Science

Science Grade 11

Curriculum Map

Betty-Lou Ayers

On Behalf of THE ALBERTA LIBRARY

Published December 2015

Updated August 2017

Topic D: Changes in Living Systems

Resources Included: Academic One File, Canada in

Context, CBC News in Review, Global Issues in Context,

Science in Context, World History in Context

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Background and Access Information

Learn Alberta’s Online Reference Centre is a $1.7 million collection of

authoritative curricular aligned resources that are licensed on behalf of all

students, staff, parents and public librarians learning/teaching/supporting

the Alberta curriculum.

To Access the Online Reference Centre:

1. Go to LearnAlberta.ca

2. Select English or French

3. Click on “Online Reference Centre” in the tab along the top of the screen

4. In school while on a school device, users do not need to enter a

username of password. Users are able to enter any database or website

instantly.

5. Access from a person device in school or remotely from outside of the

school will require the user to enter a username/password once to unlock

all of the resources.

a. School District Username: LA____ Password: _____

(not case sensitive)

6. Please share your district’s ORC username/password with your students,

parents of your students and fellow staff members. Please do not share

the username and password information on an open website (a website

that does not require the user to login).

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User Guide

Curricular Topic

I. Themes……………………………………………………………………………………………………5

II. Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………….5

III. Focusing Questions…………………………………………………………………………………5

IV. General Outcomes………………………………………………………………………………….5

V. General Outcome 1…………………………………………………………………………………6

VI. Skill Outcomes…………………………………………………………………………………………7

VII. Initiating and Planning……………………………………………………………………………7

VIII. Performing and Recording………………………………………………………………………8

IX. Analyzing and Interpreting…………………………………………………………………….8

X. Communication and Teamwork………………………………………………………………9

(taken from Alberta Education’s Program of Studies)

Section 1: General References………………………………………………………...10

Title (hyperlinked): ORC Database: Brief Description of what is included.

Section 2: Websites…………………………………………………………………………12

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Author, Publication Date/Info. ORC

Database. Date located.

Section 3: Reference………………………………………………………………………15

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Author, Publication Date/Info. pg. ORC

Database. Date located.

4

Section 4: Articles of Interest…………………………………………………………19

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

Section 5: Videos…………………………………………………………………………….25

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

Section 6: Audio………………………………………………………………………………26

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

Section 7: Images……………………………………………………………………………26

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

Section 8: CBC News in Review………………………………………………………26

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

Section 9: Reports……………………………………………………………………………26

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

If you have any questions regarding this guide or if you would like a guide

for additional grades please contact Bethany Arsenault, ORC Coordinator at

barsenault@thealbertalibrary.ab.ca

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Topic D: Changes in Living Systems

Themes Energy, Equilibrium, Change and Systems

Overview Matter cycles and energy dissipates through the biosphere and its

component ecosystems. The concept of an ecosystem is used to explain energy flow and nutrient recycling and to quantify large-scale and long-term

processes. Students will study habitat destruction, ecological succession and changes to populations, focusing on the need to balance the interests of a

growing human population with sustainable ecosystems.

Focusing Questions What are the characteristics of an ecosystem? How does matter cycle and

energy flow through the biosphere and through ecosystems, and what are the implications of this knowledge in terms of protecting the environment for

future generations? How do ecosystems and organisms change over time and respond to natural and human interventions?

General Outcomes: There are three major outcomes in this unit. Students will:

analyze ecosystems and ecological succession in the local area and

describe the relationships and interactions among subsystems and components

analyze and investigate the cycling of matter and the flow of energy through the biosphere and ecosystems as well as the interrelationship

of society and the environment analyze and describe the adaptation of organisms to their

environments, factors limiting natural populations, and evolutionary change in an ecological context.

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General Outcome 1 Students will analyze ecosystems and ecological succession in the

local area and describe the relationships and interactions among subsystems and components.

