2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Sydney - Peter Gunn

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An explanation for the distribution of Broken Hill style mineralisation invoking dense rift-related igneous intrusions. This talk will suggest explanations for: - the gravity field of the Broken Hill area - the distribution and origin of the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralisation - the distribution and origin of the Cu mineralisation - the magnetic field of the Broken Hill area - the original structure of the Broken Hill area - the present structure of the Broken Hill area - the topography of the Broken Hill area And - give guidelines for exploring for Broken Hill type deposits Presented by – Peter Gunn MSc, PhD, FAIG Bohuon Resources Pty. Ltd. 16 Plunkett Road, Mosman, NSW 2088 Australia Tel: +612 9968 1209 Email: [email protected]

Transcript of 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Sydney - Peter Gunn

An explanation for the distribution of Broken Hill style mineralisation invoking dense rift-related igneous intrusions.

This talk will suggest explanations for: -  the gravity field of the Broken Hill area -  the distribution and origin of the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralisation -  the distribution and origin of the Cu mineralisation -  the magnetic field of the Broken Hill area -  the original structure of the Broken Hill area -  the present structure of the Broken Hill area -  the topography of the Broken Hill area

And - give guidelines for exploring for Broken Hill type deposits Presented by – Peter Gunn MSc, PhD, FAIG Bohuon Resources Pty. Ltd. 16 Plunkett Road, Mosman, NSW 2088 Australia Tel: +612 9968 1209 Email: [email protected]

Gravity  field  of  the  Broken  Hill  area  showing  loca8ons  of  Ag-­‐Pb-­‐Zn  mineralisa8on.    Many  authors  (e.g.  Stevens  et  al.,  1988)  have  iden8fied  the  Broken  hill  area  as  having  a  riI  related  origin.  This  talk  will  present  an  explana8on  for  the  remarkable  correla8on  of  the  mineral  occurrences  with  the  edges  of  the  gravity  anomalies  based  on  situa8ons  the  author  has  observed  in  during  studies  of  numerous  riI  systems.      

Red  indicates  high  gravity.  High  gravity  can  indicates  dense    rocks,  such  as  mafic  or  ultramafic  intrusions.    Major  structures  can  also  cause  gravity  highs.    Main  roads  are  shown.    The  main  Broken  Hill  orebody  centred  on  Broken  Hill  contained  over  200  Mt  of  ore  and  is  7.5  km    long.    

47.3  KM  

Broken  Hill  

From  Forbes  et  al.  (2008)  

Geology  with  occurrences  of  Pb,  Zn  and  Ag  

The  Thackaringa,  Broken  Hill  and  Sundown  Groups  have  been  interpreted  as  syn-­‐riI  sediments.    The  Paragon  group  has  been  interpreted  as  post  riI.  

From  Gunn  (1997)  

CLASSICAL  STAGES  OF  RIFTING  The  black  bodies  are  igneous  intrusions  that  result  from    decompression  of  the  mantle  during  extension  and  crustal  thinning.    These  intrusions  cause  significant  gravity  highs.    The  author  has  concluded  that  the  situa8on  at  Broken  Hill  probably  corresponded  to    Situa8on  (ii)  or  (more  probably)  Situa8on  (iii).  

From  Gunn  (1997)  

Several  stages  of    riNing  can  exist    in  the  same  riN  System.    Note  transfer  faults  allowing  differenRal  extension.  

The  author  has  done  detailed  studies  of  the  following  riIs  where  the  model  presented  appears  to  be  confirmed:    The  Midland  Valley  of  Scotland  and  Northern  Ireland  (Gunn,  1972)  The  Joseph  Bonaparte  Gulf  RiI  (Petrel  Sub-­‐basin)    (Gunn,  1988)  The  Otway  Basin  (Gunn  et  al.,  1995)  The  Bass  Basin  (Gunn  et  al.,  1996)  The  Sydney-­‐Bowen  Basin  The  Cuve]e  Centrale  of  the  Democra8c  Republic  of  Congo  The  East  African  RiIs  in  Northern  Kenya  and  Ethiopia  The  Western  Desert  area  of  Egypt  The  Etosha  Basin  In  Namibia  and  Angola      Par8al  studies  of  other  riIs  and  ar8cles  in  the  literature  appear  to    confirm  the  widespread  occurrence  of  riIs  conforming  to  the  model  although  it  must  be  admi]ed  that  not  all  riIs  conform  to  the  model    presented.    Studies  of  the  Joseph  Bonaparte  Gulf  riI  will  be  presented  to  establish    possible  analogues  with  the  Broken  Hill  area.          

The  Joseph  Bonaparte  Gulf  contains  an  extremely  well  studied    riI  system.    Gunn  (1988)  published  the  first  detailed  interpreta8on  of  this  area  in  terms  of  modern  riI  theory.    The  riI  is  characterised  by  a  striking  axial  gravity  anomaly  that  bifurcates  halfway  along  its  length.    Recent  gravity  modelling,  deep  seismic  reflec8on  surveys  and  tomographic  inversions  of  a  sea  floor  seismic  refrac8on  survey  give  results  that  agree  almost  exactly  with  the  previously  presented  model  of  riIing  processes.  

