2014 United History Semester 1 Test

Review

Jamestown

• The first permanent English settlement in North America, started as a business venture to sell raw materials back to England

• Tobacco- this cash crop saved Jamestown and made the colony of Virginia wealthy. Tabaco cultivation was labor intensive and made the Virginia agricultural economy dependent on slavery.

House of Burgesses

• The first legislative assembly in North America, it represents the first form of self-government in the colonies.

Powhatan• Native Americans who lived for

centuries in Virginia.

• English colonist forced them from their land and used it for Tobacco growing.

• These actions led many Powhatan’s to flee Virginia and established bad relations between colonists and Native Americans

Bacon’s Rebellion

• A revolt by the poor English colonist and slaves against the wealthy in Jamestown.

• The rebels wanted better protection and action taken against the Native Americans so poorer colonists could have Native American land.

Development of Slavery• Begun in 1619 in the colony

of Virginia to replace indentured servants

• African slaves are thought to be better equipped to handle the work and heat of the plantation system

• Part of the Columbian Exchange

New England Colonies• Established by the Puritans to

escape religious persecution in England

• Religion- Puritans did not tolerate religions that did not follow their teachings.

• In 1686 the entire region was combined into one colony because the King believed they were not following Parliament, becomes the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Rhode Island and the Salem Witch Trials• Roger Williams- founder of

Rhode Island, he founds colony under the ideas of religious freedom and peaceful relations with Native Americans

• Salem Witch Trials- caused by the oppression of women, and hardline Puritan views on the world, over 25 people are killed or jailed for witchcraft without any proof.

King Phillip’s War• Led by Metacom (King

Phillip), Native Americans attack the Puritans over the loss of their land

• Brutal war with massacres on both sides

• This ended Native American control of New England

Half-Way Covenant• This provided half-way

membership in the Puritan church to the children of church members

• Church leaders hoped this would get more of the children to join the Puritan church

Town Hall Meetings

• Mainly in New England in small towns

• White males 21 and over who owned property voted on political issues for each town

• Helps form the idea of political representation in the colonies

Mid-Atlantic Colonies• Originally not a part of the

English colonies

• Controlled by the Dutch

• Separated the English Northern and Southern colonies

New York• Originally settled by the Dutch

and called New Amsterdam

• England takes this colony without a single shot and renames it New York

• New York became the center for trade in the America’s.

Pennsylvania• Founded by William Penn a

Quaker

• This colony was tolerant of all religions

• The colony of Delaware will split from Pennsylvania

Quebec• Founded by the French,

claims all of inner North America west of the colonies

• Leads to the founding of New Orleans and the territory of Louisiana

• French have better relations with Native Americans

Mercantilism

• Is the economic theory that a mother country needs large supplies of silver and gold to be rich.

• Gold/Silver- acquired by selling manufactured goods.

• Colonies in mercantilism provided raw materials for manufacturing and bought the finished products.

The Columbian Exchange

• The large scale exchange of plants, people, diseases, and animals between the Old World and the New World

• Sometimes referred to as the Triangle Trade.

Middle Passage/African Culture• The 90-120 day voyage

African slaves endured from Africa to the America’s.

• Millions died from disease and starvation during the voyage

• African dance and music maintained under slavery, differing cultures blend together in the America’s

The Great Awakening• Great Awakening- religious

movement of the 1730’s and 1740’s. It is different because of its passion.

• Begun as an attack on the Puritan Church, challenges all religious authority

French and Indian War

• War between France and Great Britain over the control of North America, Britain wins

• This war bankrupted Great Britain, they need money to pay for it, TAXES

• They believed the colonists should pay for it since it was over the colonies in North America

Proclamation of 1763• Law passed that banned

colonists from moving west beyond the Appalachian Mountains

• Passed to prevent further wars with Native Americans

• This angered colonists and is one reason for the American Revolution

Stamp Act• A tax on all printed

materials passed by Great Britain they need this symbol to show they paid the tax

• Passed to help pay for the French-Indian War

Sons of Liberty• This group of Patriots was

formed in 1765 and urged colonial resistance to the Stamp Act using any means available… even violence.

