2013 tms decagon_product overview
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Decagon Devices Environmental Research
Instruments
Matt Galloway Decagon Devices, Inc.
Pullman, WA USA
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Decagon History
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Now 100+ employees
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Decagon’s Goal
Develop, manufacture and market
innovative instruments for use in environmental research
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n Decagon’s assets: Scientific Expertise
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Decagon’s Assets: 改善: Kaizen
n Continual improvement: in design, manufacturing, and all processes
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Decagon’s Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP): 2007 Mars Lander
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TECP objectives
n Learn more about how heat flows in Martian regolith n Ground-truth for plentiful remote
sensing data
n Determine if unfrozen water may exist under sunlit conditions in trench n Answers: “Can liquid water
occur on Mars?”
n Study vapor phase water transport n Examine how ice migrates from
pole to pole Prototype TECP probe
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WP4C Dewpoint Water Potential Meter
n Measures Water Potential of Soils, Seeds, Organic Matter, etc.directly MPa and Pf (log base 10 of MPa)
n Easy to use, more robust than thermocouple psychrometers
n Temp. controlled n Range: -0.05 to -300MPa
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Chilled-mirror Dewpoint Technique
Infrared Sensor
Optical Sensor
Mirror is chilled until dew is formed. The temperature at which saturation is achieved is determined by observing condensation on a chilled surface (mirror).
Advantages • Wide measurement range • Rapid measurement ~ 5 min. • High reliability • Low Maintenance
Sample
Mirror
Fan
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Moisture Release Curves
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pF Plot to get Soil Swelling
y = -17.02x + 7.0381R2 = 0.9889
y = -29.803x + 7.0452R2 = 0.9874
y = -97.468x + 6.8504R2 = 0.96883
3.54
4.55
5.56
6.57
7.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Water Content (g/g)
Suct
ion
(pF)
L-soilPalousePalouse B
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Expansive Soil Classification from
McKeen(1992)
Class Slope Expansion
I > -6 special case
II -6 to -10 high
III -10 to -13 medium
IV -13 to -20 low
V < -20 non-expansive
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Vapor Sorption Analyzer (VSA)
20
Range: -10 to -475 MPa. Accuracy: ±1MPa or ±1% Operating Temperature: 15 to 40°C
• Auto-generated moisture release curves • Static humidity feature to watch how soil adsorbs water over time
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VSA data
0
5
10
15
20
25
-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0
Water Potential (Mpa)
Wat
er C
onte
nt (g
/100
g)
BentonitePalouse BNM clayWalla WallaRoyalL-soil
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Water Activity
Wat
er C
onte
nt (g
/100
g)
BentonitePalouse BNM clayWalla WallaRoyalL-soil
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Vapor Sorption Analyzer
Decagon Devices, Inc. Confidential and Proprietary Do Not Copy or Redistribute 22
DVS Change In Mass (ref) Plot
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
250 350 450 550 650 750 850
Time/mins
Cha
nge
In M
ass
(%) -
Ref
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Targ
et R
H (%
)
dm - dry Target RH
© S urface Measurement S ystems Ltd UK 1996-‐2007DV S -‐ T he S orption S olution
Temp: 25.0 °C Meth: polymer f ilm.sao MRef: 2.28063
Static humidity feature to watch water adsorption vs. time
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AccuPAR Ceptometer model LP-80
What does the AccuPAR Measure? n PAR (Photosynthetically Active
Radiation n LAI (Leaf Area Index) calculated
using PAR measurements above and below the canopy, and using other variables.
