for effective coverage. When using ven turi nozzles on these weeds, make sure your pressure is high enough to achieve good coverage. Larger weeds and reduced product rates typically make chemical con trol more difficult, and these conditions may also reveal some performance differ-ences between nozzles. Herbicide Type: Her bi cides that belong to herbicide Groups 2, 4, and 9 perform well with venturi nozzles, even at normal pressures (40 psi). Application of herbicides in Groups 1, 6, 8, 10 and 14 may require higher pressures with venturi nozzles to main tain good performance, especially under challenging con di tions. Wild oat control may be reduced with the coars est sprays, even when applied at high pressure. Check with your chemical representative to see if the man-u fac tur er supports the use of low-drift nozzles with their products. More information is available in the factsheet Pesticide Application and Choosing the Right Nozzles, available from your local extension office or at the Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture Website: www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca

Handling a Drift ComplaintWhen spray drift occurs, it is important to take the right steps to resolve the complaint. If you suspect that your crop or property has been damaged because of spray drift, use the following guidelines for resolving the situation.

1. Are you sure that the symptoms or damage you see has been caused by spray drift? Contact your local ag ri cul-tur al office to help determine if the dam age is the re sult of spray drift.

2. Contact the suspected applicator as soon as possible. View the damage with the suspected applicator and determine if that person did, in fact, cause the damage.

3. If the damage was caused by the applicator, determine the extent of the damage and the level of compensation (if any) with the applicator.

4. If the situation cannot be resolved quickly because of dis-agreements on the extent of damage , cause of the damage, or level of com pen sa tion, contact your local agricultural office to dis cuss options on how to proceed. Doc u men ta tion will be re quired, par tic u lar ly if in sur ance companies are in volved.

5. The involvement of a private consultant is rec om mend-ed if documentation is required. Required doc u men-ta tion often includes samples of the damaged plants, photographs, and yield comparisons to de ter mine losses. Your agricultural office can pro vide you with a list of private consultants in your area.

6. The best approach is to start an open and honest line of communication with the suspected applicator. The ma jor i ty of drift complaints are resolved quickly and ef fi-cient ly by communicating with the applicator, with out the in volve ment of outside parties.

Mixing Pesticides The ability to control a broad range of weeds or other pests in one pass is the advantage that a mix of two or more prod-ucts allows. If tank mixing is not done in the correct order, the result could be a tank-load of material that may not con-trol the tar get pests, cause injury to the crop, plug nozzles, or leave an undesirable residue in the tank that will require extensive cleaning. Mistakes like these are costly, could put the user at unnecessary risk of exposure to the products, or create an en vi ron men tal disposal prob lem.To avoid mixing that may result in in com pat i bil i ties, al ways consult the label of the prod ucts that are be ing used to learn the correct order. Re mem ber to add all like com po nents at the same stage of mixing. The list below is a general rule-of-thumb for mixing pesticides:

1. Fill the spray tank with 1/4 to 3/4 the amount of water required for the ap pli ca tion and turn on the sprayer agitation. Check the prod ucts that are be ing used for the correct amount to add. Once ag i ta tion has begun, maintain until the tank is emptied.

2. Add any fertilizer or pH adjuster additives to the tank.3. Add any wettable powders, water dis pers ible gran ules

(DF, DG, or WDG), or flowable liquid sus pen sions to the tank. Add dry products slow ly to prevent clogged return lines. Allow sprayer to ag i tate for a few min utes, al low ing the prod uct to be come com plete ly sus pend ed in the tank, be fore adding the next com po nent.

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4. Shake any con tain ers of liq uid pes ti cide thor ough ly be fore adding to ensure they are well mixed.

5. Add any pes ti cides that are solutions (SN) (i.e. amines and salts)

6. Add emulsifiable concentrates (EC, SC) (i.e. esters)7. Add any surfactants or other adjuvants.Remember to always consult the label for com pat i ble mixes and recommended mixing order. Many pesticides will break down if left in the tank for an extended period. Try not to mix any more than you can spray at one time. If you need to stop spraying for a short time, leave the sprayer ag i ta tion running to keep prod ucts from settling or sep a rat ing in the tank.

Container DisposalProper disposal of used containers and unused pesticides is important to protect the environment and prevent contamination of soil and water resources. Rinse all containers prior to disposal to reduce environmental contamination caused by open dumping of unwanted containers. Only mix as much pesticide solution as is needed to treat the desired area.

