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WEEK 6: SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACE

Figure 65: A group’s model (Picture: Achini Attanayake)

Figure 66: A group’s model (Picture: Achini Attanayake)

Additions from Week 5 Activity

This group focused on the roof structure of their allocated

section.

They constructed the timber beams and columns which were

part of the skeletal system.

However, the roof panel, which is being supported by the

columns and beams, is part of the enclosing system. Our task

was to create the structural systems only.

Like our model, their one was also unfinished.

This model consists mainly of concrete walls and slabs. The

walls are designed to be load-bearing and therefore, this model

shows the structural system.

The cantilever, however, does not form part of any structural

system as it cannot sufficiently support any loads.

Column

Beam

Roof panel

Wall

Slab

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OTHER GROUPS’ SITES

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42

WEEK 6 KNOWLEDGE MAPS References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72

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References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72

ALLOY: combinations of two or more metals (Newton, 2014)

CANTILEVER: a beam that is fixed at one end only

EAVE: the overhanging lower edge of a roof (Ching, 2008)

PORTAL FRAME: a structural frame consisting of columns and rafters, usually made from steel

PURLIN: a horizontal beam that supports the rafters of a roof

WEEK 6 GLOSSARY

(Ching, 2008)

(JS Engineering Design, 2014)

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RAFTER: a parallel sloping beam that forms the framework of a roof (refer to diagram above)

SOFFIT: the underside of an overhanging roof eave (Ching, 2008)

TOP CHORD: the top beam in a truss

(Ching, 2008)

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46

WEEK 7: DETAILING STRATEGIES 1 References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72

WEEK 7 KNOWLEDGE MAPS

47

References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72 References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72

48

References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72

DOWN PIPE: where collected water from the gutters runs through to the stormwater systems (Newton, 2014)

DRIP: a projection from a gutter from which stormwater can drip (refer to diagram above)

FLASHING: thin continuous pieces of sheet metal installed to prevent the passage of water into a structure (Ching, 2008)

GUTTER: a structure along the roof which is where stormwater is collected (refer to diagram above)

WEEK 7 GLOSSARY

(Ching, 2008)

Drip

Gutter

Down

pipe

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INSULATION: material used to prevent or reduce the transfer of heat or sound

PARAPET: a wall or railing along the edge of a balcony or roof

SEALANT: a way to seal an opening in order to avoid water penetration using materials such as silicon I(Newton, 2014)

VAPOUR BARRIER: a material of low permeance installed to prevent moisture from entering (Ching, 2008)

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51

WEEK 8: STRATEGIES FOR OPENINGS

Figure 67: Box gutter system (Cox Architecture, 2012)

Figure 69: Oval Pavilion, west side (Picture: Achini Attanayake)

My section was the box gutter system

in the roof of the Function Room of

the Oval Pavilion.

The predominant materials were

aluminium, insulation, cement and

plasterboard.

This structure had many non-

permeable features such as flashing

and a sealant. This was due to the

whole purpose of this section which is

to collect stormwater runoff and

dispose it. Figure 68: Function Room Roof Section (Cox Architecture, 2012)

My section

Figure 70: Underneath the roof section

(Picture: Achini Attanayake)

During our visit, my section wasn’t

found during the allocated time.

However, we did find the east part of

the Function Room roof which was

the other members’ sections.

Furthermore, in a corridor, we saw the

structure below our roof section. In

Figure 70, the other members’

sections are situated right above the

ceiling.

Other members’ sections

Other members’ sections

Section-Function Room Roof North 03

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53

References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72 WEEK 8 KNOWLEDGE MAPS

54

References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72

DEFLECTION: the bending of a member when placed under a load

DOOR FURNITURE: components required for a door such as locks, handles etc.

MOMENT OF INERTIA: a measure of an object’s resistance to rotational motion

SHEAR FORCE: a forced that pushes a structure in opposite but parallel directions

STRESS: a condition when a structure is under tension or strain

WINDOW SASH: the fixed or movable framework of a window in which pane of glass are set (Ching, 2008)

WEEK 8 GLOSSARY

(Ching, 2008)

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Draw a section through the site approximately

identifying the following elements:

External wall and internal wall

All floors structure and footings structure

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WEEK 9: DETAILING STRATEGIES

On the previous section, identify the

materials and structural elements

Concrete slabs

Concrete columns

Concrete footings

Steel reinforcement

With a different colour, draw the Load

Path Diagram

Provide a photo of an external entrance

threshold and identify the following:

All materials visible

Discuss how water be kept out of the

building

Draw a section through an internal wall and

identify all elements visible

Provide 3 examples of managing

safety on site

High visibility clothing is

required to be worn by

everybody

Temporary scaffolding is

placed along edges so that

it acts as a barrier.

Keeping the site tidy by using

rubbish bins

Figure 72: Load Paths Figure 71: Section drawing

Figure 73: Entrance (Picture: Achini Attanayake)

Figure 74: Section drawing

Note that this does not show the threshold. It

prevents water from entering as it covers the joint

between the door and the ground.

Cladding

Concrete

panels

Reinforcement

Footing

Beam

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What happens to rainwater that

lands on the roof?

The top concrete slab may be built

on a slight slope. Hence, this causes

the rainwater to fall to the gutters

and eventually through the down

pipes to the underground

stormwater system.

Provide a photo of an external

window and identify the following:

All elements visible

What type of window is it?

