2013 SURINAME NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD DRUG PREVALENCE … · 2017-04-07 · Suriname National Household...

Prepared By:

Eva Stroo, MSc

2015

In collaboration with:

Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) Organization of American States (OAS)

2013 SURINAME NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD DRUG PREVALENCE SURVEY

Suriname National Household Drug Survey 2013

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Acknowledgements

This report is made possible by the Organization of American States (OAS), through the Executive Secretariat of the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD). Special thanks to Pernell Clarke and Tiffany Barry of CICAD for project management, training, monitoring and technical assistance during the implementation of this study. The Embassy of the USA in Suriname and the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) of the US State Department provided financial support for this project. Sincere gratitude to Gerold Dompig, CICAD’s Principal Representative to CICAD for his leadership in overseeing the completion of this project. Also many thanks to Tiffany Doerachman for practical support during the completion of the report. Special thanks are extended to the Director and staff of the Suriname Statistical Bureau who not only selected the sample of households, but also trained the field personnel in relation to the mapping of districts and the identification of selected households. Also special acknowledgement to the field staff and data entry personnel, in particular Ms. Charity Linga, for their dedication and commitment to their tasks. Finally, thanks to the National Security Office in Suriname and the persons who coordinated this project at different stages for their contribution to this study.


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Table of Contents

Prologue .................................................................................................................................................. 5

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 6

1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Drug trade, drug related crime and drug use ................................................................................ 7

1.2 Treatment ...................................................................................................................................... 8

1.3 National Anti-Drug Council ............................................................................................................ 8

1.4 Household survey on drug use ...................................................................................................... 9

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 10

2.1 Sampling design ........................................................................................................................... 10

2.2 Challenges ................................................................................................................................... 11

3. Results ........................................................................................................................................... 12

3.1 Demographic Characteristics ....................................................................................................... 12

3.2 Substance use once in a lifetime, annual and last 30 days, overall and by gender .................... 16

3.3 Problems associated with alcohol use ........................................................................................ 19

3.4 Problems associated with marijuana use .................................................................................... 22

3.5 Substance use by strata ............................................................................................................... 25

3.6 Substance use by work status ..................................................................................................... 29

3.7 Substance use by age group ........................................................................................................ 32

4. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 34

4.1 Limitations ................................................................................................................................... 35

5. Recommendations......................................................................................................................... 36

References ............................................................................................................................................. 37

Appendices ............................................................................................................................................ 38

Appendix A, Questionnaire National Household Survey Suriname .................................................. 38


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List of Tables

Table 1. Gender .................................................................................................................................. 12

Table 2. Strata ................................................................................................................................... 12

Table 3. Age groups ........................................................................................................................... 12

Table 4. Work Status .......................................................................................................................... 13

Table 5. Head of the household ........................................................................................................ 13

Table 6. Education ............................................................................................................................. 14

Table 7. Monthly income ................................................................................................................... 14

Table 8. Marital Status ...................................................................................................................... 15

Table 9. Religion ............................................................................................................................... 16

Table 10. Lifetime, past year and past month substance use, overall and by gender ..................... 19

Table 11. Problems associated with alcohol use, overall, by gender and by age group ................... 20

Table 12. Various problems because of alcohol, overall, by gender and by age group .................... 21

Table 13. Problems associated with marijuana use, overall, by gender and by age group ............... 24

Table 14. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use by strata .................... 29

Table 15. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use by work status ........... 31

Table 16. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use by age group .............. 33


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List of Figures

Figure 1. The districts of Suriname ........................................................................................................ 10

Figure 2. Gender .................................................................................................................................... 12

Figure 3. Strata ................................................................................................................................... 12

Figure 4. Age groups ........................................................................................................................... 12

Figure 5. Work status ............................................................................................................................ 13

Figure 6. Head of the household ........................................................................................................ 13

Figure 7. Education ................................................................................................................................ 14

Figure 8. Monthly income ..................................................................................................................... 15

Figure 9. Marital status ...................................................................................................................... 15

Figure 10. Religion ............................................................................................................................... 16

Figure 11. Lifetime, past year and past month alcohol use, overall and by gender ............................. 16

Figure 12. Lifetime, past year and past month tobacco use, overall and by gender ............................ 16

Figure 13. Lifetime, past year and past month marijuana use, overall and by gender ......................... 17

Figure 14. Lifetime, past year and past month cocaine use, overall and by gender ............................. 17

Figure 15. Lifetime, past year and past month crack use, overall and by gender................................. 17

Figure 16. Lifetime, past year and past month ecstasy use, overall and by gender ............................. 18

Figure 17. Lifetime, past year and past month tranquilizer use, overall and by gender ...................... 18

Figure 18. Lifetime, past year and past month stimulant use, overall and by gender .......................... 18

Figure 19. Problems associated with alcohol use, overall and by gender ............................................ 21

Figure 20. Various problems because of alcohol, overall and by gender ............................................. 22

Figure 21. Problems associated with marijuana use, overall and by gender ........................................ 25

Figure 22. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use in Paramaribo .............. 26

Figure 23. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use in Wanica & Para ......... 26

Figure 24. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use in Nickerie, Coronie &

Saramacca ............................................................................................................................................. 27

Figure 25. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use in Commewijne &

Marowijne ............................................................................................................................................. 28

Figure 26. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use in Brokopondo &

Sipaliwini................................................................................................................................................ 28

Figure 27. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of tobacco use by work status ................. 30

Figure 28. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of alcohol use by work status .................. 30

Figure 29. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of marijuana use by work status ............. 31

Figure 30. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of tobacco use by age group ................... 32

Figure 31. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of alcohol use by age group .................... 32

Figure 32. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of marijuana use by age group ................ 33


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Prologue

This report is made possible by an understanding between the General Secretariat of the OAS,

through the Executive Secretariat of CICAD, and the Government of Suriname to conduct a general

population (household) drug prevalence survey in Suriname. The purpose is to obtain the data

necessary to determine the prevalence and incidence of drug use among the general population and

to measure other indicators of drug use. The standardized methodology of the Inter-American Drug

Use Data System (SIDUC) is used.

However, this survey started back in 2013 and due to several challenges, its completion was delayed.

Despite the course of affairs, it is a pleasure to present the ‘Suriname National Household Drug

Survey 2013’.

Hopefully the information made available through this report can be of use to local stakeholders and

to the member states of CICAD for better understanding of the hemispheric situation. A scientific

approach to the information on drugs and data gathering on a regular basis will contribute to the

knowledge of drugs for good policy-making and effective program design, both nationally and

internationally.


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Executive Summary

This 2013 Suriname National Household Drug Prevalence Survey report provides an overview of the

use of substances among the population in Suriname. It was supported by the Organization of

American States (OAS), through Executive Secretariat of the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control

Commission (CICAD). The general objective of the survey was to determine the prevalence and

incidence of drug use, and to measure other indicators of drug use.

The survey reported on rates of use of substances such as tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine,

crack, ecstasy, tranquilizers and stimulants among persons in all 10 districts of Suriname, between 12

and 65 years of age. We also looked at other factors like age, district and work status for indicating

drug use. 2507 respondents answered the standardized questionnaire provided by CICAD.