Triple RinsingTriple rinsing renders used pesticide containers (metal, plastic, glass) more than 99.9 percent free of residues, in most cases.Here are the steps that should be followed:

1. Empty contents of the container into the spray tank and drain in a vertical position for 30 seconds.

2. Add a measured amount of rinse water or other diluent until container is about one-fifth full.

3. Rinse the container thoroughly and pour the rinsate into the spray tank.

4. Repeat the procedure twice (it should take only about 5 minutes in total).

5. Puncture or break triple rinsed containers to render them non-reusable. Paper bags should be rinsed once prior to disposal.

Pressure RinsingPressure rinsers can be used to rinse any size of empty pesticide container that can be lifted into position over the spray tank. A 30 second rinse with a pressure rinser is convenient and just as effective as triple rinsing. Pressure rinsers are constructed to be thrust into the bottom of a metal can or plastic jug. Holes, situated laterally in the rinser tip, direct water from a pressurized source against the inner sides of the container and effectively wash the residual pesticide into the spray tank. Some farmers have found it convenient to attach a rinser to the pump on their large water storage tank to minimize container handling. Pressure rinsers have the added advantage of rendering containers useless by automatically puncturing them.

Disposal of ContainersProperly rinsed containers should be delivered to a des-ignated pesticide container disposal site. Contact your ag rep, municipal office or weed supervisor for the locations of pesticide container disposal sites in your municipality.

Sprayer CleaningWhen pesticide application is completed each day it is important to empty and clean the sprayer thoroughly to prevent the breakdown of certain pesticides, prevent adhe-sion of the pesticide to the sprayer, and to maintain the sprayer parts in good condition. Certain pesticides break down very quickly when left in solution, and several pes-ticide solutions can be corrosive to sprayer parts. Sprayer cleaning is especially important when changing from one crop to another or from one pesticide to another. Each year several reports are logged of herbicide damage cause by carryover of product residue in the tank. To avoid the risk of contamination, sprayers should be cleaned as soon as possible after application is completed.Do not clean sprayers where rinsate can run off into ditches or other water bodies, near sensitive plants or shelterbelts, or where other people or animals are likely to walk, to avoid unnecessary exposure to people, animals and the environment.There are three basic types of rinse solution for cleaning sprayer tanks. Their recipes and basic procedures are out-lined below:The Ammonia Rinse Fill spray tank and add 1 L of household ammonia (3%) for every 100 L of clean water needed for the rinse and begin agitation. Allow solution to flush through the booms until the boom is completely filled with ammonia solution and top up the tank with water. Circulate the ammonia solution through the tank and pump system for 15 minutes. Flush hoses and booms with ammonia rinse solution again (minimum 5 minutes) before emptying. Remove nozzles and screens and scrub with 0.1 L household ammonia per 10 L clean water and an old toothbrush. Perform clean water rinse to remove ammonia solution prior to next spray load. Some herbi-cides recommend leaving the ammonia rinse in the tank over night to improve cleaning potential.The Fresh Water Rinse The spray tank cleaning should begin and end with a fresh water rinse to remove the majority of potential contaminants prior to the cleansing process or prior to the next round of spraying. Drain the tank of its previous contents and fill the tank with clean water. Open nozzle valves and pump clean water through the booms and hoses. Top up the tank with more clean water and circulate/agitate for at least 10 minutes and empty the tank of waste water. If this is the first rinse after spraying, a high pressure hose could be used to clean residue from all surfaces in the tank. Do not enter the tank during the cleaning process.

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The Detergent Rinse After rinsing with clean water, fill spray tank and add a heavy-duty detergent at 0.25 L per 100 L of water (some suggest a non-ionic surfactant such as Agral 90 or Agsurf at 0.6 L per 100 L of water). Circulate the mixture for a minimum of 5 minutes and spray out through sprayer nozzles. Nozzles and screens are removed and cleaned individually with the same detergent solution in a small container. Soaking in this solution for several hours also helps to loosen any deposits.The above solutions are just components of the overall sprayer cleaning process. Typical rinse instructions will repeat a combination of one or two or all of these basic rinses. Below we will give some generic rinse instructions utilizing the basic rinses as components of the larger clean-ing procedure. Never enter the tank during the cleaning process as some cleansers may release dangerous gases.