Figure 75: External window (Picture:

Achini Attanayake)

WINDOW FRAME

and SASH

Head

Jamb

Sill

It is a metal window, either

aluminium or steel.

It is fixed with a stationary sash.

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References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72 WEEK 9 KNOWLEDGE MAPS

59

References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72

BENDING: the change in shape of a structure when placed under a load

COMPOSITE BEAM: a beam created with two or more different materials (Newton, 2014)

CORNICE: a moulded projection that crowns a wall or divides it horizontally (Ching, 2008)

SANDWICH PANEL: a panel consisting of one material enclosed between two thin sheets of another material

SHADOW LINE JOINT: a type of joint that leaves a slight shadow between the two connecting members

SKIRTING: a board that runs along the bottom the of a wall where it joins the floor

WEEK 9 GLOSSARY

(Ching, 2008)

(Auskstone, 2014)

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61

WEEK 10: WHEN THINGS GO WRONG

On our second visit to the Oval Pavilion, we

spotted my section of the Function Room roof.

Only the aluminium fascia was seen due to the

parapet covering the rest of the structure.

Figure 76: My section of the Function Room roof (Picture: Achini Attanayake)

Aluminium

fascia

Figure 77: Metal deck roof

Figure 78: Cement cladding Figure 79: Aluminium fascia

Figure 80: Flashing Figure 81: Joint sealant Figure 82: Vapour Barrier

These elements were used to prevent any water

prevention into the building.

Since this structure is exposed to

outdoor elements, some

components may be susceptible to

wear. For instance, the joint sealant is

vulnerable as it is made out of silicon

which is not very durable.

Furthermore, the metal deck roof,

flashing and aluminium fascia may

undergo corrosion or oxidisation.

The corrosion or oxidisation of metal

elements will be rather expensive to

replace since it encompasses most

of the section. Removing these

sections for replacements will affect

the other elements as well.

Also, constant replacements due to

weathering will prove to be

economic issues as well.

However, the materials used for this

structure are generally cost effective

and therefore, it won’t be such a

great detriment to the budget.

As an outdoor structure,

this material was chosen

for its durability, hardness

and impermeability.

Cement was chosen

for both its durability

and compressive

strength.

Aluminum was

mainly chosen for

its aesthetic

qualities since it is

exposed to the

public as seen in Fig

76.

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Section-Function Room Roof North 03: 3D drawing

WEEK 10 KNOWLEDGE MAPS

63

References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72

References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72

64

BRACED FRAME: a timber or steel frame with diagonal members which resist lateral forces in buildings (Ching, 2008)

CORROSION: the process by which materials are eaten away by chemical action

DEFECT: an imperfection or blemish; a point of weakness

FASCIA: a horizontal band, usually located under a roof edge

IEQ: indoor environment quality (Hes, 2014)

LIFE CYCLE: the development of building material from the extraction and processing of raw materials, the

manufacturing, packaging, and transportation of the finished product to the point of use, maintaining the material in

use, the possible recycling and reuse of the material, and its final disposal (Ching, 2008)

SHEAR WALL: a wood, concrete, or masonry wall capable of resisting changes in shape and transferring lateral loads to

the ground foundation (Ching, 2008)

WEEK 10 GLOSSARY

65

SOFT STOREY: a floor that is significantly weaker or more flexible than those above and/or below it (Newton, 2014)

66

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP REPORT

67

We were instructed to create a structure spanning

1000mm. Our group was given one plywood sheet

and 3 pinewood timber beams.

During our construction, we used screws, nails,

hammers, electric drill and saws.

Figure 84: Beam structure, bottom view (Picture:

Achini Attanayake)

Figure 83: Beam structure, top view (Picture: Achini Attanayake)

We decided to attach two of the

pinewood beam to the sheet of plywood.

Screws were used as nails were too long.

Some longer screws were used when

there was a lack of shorter screws.

The plywood was primarily a connecting

member for the two pinewood timber

beams. This structure was to be the span.

Plywood

Pinewood

Pinewood Screw

Screw

The remaining beam was cut into 10

equal pieces and two supports were

created by using 5 pieces of timber each.

This was done by using long nails.

Figure 85: Supports (Picture: Achini Attanayake)

Figure 86: Butt joint (Ching, 2008)

Only the butt joint system was used in our

structures.

Figure 87: Connection between beam and supports (Picture: Achini Attanayake)

The beam and the supports were simply

nailed together, with the supports placed

lengthwise.

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Figure 88: Finished product (Picture: Achini Attanayake)

SPAN

Figure 89: Load paths

From Fig 89, it is evident that major

deflection would occur when the

structure is placed under a load. This is

because there is a lack of support in

the middle of the span length.

We actually turned the beam around

with the plywood on the underside.

This was because we believed that the

sheet would hold the two pinewood

beams together during deflection.

It should also be noted that some the

timber began to crack because we

had secured nails against its grain

direction.

However, unlike the scale model-

making during studio sessions, the

materials were more manageable and

reliable.

Figure 90: In the testing cradle (Picture: Achini

Attanayake)

Figure 91: Point of weakness (Picture: Achini

Attanayake)

Point of weakness

As expected, our structure

experienced a major deflection of

100mm.

It was also able to sustain a large load

of 80kg.

The weakness point was located in

middle of the span where it cracked.

Figure 92, 93: Other team’s beams (Picture: Achini

Attanayake)

Other teams’ beams were varied in their

structure. However, none of them

proved to be stable beams.

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