Decagon invented this type of instrument in 1988 (Sunread, Sunscan, PAR-80, LP-80)
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What is PAR? n Acronym for Photosynthetically Active Radiation.
n Defined as the light in the 400 to 700 nm range of the spectrum (visible range).
n Light that is most
useful to plants for photosynthesis.
n Expressed by AccuPAR as µmol m-2 s-1, a measure of photon flux density
Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Leaf Area Index (LAI)
What is LAI?
n Defined as: total leaf area per unit ground area
n Indication of Canopy density, biomass
n Used to monitor growth, infestation
n Often used for ground-truthing Remote Sensing LAI data
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Calculating LAI
n Above-canopy PAR n Below-canopy PAR n x (leaf distribution parameter) n Zenith angle (automatically calculated) n Fb (fraction of beam radiation)
AccuPAR calculates LAI based on equations from Goudraan, Norman, and Campbell using measured and supplied data:
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Comparison Studies
“Comparisons of three Leaf Area Index Meters in a Corn Canopy” by W.W. Wilhelm, K. Ruwe, M.R. Schlemmer in Crop Science 40:1179-1183 (2000)
n Shows that all three types are similar, AccuPAR/SunScan somewhat better than LAI-2000.
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Spectral Reflectance Sensors (SRS) • NDVI bands: 630 nm and 800 nm center wavelengths • PRI bands: 532 nm and 570 nm center wavelengths • NIST traceable calibra5on stored onboard • Cosine diffusers for hemispherical measurement • 20° sealed field stops for direc5onal measurements • Dimensions: 43 x 40 x 27 mm • Epoxy-‐sealed sensor body – robust design • SDI-‐12 digital sensor • Decagon Em50 and CSI datalogger compa5ble
PRI
PRI
ND
VI
ND
VI
Hemispherical view sensors
Directional field stop sensor
Stacked SRS sensors NDVI + PRI
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How to Measure NDVI and PRI
PRI
ND
VI
ND
VI
ND
VI
PRI
Only two bands are needed to calculated NDVI or PRI.
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Typical canopy reflectance spectrum
redNIR
redNIRNDVIρρρρ
+−
=
Calculating NDVI
NIR
red
• NDVI is calculated from measurements of percent reflectance (ρ) in the red and near-infrared (NIR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Percent reflectance is the ratio between upwelling (from the canopy) to downwelling (from the sky) radiation. Requires a measurement of both.
• Red band is related to chlorophyll content (high absorption), NIR band is related to leaf cell structure (high scattering).
NDVI values range from -1 to 1.
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Gamon & Surfus (1999) New Phyt.
570531
570531
ρρρρ
+−
=PRI
Calculating PRI
• PRI (Photochemical Reflectance Index) was designed to estimate Light Use Efficiency (LUE) by detecting changes in the xanthophyll cycle
• Xanthophyll pigments change rapidly in response to environmental conditions
PRI values range from -1 to 1.
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Measurement Considerations
Image credit: Chris Gough
• Reflectance measurements require a top-down view of the canopy to measure upwelling radiance.
• Up-looking sensors require unobstructed view of the sky.
• Dual-view instruments (up/down) are a convenient way of measuring both incident and reflected light for calculating percent reflectance. They also account for changing sky conditions (e.g., clear vs. cloudy sky conditions).
• SRS are lightweight, low power, and have a small footprint, making them easy to mount almost anywhere.
Downwelling radiation
Upwelling radiation
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Leaf Porometer Model SC-1 For measurement of stomatal conductance
• Steady-state technique
• Stomatal conductance is a primary indicator of plant stress under drought conditions
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How does it work? n A chamber with a fixed
diffusion path is clamped to the leaf surface
n Steady-state technique; measures vapor pressure at two locations in a fixed diffusion path
n Calculates flux and gradient from the vapor pressure measurements and the known conductance of the diffusion path.