The first point that emerges from the information that is presented in this survey is that alcohol is the most commonly used substance, followed by tobacco, marijuana, tranquilizers, stimulants, crack, cocaine and ecstasy. When we look at prevalence rates by gender, males indicated more overall substance use than females surveyed. An important issue is the use of alcohol. Of the respondents who admitted to using alcohol in the last

month, 27.1% were found to be binge-drinkers (consuming 5 drinks or more in a single setting).

Various problems associated with alcohol range from 1.5% of the respondents experiencing

problems with police or other law enforcement to 3.3% of the respondents having problems with

family or friends because of alcohol consumption. Various problems associated with marijuana range

from 25.4% of the respondents experiencing problems (fights, accidents, low grades) because the use

of marijuana once or more times to 88.1% of the respondents smoking marijuana alone once or

more times. These marijuana associated problems were reported by persons who consumed

marijuana in the past 12 months.

There are differences throughout the districts in the use of substances among the general

population. Noteworthy is that the prevalence of lifetime use of marijuana differs from Nickerie,

Coronie and Saramacca to Brokopondo and Sipaliwini, ranging from 3.8% to 14.9%. When we look at

prevalence by work status, the use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and cocaine is highest in the

category of persons who reported that they were working casually. The use of alcohol ranks second

and third respectively in the groups ‘working part time’ and ‘working full time’. By age, the least

substance use is reported in the age group 12 – 18, alcohol and marijuana are most used in the age

groups 26 -34. Tobacco is the only substance that increases by age group. Cocaine is only reported in

the age groups 35 – 44 and 45 – 65.

Recommendations of this survey for further policies are more scientific research and evidence-based

prevention and treatment. This also needs to be adapted to age groups, district and work status.


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1. Introduction

The Republic of Suriname is a sovereign state located on the northeastern coast of South America

and is the smallest country in this region with an area of just under 165,000 km². Suriname is situated

between French Guyana to the east, Guyana to the west and Brazil to the south. The northern part,

that borders the Atlantic coast, had been cultivated. Most of the population lives mainly in and

around the capital Paramaribo. The Surinamese population is a mix of several ethnic groups with

distinct cultures, norms and values. According to the General Bureau of Statistics Suriname (2014),

Suriname had a population of approximately 565,000 inhabitants in 2013. The southern part of the

country consists of tropical rainforest and savanna, covering about 80% of Suriname’s land surface.

The size of the labor force in 2011 was 145,697, of which 134,021 were employed and 11,676 were unemployed. Therefore the unemployment rate is 8% (ABS, 2011). The Situation Assessment and Analysis of Children’s Rights in Suriname 2010 identified the extreme disparities in education results between the coastal areas and the interior. The national net primary school attendance rate is 97% compared to 55% for the interior. Poor availability and quality of pre-schools and the sudden switch from local languages to Dutch are the main factors resulting in high repetition rates in first grade (19%) and poor net completion rates (51% completed 4 years of secondary school) in coastal areas, and in the interior (34% and 18% respectively). The national percentage for adult engagement in activities with children under five is 70%, while the percentage for the interior is only 44.7%. However in general, the upbringing is still quite traditional. Due to its Dutch colonial history, Suriname had a long-standing relationship with The Netherlands.

Full independence of Suriname was declared in 1975, but political disagreements followed whereby

The Netherlands withdrew all support over the years. After independence many Surinamese

emigrated to The Netherlands, and, despite the broken political ties, there are still a lot of personal

ties between the population in Suriname and the Surinamese in The Netherlands. For example, the

direct flight route from Suriname to The Netherlands is an effect of the ongoing bonds. The United

Stated has had a positive relationship with Suriname since 1991 and provides funding for several

programs. The Dutch influences are also still evident in the Surinamese society. Dutch is the official

language of the country, but Sranan is the most widely spoken language in the streets and is often

combined with Dutch, depending on the setting.

1.1 Drug trade, drug related crime and drug use

An additional aspect of the ties with The Netherlands is that Suriname is one of the four countries that are responsible, as a transit country, for smuggling cocaine to The Netherlands. It involves not only those people who finance the transport and facilitate, but also those who are responsible for the cocaine after arrival and have involvement in the sales. Also, mainly because of its location, Suriname is a transit point for other countries (Gruter & Van de Mheen, 2005). An overall picture of drug crime in Suriname shows that crime is usually concentrated on the following illegal substances: cocaine, marijuana, hashish, synthetic drug types such as ecstasy and other party drugs or related substances of the aforesaid drug types. Suriname, as of old, is not a drug producing country. Marijuana is, however, cultivated on a regular basis, especially in rural areas and is used for local trade and use (National Drug Master Plan 2011-2015, 2011). Vice versa, there are relatively many Dutch people who are incarcerated in Suriname, of which two

thirds were born in Suriname. 80% of Dutch people in detention abroad are incarcerated for a drugs

related crime (Miedema & Stoltz, 2008). Most of the dirty money in The Netherlands comes from

foreign criminality, and flows through The Netherlands to Suriname, The Netherlands Antilles,

Turkey, Colombia and Spain for money laundering (Unger, 2008).


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In the nineties synthetic drugs such as a methamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) were introduced to the market. In 2007 the most used illegal drug types were marijuana and ‘blaka jonko’ (mix of cocaine and marijuana for smoking), among legal drug types solvents and inhalants follow after alcohol. In the years 2008 until 2010, cannabis was frequently used in combination with other substances. In 2011 cheap cocaine also became available in Suriname causing youth to become dependent on this drug. In relation to drug use, there is a significant relation between the easy availability and access to these substances and illegal drug use (National Drug Master Plan 2011-2015, 2011).

1.2 Treatment

The Psychiatric Center Suriname (PCS) is the only official mental health care treatment center in Suriname and has the most expertise on biological and psychological level of addiction. The PCS offers an outpatients’ clinic for the care and treatment of drug addicts consists of the following tasks: prevention activities, psychoeducation, ambulant counseling and treatment, and aftercare for patients who’ve been in the detox clinic. The detox clinic of PCS provides clients to detox with a stay up to eight weeks. In 2013 the PCS has treated 144 persons for addiction problems. Over the years the non-Governmental organizations (NGOs) became increasingly significant and larger, and the most NGOs in the field of treatment and care start out from religious beliefs. Their activities span from information and prevention to shelter, treatment, follow-up care and re-integration. The PCS collaborates with the NGOs. Clients detoxified by the PCS will be able to move on more easily to NGO’s or vice versa for further treatment and coaching.