Specific Outcomes for Knowledge

Students will: investigate and analyze an aquatic or a terrestrial local

ecosystem,

distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors, describe how these factors affect population size and

o infer the abiotic effects on life; e.g., light, nutrients, water, temperature

o infer biotic interactions; e.g., predator-prey relationships, competition, symbiotic relationships

o infer the influence of biota on the local environment; e.g., microclimates, soil, nutrients

describe the key stages of primary succession in a specific ecosystem and the nature of its climax community; e.g., spruce

bog, sand dune, pond, prairie differentiate between primary and secondary succession in a

specific aquatic and a specific terrestrial ecosystem, e.g., pond, river, lake, forest, parkland, and compare natural and artificial

means to initiate secondary succession in an ecosystem, e.g.,

reforestation or regrowth after a forest fire, flood or other natural disaster, strip mining, clearcutting, controlled burns by

some Aboriginal groups promoting grassland biome regeneration describe the potential impact of habitat destruction on an

ecosystem describe the effects of introducing a new species into, or largely

removing an established species from, an environment; e.g., zebra mussel, carp and the Eurasian milfoil in Canada’s lakes,

purple loosestrife in Alberta, the horse or the buffalo in the plains region of Alberta.

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Specific Outcomes for Science, Technology and Society (STS) (Social and Environmental Contexts Emphasis) Students will:

describe how society provides direction for scientific and technological development

o discuss public support of scientific work on predator-prey relationships as part of wildlife management in national

and provincial parks (introduction of wolves, for example) explain that society and technology have both intended and

unintended consequences for humans and the environment

o discuss, in terms of scientific principles, how reforestation projects change the direction of secondary succession in a

natural ecosystem o assess the long-term implications of fire control and

prevention on population and ecosystem stability, diversity and productivity

o assess habitat loss and the responsibility of society to protect the environment for future generations

o analyze the need for habitat reclamation, such as recreating wetlands and swamps, forests, and prairie

grasslands, and describe steps to ensure species diversity.

Specific Outcomes for Skills (Social and Environmental Contexts Emphasis) Initiating and Planning Students will:

formulate questions about observed relationships and plan investigations of questions, ideas, problems and issues

o design a model to explain the relationship between populations of predator and prey, outlining the

characteristics of each that adapt them to their trophic level

o inquire into the effect of logging on predation levels of deer as well as on food sources for deer

o design an experiment and identify specific variables to

investigate relationships between biotic and abiotic elements of a micro-ecosystem

o evaluate and select appropriate procedures and technology to measure the impact of introducing species X into a

specific environment

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Performing and Recording

Students will: conduct investigations into relationships among observable

variables and use a broad range of tools and techniques to gather and record data and information

o perform a field study; measure, qualitatively and quantitatively, appropriate biotic and abiotic factors in the

aquatic or terrestrial ecosystem chosen; and present data in a form that describes, in general terms, the structure of

the ecosystem; e.g., pH, temperature, precipitation, water hardness, turbidity, dissolved oxygen content, humidity,

wind, light intensity, soil composition, plants, animals, micro-organisms

use library and electronic research tools to collect information on a given topic, such as:

o protection of the environment as a priority over economic

interest o endangered species of the world

o the Convention on Biological Diversity o sustainable development initiatives

Analyzing and Interpreting Students will:

analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop and assess possible solutions

analyze field study data to identify the interrelationships of biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem studied; e.g.,

dominant plants, micro-climates and habitats, niches and interrelationships of biota

tabulate, graph and interpret relevant data collected from

observations of succession in a micro-climate (hay infusion, for example)

analyze statistical data in diagrams, tables and graphs as part of a briefing for a public hearing on a proposed mineral exploration

in an ecologically or a culturally sensitive area analyze the information presented by opposing sides on an

environmental issue, such as that of an environmental group and that of an industry representative, to determine bias

identify new questions that arise from investigations, such as: "Should naturally occurring forest fires be fought?"

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Communication and Teamwork

Students will work collaboratively in addressing problems and apply the skills and conventions of science in communicating information

and ideas and in assessing results elicit feedback from others on an environmental issue

participate in a variety of electronic group formats to gather and share information about environmental issues

prepare a visual display that explains initiatives undertaken by industry to protect the environment

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Section 1: General Reference **Ecosystems: Science in Context: Topic/definition page containing links to featured content, reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and

news articles, websites and related topics.

Ecosystems: Global Issues in Context: Topic/definition page containing links to global viewpoints, news, magazines, academic journals, reference,

primary sources, statistics, images, videos, podcasts, websites and how to get involved. ENTER “ecosystems” in SEARCH.

