20140809 Edanz Kyushu

Dr Jeffrey Robens

Dr Melanie de Souza

Kyushu University Office for Strategic Research Planning

Seminar Series – Session 1 Effective Writing

9 August 2014

Seminar series

Session 1 Session 2

Professional writing skills

Manuscript structure

Effective writing & common mistakes

Cover letters

Journal selection Peer review

Why publish? Exchange ideas globally

Your research is not complete until it is

published

Communicate on a global stage

One publication per year

Writing a manuscript – 4 common myths

S

My manuscript is a written record of my findings

My findings speak for themselves, even if the manuscript is written poorly

Good English means only grammar and spelling

Complex words makes my writing more impressive

Writing a manuscript – 4 common myths

S

My manuscript is a written record of my findings

My findings speak for themselves, even if the manuscript is written poorly

Good English means only grammar and spelling

Complex words makes my writing more impressive

Your manuscript is to communicate your findings

You need a well-written manuscript to effectively communicate your findings

Complex words makes your writing more difficult to understand

Good English means clear English with high readability

Which journal would you choose?

International language of academics

People want to hear from Japanese

researchers

International reputation

Funding Career

advancement

Why English?

Publication success = Academic success

S

Publication Metrics and Success on the Academic Job Market van Dijk et al. Current Biology. 2014; 24: R516-R517.

• >25,000 researchers in PubMed • Determined which factors positively correlated

with academic success

• Number of publications • Impact factor of the journal • Number of citations • University ranking • Gender

Publication output of Japan

S

www.scimagojr.com

1.37

14.57

1.58

4.87

What do international journal editors want?

Interesting to journal’s readership

Increase impact

High quality research

Original and novel research

Clear and concise English

Real-world applications

Relevant topic

Significant results

Logical presentation

High readability

Addresses an important problem researchers are facing

Findings that advance the knowledge in the field

Information and results clearly presented in a logical manner

Ideas are easily understood

Qualities of a well-written article


Section 1

Writing skills Native language vs English

Implement ideas locally

National collaborations

Regulatory authorities

Write and communicate in your own language

International collaborations

Grant applications

Career advancements

Publish manuscripts in English to exchange ideas globally

International reputation

Writing skills Adopt a winning strategy

Publication record Win games

Baseball Scientist

Preparation

Communication

Knowledge

Tactics

Physical fitness

Team members

Rules of the game

Opposition

Understanding

Manuscript

Publication process

Published literature

Results

Writing skills Strong research motive

Good research question + Clear scientific message for readers

1. Outline 2. Figure

• Short title

• What you did

• Trends • Unexpected

results

3. Discussion

Presenter Create

discussion New ideas

Audience Alternative

explanations Solutions

• New models

• Next experiments

Writing skills Using your figures to structure your manuscript

Where to start?

Your findings are why you want to publish your work

Form the basis of your manuscript

First step, is to logically organize your findings

Figure 1

Figure 2

Table 1

Figure 3

Figure 4

Logical presentation

New data?

Writing skills Evaluate results

Impact Target audience

• Who will benefit?

• Implications? • Novel?

• Significance?

• Importance?

International or regional journal?

Broad- or narrow- focused journal?

Writing skills Prepare an outline

Now that you know what findings you are going to present, you know what you need to write about

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

What background information you will introduce

What techniques you will describe

What findings you will discuss

What interpretations, limitations, and implications you will discuss

Writing skills Prepare an outline

I. Introduction A. General background B. Related studies C. Problems in the field D. Aims

II. Methods A. Subjects/Samples/Materials B. General methods C. Specific methods D. Statistical analyses

III. Results A. Key points about Figure 1 B. Key points about Table 1 C. Key points about Figure 2 D. Key points about Figure 3 E. Key points about Figure 4

IV. Discussion A. Major conclusion B. Key findings that support conclusion C. Relevance to published studies D. Limitations E. Unexpected results F. Implications G. Future directions

Knowing what you need to discuss, write down the key ideas

Use short bullet points to list ideas

Don’t let “writing correct English sentences” get in the way of outlining your ideas

List important information from your reading in the appropriate section with citations

Writing skills Manuscript structure

Manuscript sections

• Title • Abstract • Introduction • Methods • Results • Figures • Discussion • Conclusions