1.3 National Anti-Drug Council

The National Anti-Drug Council (NAR) coordinates all national efforts for a strong approach of the drug problem. The council is not an executor but rather a facilitator and policy formulating institute. The pursuit is to decrease drug use, drug addiction, drug trafficking and drug-related crime. To achieve this goal, the focus is on the creation of a wide basis through involvement at the coordination, of relevant governmental institutions such as the Ministries of Health, Justice and Police, Education and Public Development as well as employers’ organizations, non-governmental organizations in the field of prevention, treatment and care. The government has put the NAR in charge of the preparation of the National Drug Master Plan (NDMP). The national drug policy of Suriname is established within the National Drug Master Plan 2011-2015. The activities in this regard are therefore aimed at combating the supply, transit, trade and use of drugs. This policy is not static but dynamic and there is an integral and holistic approach that showed the problem comprised of multiple elements within the components of drug crime and drug abuse. Because of the expiration, the NAR is creating a new NDMP for the coming five years. Suriname sought to be associated with the policies of CICAD because collaboration with other countries is necessary for exchanging knowledge and achieving international goals. CICAD has formulated regional policies and strategies with regard to drug control, and the NDMP was based on this Hemispheric Drug Strategy, Plan of Action 2011-2015 (CICAD/OAS). For the National Drug Master Plan 2016-2020, the renewed principles of the CICAD strategy that will be established in the upcoming months are essential.


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1.4 Household survey on drug use

Drug use, drug trade and drug related crimes are internationally regarded as great threats for the development of a society. The diversity between sub regions of the OAS is important to understand and determine for an international policy against drugs. This survey is conducted in several member states of the OAS using the same basic questionnaire, sampling frameworks, and data-processing methods to study the extent and characteristics of drug use in the member states. The standardized methodologies ensure comparable results. The protocol of the household survey on drug use (2011) describes the specific objectives as follows:

o Determine the prevalence of psychoactive substance use: at least once in lifetime, over the past 12 months, over the past 30 days, and former use.

o Determine the prevalence of psychoactive substance use on the basis of socio-demographic characteristics: gender, age, occupation, schooling, socio-economic level and place of residence.

o Detect patterns of use of the various substances. o Describe aspects related to the use of substances: exposure to supply and use, risk

perception, exposure to talks or courses on prevention, among others of interest.

This report will be published as official data by the National Anti-Drug Council in Suriname and the

outcomes will be presented to key stakeholders for further policies.


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2. Methodology

The original standardized questionnaire of the household survey provided by CICAD has been

reduced and adapted to 43 questions, to suit the situation in Suriname. Characteristics of

respondents were collected and respondents were asked about the use of various types of drugs, age

of first use and additional questions about the use and perception of drugs (see appendix A for the

questionnaire).

The target population consists of persons in all 10 districts of Suriname. The ages of respondents ranged between 12 and 65 years of age. These males and females are from diverse socio-economic levels, living in the urban, rural and remote areas of the country. The fieldwork started on July 31st 2013 and finished on October 14th 2013 and was conducted by 33 field members (supervisors and interviewers), and guided by a coordinator.

2.1 Sampling design

The General Bureau of Statistics Suriname (ABS) prepared the sampling frame, designed and selected the samples. It is fixed on 4000 household addresses, with an error margin of 10%. This is a systematic sampling where an Enumeration Area (EA) of 55 household addresses was selected. The EA’s are proportionally distributed across the districts. The 10 districts (figure 1) are divided into five strata. Figure 1. The Districts of Suriname

Each stratum includes several EA’s and each EA contains 50 (+5 extra) households: Stratum 1: Paramaribo 35 EA’s Stratum 2: Wanica & Para 20 EA’s Stratum 3: Nickerie, Coronie & Saramacca 9 EA’s Stratum 4: Commewijne & Marowijne 7 EA’s Stratum 5: Brokopondo & Sipaliwini 9 EA’s


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All of the 80 EA’s were printed on cards, which were used by the fieldworkers to find the addresses. Those addresses were also listed (except in the case of the remote district of Sipaliwini, where only the villages were printed on the cards). Both the card and the list were used by the fieldworkers to gather the data. The house number was also on the list. But some houses did not have numbers at all. The ABS could not present an up-to-date list of households in the (5) EA’s for the remote district of Sipaliwini due to the lack of information about the households. As the area is remote, the houses in this district are not provided with house numbers and there are also no streets in most of the villages.

With the help of the Government officials and locals, households were selected, bearing in mind that those selected households represent all the different parts of the villages. Efforts were made to proportionately distribute the number of household per village per EA.

The interviewers returned 2507 completed forms. Of the remaining questionnaires 1943 that were prepared for the survey 288 were not used, 26 were not returned, and 1629 forms can’t be used for the survey due to different reasons. Therefore, overall response rate is 62.68%. The overall experiences during the data collection were positive because the preparations were done in accordance with the District Commissionaires in the districts Nickerie, Coronie, Saramacca, Commewijne, Marowijne, Brokopondo, and Sipaliwini. The District Commissionaires brought the household survey team in contact with local representatives of the Government and members of the community. Those representatives and locals guided the fieldworkers through the EAs. The fieldworkers faced some challenges, especially in the remote areas. Nevertheless the data that is gathered is accountable. The data was delivered in Excel and transferred to SPSS to produce the analysis.

2.2 Challenges

A few bottlenecks incurred during the survey. During the fieldwork, several households were not found, the addresses didn’t correspond with an actual house, and only 5 replacements were permitted per EA. There were also many refusals or unsuitable persons, for example, household members were older than 65 and the other household members were under 12 years of age. While implementing the field work, the survey coordinator stepped out of the survey and further guidance was provided by the National Security Office in the Cabinet of the President of the Republic of Suriname. Nevertheless, the surveys in the hinterland were completed and the questionnaires were collected and booked. The National Security Office of Suriname provided a report in 2015, but due to unfortunate circumstances the analyses of the existing database and the report had to be redone by a local consultant and collaboration with the first author could not take place. Some results are not used in the report. For example, a few questions have an illogical translation or do not match previously created categories, which make some of the data unsuitable for analysis.


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Male Female Missing

12 - 18 years old 19 - 25 years old

26 - 34 years old 35 - 44 years old

45 - 65 years old Missing

ParamariboWanica & ParaNickerie, Coronie & SaramaccaCommewijne & MarowijneBrokopondo & Sipaliwini

Figure 2. Gender

3. Results

3.1 Demographic Characteristics

The respondents consisted of 47.1% male and 52.7% female. Gender of 0.2 % of the population was

unknown (Table 1).

Table 1. Gender

Percent

Male 47.1

Female 52.7

Missing 0.2

As seen in Table 2, the residential areas of the respondents were as followed: 38.6% live in

Paramaribo, 23.3% have a domicile in Wanica and Para, 14.1% of the respondents have their home in

Nickerie, Coronie and Saramacca. Commewijne and Marowijne represent 10.7% and Brokopondo

and Sipaliwini accounted for 13.3% of the respondents.

Table 2. Strata Figure 3. Strata

Percent

1 Paramaribo 38.6 2 Wanica & Para 23.3

3 Nickerie, Coronie & Saramacca 14.1 4 Commewijne & Marowijne 10.7

5 Brokopondo & Sipaliwini 13.3

The respondents are divided into age groups. The age group 12-18 years old accounts for 14.5% of

the respondents while the 19-25 age group accounts for 12.4%, 19.3% of the respondents fall into

the age group 26-34 years old. The age group 35-44 years represents 22.1% and 31.3% of the

respondents fall in the age group 45-65 years old (Table 3). The ages of 0.5% of the respondents are

unknown.