Atmosphere
Desiccant
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What can I do with a porometer? n Water use and water balance
n Use conductance with Fick’s law to determine crop transpiration rate
n Develop crop cultivars for dry climates/salt affected soils
n Determine plant water stress in annual and perennial species n Study effects of environmental conditions n Schedule irrigation
n Optimize herbicide uptake n Study uptake of ozone and other pollutants
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Case study: Washington State University wheat
• Researchers using steady state porometer to create drought resistant wheat cultivars – Evaluating physiological response to drought
stress (stomatal closing) – Selecting individuals with optimal response
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Case Study: Stress in wine grapes
y = 0.0204x - 12.962R² = 0.5119
-20.0
-18.0
-16.0
-14.0
-12.0
-10.0
-8.0
-6.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
0 50 100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Mid
-day
Le
af W
ater
Pot
entia
l (ba
rs)
Stomatal Conductance (mmol m-2 s-1)
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Mini-Disk Infiltrometer For measurement of Soil
Hydraulic Conductivity n Soil Hydrology Studies n Erosion Studies n Classroom Instruction FEATURES: ® Adjustable suction rate (0.5 to
6cm) ® Sintered stainless steel disk ® Removable parts
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Dielectric Soil Moisture Sensors
n Hi-frequency capacitance (FDR) -- Measures the dielectric constant
of the soil
n Designed to be buried in soil for long-term monitoring of soil moisture
n Measurement is made by processor inside probe head
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Analog soil moisture sensors
10HS: 10 cm probe length, 3-15 VDC — large sample area (~1 liter)
EC-5: 5cm probe length, 2.5-3 VDC — smallest length
MAS-1: 4-20 mA sensor, 5cm probe length — smallest length
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Digital Sensors GS3: Water content, EC (0-23 dS/m) and temperature. For soil or soil-less substrates
5TE: Water content, EC (0-23 dS/m) and temperature. For field soils only.
5TM: Water content and temperature. For field soils
All digital sensors are SDI-12 compatible
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Applications: Plant available water
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Applications: Irrigation Scheduling
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Applications: Hydrologic monitoring
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Applications: Hazardous waste monitoring
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Applications: slope stability
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Em50 Data Logger
n Weatherproof,-40° to 45°C measurement
n 5 ports n Uses 5 AA alkaline batteries,
low power usage. n Programmed via RS232 cable
connected to COM Port. n Measures every minute, then
averages and stores readings according to how it’s programmed. It can store any interval between 1min. and 1 day.
n Measures other micro-environment sensors that Decagon sells
Storage Capacity:
1MB non-volatile flash (28,672 scans on all 5 ports).
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VP3 RH/Temp Sensor and Radiation shield
n Digital sensor for use with Em50 loggers
n Measures and logs vapor pressure and temperature with a capacitance sensor and thermistor
n Should be used with a radiation shield for outdoor use
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Temperature Sensor
n Measures from – 40°C to 60°C
n Accuracy: ±0. 5 ° from 5 to 40°C; ±1°C outside this range
n Can be used in air, soil, or liquid. If used in air, a radiation shield should be used.
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Leaf Wetness Sensor n Determines presence and
duration of leaf moisture n Similar technology to EC-5,
does not require painting or maintenance
n All probes are calibrated to
same dryness baseline voltage
n Water condenses and
evaporates from the surface at the same rate as it does on leaves
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Leaf Wetness applications
n Disease prediction
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MPS-2 Matric Potential Sensor
n For in-situ monitoring of water potential
n Range: -10 to -500 kPa(pF 2 to pF 3.71)
n Uses capacitance method to measure water content of a known ceramic matrix
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Sensor Theory
n Measure water content of a known porous material with a pre-established SWCC, giving us matric water potential.
Matrix (Side View) Sensor (Side View)
Confined EM Field
Metal Plate
Metal Plate
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MPS-2 Advantages
n No maintenance n Good accuracy in plant-available
range n Each sensor pre-calibrated n Also measures Soil temperature
Water Potential is a better indicator of plant available water than water content
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Pyranometer / PAR sensor n Manufactured by Apogee
Instruments n Configured to connect to
our Em50 n Measures total solar
radiation (W/m2), PAR sensor measures µmol/m2/s
n Important for energy balance studies and micro-climate monitoring.
n Comes with leveling plate
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ECRN-100 Rain Gauge
n Resolution : 0.2 mm
n Double-spoon tipping
bucket
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Cup Anemometer
• For use with Em50 only, measures both speed and direction
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Em50R Radio-enabled Logger
n Any number of Em50Rs can transmit to one Data Station or Rm1.
n Range is from 1 to 3 km, depending on interference. Range can be increased with use of antenna.
n Transmits data when measurement is taken
Same specifications as normal Em50, only Em50R has a radio transmitter that sends collected data via telemetry
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DataStation
• Collects data from any number of Em50Rs
• Can operate on solar power or AC power
• Download direct to PC or PDA at your convenience
• Has Radio Telemetry test capability to help with placing Em50R loggers.