The beginning

The end

The middle

Writing skills The ‘write’ order

Title Abstract

Discussion Conclusions Introduction

Methods Results

After selecting target journal

During your research

Write last

Writing skills Methods and Results

Methods

Results

• List all methods • Details of unusual methods • Researchers can repeat experiments

• Based on figures • Coherent and logical flow • Unbiased analysis • Effectively conveys a clear scientific

message

Writing skills Discussion

• Coherent interpretation • Explain trends versus the literature • Support all claims • Propose new models and theories

Know target journal Convince readers of your results

• Do not repeat your results • Do not use assumptions • Propose new models and theories

Writing skills Conclusion and Introduction

Conclusions • Short and concise • Implications and benefits • Future work

Introduction

• Summarize current understanding • Scientific gaps • Clear hypothesis and aims • Include recent citations

What is the study about? Why is it important? How does it advance field?

Know target journal

Writing skills Abstract and Keywords

Abstract • Word limits • Structured vs unstructured • No references

Keywords • Avoid acronyms • Appear in Abstract

Writing skills Tips for a clear Abstract

Background

Methods

Results/ Conclusions

Implications

Aims

Nano-graphene oxide for cellular imaging and drug delivery

Writing skills After the first draft….

Update references

• 75% from the last 5 years • Avoid too many self citations • Include international citations

Most references Introduction

Discussion Methods Some references

No references Conclusion Abstract Results

Writing skills After the first draft….

Format manuscript

• Journal template • Word limits • Reference formatting

Revise manuscript

• Proof read • Input from colleagues • Reduce by 15% • Clear Figures/Tables • Logical flow


Exercises

Popular appeal

Publication Public press

Selecting articles for press releases

Good story

Good Figures

Good Abstract

Grab journal editor’s attention!

From Abstract…..

Abstract The spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American Foulbrood (AFB), a fatal disease of honey bees that occurs worldwide. Previously, we identified a complex hybrid nonribosomal peptide/polyketide synthesis (NRPS/PKS) gene cluster in the genome of P. larvae. Herein, we present the isolation and structure elucidation of the antibacterial and antifungal products of this gene cluster, termed paenilamicins. The unique structures of the paenilamicins give deep insight into the underlying complex hybrid NRPS/PKS biosynthetic machinery. Bee larval co-infection assays reveal that the paenilamicins are employed by P. larvae in fighting ecological niche competitors and are not directly involved in killing the bee larvae. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities qualify the paenilamicins as attractive candidates for drug development.

People eat honey; People like bees

People do not want to be sick

Muller et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2014; doi: 10.1002/anie.201404572.

To Press release….

People eat honey; People like bees

People do not want to be sick

http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/6467901/Hope_for_the_Honey_Bee.html

Writing skills exercise

You are the Journal Editor.

Can you spot a good article for a press release?

Exercise: Abstract

Communication Cavitand-Grafted Silicon Microcantilevers as a Universal Probe for Illicit and Designer Drugs in Water†

Abstract The direct, clean, and unbiased transduction of molecular recognition into a readable and reproducible response is the biggest challenge associated to the use of synthetic receptors in sensing. All possible solutions demand the mastering of molecular recognition at the solid–liquid interface as prerequisite. The socially relevant issue of screening amine-based illicit and designer drugs is addressed by nanomechanical recognition at the silicon–water interface. The methylamino moieties of different drugs are all first recognized by a single cavitand receptor through a synergistic set of weak interactions. The peculiar recognition ability of the cavitand is then transferred with high fidelity and robustness on silicon microcantilevers and harnessed to realize a nanomechanical device for label-free detection of these drugs in water.

Taking illicit drugs: Bad

Need to detect drug-use easily

Biavardi et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2014; doi: 10.1002/anie.201404774.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201404572/abstract#nss

Exercise: Press release

Taking illicit drugs: Bad Need to detect drug-use easily

http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/6286411/Drug_Sensing_by_a_Synthetic_Receptor.html

Improving readability

Section 2

Readability Japanese vs. English

scientific writing style

Japanese English

Followed by conclusion

Cause/reason comes first

Passive voice

Followed by explanation

Conclusion comes first

Active voice

Readability High readability

Your reader should…

Understand your logic immediately

Not have to read slowly

Only have to read once

Readability Reader expectations

Information is easier to understand when it is placed where readers expect to find it

Good writers are aware of these expectations

Readability Subject-verb placement

Readers expect verbs to closely follow the subject

Subject Verb

Readability Subject-verb placement

The viral infection that the patient caught on her recent trip to the outbreak-prone areas in Africa spread quickly.