Table 3. Age groups Figure 4. Age groups

Percent

12-18 14.5

19-25 12.4

26-34 19.3

35-44 22.1 45-65 31.3

Missing 0.5


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Working full time Working part time

Working casually Unemployed, but looking for work

Student Unemployed, not looking for work

Homemaker Retired or receiving pension benefits

Disabled Missing

Yes No Missing

Respondents were also asked for their work status. With a percentage of 44.4%, most of the

respondents are working full time. 17% is a student, 13.3% homemaker and 6.6% of the respondents

are working part time. In addition, the groups of ‘retired or receiving pension benefits’, ‘working

casually’, ‘unemployed but looking for work’, ‘not working and not looking for work’ and ‘incapacity

for work’ showed a percentage of, respectively, 5.2%, 4.6%, 4.6%, 2.4% and 1.4% of the surveyed

population. The answers of 0.6% are missing (Table 4).

Table 4. Work Status

Percent

Working full time 44.4 Working part time 6.6 Working casually 4.6 Unemployed, but looking for work 4.6 Student 17.0 Unemployed, not looking for work 2.4 Homemaker 13.3 Retired or receiving pension benefits 5.2 Disabled 1.4 Missing 0.6

Figure 5. Work status

Of the respondents, 43.9% is head of the household and 55.8% is not. Unknown is 0.2% (Table 5).

Table 5. Head of the household Figure 6. Head of the household

Percent

Yes 43.9 No Missing

55.8 0.2


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No schooling

Less than three years of primary education

Completed 8 years of primary education

Completed 4 years of secondary school

Completed 7 years of secondary school

Higher education

University

Of the respondents identified as head of the household, the most completed education is 4 years of

secondary school with a percent of 37.4%. 28.4% completed 8 years of primary school and 16.4%

completed 7 years of secondary education. Of the head of the households, 5.6% completed higher

education and 3.2% finished university. 2.7% reported less than three years of primary education and

6.2% reported no schooling (Table 6).

Figure 7. Education

Table 6. Education

Percent

No schooling 6.2 Less than three years of primary education 2.7 Completed 8 years of primary education 28.6 Completed 4 years of secondary school 37.4 Completed 7 years of secondary school 16.4 Higher education 5.6 University 3.2

The monthly incomes are divided in the followed 13 groups; less than SDR 500 (9.7%), between SRD

500 and SRD 750 (12.9%), between SRD 750 and SRD 1000 (15.2%), between SRD 1000 and SRD 1250

(11.2%), between SRD 1251 and SRD 1500 (10.9%), between SRD 1501 and SRD 1750 (10.5%),

between SRD 1751 and SRD 2000 (9.9%), between SRD 2001 and SRD 2500 (8.8%), between SRD

2501 and SRD 3000 (4.0%), between SRD 3001 and SRD 4000 (3.3%), between SRD 4001 and SRD

5000 (1.3%), between SRD 5001 and SRD 6000 (0.8%) and more than 6000 (1.4%) (Table 7).

Table 7. Monthly income

Percent

Less than SRD 500 9.7 Between SRD 500 and SRD 750 12.9 Between SRD 750 and SRD 1000 15.2 Between SRD 1000 and SRD 1250 11.2 Between SRD 1251 and SRD 1500 10.9 Between SRD 1501 and SRD 1750 10.5 Between SRD 1751 and SRD 2000 Between SRD 2001 and SRD 2500 Between SRD 2501 and SRD 3000 Between SRD 3001 and SRD 4000 Between SRD 4001 and SRD 5000 Between SRD 5001 and SRD 6000 More than SRD 6000

9.9 8.8 4.0 3.3 1.3 0.8 1.4


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Less than SRD 500 Between SRD 500 and SRD 750

Between SRD 750 and SRD 1000 Between SRD 1000 and SRD 1250





More than SRD 6000

Single Married

Living with a partner Divorced

Widow/ widower Missing

Figure 8. Monthly income

Most of the respondents reported their marital status as single (51.4%), followed by married (27.4%) and living with a partner (12.8%). 3.9% of the respondents indicated to be divorced, 2.4% say they are a widow and 2.1% did not report their status (Table 8).

Table 8. Marital Status Figure 9. Marital status

Percent

Single 51.4 Married 27.4 Living with a partner 12.8 Divorced 3.9 Widow/ widower 2.4 Missing 2.1

Table 9 shows the religious divisions amongst the participants. The most common religion is

Protestant (32.2%), thereafter Hinduism (21.7%) and Catholic (19.7%). Followed by Islam (15%),

Atheist (4.2%), other (3.5%) and Jewish (0.2%). 3.5% of the answers of the respondents on this topic

is missing.


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Catholic Protestant Hinduism

Islam Jewish Agnostic

Atheist, no religion Other Missing

Table 9. Religion Figure 10. Religion

Percent

Catholic 19.7 Protestant 32.2 Hinduism 21.7 Islam 15.0 Jewish 0.2 Agnostic 0.0 Atheist, no religion 4.2 Other 3.5 Missing 3.5

3.2 Substance use once in a lifetime, annual and last 30 days, overall and by gender

Alcohol is the most commonly used substance (table 10); 60.2% of the respondents reported lifetime

use, 45.0% reported past year use and 30.1% indicated use in the past 30 days. More males use

alcohol than females in their lifetime, in the past year, and in the last 30 days, with respectively

70.8%, 56.7% and 41.9% for males and 50.6%, 34.5% and 19.5% for females.

Figure 11. Lifetime, past year and past month alcohol use, overall and by gender

Tobacco is the second most used substance with 35% of the respondents using it at least once in

their lifetime, 20.7% in the past year and 17.2% in the last 30 days. 53.3% of the male respondents

used tobacco once in their lifetime, 34.3% in the past year and 29.2% in the last 30 days. Of the

female respondents, 17.7% used tobacco once in a lifetime, 7.9% past year and 5.8% in the last 30

days.

Figure 12. Lifetime, past year and past month tobacco use, overall and by gender

0

20

40

60

80

Lifetime Past year Past month

Overall Male Female

0

20

40

60


Overall Male Female


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Thirdly, marijuana is used by 8.0% of the participants at least once in their lives, 3.4% in the past year

and 2.3% in the last 30 days. 15.5% of the male respondents used marijuana at least once in their

lives, 6.6% in the past year and 4.6% in the last 30 days. The females reported a lifetime prevalence

of 1.2%, past year prevalence of 0.4% and past month prevalence of 0.2%.

Figure 13. Lifetime, past year and past month marijuana use, overall and by gender

0.4% of the respondents reported lifetime use of cocaine, 0.1% reported past year use and 0.1%

indicated use in the past 30 days. 1.1% of the male respondents used cocaine at least once in their

lives, 0.4% in the past year and 0.4% in the last 30 days. Females didn’t report the use of cocaine.

Figure 14. Lifetime, past year and past month cocaine use, overall and by gender

Crack is used with a use of 0.4% of the respondents at least once in their lifetime, 0.2% in the past

year and 0.1% in the last 30 days. More males use crack than females in their lifetime, in the past

year, and in the last 30 days, with respectively 1.0%, 0.5% and 0.3% for males and 0.2%, 0.1% and

0.1% for females.