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Em50R/DataStation logging scenario
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Em50G: What is it?
GSM-enabled logger, delivers data via GSM providers to Decagon’s server Data is available at any internet connection
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Why the Em50G?
• 2.4 Ghz Radio can be problematic (range, wifi interference) • Single point remote locations • Ease of data acquisition via internet
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Computer + Software + Internet Em50G
Logger + Sensors
GSM/GPRS Cell Tower
Internet
Decagon Internet Server
64
How does it work?
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ECHO Utility
You can: n Configure ports n Name logger n Set logging interval n Download data n Scan ports
- Does not graph - Cannot apply
calibrations in program
Free software that comes with any Em50 and Em5b purchase
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CTD (conductivity, temp., depth sensor)
Decagon Devices, Inc. Confidential and Proprietary Do Not Copy or Redistribute 66
Water Depth Range 0 to 3.5 m Accuracy ±0.2 % of span Resolution 1 mm Electrical Conductivity Range 0 to 120 dS/m (mS/cm) Accuracy ±5% of reading Resolution 1.2% of reading Temperature Range -40 to + 50 °C Accuracy ±1 °C Resolution 0.1 °C
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CTD Uses
n Streambeds
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• Piezometer wells
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ES-2 EC and T sensor
n For monitoring EC and temperature in liquid water
Range: Electrical Conductivity: 0 to 120 dS/m Temperature: -40 to 50°C Resolution: Electrical Conductivity: 0.001 dS/m Temperature: 0.1°C Accuracy: Electrical Conductivity: + 0.01 dS/m or + 10 % (whichever is greater) Temperature: + 1°C
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Drain Gauge: Passive Capillary Lysimeter
n Purpose: to measure deep drainage (flux and solute analysis) below the root zone
Model G3 Model G2
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Drain Gauge G-2: How it works
1. Drain Gauge is installed below the root zone
2. Water travels through divergence control tube, then through wick to measurement chamber.
3. Water level is continuously monitored by depth sensor inside chamber. When 31ml of water fills the chamber, it empties via a siphon into a collection chamber. Each siphon event corresponds to 1mm of infiltration.
4. Water samples can be extracted from collection chamber using a syringe.
5. Excess water exits through the overflow port, leaving a constant volume in the sampling reservoir.
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Drain Gauge G-2: Chamber
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Drainage Data Drain Gauge data
(potato field, S. Idaho)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
time(days)
drai
n ga
uge
outp
ut (m
V)
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Drain Gauge G3
n Sampling Reservoir Volume: 3 L n Accuracy: ± 2% of full scale n Total Length: 1.5m n Divergence Control Tube (DCT) Length :60 cm n Construction Material: Stainless Steel or PVC
DCT
Decagon Devices, Inc. Confidential and Proprietary Do Not Copy or Redistribute 73
• Measure deep drainage flux (past the root zone) • Analyze water samples • Also measures EC and Temp. • Sealed lower portion
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Thermal Conductivity, Thermal Diffusivity, Thermal Resistivity and Specific Heat Capacity.
n Extended temperature range: -50 to 150°C.
n Data storage. n Smart sensors n Can be used with
liquid samples.
PRO
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KD2 Pro Applications:
n Soil thermal properties (fire, sun)
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KD2 Pro Applications:
n Insulation
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KD2 Pro Applications:
n Nanofluids
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KD2 Pro Applications: n Thermal
Backfill
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KD2 Pro Applications:
n Petroleum products
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