The patient caught a viral infection on her recent trip to the outbreak-prone areas in Africa, and this infection spread quickly.

Readability Short sentences

Reading once… 4% of readers can understand a 27-word sentence

75% of readers can understand a 17-word sentence

Pinner and Pinner (1998) Communication Skills

Goals to aim for: One idea per sentence

15–20 words

Readability

30 words

The largest company, a Japanese corporation founded in 1916 outside of Osaka by Ichiro Tanaka, was considered to be a model in the development of modern employee conditions by economists.

Short sentences

Readability Short sentences

Economists considered the largest company to be a model in the development of modern employee conditions. This company was a Japanese corporation founded in 1916 outside of Osaka by Ichiro Tanaka.

16 words

15 words

One idea per sentence

Readability Active voice

Sentences written in the active voice are:

simple direct clear easy to read

The mechanisms regulating tumor growth were investigated.

Passive

We investigated the mechanisms regulating tumor growth.

Active


Ferreira F. Cognitive Psychology 2003; 47: 164–203.

• 48 native English-speaking university students • 36 active voice sentences • 36 passive voice sentences

Accurate statements

• The dog bit the man.

• The man was bitten by the dog.

Inaccurate statements

• The man bit the dog.

• The dog was bitten by the man.


707580859095

100

Active Passive

Accuracy (%)

1500160017001800190020002100

Active Passive

Decision time (ms)

Ferreira F. Cognitive Psychology 2003; 47: 164–203.

• 36 active voice sentences (‘the dog bit the man’) • 36 passive voice sentences (‘the man was bitten by the dog’)

Readability Active voice is preferred

“Use the active voice when it is less wordy and more direct than the passive”. (3rd ed., pg. 42)

“Use the active voice rather than the passive voice…”. www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/effective-verb-use.aspx

“As a matter of style, passive voice is typically, but not always, inferior to active voice”. (15th ed., pg. 177)

“In general, authors should use the active voice…”. (10th

ed., pg. 320)

ACS Style Guide

APA Style

Chicago Style Guide

AMA Manual of Style

“Nature journals prefer authors to write in the active voice” (http://www.nature.com/authors/author_resources/how_write.html)

Nature

Readability Stress position

Readers focus at the end of the sentence to determine what is important.

1. You deserve a raise, but the budget is tight.

Which sentence suggests that you

will get a raise?

2. The budget is tight, but you deserve a raise.

http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/flow/

Readability

The budget is tight, but you deserve a raise. Your salary

will increase at the beginning of next year.

http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/flow/

Stress position

The stress position also introduces the topic of the next sentence

Stress position

Topic position

The topic position introduces the idea of the current sentence

Readability Topic position

The patient went to the hospital to see a gastroenterologist. The doctor then performed a series of diagnostic tests. The results showed the patient suffered from a bacterial infection. Antibiotics were prescribed to treat the infection before the patient developed an ulcer.

idea idea idea idea

Topic link

sentence

Readability

Busch et al. BMC Cancer. 2012; 13: 211.

Linking your ideas in your manuscript

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality for men and women. Despite smoking prevention and cessation programs and advances in early detection, the 5-year survival rate for lung cancer is only 16% with current therapies. Although lung cancer incidence rates have recently declined in the United States, more lung cancer is now diagnosed when considered together in former- and never-smokers than in current smokers. Thus, even if all of the national anti-smoking campaign goals are met, lung cancer will remain a major public health problem for decades. New ways to treat or prevent lung cancer are therefore needed. One potential therapeutic target for lung cancer is the Wnt signaling pathway. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway in mammals consists of a family of secreted lipid-modified Wnt protein ligands that bind to a family of 7-pass transmembrane Frizzled (Fzd) receptors, as reviewed…

Topic sentence

Stress sentence

Topic sentence

Improving readability

Exercises

Readability exercises

What is wrong with the following sentences? How would you rewrite them improve their readability?

1. The patient that was admitted to the clinic after running a marathon held in honor of those who died from prostate cancer was diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer.




1. The patient was diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer. This patient was admitted to the clinic after running a marathon held in honor of those who died from prostate cancer.




1. The patient was diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer. This patient was admitted to the clinic after running a marathon held in honor of those who died from prostate cancer.