Adaptation: Topic/definition page containing links to featured content,

reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news articles, websites and related topics.

Alfred Russel Wallace: Topic/definition page containing links to featured

content, reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news

articles, websites and related topics.

Biodiversity: Topic/definition page containing links to featured content, reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news articles,

websites and related topics.

Biogeochemical Cycles: Topic/definition page containing links to featured content, reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news

articles, websites and related topics.

Biomes: Topic/definition page containing links to featured content, reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news articles, websites and

related topics.

Carbon Cycle: Topic/definition page containing links to featured content,

reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news articles, websites and related topics.

Charles Darwin: Science in Context: Topic/definition page containing links to

featured content, reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news articles, websites and related topics.

Charles Darwin: World History in Context: Topic/definition page containing

links to featured content, reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news articles, websites and related topics.

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Ecological Pyramids: Topic/definition page containing links to featured

content, reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news articles, websites and related topics.

Environmental Monitoring: Topic/definition page containing links to featured

content, reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news articles, websites and related topics.

Evolution: Topic/definition page containing links to featured content,

reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news articles, websites and related topics.

Global Environmental Issues: Global Issues in Context. Topic/definition page

containing links to articles, podcasts, websites, reference, magazine and academic journal articles.

Hydrologic Cycle: Topic/definition page containing links to featured content, reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news articles,

websites and related topics.

Invasive Species: Topic/definition page containing links to featured content, reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news articles,

websites and related topics.

Natural Selection: Topic/definition page containing links to featured content, reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news articles,

websites and related topics.

Paleontology: Topic/definition page containing links to featured content, reference articles, images, audio, video, academic and news articles,

websites and related topics.

Population Issues: Global Issues in Context. Topic/definition page containing

links to articles, podcasts, websites, reference, magazine and academic journal articles.

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Section 2: Websites

Alberta Environment and Parks. Government of Alberta. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

Alberta Tomorrow. ALCES, Alberta Pacific, Bow River Council, The Calgary Foundation, Integral Ecology Group, Land Use Alberta, Stantec. Web. 26

Aug. 2015. An education simulation tool that helps students understand the process of sustainable planning to balance land-uses such as agriculture, oil

and gas and forestry with ecological integrity. Lesson plans are available for

Science 20: Energy and Matter Exchange in the Biosphere.

"American Museum of Natural History. 'Darwin.'." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"'America's Wetlands.' Environmental Protection Agency." Gale Science in

Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015. Part of the Environmental Protection Agency's website. It provides information

about different types of wetlands, why wetlands are useful, how they are being compromised, and how they can be preserved.

Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society: CPAWS. Web. 24 Aug. 2015. Gale,

Canada in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

Charles Darwin and 'The Voyage of the Beagle.'." Gale Science in Context.

Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015. An online version of Charles Darwin's journal he wrote during the voyage of the HMS

Beagle.

"Conservation International." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015. An international organization

dedicated to preserving global biodiversity by advocating a harmonious balance between humans and nature.

"Earth Observatory: Mission: Biomes—NASA." Gale Student Resources in

Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Canada in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Environmental Network." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015. A non-profit organization that

provides users with online environmental information organized by topic and

category (general information, actions you can take, organizations, articles, etc.).

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"Hydrologic cycle." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and

Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"The International Ecotourism Society." Gale Science in Context. Detroit:

Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015. An organization dedicated to promoting responsible travel that preserves the environment

and enhances the lives of local people.

"National Geographic: The Ocean." Gale Student Resources in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Canada in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Nature Conservancy." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science

in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015. A non-profit organization dedicated to preserving the Earth's biodiversity by protecting waters and lands.

"NatureWorks. 'Ecosystems.'." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015. Explains how the ecosystem works.

"New Scientist Evolution Site." Gale Student Resources in Context. Detroit:

Gale, 2012. World History in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015. Contains several articles about the history of evolution study as well as several current hot

topics and discussions about evolution.

"Origin of Species by Charles Darwin, 1859." Gale World History in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2014. World History in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015. Darwin’s

seminal work of evolutionary biology was first published in 1859, and was revised and published several revisions during his lifetime, putting forth the

concept of evolution via natural selection. Link to ebook.

"PBS's Evolution." Gale Student Resources in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2012.