Figure 15. Lifetime, past year and past month crack use, overall and by gender

0.4% of the respondents reported lifetime use of ecstasy, 0.1% reported past year use and 0.1%

indicated use in the past 30 days. 0.6% of the male respondents used ecstasy once in their lifetime,

0.1% in the past year and 0.1% in the last 30 days. Of the female respondents, 0.4% used ecstasy

once in a lifetime, 0.2% annual and 0.1% in the last 30 days.

0

5

10

15

20


Overall Male Female

0

0.5

1

1.5


Overall Male Female

0

0.5

1

1.5


Overall Male Female


18

Figure 16. Lifetime, past year and past month ecstasy use, overall and by gender

Tranquilizers are used by 2.4% of the participants at least once in their lives, 1.2% in the past year

and 0.7% in the last 30 days. 2.4% of the male respondents used tranquilizers at least once in their

lives, 1.2% in the past year and 0.7% in the last 30 days. While lifetime prevalence for females for use

of tranquilizers is reported at 2.3%, their past year and past month use exceeds or rivals that of their

male counterparts with a past year prevalence of 1.1% and past month prevalence of 0.7%.

Figure 17. Lifetime, past year and past month tranquilizer use, overall and by gender

Stimulants are used by 0.7% of the participants at least once in their lives, 0.3% in the past year and

0.1% in the last 30 days. 1.2% of the male respondents used stimulants at least once in their lives,

0.6% in the past year and 0.3% in the last 30 days. The females reported a lifetime prevalence of

0.5%, past year prevalence of 0.1% and no past month prevalence.

Figure 18. Lifetime, past year and past month stimulant use, overall and by gender

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8


Overall Male Female

0

1

2

3


Overall Male Female

0

0.5

1

1.5


Overall Male Female


19

Table 10. Lifetime, past year and past month substance use, overall and by gender

Lifetime (%) Past year (%) Past 30 days (%)

Tobacco Overall 35.0 20.7 17.1 Male 53.3 34.3 29.2 Female 17.7 7.9 5.8

Alcohol Overall 60.2 45.0 30.1 Male 70.8 56.7 41.9 Female 50.6 34.5 19.5

Marijuana Overall 8.0 3.4 2.3 Male 15.5 6.6 4.6 Female 1.2 0.4 0.2

Cocaine Overall 0.4 0.1 0.1 Male 1.1 0.4 0.4 Female 0.0 0.0 0.0

Crack Overall 0.4 0.2 0.1 Male 1.0 0.5 0.3 Female 0.2 0.1 0.1

Ecstasy Overall 0.4 0.1 0.1 Male 0.6 0.1 0.1 Female 0.4 0.2 0.1

Tranquilizers Overall 2.4 1.2 0.7 (e.g. Valium, Male 2.4 1.2 0.7 Librium, Xanax) Female 2.3 1.1 0.7

Stimulants Overall 0.7 0.3 0.1 (e.g. Dexedrine, Male 1.2 0.6 0.3 Cylert, Ritalin) Female 0.5 0.1 0.0

3.3 Problems associated with alcohol use

Alcohol is the most commonly used substance; hence some additional questions regarding the

characteristics of alcohol use by gender and age group are discussed (table 11). Of the respondents

who admitted to consuming alcohol in the last 30 days, 27.1% were found to be binge drinkers-

consuming 5 or more drinks in one sitting over the past two weeks. However, 72.9% stated that they

had not consumed 5 drinks or more in a single setting over the past 2 weeks. As can be seen among

the age groups the prevalence of binge drinking increases as the age group increases and a greater

proportion of males are engaged in binge drinking.

Further, 11.3% of respondents admitted to having 6 or more drinks in a row within the past 12

months. While 88.7% of the respondents reported that they had not taken 6 or more drinks in a row

in the past 12 months. Among the age groups, the prevalence fluctuates with no clear pattern, and

more males engage in this behavior than females.

Of the respondents, 6.9% admitted that they had been unable to stop drinking once they started,

93.1% reported that they had not been unable to stop drinking. This is a DSM-V (Diagnostic and

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) criterion for substance abuse. Among the age groups the

prevalence of this criterion increases as the age groups increases, except the prevalence decreases in

the highest age group. Males indicated more of this problem than the females surveyed.

3.4% of the respondents admitted alcohol intake alters the performance of normal activities. 96.6%

stated alcohol intake never alters the performance of normal activities. This is also a DSM-V criterion


20

for substance use disorder. Among the age groups, the prevalence fluctuates. A greater proportion of

males are confrontated with this problem.

Of the respondents, 2.6% admitted to being unable to remember what happened the night before,

97.4% stated that they did not experience this problem. Among the age groups, the prevalence of

this problem is higher in the lower age groups. Males indicated having this problem than the females

surveyed. This is also a DSM-V criterion for substance use disorder.

Table 11. Problems associated with alcohol use, overall, by gender and by age group

Overall Gender (%) Age group (%)

(%) Male Female 12 - 18 19 - 25 26 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 65

Number of times taken 5 drinks or more over the past 2 weeks

Not once Just once 2 or 3 times Between 4 and 5 times More than 5 times

72.9 12.7 10.8 1.2

2.6

65.2 15.5 14.5 1.4

3.3

87.3 7.3 3.9 0.4

1.2

84.6 7.7 7.7 0

0

74.1 12.0 8.3 0

5.6

73.6 14.3 11.5

0

0.5

75.4 13.1 8.0 1.7

1.7

67.9 12.2 13.9 2.1

3.8

Taken 6 or more drinks one after another

Never Less than once a month Every month Every week Every day

88.7 8.2

1.5 1.4 0.2

83.1 12.0

2.3 2.2 0.4

95.8 3.5

0.5 0.3 0

90.2 6.8

3.0 0 0

89.2 6.2

2.1 2.1 0.5

89.5 8.1

1.2 1.2 0

87.5 10.1

1.8 0.6 0

88.5 8.2

0.8 2.1 0.4

Unable to stop drinking once started


93.1 4.5

1.3 0.5 0.5

89.3 7.0

1.9 0.8 0.8

97.9 1.4

0.5 0.2 0.2

95.5 1.5

1.5 1.5 0

95.4 3.0

1.0 0.5 0

94.6 4.8

0 0

0.6

89.7 6.2

2.4 0.6 1.2

92.9 4.6

1.5 0.6 0.4

Alcohol intake alters the performance of normal activities


96.6 3.0

0.2 0.1 0

95.0 4.4

0.4 0.2 0

98.6 1.4

0 0 0

96.3 3.7

0 0 0

93.9 6.1

0 0 0

98.2 1.8

0 0 0

97.1 2.6

0

0.3 0

96.5 2.7

0.6 0.2 0

Unable to remember what happened the night before


97.4 2.4

0.1 0

0.1

96.0 3.5

0.2 0

0.2

99.1 0.9

0 0 0

95.5 4.5

0 0 0

96.5 3.5

0 0 0

98.5 1.2

0 0

0.3

97.9 1.8

0.3 0 0

97.1 2.5

0.2 0

0.3


21

Figure 19. Problems associated with alcohol use, overall and by gender

Table 12 shows the prevalence of various problems because of alcohol. Only 3% of respondents

indicated that they had severe problems at home school or work because of alcohol, 2.5% were

exposed to danger, 1.5% had problems with law enforcement, 3.3% had problems with family or

friends, and 2% got into fights. A greater proportion of males admitted to experiencing these

problems than females.