Method A Drain contents of tank 1 to 2 X Water Rinse 2X Ammonia Rinse 2X Water Rinse (one just prior to the next spraying event)Products: 2,4-D, Aatrex, Accent, Aim, Authority, Barricade, Battalion, Blazer, Broadband, CleanStart, dicamba, Dichlorprop/2,4-D, DyVel, Escort, Everest, GBX, Express Pro, florasulam + glyphosate, florasulam + MCPA, flucar-bazone, flumioxazin, fluroxypyr + 2,4-D, Frontier, Frontline 2,4-D, glyphosate/dicamba, Impact, Inferno Duo, Infinity, MCPA, metsulfuron, Muster, Option, Pinnacle, Prism, Reclaim, Restore, simazine, Spectrum, Stellar, thifensulfu-ron/tribenuron Tordon 22K, Traxos, tribenuron, Triton C & K, Tundra, Ultim, Varro, Velocity.

Method B Drain Contents of tank 2X Water Rinse 2X Detergent Rinse 2X Water RinseProducts: Achieve Liquid Gold*, Avadex, Axial, Basagran, Bromoxynil/MCPA, Clethodim, diquat, Distinct, DyVel DSp, Enforcer, fenoxaprop, FlexStar, Focus, GoodHarvest, Gramoxone*, Heat, Liberty, Lontrel, metribuzin, Momentum, Overdrive, Poast Ultra, PrimExtra Magnum, Pulsar, quizalofop, Reflex, Reward*, tralkoxydim, triflura-lin products, Trophy, Velpar, Viper ADV. *Manufacturers of these products recommend adding a non-ionic surfactant such as Agral 90 or Agsurf II at 0.6 L per 100 L of water.

Method C -Drain Contents of tank Several repetitions of the Water Rinse with nozzles and screens removed and checked for debris. Products: Adrenalin, Altitude, Amitrol 240, Ares, Clodinafop, Dual II Magnum, Eclipse, glyphosate prod-ucts, imazamethabenz, imazethapyr, Odyssey, Prestige, Solo.

The above directions are general processes based on the similarities of tank cleaning recommendations between products in each of the herbicide groupings. Always fol-low the specific instructions on the product label. Several products in the guide do not have label instruc-tions regarding tank cleaning. In the case of products that have no cleaning recommendations on the label, there are some basic principals that can be applied. Products that are water based formulations can usually be cleaned from spray tanks using Method C above. Products that are formulated as an EC, SC or F (flowable) or use a petro-leum based adjuvant should at least use Method B. The detergent breaks down the oil that may be sticking to the side of the tank. Products in Group 2 (most will already have a recommendation) with the exception of the 'IMI' products from BASF, will require the use of Method A. The ammonia in Method A either increases the solubility of the product allowing it to be easily removed from the tank surfaces or speeds the breakdown of these products in water. If the product that is to be cleaned out of the tank is a combination of these elements, use a combination of Methods to clean the tank. In these cases, use a good com-mercial tank-cleaning product from a recognized source, with both ammonia and detergent as components. Group 2 compounds are highly active on sensitive plants so even a small amount remaining in the sprayer can pres-ent a risk of injury. They can also occasionally be trapped on the tank walls and plumbing by petroleum based formulations or adjuvants when tank mixed with other products, resulting in tank residues that may be tougher to remove. A way to reduce the chance of this occurring is to add detergent at 0.25 L per 100 L to the Ammonia Rinse portion to assist with the breakdown of the petroleum coating so that the ammonia may rid the tank of Group 2 product.It is very important to clean sprayers immediately after every use. With a more diverse rotation, the likelihood of damage from lack of care increases dramatically.

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How to Identify Crop and Weed Leaf StagesRecognition of plant growth stages is essential for effective weed and disease control. Many herbicides and fungicides are safe on a crop only when applied at a specific growth stage. Similarly, weeds are controlled only when they are at certain growth stages.For most post-emergent products, growth stages are described by the number of leaves. The following is a description of how to count leaves for staging.

Cereals and Annual Grass WeedsManufacturers generally use two different systems of stag-ing for grasses. The minimum stages of application are sim i lar, while the lat er stag es may dif fer. Some manufacturers use Total Leaf Count stag es based on the num ber of leaves on the entire plant, including til-lers or sec ond ary shoots. Most rec om men da tions how ev er, are based on the num ber of main stem leaves and tillers. Tillers or stools are the sec ond ary shoots or stems of a grass plant. Sim i lar to the branch es of a broa d le af plant, tillers will emerge from the axils between the leaf and main shoot.

Tillers usu al ly be gin to appear at the 3 or 4 leaf stage. When stag ing a plant in this man ner, be sure to identify the tillers first, then count only leaves that originate from the main shoot.