World History in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015. A series of videos divided by evolutionary topics, including Charles Darwin, survival, and religion. The

project seeks to eliminate common misconceptions about evolutionary theory.

"Rainforest Alliance." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science

in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015. An international, non-profit conservation agency that works to preserve ecosystems by developing business practices

that support sustainable development and biodiversity conservation.

"Smithsonian Institution: Oceans Portal." Gale Student Resources in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Canada in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

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Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) International. Gale, 2012. Science in

Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015. U.S. Geological Service (USGS) Education website including resources, lessons, and activities for classroom use. Topics

covered include Biology, Geography, Geology, and Water.

"Understanding Evolution." Gale Student Resources in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2012. World History in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015. An education

website, teaching the science and history of evolutionary biology. This helps users understand what evolution is, how it works, how it factors into your

life, how research in evolutionary biology is performed and how ideas in this area have changed over time.

United Nations System-Wide EarthWatch. “Exceeding carrying capacity.”

http://earthwatch.unep.net/emergingissues/demography/carryingcapcity.php

"U.S. Geological Service (USGS) Education Resources." Gale Student Resources in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Canada in Context. Web. 24 Aug.

2015.

"Visionlearning. 'Darwin's Finches.'." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015. Interactive examples of

Darwin's explanation of the Galapagos finches.

“Wetlands.” Environment Canada. Government of Canada. Web. 24, Aug. 2015.

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Section 3: Reference

"Acquired character." World of Genetics. Gale, 2007. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"Alfred Russel Wallace." World of Genetics. Gale, 2006. Science in Context.

Web. 26 Aug. 2015. "Anagenesis versus Cladogenesis." World of Genetics. Gale, 2007. Science in

Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Aquatic Ecosystems." Plant Sciences. Ed. Richard Robinson. New York:

Macmillan Reference USA, 2001. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Autotroph." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in

Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society." Gale Canada in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Canada in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Carbon fixation." World of Biology. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 28

Aug. 2015.

"Carrying capacity." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and

Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Charles Darwin." Scientists: Their Lives and Works. Detroit: UXL, 2006.

Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"Charles Lyell." World of Scientific Discovery. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"Count Buffon." Biology. Ed. Richard Robinson. New York: Macmillan

Reference USA, 2009. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"Darwinism." World of Genetics. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"Ecological productivity." Environmental Encyclopedia. Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

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"Evolution." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda

Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"Evolutionary change, rate of." World of Biology. Gale, 2006. Science in

Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation." Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Evolution. Ed. Michael Hutchins. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 335-345.

Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Evolutionary mechanisms." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014.

Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Food Web." Animal Sciences. Ed. Allan B. Cobb. New York: Macmillan

Reference USA, 2010. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon." World of Scientific Discovery. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"History of Evolutionary Thought." Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia:

Evolution. Ed. Michael Hutchins. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 23-30. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Human Impacts." Plant Sciences. Ed. Richard Robinson. New York:

Macmillan Reference USA, 2001. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Human population." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014.

Canada in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Lamarckism." World of Biology. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 28

Aug. 2015

"Limiting factor." World of Biology. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Mutation." Biology. Ed. Richard Robinson. New York: Macmillan Reference

USA, 2009. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Mutation." World of Biology. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

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"Natural Selection." World of Genetics. Gale, 2010. Science in Context. Web.

26 Aug. 2015.

"Nitrogen cycle." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in

Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Nitrogen Cycle." UXL Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. Amy Hackney Blackwell and Elizabeth Manar. 3rd ed. Farmington Hills, MI: UXL, 2015. Science in

Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Philosophy of genetics: Neo-Darwinism and the modern synthesis." World of Genetics. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"Population biology." Environmental Encyclopedia. Gale, 2011. Science in

Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Population Dynamics." Animal Sciences. Ed. Allan B. Cobb. New York:

Macmillan Reference USA, 2010. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Population Theory: Malthus's Influence on the Scope of Evolution." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 5. Detroit: Gale, 2001.

Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Primary productivity (gross and net)." Environmental Encyclopedia. Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Punctuated equilibrium." World of Genetics. Gale, 2007. Science in Context.

Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Purple loosestrife." Environmental Encyclopedia. Gale, 2011. Science in

Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Restoration ecology." Environmental Encyclopedia. Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Restoration ecology." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner

and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Canada in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015

"Rivers and Streams." Biology. Ed. Richard Robinson. New York: Macmillan

Reference USA, 2009. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

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"Salinization of soils." Environmental Encyclopedia. Gale, 2011. Science in

Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Speciation: The Origins of Diversity." Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Evolution. Ed. Michael Hutchins. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 73-88. Science in

Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Species." Environmental Encyclopedia. Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"St. Lawrence Seaway." Environmental Encyclopedia. Gale, 2011. Science in

Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Starlings." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in

Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Thomas Robert Malthus." Environmental Encyclopedia. Gale, 2009. Science

in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"Thomas Robert Malthus." World of Genetics. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"Trophic levels." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and

Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"What Does the Fossil Record Tell Us About Evolution?" Grzimek's Animal

Life Encyclopedia: Evolution. Ed. Michael Hutchins. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 111-121. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Zebra mussel." Environmental Encyclopedia. Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

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Section 4: Articles of Interest "Acid reign." Natural History Feb. 2015: 7. World History in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015. In Canada, the resulting declines in calcium in softwater lakes--those with

low levels of dissolved minerals--have been linked to decreases in Daphnia, a tiny but

important algae-eating water flea. A key part of many lake food webs, Daphnia needs lots of

calcium to maintain its armor-like carapace for predator defense.

"As Landscapes Change, Animals Adapt." New York Times 27 Aug. 2013:

D3(L). World History in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015. In a new study, a University

of Minnesota biologist, Emilie C. Snell-Rood, offers evidence suggesting that we may be

driving evolution in a more surprising way. As we alter the places where animals live, we

may be fueling the evolution of bigger brains.

"Avian quick-change artists: exemplars of rapid adaptation, house finches

show that mothers know best." Natural History June 2002: 58+. World History in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"A Bayesian approach to evaluating habitat for woodland caribou in north-central British Columbia (1)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36.12

(2006): 3117+. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"A lateral view of Darwin." Journal of College Science Teaching 39.4 (2010): 14. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"A planet in flux: how is life on Earth reacting to climate change?" Nature

483.7387 (2012): S12+. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"A voice for the grasslands." Briarpatch July-Aug. 2013: 16+. Canada in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

An introduction to Canada's boreal zone: ecosystem processes, health,

sustainability, and environmental issues. Environmental Reviews. 21.4

(2013). Academic One File. Gale. Web 24 Aug. 2017.

Anticipating the consequences of climate change for Canada's boreal forest ecosystems. Environmental Reviews. 21.4 (2013). Academic One File. Gale.

Web. 24. Aug. 2017.

"Born to be wild? Government roundups of wild horses in the Western U.S. cause controversy." Science World/Current Science 4 Feb. 2013: 12+.

Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

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"BP Settlement To Address Ecosystem Damage Caused By Oil Spill." All

Things Considered 2 July 2015. Canada in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Bridging native and scientific observations of snowshoe hare habitat restoration after clearcutting to set wildlife habitat management guidelines

on Waswanipi Cree land." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37.3 (2007): 530+. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Community engagement in environmental assessment for resource

development: benefits, enduring concerns, opportunities for improvement." Northern Review Spring 2015: 98+. Canada in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

Conservation at a distance: Atomic detectives. Nature: 8.3 (2006): 504+.

Academic One File. Web. 24 Aug. 2017.

"The cost of the wild: restoring an ecosystem to primitive grandeur is no

simple matter in a complex world." American Scientist 100.6 (2012): 454+. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Darwin's enduring legacy: as the 200th year since the great naturalist's

birth begins, Kevin Padian looks forward to a season of celebration by outlining how Darwin's ideas changed scientific thinking." Nature 451.7179

(2008): 632+. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Darwin's error: using the story of pangenesis to illustrate aspects of nature of science in the classroom." The American Biology Teacher 74.3 (2012):

151+. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"Darwin's invention: inheritance & the 'mad dream' of pangenesis." The American Biology Teacher 74.2 (2012): 86+. Science in Context. Web. 26

Aug. 2015.