Gravity  field  of  the  Bonaparte  Gulf  

From  Baldwin  et  al.  (2003)  

Gravity  

Seismic  reflec8on  

GRAVITY  MODELLING  

Afar  Triangle    topography    and  structure  

Seismic    tomographic    results  imaging  axial  intrusions  along  the  riI  axis  

From  Bastow    et  al.  (2011)  

TOTAL MAGNETIC INTENSITY PROFILE

Gravity

INVERSION  OF  OCEAN  BOTTOM  SEISMIC  REFRACTION  DATA  Tomographic  inversion    of  sea  floor  seismic  refrac8on  data  from  Goncharov  et  al.  (2004)  and  gravity  modelling    from  Baldwin  et  al.  (2003).    Note  posi8ons  of  magne8c  highs.    

MAGNETIC INTENSITY PROFILE

Gunn (1988) section

From Goncharov et al. (2004)

Gravity

BONAPARTE GULF RIFT

Goncharov  et  a.  (2004)  have  overlain  deep  seismic  reflec8on  data  on  their  tomographic    inversion  results.  Their  sec8on  closely  resembles  the  sec8on    predicted  by  Gunn  (1988)  

Generalised  gravity  model  showing  that    the    two  gravity  highs  at  Broken  Hill  can  be  explained    by  two  dense  intrusions  similar  to  those  imaged    in  the  Joseph  Bonaparte  Gulf  RiI.    

Country  rock  density    2.83  gm/cc  Intrusion  density  3.0  gm/cc  (average  for  gabbro)  

Observed  gravity  

Calculated  gravity  

So,  are  the  Broken  Hill  gravity  anomalies  Indica8ng  a  similar  situa8on  as  exists  in    The  Joseph  Bonaparte  Gulf  RiI?  Could  deep  penetra8ng  faults  such  as    those  that  flank  the  intrusions  in  the    Joseph  Bonaparte  Gulf  RiI  have  channelled  mineralising  solu8ons  so  that  mineralisa8on  was  precipitated  along  the  edges  of  the  gravity  anomalies?  

Gravity  

Normally  deep  riN  related  intrusions  such  as  those  in  the  Joseph  Bonaparte  Gulf  cause  significant  magneRc  anomalies.    (see  for  example  the  magneRc  anomalies  shown  on  the  secRon  in  Slide  11).  No  such  anomalies  exist  over  the  immediate  Broken  Hill  area.    In  fact  the  Broken  Hill  area  corresponds  to  a  regional  magneRc  low.    This  regional  low  shows  very  liVle  correlaRon  with  surface  geology.    This  fact  suggests  that  it  is  reflecRng  a  superimposed  event  such  as  a  metamorphic  episode  (eclogite  facies  at  depth?).    It  is  possible  that  such  a  metamorphic  effect  destroyed  any  original  magneRc  properRes  of  the  inferred  gravity  related  intrusions.    It  is  also  possible  that  the  mafic  magmas  that  produced  the  inferred  intrusions  must  have  been  relaRvely  reduced  and  were  derived  from  primiRve  mantle.    Many  ancient  mafic  magmas  are  reduced  and  produce  gabbroic  intrusions  that  are  weakly  or  not  magneRc.  The  ultramafic  cumulates  beneath  them  also  contain  no    primary  magneRte    (D.  Clark,  CSIRO  –  personal  communicaRon).            

Total  magne8c  intensity  (TMI)                                                          Ver8cal  deriva8ve  of  TMI  

Cu  occurrences  at  Broken  Hill  superimposed  on  gravity.  Note  that  the  Cu  occurrences  are  on  the  gravity  anomalies  

Gravity  of  the  Joseph  Bonaparte  Gulf  riI  

RiI  axis  intrusions  oIen  underlie  volcanic  centres    such  as  those  indicated  by  black  triangles  in  the    above  figure  of  the  northern  por8on  of  the  East  African  RiI  system.    It  seems  likely  that  in    submarine  situa8ons  that  such  volcanic  centres    would  be  the  source  of  “black  smokers”  and    massive  sulphide  precipita8on.  Could  it  be  that  the  gravity  anomalies  at  Broken  Hill  are  due  to  fragments  of  such  axial  intrusions  and  the  copper  occurrences  occurring  on  the  gravity  anomalies  are  due  to  such  hydrothermal  ac8vity,  in  this  case,  with  similari8es  to  Cyprus  type  Cu  deposits?  

From  Daly  et  al.(2008)  

Outcrops  of  amphibolites.  Some  clustering  over  inferred  intrusions.    Are  these  evidence  of    igneous  rocks  sourced    from  deeper  intrusions?  