• Committees of Correspondence- formed to resist the new taxes passed by Great Britain

Boston Tea Party

• Colonists dumped tons of tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Stamp Act

Intolerable Acts• A series of laws passed to

punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party

• This led to increased anger against Britain and the First Continental Congress

Thomas Paine• Wrote Common Sense, an

argument that said it just made common sense for the colonists to revolt against King George

John Locke• He believed in natural

rights- “life, liberty, and property”

• He influenced Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence

Montesquieu

• He believed in the idea that government should have three parts- Legislative, Executive, and Judicial

• His writings influenced the writing of the Constitution and creation of the United States government

Declaration of Independence• Written primarily by Thomas

Jefferson, he was influenced by John Locke’s ideas (natural rights) in 1776

• It declares the reasons why the colonists will revolt and invokes the ideas of Social Contract.

Benjamin Franklin• He represents the idea of social

mobility (you can start poor and become rich or important) in America

• He becomes the ambassador to France during the American Revolution and convinces them to support the colonists during the war

• American Statesman/signed the Constitution/Founding Father

The American Revolution• This was the first successful

colonial independence movement against a European power, England 1775-1783.

• Great Britain vs. American colonies

George Washington

• Commander of the Continental Army

• His leadership skills held the army together during the war

• Started a training program to turn the colonial militia into the Continental Army (professional).

Marquis de Lafayette

• French soldier and friend of Washington

• He trained the soldiers at Valley Forge turning them into a well trained fighting force

• He helped Washington beat the British at Yorktown

Valley Forge

• Washington led his troops here for the Winter of 1777, becomes a symbol of sacrifice for a cause

• The Continental Army under Lafayette train and emerge stronger and better prepared to fight the British

Crossing the Delaware

• Turning point of the American Revolution, Washington leads his men on a surprise attack of the Hessian soldiers

• Washington wins at Trenton and Princeton, boosted the morale of the colonists fighting in the Revolution

Lord Cornwallis

• Leader of the British forces during the American Revolution

• He will surrender to Washington after the Battle of Yorktown

Battle of Yorktown

• Final battle of the American Revolution, French and American forces trapped the British with no where to run

• Treaty of Paris 1783- This officially ended the American Revolution and gave the United States territory all the way to the Mississippi River.

Articles of Confederation• First constitution of the United

States

• Weakness- didn’t have a legislative or executive branch of government, represented the colonists fear of a strong national government

• National Government could not- tax, regulate commerce, or print money

Northwest Ordinance• This provided an organized

way for a territory to become a state

• The one successful item accomplished under the Articles of Confederation

Shays’ Rebellion• Uprising of farmers in

Massachusetts in 1786, feared losing land due to taxes

• Showed the weakness of the federal government without the ability to tax it couldn’t fix the economy

• Led to the calling of the Constitutional Convention

Constitutional Convention

• Held at Independence Hall in Philadelphia,1787.

• Goal- create a plan for a more powerful national government and revise the Articles of Confederation.

• Outcome wrote the Constitution

Great Compromise

• This deal used parts of Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan

• Created bicameral Congress with one house based on population (House of Representatives) and one giving equal representation to every state (Senate).

Slavery and the Constitution • Three-Fifths Compromise-

agreement to count slaves as 3/5 a white person for representation in the government

• Slavery was allowed o continue under the Constitution for 20 more years

Federalist Papers• Written by Alexander

Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

• They argued that a strong government was needed to protect the Union

Anti-Federalist

• They opposed the adoption of the Constitution without a Bill of Rights to protect the freedoms of Americans against the federal government.

Bill of Rights

• The first ten amendments of the Constitution

• These amendments guarantee the rights of individuals and protects those rights from the government