"Darwin's lizards: like Galapagos' finches, anoles of the Greater Antilles have

proved to be eminently adaptable." Natural History Dec.-Jan. 1997: 34+. World History in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Differential forage use makes carrying capacity equivocal on ranges of

Scandinavian moose (Alces alces)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88.12 (2010): 1179+. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Discovery of two new species of eyeless spiders within a single Hispaniola

cave." The Journal of Arachnology 42.2 (2014): 148+. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015. Vision is a remarkable sensory adaptation; however, natural

selection may not favor maintenance of eye function in habitats where eyesight does not

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contribute to fitness. Vision loss is relatively common in cave-dwelling spiders in the

temperate zone, but appears rarer in tropical caves.

"The distribution of the Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) along multiple

environmental gradients in lakes and ponds of the eastern Canadian Arctic." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68.9 (2011): 1511+.

Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Early Vegetation Control For The Regeneration Of A Single-Cohort, Intimate Mixture Of White Spruce And Trembling Aspen On Upland Boreal Sites."

Canadian Journal Of Forest Research 40.3 (2010): 549-564. Academic One File. Web. 24 Aug. 2017.

Ecological interactions are evolutionarily conserved across the entire tree of

life. Nature 465.7300 (2010) 918+. Academic One File. Gale. Web. 26 Aug. 2017.

"Ecology or economy: a history of forest fire management in Alberta." Alberta History 63.3 (2015): 16+. Canada in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Eight Million Tons of Trash Added to Ocean From Land Each Year; Plastic

can transmit pollutants into the food web." Newsweek 6 Mar. 2015. World History in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Effects of a stand-replacing fire on small-mammal communities in montane

forest." Canadian Journal of Zoology 85.7 (2007): 815+. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"The effects of high ungulate densities on foraging choices by beaver (Castor

canadensis) in the mixed-wood boreal forest." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86.6 (2008): 484+. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"The evolutionary truth about living fossils: appearances to the contrary, no species is exempt from selection, even when changes are difficult to detect in

the fossil record." American Scientist 102.6 (2014): 434+. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Fossil horses--evidence for evolution." Science 307.5716 (2005): 1728+.

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"The Fukushima nuclear accident and the pale grass blue butterfly: evaluating biological effects of long-term low-dose exposures." BMC

Evolutionary Biology 13 (2013): 168. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

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"Fungi pull carbon into forest floor: organisms work with trees to trap organic material in soil." Science News 4 May 2013: 13. Science in Context.

Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

Genetic basis of fitness differences in natural populations. Nature. Mar 2008: 452.7184. Academic One File. Gale. Web. 26 Aug. 2017.

"How to Defuse the Population Bomb; The Earth's too crowded, so better

family planning may be humanity's last hope to save us from ourselves." Newsweek 26 Dec. 2014. World History in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Humans 'threaten the survival of bird and mammal species'; Human

population growth is the main threat to the survival of some mammal and bird species, reveals a new study." Telegraph Online 21 June 2013. World

History in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Impacts of fire and climate change on long-term nitrogen availability and

forest productivity in the New Jersey Pine Barrens." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44.5 (2014): 404+. Canada in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

Influence of climate and human land use on the distribution of white-tailed

deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the western boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology. Apr2014: 92.4. Academic One File. Web. 26 Aug. 2017.

"The influence of Darwin on evolutionary algorithms from 'Dinner with

Darwin'." The American Biology Teacher 71.2 (2009): 81+. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Influence Of Tree Species And Salvaged Soils On The Recovery Of

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi In Upland Boreal Forest Restoration After Surface

Mining." Botany 93.5 (2015): 267-277. Academic One File. Web. 24 Aug. 2017.

"Invasive alien species at the urban-forest interface." Environments 34.1

(2006): 85+. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Humpback whale bouncing back, officials say; Though still protected, most will be removed from endangered species list." Toronto Star [Toronto,

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"New finds explode old views of the American Southwest." Science 279.5351 (1998): 653+. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

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Nitrogen- and sulfur-deposition-altered soil microbial community functions

and enzyme activities in a boreal mixedwood forest in western Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. Sep2013 43.9. Academic One File.

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Nutrient uptake and growth of fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium) on reclamation soils. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. Jan. 2014: 44.1.

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"Of Fish and Flies: The Evolutionary Role Of Genes." All Things Considered 18 Dec. 2009. World History in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth." World

Watch July-Aug. 1997: 35+. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015. Hohokam had developed one of the first purely agricultural civilizations in North America in

the harsh desert climate. Evidence implicates the Hohokam in their own demise: by

importing massive amounts of water through an extensive irrigation network of large

canals, this rapidly growing society most likely promoted a catastrophic increase in salt

levels in their croplands.