Keep subjects and verbs close



2. Randomized groups of mice were subjected to different treatments based on age and sex to evaluate the effects of specific drugs on their nervous systems and freely fed organic food and water until the next treatment regimen commenced.

39 words!

2. Randomized groups of mice were subjected to different treatments based on age and sex to evaluate the effects of specific drugs on their nervous systems. The groups were then freely fed organic food and water until the next treatment regimen commenced.

25 words

16 words

One idea per sentence


Are the following sentences in active or passive voice? If passive, rewrite them in active voice.

9. The effects of UV treatment on the physical properties of graphene were investigated under high pressure.

10. Surgery was performed to remove the tumor from the liver.

11. Manufacturing increased after the introduction of the new assembly line.

12. Manufacturing was increased by the introduction of the new assembly line.

Passive

Passive

Passive

Active


Are the following sentences in active or passive voice? If passive, rewrite them in active voice.

9. The effects of UV treatment on the physical properties of graphene were investigated under high pressure.

10. Surgery was performed to remove the tumor from the liver.

11. Manufacturing increased after the introduction of the new assembly line.

12. Manufacturing was increased by the introduction of the new assembly line.

Passive

Passive

Passive

Active

We investigated the effects of UV treatment on the physical properties of graphene under high pressure.

We performed surgery to remove the tumor from the liver.

The introduction of the new assembly line increased manufacturing.


Based on the stress and topic positions, how would you logically organize these four sentences ?

A) Centrally located cells likely received lower drug concentrations due to decreased drug bioavailabilty.

B) Application of the drug decreased cell movement but increased cell survival.

C) Increasing the bioavailability of the drug is an important area of future research.

D) Cell survival rates were higher in the tissue periphery and lower in the center.


Based on the stress and topic positions, how would you logically organize these four sentences ?

Application of the drug decreased cell movement but increased cell survival. Cell survival rates were higher in the tissue periphery and lower in the center. Centrally located cells likely received lower drug concentrations due to decreased drug bioavailabilty. Increasing the bioavailability of the drug is an important area of future research.

Simple language

Section 3

Simple language

Nature’s guide to authors:

Nature is an international journal covering all the sciences. Contributions should therefore be written clearly and simply so that they are accessible to readers in other disciplines and to readers for whom English is not their first language.

www.nature.com/nature/authors/gta/index.html#a4

“I should use complex words to make my writing more impressive.”

Simple language Complex words

To ascertain the efficaciousness of the program, we interrogated the participants upon completion.

To determine the success of the program, we questioned the participants upon completion.

Simple language Simple words

Preferred Enough Clear Try Very Size Asked Keep Later Enough End Use

Avoid Adequate Apparent Endeavor Exceedingly Magnitude Requested Retain Subsequently Sufficient Terminate Utilization

Simple language

Avoid At a concentration of 2 g/L At a temperature of 37C At a wavelength of 340 nm In order to In the first place Four in number Green color Subsequent to Prior to

Preferred At 2 g/L At 37C At 340 nm To First Four Green After Before

Unnecessary words

Simple language

In the first place, in order to determine the critical point of the material, we incubated it at a

temperature of 95°C until it became black in color.

First, to determine the critical point of the material, we incubated it at 95°C until it became black.

28 words

18 words

Unnecessary words

Simple language

Exercises

Simple language exercises

Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.

1. The rats were fed a high protein diet and subsequently tested in the water maze.

2. We endeavored to validate our hypothesis with a smaller sample size.

3. After analyzing the results, it was apparent that the drug was exceedingly effective.


1. The rats were fed a high protein diet and subsequently tested in the water maze.





1. The rats were fed a high protein diet and later tested in the water maze.






2. We tried to validate our hypothesis with a smaller sample size.





2. We tried to validate our hypothesis with a smaller sample size.

3. After analyzing the results, it was clear that the drug was very effective.



4. The experiments terminated once a sufficient amount of data was collected.

5. Our results show that the utilization of this new method is more efficient than currently utilized methods.



4. The experiments ended once enough data was collected.




4. The experiments ended once enough data were collected.





5. Our results show that the use of this new method is more efficient than currently used methods.




5. Our results show that using this new method is more efficient than currently used methods.




5. Our results show that using this new method is more efficient than current methods.


Cross out the unnecessary word(s) from each sentence.