Table 12. Various problems because of alcohol, overall, by gender and by age group


(%) Male Female 12 - 18 19 - 25 26 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 65

Severe problem at home, work or school because of alcohol

Yes No

3.0 97.0

3.6 96.4

2.1 97.9

1.5 98.5

3.1 96.9

2.1 97.9

3.0 97.0

3.9 96.1

Exposed to physical danger because of alcohol

Yes No

2.5 97.5

3.7 96.3

1.1 98.8

0.0 100.0

2.1 97.9

1.5 98.5

4.2 95.8

3.0 97.0

Problems with police or other law enforcement

Yes No

1.5 98.5

2.2 97.8

0.6 99.4

0.0 100.0

0.5 99.5

0.6 99.4

2.7 97.3

2.1 97.9

Problem with family or friends because of alcohol

Yes No

3.3 96.7

4.6 95.4

1.8 98.2

2.3 97.7

1.5 98.5

2.4 97.6

5.4 94.6

3.6 96.4

Involved in fist fights or assaulted someone under influence of alcohol

Yes No

2.0 98.0

2.6 97.4

1.2 98.8

0.8 99.2

1.0 99.0

1.5 98.5

3.3 96.7

2.1 97.9

0

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t o

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ay

Number of times taken5 drinks or more over

the past 2 weeks

Taken 6 or more drinksone after another

Unable to stop drinkingonce started

Alcohol intake altersthe performance of

normal activities

Unable to rememberwhat happened the

night before

Overall Male Female


22

Figure 20. Various problems because of alcohol, overall and by gender

3.4 Problems associated with marijuana use

Marijuana is the most commonly used illegal drug in Suriname. Therefore, additional questions

regarding the experiences of the use of marijuana, by gender and age group are discussed (table 13).

Only the respondents who stated the use of marijuana in the last 12 months were asked these

questions.

Of the group that indicated use of marijuana in the last 12 months, 16.9% reported no use of

marijuana before noon, 5.1% rarely, 27.1% sometimes, 42.4% fairly often and 8.5% very often. Males

reported more use of marijuana than females before noon, with a percentages for never, rarely,

sometimes, fairly often and very often of 14.3%, 5.4%, 28.6%, 42.9%, and 8.9% respectively for

males. 33.3% of the females reported using marijuana fairly often before noon, 66.7% of the females

in this group reported no use before noon.

Further, 11.9% of respondents stated that they never smoked marijuana alone, 3.4% did it rarely,

13.6% sometimes, 39.0% fairly often and 32.3% very often. More males stated that they smoked

marijuana alone than females with, 3.6% of males stating that they have done it rarely, 14.3%

sometimes, 39.3% fairly often, and 33.9% very often, 8.9% of males indicated that they have never

smoked alone. 66.7% of females reported that they have never smoked alone and 33.3% have

smoked alone fairly often.

Of the group that indicated use of marijuana in the last 12 months, 69.5% reported no memory loss

as a result of smoking marijuana, 20.3% rarely lost their memory, 6.8% sometimes, 1.7% fairly often

and 1.7% indicating that memory loss occurred very often. Females reported more memory loss as a

result of smoking marijuana than males, 33.3% of them indicated that they sometimes experienced

memory loss compared to 5.4% of males. 66.7% of females have never experienced memory loss,

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Severe problem athome, work or

school because ofalcohol

Exposed to physicaldanger because of

alcohol

Problems withpolice or other law

enforcement

Problem with familyor friends because

of alcohol

Involved in fist fightsor assaulted

someone underinfluence of alcohol

Overall Male Female


23

compared to 69.6% of males. Additionally, 21.4% of males indicated that they rarely experienced

memory loss, with 1.8% indicating that memory loss occurred fairly often and very often. Of the

respondents who reported use or marijuana in the last 12 months, 24.1% stated that no friends or

family told them to reduce the use of marijuana, 5.2% rarely, 17.2% sometimes, 13.8% fairly often

and 39.7% very often. More males stated they have been told to reduce the use of marijuana than

females with 5.5% of males being told to do so rarely, 16.4% sometimes, 14.5% fairly often, and

41.8% very often. 33.3 % of females indicated that they have sometimes been told to reduce their

use of marijuana and 66.7% of them reported that they have never been told to reduce to use of

marijuana, this is compared to 21.8% of males who indicated that they have never been told to

reduce their use of marijuana.

Further analysis of the group that indicated the use of marijuana in the last 12 months revealed that,

42.4% reported not trying to reduce the use of marijuana, 11.9% rarely, 15.3% sometimes, 18.6%

fairly often and 11.9% very often. More Males reported trying to reduce use of marijuana than

females, with a percentage for never, rarely, sometimes, fairly often and very often of 41.4%, 10.7%,

16.1%, 19.6% and 12.5% respectively for males. 33.3% of the females reported rarely, 66.7% of the

females in the group using marijuana in the last 12 months reported not trying to reduce the use of

marijuana.

Moreover, of the respondents who reported use or marijuana in the last 12 months, 74.6% stated

that they never have problems (fights, accidents, low grades) because of use of marijuana, 16.9%

reported rarely, 1.7% sometimes, 3.4% fairly often and 3.4% very often. More males stated that they

have problems because of the use of marijuana 17.9% reported rarely, 1.8% sometimes, 3.6% fairly

often, and 3.6% very often; with 73.2% indicating that they never have problems. No females

reported problems because of use of marijuana.


24

Table 13. Problems associated with marijuana use, overall, by gender and by age group


(%) Male Female 12 - 18 19 - 25 26 - 34 35 – 44 45 - 65

Smoked marijuana before noon

Never Rarely Sometimes Fairly often Very often

16.9 5.1

27.1 42.4 8.5

14.3 5.4

28.6 42.9 8.9

66.7 0 0

33.3 0

0 0

100.0 0 0

12.5 0

25.0 50.0 12.5

11.1 5.6

38.9 33.3 11.1

20.0 6.7

20.0 46.7 6.7

25.0 6.3

12.5 50.0 6.3

Smoked marijuana alone


11.9 3.4

13.6 39.0 32.2

8.9 3.6

14.3 39.3 33.9

66.7 0 0

33.3 0

0 100.0

0 0 0

12.5 0 0

62.5 25.0

16.7 0

16.7 33.3 33.3

6.7 6.7 6.7

46.7 33.3

12.5 0

18.8 31.3 37.5

Memory loss as a result of smoking marijuana


69.5 20.3 6.8 1.7 1.7

69.6 21.4 5.4 1.8 1.8

66.7 0

33.3 0 0

100.0 0 0 0 0

62.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

0

72.2 16.7 11.1

0 0

73.3 13.3 6.7 0

6.7

62.5 37.5

0 0 0

Ever told by friends/family to reduce use of marijuana


24.1 5.2

17.2 13.8 39.7

21.8 5.5

16.4 14.5 41.8

66.7 0.0

33.3 0.0 0.0

100.0 0 0 0 0

37.5 12.5 12.5

0 37.5

11.8 0

29.4 23.5 35.3

33.3 6.7

13.3 13.3 33.3

18.8 6.3 6.3

12.5 56.3

Ever tried reducing marijuana use


42.4 11.9 15.3 18.6 11.9

41.4 10.7 16.1 19.6 12.5

66.7 33.3

0 0 0

100.0 0 0 0 0

62.5 25.0

0 0

12.5

50.0 11.1 16.7 11.1 11.1

33.3 6.7

20.0 26.7 13.3

31.3 6.3

18.8 31.3 12.5

Problems because use of marijuana (fights, accidents, low grades)