"Predation costs of impaired chemosensory risk assessment on acid-

impacted juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71.5 (2014): 756+. Canada in Context. Web.

24 Aug. 2015.

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habitat manipulation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68.12 (2011): 2057+. Science in Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

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"The role of climatic change in the evolution of mammals." BioScience 57.6 (2007): 523+. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Sail or sink: novel behavioural adaptations on water in aerially dispersing

species." BMC Evolutionary Biology 15 (2015): 118. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

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Spatial Gradient Of Snow Depth." Canadian Journal Of Zoology 90.8 (2012): 972-983. Academic One File. Web. 24 Aug. 2017.

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"Tolerance tests." Natural History Nov. 2014: 8. World History in Context.

Web. 28 Aug. 2015. One extremely abundant and important phytoplankton species Is

the alga Emiliania huxleyi, which produces a calcite exoskeleton that Is vulnerable to

acidifying waters--a result of increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (C[O.sub.2])--

and higher temperatures. Scientists have wondered how phytoplankton with calcified shells

might adapt to simultaneous environmental challenges.

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grow rapidly. Such a combination may make for especially troublesome immigrants." Nature 459.7248 (2009): 783+. Science in Context. Web. 24

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"Translocation Of Rare Plant Species To Restore Garry Oak Ecosystems In

Western Canada: Challenges And Opportunities." Botany 91.5 (2013): 283-291. Academic One File. Web. 24 Aug. 2017.

"Use of genetic markers to aid in re-establishing migratory connectivity in a

fragmented metapopulation of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68.11 (2011): 1952+. Science in

Context. Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

Widespread declines in woodland caribou ( Rangifer tarandus caribou) continue in Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology. Dec2013 91.12. Academic

One File. Gales. Web. 26 Aug. 2017.

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"Zooplankton communities are good indicators of potential impacts of

Athabasca oil sands operations on downwind boreal lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71.5 (2014): 719+. Canada in Context.

Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

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Section 5: Videos "The Animated Life of A. R. Wallace." NYTimes.com Video Collection 2013. World History in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Darwin's 200th Birthday Celebrations Span the Globe." The Online

NewsHour 2009. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015. Analysts discuss the

man, his legacy and the ongoing debates raging over his core theories.

"Darwin Remembered in London Show." AFP News Footage Nov. 2008.

Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

"Food or Fuel?" e2: the economies of being environmentally conscious 2010. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Keeping Up With Carbon." NASA Videos 8 Oct. 2009. Science in Context.

Web. 24 Aug. 2015.

"Poisoned Waters." The Online NewsHour 2009. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015. A far-reaching investigation into America's great waterways. They are in peril.

There's a new wave of pollution that's killing fish, causing mutation in frogs—and

threatening human life.

"Science for a Hungry World, Pt. 1." NASA Videos 23 Sept. 2009. Science in

Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

"Soundscape Ecology." NOVA 2 Apr. 2015. Global Issues In Context. Web. 31 Aug. 2015. Reports on soundscape ecology, a growing field of research that uses

sound to track how ecosystems change over time.

"What Darwin Never Knew." NOVA 2009. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug.

2015.

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Section 6: Audio "He Helped Discover Evolution, And Then Became Extinct." Morning Edition

30 Apr. 2013. Science in Context. Web. 26 Aug. 2015. There is an astonishing diversity of plant and animal life found in Indonesia. The

abundance inspired British nationalist Alfred Russel Wallace to pen the first scientific paper arguing the theory of evolution with his far more famous co-

author, Charles Darwin.

Section 7: Images "Evolution of the horse." Animal Sciences. Ed. Allan B. Cobb. New York:

Macmillan Reference USA, 2010. Science in Context. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

Section 8: CBC News in Review

B.C. Wolf Cull: Saving Endangered Caribou? (Apr2015). Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

Canada’s Amazing Neptune Project (Feb2010). Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

Cod Moratorium 20 Years Later (Sept2012). Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

Death of the Honeybee (Oct2013). Web. 28 Aug. 2015.

Section 9: Reports World Population Prospects: Key Findings & Advance Tables. United Nations,

New York, 2015. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.