Figure 2. Leaf Stages of Cereals and Annual Grass Weeds

1 leaf 2 leaves

3 leaves 4 leaves

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2

12

3

12

3 4

1

2

3

45

T#1

T#2

5 main stem leaves, 2 tillers OR 9 total leaves

prophyll - asheath foundonly on tillers

tillerleaf

main

stem

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Opposite Leaves

Cotyledon Stage 2 Leaf Stage

4 Leaf Stage 6 Leaf Stage

Whorled Leaves

Cotyledon Stage 1 Whorl Stage

2 Whorl Stage 3 Whorl Stage

Figure 3. Leaf Stages of Broadleaf Weeds and Crops

Alternate Leaves

Cotyledon Stage 1 Leaf Stage

2 Leaf Stage 4 Leaf Stage

Broadleaf WeedsCotyledons - These are the seed leaves that usually emerge above ground. On some plants, such as fababeans, lentils and peas, they stay below the soil surface. Cot y le dons are not true leaves and are not counted when de ter min-ing leaf number. They are a dif fer ent shape than the true leaves and may dry up and dis ap pear at an early stage.

Alternate leaves - Some plants have one leaf at each node on the stem. The next leaf emerges at the next higher node and extends away from the stem in the opposite di rec-tion. These plants (lambs quarters and wild mustard are good examples) are said to have alternate leaves. To de ter-mine the leaf stage, simply count the number of leaves present (Figure 3).

Opposite leaves - Plants with two leaves at each node, one on each side of the stem, are said to have opposite leaves. The next pair of leaves on the next node are rotated about 45 so that they are not directly over the previous pair. Plants with opposite leaves have even-leaf numbers only. When counting, the leaf number progresses from cot y le-dons to 2 leaf, 4 leaf, etc. These plants generally ap pear shorter than plants with alternate leaves at a similar leaf stage. Be sure to count each pair as two leaves. Hemp nettle is a weed that has opposite leaves (Figure 3).

Whorled leaves - More complex plants like cleavers may have whorled leaves. These plants have three or more leaves at each node on the stem. The leaf number in each whorl may vary, so be sure to count each individual leaf unless the Guide or label recommendation refers to the number of leaf whorls (Figure 3).

19

Intr

od

ucti

on

Figure 4. Leaf Stages of Certain Special Crops and Forages

Lentil Seedling

5th node

4th node

3rd node

2nd node

Stipule (1st node) may be below soil surface

Field Pea Seedling

2nd true leaf

Soil surface may be

anywhere in this range

de pend ing on how deep

peas are plant ed.

4th true leaf

3rd true leaf may have sev er al leaf-lets and tendrils

Node 6

Node 5

Node 41st true leaf with stipulesNode 3

Node 2 (2nd scale leaf)

Node 1 (1st scale leaf)

Seed

NB: Scale leaves are usually found below ground but may occur above ground. Do not count as true leaves.

Dry Bean Seedling

1st trifoliate leaf

unifoliate leaf

2nd trifoliate

leaf

cotyledon

Forage Legume Seedling

Unifoliate 1 Trifoliate

3 Trifoliate2 Trifoliate

Stages of Alfalfa, Red Clover and Alsike Clover Leaf Development

cotyledon

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HerbicidesProduct Common Name Formulation Company2,4-D 2,4-D 600, 700 g/L SN, EC VariousAAtrex Liquid atrazine 480 g/L SC Syngenta Canada Accent nicosulfuron 75% DG E. I. duPont CanadaAccurate metsulfuron methyl 60% DG Cheminova Canada Achieve (Liquid Achieve) tralkoxydim 400 g/L SC Dow AgroSciencesAim carfentrazone 240 g/L EC FMC of Canada Ally Toss-N-Go metsulfuron methyl 60% DG E. I. duPont CanadaAltitude FX imazamox + 120 g/L SN + BASF Canada fluroxypyr+MCPA 600 ester 180 g/L + 600 g/L ECAltitude FX 2 imazamox+fluroxypyr 120 g/L+180 g/L SN BASF CanadaAmitrol 240 amitrole 231 g/L SN Nufarm AgricultureApprove bromoxynil : : 2,4-D LV E 225 : 225 g/L EC Nufarm AgricultureAres imazamox : imazapyr 33 : 15% SN BASF Canada Armezon topremazone 336 g/L SC BASF CanadaArrow clethodim 240 g/L EC ADAMA CanadaAssert 300 SC imazam