74.6 16.9 1.7 3.4 3.4

73.2 17.9 1.8 3.6 3.6

100.0 0 0 0 0

100.0 0 0 0 0

87.5 12.5

0 0 0

77.8 11.1

0 5.6 5.6

86.7 13.3

0 0 0

50.0 31.3 6.3 6.3 6.3


25

Figure 21. Problems associated with marijuana use, overall and by gender

3.5 Substance use by strata

Table 14 shows the lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use by strata.

In stratum 1 (Paramaribo) the most used substance is alcohol with 59.1% of the surveyed population

reported lifetime use, 44.6% past year use, and 31.2% past month use. Tobacco is the second most

used substance with 38.1% of the respondents reporting lifetime use, 20.9% past year use, and

16.1% past month use. 8.5% of the respondents reported using marijuana at least once in their

lifetime, 2.9% reported past year use, and 1.6% reported past month use. The prevalence of all other

drugs was indicated for lifetime, past year and past month use of respectively 0.5%, 0.3%, 0.3% for

cocaine, 0.9%, 0.4%, 0.3% for crack, 4.3%, 1.8%, 1.2% for tranquilizers and 1.5%, 0.6%, 0.2% for

stimulants. 0.7% of the respondents reported lifetime use of ecstasy.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120N

eve

r

Rar

ely

Som

etim

es

Fair

ly o

fte

n

Ver

y o

ften

Ne

ver

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ely

Som

etim

es

Fair

ly o

fte

n

Ver

y o

ften

Ne

ver

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Som

etim

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Fair

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fte

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Ver

y o

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Ne

ver

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Som

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es

Fair

ly o

fte

n

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y o

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Ne

ver

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Som

etim

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Fair

ly o

fte

n

Ver

y o

ften

Ne

ver

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ely

Som

etim

es

Fair

ly o

fte

n

Ver

y o

ften

Smoked marijuanabefore noon

Smoked marijuanaalone

Memory loss as aresult of smoking

marijuana

Ever told byfriends/family to

reduce use ofmarijuana

Ever triedreducing

marijuana use

Problems becauseuse of marijuana(fights, accidents,

low grades)

Overall Male Female


26

Figure 22. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use in Paramaribo

In stratum 2 (Wanica & Para) the most used substance is also alcohol with 56.2% of the surveyed

population reported lifetime use, 42.3% past year use, and 26.4% past month use. Tobacco is the

second most used substance with 30.7% of the respondents reporting lifetime use, 18.9% past year

use, and 16.7% past month use. 5.0% of the respondents reported using marijuana at least once in

their lifetime, 1.2% reported past year use, and 0.3% reported past month use. The prevalence of all

other drugs was indicated for lifetime, past year and past month use of respectively 0.2%, 0.2% 0.2%

for crack, 2.3%, 1.4%, 0.7% for tranquilizers and 0.4%, 0.2%, 0.0% for ecstasy. 0.2% and 0.3% of the

respondents stated lifetime use of respectively cocaine and stimulants.

Figure 23. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use in Wanica & Para

0

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50

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Life

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Tobacco Alcohol Marijuana Cocaine Crack Ecstasy Tranquilizers Stimulants

0

10

20

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40

50

60

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tim

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Pas

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27

In stratum 3 (Nickerie, Coronie and Saramacca) the most used substance is alcohol with 61.5% of the

surveyed population reporting lifetime use, 40.2% past year use, and 26.8% past month use. Tobacco

is the second most used substance with 32.9% of the respondents reporting lifetime use, 20.2% past

year use, and 17.0% past month use. 3.8% of the respondents reported using marijuana at least once

in their lifetime, 1.3% reported past year use, and 1.2% reported past month use. The prevalence of

all other drugs was indicated for lifetime, past year and past month use of respectively 0.6%, 0.3%,

0.3% for crack, 0.6%, 0.3%, 0.3% for ecstasy and 0.9%, 0.6%, 0.3% for tranquilizers. 0.3% of the

respondents reported lifetime use of both cocaine and stimulants.

Figure 24. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use in Nickerie, Coronie & Saramacca

In stratum 4 (Commewijne and Marowijne) the most used substance is alcohol with 58.4% of the

surveyed population reporting lifetime use, 43.6% past year use, and 26.2% past month use. Tobacco


year use, and 17.8% past month use. 8.7% of the respondents reported using marijuana at least once

in their lifetime, 4.5% reported past year use, and 3.4% reported past month use. The prevalence of

all other drugs was indicated for lifetime, past year and past month use of respectively 0.4%, 0.4%,

0.4% for both ecstasy and stimulant and 0.4%, 0.4%, 0% for tranquilizers. 1.5% and 0.4% of the

respondents reported lifetime use of respectively cocaine and crack.

0

10

20

30

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50

60

70

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28

Figure 25. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use in Commewijne & Marowijne

In stratum 5 (Brokopondo and Sipaliwini) the most used substance is also alcohol with 70.7% of the

surveyed population reported lifetime use, 58.0% past year use, and 40.5% past month use. Tobacco


year use, and 20.7% past month use. 14.9% of the respondents reported using marijuana at least

once in their lifetime, 9.2% reported past year use, and 7.7% reported past month use. The

prevalence of all other drugs was indicated for lifetime, past year and past month use of respectively

0.3%, 0.3%, and 0.3% for both cocaine and tranquilizers. None of the respondents reported use of

crack, ecstasy and stimulants.

Figure 26. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use in Brokopondo & Sipaliwini

0

10

20

30

40

50

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70Li

feti

me

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0

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ar

Pas

t m

on

th

Life

tim

e

Pas

t ye

ar

Pas

t m

on

th

Life

tim

e

Pas

t ye

ar

Pas

t m

on

th

Life

tim

e

Pas

t ye

ar

Pas

t m

on

th

Life

tim

e

Pas

t ye

ar

Pas

t m

on

th

Life

tim

e

Pas

t ye

ar

Pas

t m

on

th

Life

tim

e

Pas

t ye

ar

Pas

t m

on

th



29

Table 14. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use by strata

Lifetime (%)

Past year (%)

Past month (%)

District

Tobacco Paramaribo 38.1 20.9 16.1 Wanica & Para

Nickerie, Coronie & Saramacca Commewijne & Marowijne

30.7 32.9 34.6

18.9 20.2 20.7

16.7 17.0 17.8

Brokopondo & Sipaliwini 36.5 24.7 20.7

Alcohol Paramaribo 59.1 44.6 31.2 Wanica & Para 56.2 42.3 26.4 Nickerie, Coronie & Saramacca 61.5 40.2 26.8 Commewijne & Marowijne 58.4 43.6 26.2 Brokopondo & Sipaliwini 70.7 58.0 40.5