From  Binns  (2004)  

Sec8on  across    a  black  smoker  volcanic  centre  on  the    Pual  Ridge  in  the  Manus  Basin  RiI    According  to  Binns:  Seismic  evidence  exists  for  a  magma  chamber  2.5-­‐3  km  below,  Cu  and  Au  are  likely  derived  from  an  ascending  magma8c  component,    and  various  juvenile  sites  of  ven8ng  occur  in  the  area    Are  the  Cu  occurrences  at  Broken  Hill  the  result  of  similar  ven8ng?  

Transfer  fault  

Normal  fault  

Generalised  major  transfer  zones  as  heavy  black  lines,  generalised  normal  faults  as  dashed  lines  ?  

It  is  possible  that  the  NW  trending  shears  at  Broken  Hill  are  relicts  of  transfer  faults  and  the  NE  trending  shear  zones  are  relicts  of  normal  faults?    AN  IDEA  OF  THE  ORIGINAL  RIFT  GEOMETRY?  

Egyp8an  Qatara  Depression    analogue?  

Mundi  Mundi  Plains  

Mundi  Mundi  Fault  a  thrust?  

ElevaRon  –  is  it  reflecRng  an  inverted  riN?  

Is  this  a  thrust  caused    by  bu]ressing  against  a  dense  igneous  body  c.f.  the  Beliat  An8cline    in  Brunei  and  Sarawak?  

Libyan    Plateau  Analogue?  

Darling  Range    Thrust  zone  

ElevaRon  The  Darling  Range  is  composed  of  Thorndale  Composite  Gneiss  

GRAVITY  The  thrust  of  Thorndale  Composite  Gneiss  appears  to  be  wrapped  around  the  southeastern  side  of  the  gravity  high  interpreted  as  due  to  a  mafic  intrusion.  Has  a  buVressing  effect  of  the  intrusion  controlled  the  geometry  of  the  thrust?  

The  Thorndale  Composite  Gneiss  is  magneRc  and  appears  to  be  a  detached  thin  slice  of  magneRc  material  thrust  over  Thackaringa  Group  units.  

High    resolu8on  seismic  reflec8on  data  across  the  Broken  Hill  area  (Fomin  and  Korsh,  2007)  does  not  clearly  image  deep  structures.  

Possible  intrusion  at  depth    flanked  by  fault  zone  

Line  drawing  of  an  interpreta8on  of  regional  seismic  reflec8on  data  from  Gibson  et  al.  (1998)    Some  of  the  events  could  be  mul8ples,  reflected  refrac8ons  and  side  swipe  reflec8ons.    Some  possible  doming  is  indicated  between  Li]le  Broken  Hill  and  the  Broken  Hill  Synform.    There  appears  to  be  a  possible  change  in  character  of  the  crust  beneath  the  Broken  Hill  Synform  area.    Large  igneous  intrusions  almost  never  image  well  in  seismic  reflec8on  data  due  to  the  lack  of  internal  velocity  contrasts.    The  shallow  thrus8ng  that  has  been  interpreted  is  probably  real.    Many  riIs  get  compressed  and  “inverted”  during  which  the  syn-­‐riI  sediments  are  squashed  to  the  extent  that  they  no  longer  fit  in  the  original  riI  depression.    This  causes  folding  and  thrus8ng  of  the  syn-­‐riI  sediments.    Such  a  process  could  explain  much  of  the  structuring  at  Broken  Hill.    The  Olarian  Orogeny  probably  had  an  influence  on  post  riI  structuring.  

Reduced to pole magnetic intensity over the Yalata Layered Intrusion. Are such features remnants of rift axis intrusions?

Gravity

Gravity

SA

WA

From Gunn (1984)

Bonaparte  gravity  

Gunn  (1984)  hypothised  that  a  riI  margin  situa8on  with  associated  gravity  and    magne8c  highs  exists  along  the  western    margin  of  the  Adelaide  Geosyncline  (the  Torrens  Hinge  Zone).    This  zone  could  have  similar  prospec8vity  to  the  Broken  Hill  area.  

From    Gunn  (1984)  

MagneRc  intensity  of  South  Australia  MagneRc  intensity  of  South  Australia  

ACCORDING  TO  WIKIPEDIA  THERE  HAVE  BEEN  OVER  1500  PUBLICATIONS  ON  BROKEN  HILL  GEOLOGY.    YOU  HAVE  JUST  HEARD  ANOTHER  ONE.    DID  YOU  BELIEVE  IT?    THANK  YOU            Acknowledgements:    The  images  and  the  mineral  occurrences  locaRons  were  obtained  from  Geological  Survey  of  NSW  databases.  Kate  Hine  of  Mitre  Geophysics  Pty.  Ltd.  helped  by  allowing  access  to  her  gravity  modelling  soNware  and  by  explaining  how  to  run  it.  Dave  Clarke  of  the  CSIRO  helped  with  discussions  on  magneRc  properRes.