3. We calculated the tumor volume in order to evaluate the drug’s effects.

4. The fluorescence was measured at a wavelength of 488 nm.

5. At a temperature of 60°C, the compound became white in color.

6. In order to investigate the frequency in occurrence of Parkinson’s disease in the community, 412 people in the community were recruited in the study.


We recruited 412 people from the community to investigate the frequency of Parkinson’s disease.

Common mistakes

Section 4

Customer Service Common mistakes Correct verb tense

Present: stating widely accepted fact “Smoking causes cancer.”

Present perfect: referring to results from

previous studies that are still relevant “Smoking has been shown to cause cancer.3”

Introduction


Past: describing what you did “We recruited 45 subjects for our study.”

Methods


Past: stating what you found “We observed that the weight of…”

Present: referring to the figures

“Figure 3 shows the increase in weight…”

Results and Figure Legends


Present: stating widely accepted fact

Present perfect: referring to results from

previous studies that are still relevant

Past: stating what you found “We found that smoking increased the…”

Present: referring to the implications of your

findings for the current state of the field “These results suggest that smoking increases…”

Discussion

Customer Service Common mistakes Proper punctuation

Colons and semi-colons

Use colons to introduce a list Use semi-colons to differentiate phrases

that contain commas

“We analyzed three journals: the Journal of Neurology, published by Springer, Practical Neurology, published by BMJ, and Annals of Neurology, published by Wiley.” “…increased toxicity; however, this was not found…”

1

2 3 4

5 6

Three or six?


Colons and semi-colons

Use colons to introduce a list Use semi-colons to differentiate phrases

that contain commas

“We analyzed three journals: the Journal of Neurology, published by Springer; Practical Neurology, published by BMJ; and Annals of Neurology, published by Wiley.” “…increased toxicity; however, this was not found…”

“…increased toxicity. However, this was not found…”


Hyphens and en dashes

Use hyphens to combine two words “wild-type”, “heat-induced increase”, “2-μm pore”

Use en dashes for ranges or combining two people’s names “aged 30−38 years”, “Mann−Whitney U test”

Do not use en dashes with ‘from’ or ‘between’ “from 30 to 38 years”, “between 30 and 38 years”

Customer Service Common mistakes UK vs. US English

• For many journals, either UK or US English is acceptable • Have to be consistent throughout

• Carefully read author guidelines for details • Hint: search for ‘English’ or ‘spelling’

http://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-authors/house-style

http://www.rsc.org/images/Author_guidelines_tcm18-186308.pdf

Customer Service Common mistakes UK vs. US English

Use the setting in Microsoft Word to ensure you are using the correct format

Click here to change the language settings quickly

Customer Service Common mistakes UK vs. US English… and Oxford English

http://www.nature.com/nature/authors/gta/#a4

UK English Oxford English US English

Analyse Analyse Analyze

Behaviour Behaviour Behavior

Centre Centre Center

Modelling Modelling Modeling

Haematology Haematology Hematology

Realise Realize Realize

Customer Service Common mistakes

Compared with is for comparing similar things

Compared to is for comparing different things

This year’s graduation rates were compared to those from last year.

This year’s graduation rates were compared with those from last year.

Comparisons


Use between for comparisons of two groups

Use among for more than two groups

‘Between’ or ‘among’?

… the only difference between the original molecule and the new molecule is ...

… significant differences were observed in the values among the five molecules.

Customer Service Common mistakes Respectively

Used to refer to two or more corresponding lists

The two values were 143 and 21, respectively.

The two values were 143 and 21.

The values for group A and B were 143 and 21, respectively.


Oxygen detector flow Nitrogen detector flow Hydrogen detector flow

85 mL/min 7 mL/min 4 mL/min

Respectively – example

Oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen detector flows were set at 85, 7 and 4 mL/min, respectively. 15 words

The oxygen detector flow was set at 85 mL/min, the nitrogen detector flow was set at 7 mL/min, and the hydrogen detector flow was set at 4 mL/min. 28 words

Customer Service Common mistakes Data is plural

Data is the plural form of datum

The data was analyzed... This data suggests…

The data were analyzed… These data suggest…

Common mistakes

Exercises

A new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university was contrived. This program had three stages; to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students, once the number of local students increased, recruit students nationally, and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we find that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.

Common mistakes exercises

Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph.

A new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university was contrived. This program had three stages; to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students, once the number of local students increased, recruit students nationally, and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we find that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.


Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph. Passive voice Complex words

We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages; to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students, once the number of local students increased, recruit students nationally, and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we find that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.



We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages; to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students, once the number of local students increased, recruit students nationally, and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we find that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.



Colon/semicolon usage

1 2

3 4

Parallel structure

We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we find that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.



We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we find that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.



Verb tense Respectively

We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we found that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%, respectively. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.



We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we found that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%, respectively. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.



Between/among

We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we found that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%, respectively. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase among the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.



We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we found that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%, respectively. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase among the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.



Too long (43 words) Unnecessary words Compare with

We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we found that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%, respectively. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase among the three schools. One possibility was that the students in school C were wealthier compared with those in schools A and B. Therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.



We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we found that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%, respectively. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase among the three schools. One possibility was that the students in school C were wealthier compared with those in schools A and B. Therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.



Data is plural Unnecessary words Complex words

We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we found that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%, respectively. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase among the three schools. One possibility was that the students in school C were wealthier compared with those in schools A and B. Therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, these data suggest that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first to more quickly increase university enrollment.



Journal selection

Section 5

Journal selection Journal selection

Traditional model Open Access model

Indexing status

Popular appeal

Publication frequency

Society membership

Target audience

Publishing language

Impact factor

Journal selection Publication model

Open Access membership programs

Funding/grants

Open Access option

Submit manuscript

Peer review

Accepted

Open Access

Authors may pay (Article processing charge

(APC) 1,000-5,000 USD)

Traditional

Subscription based (Readers/institutes pay

subscription fee)

Copyright

Creative Common Licenses

Author retains copyright

No length constraints

Rapid publication times

More readers, more citations

Journal selection Hybrid model

Subscription-based journals

that offer Open Access

Journal selection Publication model

Is it a reputable OA journal?

Beware of predatory publishers

Directory of Open Access Journals http://doaj.org/

Critical analysis : scholarlyoa.com

Follow Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines

Journal selection Your target journal in minutes

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Journal selection Journal selector

Advanced matching

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Recommended journals

Journal selection Journal selector

Similar published articles

Update your

references!

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Semantic matching terms

Journal information

Journal selection Read regularly

Research ideas Journals Improve your

writing

Published Literature

• Aims and Scope

• Topics

• Layout

• Structure

• Styles

• Phrases

• Data

• Scientific flow

• Argument structure

• Field develops

• Implications of research

• Applications

• Established researchers

Select reviewers

Journal selection Which papers to read

Identify appropriate journals

Established researchers

• Researchers’ websites • Collaborators

Journal websites

Email alerts

Identify appropriate articles

Top cited/popular = Good science +

well-written

Journal selection Journal club

• Different groups, same department • 4–6 Journals • Each member reviews 1 or 2 journals • Select 1 article per week

8–12 people

Discuss literature

Critically examine manuscripts

Identify good manuscripts

Journal selection

Structure/Format

Examples on blog Discussion points Start and run a

journal club

Guidelines on critiquing research

Implications/ applications

Journal club

Journal selection React to published literature

Modify research question + Tell scientific community something new

React

Different

Same

Your results vs. published results

Change focus

Change target audience

Highlight differences

High impact

Creates discussion

Influenced by published literature

Grant proposals

Work in progress

Writing a manuscript

Journal selection Advancing your career

Peer reviewer

• Publishing 2–3 manuscripts in the same journal

• Meet journal editors at conferences

• Write a good peer review report

Critically examine manuscripts

Guest Editor

Journal selection

Exercises

Research

1. One research hypothesis: • Multiple target audiences • Different avenues for future work

2. Novel research is a reaction to the current developments

Start with hypothesis

1. Hypothesis: Claude Monet is the founder of Modern Art

French Impressionist

Results: Evidence

Art in 19th Century

• Studio • Portraits of noblemen • Painting took months/years • Pigments/solvents • Dark pigments/whole canvas covered • Fine brush strokes • Capture detail/reality

Claude Monet

• Outside • Landscape/Common people • Painting took hours/days • Tubes of paint • Light colors/white spaces • Quick brush stokes • Capture natural light/use of color theory

Discussion points and Target audience

Physicists/ Engineers

Designers

Chemists

University lecturers

General public

Curators

Target audience… not only Artists!

University lecturers

Chemists

Curators Physicists/ Engineers

General public

Designers

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20140809 Edanz Kyushu

Education

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