Marijuana Paramaribo 8.5 2.9 1.6 Wanica & Para 5.0 1.2 0.3 Nickerie, Coronie & Saramacca 3.8 1.3 1.2 Commewijne & Marowijne 8.7 4.5 3.4 Brokopondo & Sipaliwini 14.9 9.2 7.7

Cocaine Paramaribo 0.5 0.3 0.3 Wanica & Para 0.2 0.0 0.0 Nickerie, Coronie & Saramacca 0.3 0.0 0.0 Commewijne & Marowijne 1.5 0.0 0.0 Brokopondo & Sipaliwini 0.3 0.3 0.3

Crack Paramaribo 0.9 0.4 0.2 Wanica & Para 0.2 0.2 0.2 Nickerie, Coronie & Saramacca 0.6 0.3 0.3 Commewijne & Marowijne 0.4 0.0 0.0 Brokopondo & Sipaliwini 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ecstasy Paramaribo 0.7 0.0 0.0 Wanica & Para 0.4 0.2 0.0 Nickerie, Coronie & Saramacca 0.6 0.3 0.3 Commewijne & Marowijne 0.4 0.4 0.4 Brokopondo & Sipaliwini 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tranquilizers Paramaribo 4.3 1.8 1.2 Wanica & Para 2.3 1.4 0.7 Nickerie, Coronie & Saramacca 0.9 0.6 0.3 Commewijne & Marowijne 0.4 0.4 0.0 Brokopondo & Sipaliwini 0.3 0.3 0.3

Stimulants Paramaribo 1.5 0.6 0.2 Wanica & Para 0.3 0.0 0.0 Nickerie, Coronie & Saramacca 0.3 0.0 0.0 Commewijne & Marowijne 0.4 0.4 0.4 Brokopondo & Sipaliwini 0.0 0.0 0.0

3.6 Substance use by work status

Table 15 shows that current users of tobacco (those who reported consuming in the past 30 days)

were mostly casually employed (39%), working part time (28.1%), or working full time (22.4%). 24.4%

of persons who were unable to work due to a disability were also current smokers. Generally,

persons who were not employed (homemaker, students, unemployed) reported lower levels of past

month use.


30

Figure 27. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of tobacco use by work status

Of the respondents who reported the use of alcohol in the last 30 days, 45.9% were casually

employed, 42.5% working part time and 39.0% working fulltime. 28.4% of respondents who were

unemployed, but looking for work, and 27.0% of the persons who were unemployed, not looking for

work, were also current users of alcohol. Respondents who were mainly not employed (homemaker,

retired, disabled, student) stated lower levels of current use of alcohol.

Figure 28. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of alcohol use by work status

Users of marijuana in the past month were mostly casually employed (12.3%), working part time

(4.9%), or unemployed but looking for work (4.9%). 3.3% of the respondents were unemployed, not

looking for work, and 2.8% were working fulltime.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


0102030405060708090



31

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


Figure 29. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of marijuana use by work status

Table 15. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use by work status

Lifetime prevalence (%)

Past year prevalence (%)

Past month prevalence (%)

Work status

Tobacco Full time 45.6 27.4 22.4 Part time 48.2 31.7 28.1 Working casually 53.9 44.2 39.0 Unemployed, but

looking for work 38.6 20.7 18.2

Student 10.4 3.5 1.8 Unemployed, not


Homemaker 13.7 7.3 5.8 Retired 45.0 19.8 15.2 Disabled 45.7 27.4 24.4

Alcohol Full time 68.9 55.7 39.0 Part time 70.3 55.4 42.5 Working casually 81.7 64.1 45.9 Unemployed, but





Marijuana Full time 11.1 4.4 2.8 Part time 12.2 5.5 4.9 Working casually 29.9 17.9 12.3 Unemployed, but






32

3.7 Substance use by age group

Table 16 shows that tobacco use generally increases as age increases. 1% of the respondents in the

12 to 18 age category smoked cigarettes in the past month, but this rate rises steadily with each

increasing age category to 23.2% for the 45 – 65 age group.

Figure 30. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of tobacco use by age group

Current alcohol users are most common in the 26 – 34 age group (38.1%). 12.0% of the respondents

in the 12 – 18 age group and 33.2% in the 19 – 25 age group reported use of alcohol past month.

31.3% of respondents in the two highest age groups reported use of alcohol in the last 30 days.

Figure 31. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of alcohol use by age group

Use of marijuana is also most common in the 26 – 35 age group (3.5%). The use decreases in the

lower and higher age groups to 0.3% for the 12 – 18 age group and 2.1% for the 45 – 65 age group in

the past month.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

12 - 18 years old 19 - 25 years old 26 - 34 years old 35 - 44 years old 45 - 65 years old

Lifetime Past year Part month

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80




33

Figure 32. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of marijuana use by age group

Table 16. Lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of substance use by age group

Lifetime prevalence (%)

Past year prevalence (%)

Past month prevalence (%)

Age group

Tobacco 12 - 18 9.6 2.3 1.0

19 - 25 27.5 15.7 11.5

26 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 65

33.7 41.6 45.8

19.9 26.4 27.6

16.5 22.4 23.2

Alcohol 12 - 18 39.1 24.8 12.0

19 - 25 63.6 48.3 33.2

26 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 65

69.1 61.4 62.2

54.8 47.6 45.3

38.1 31.3 31.3

Marijuana 12 - 18 0.3 0.3 0.3

19 - 25 8.5 4.4 2.8

26 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 65

10.0 8.4 9.4

5.0 3.4 3.1

3.5 2.2 2.1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12




34

4. Conclusions

This national household survey is a contribution towards furthering our understanding of the use of

drugs in Suriname.

The most commonly used substance is alcohol, followed by tobacco, marijuana, tranquilizers,

stimulants, crack, cocaine and ecstasy. The types of substances used can partly be explained by their

accessibility in Suriname.

Alcohol prevalence among males was higher than the national average and among females it was

below the average. The same applies to experiencing problems because of the use of alcohol. Overall

problems because of the use of alcohol are most common in the age groups 35 – 44 and 45 – 65

years old.

Interestingly, the relatively high scores on the questions of the experiences in the use of marijuana

could indicate that if the respondents are using marijuana, the use seems to increases quickly to

problematic use. Males indicated more use of marijuana than the females surveyed. Problems

experienced because of the use of marijuana like fights, accidents and low grades are only reported

by males and no females indicated these kinds of problems. The older the age group, the more they

tried to reduce the use of marijuana overall.

An important finding in this survey is related to strata. The highest lifetime, past year and past month

use of alcohol, marijuana and tobacco by far is found in Brokopondo and Sipaliwini. This can be partly

explained by the under education in the hinterland. For marijuana, past month use is more than

double the prevalence reported in the other strata. The second stratum with a high prevalence of

marijuana and a big difference compared to other strata is Commewijne and Marowijne. This can

partly be explained that the use of marijuana is part of the culture of the tribes in the designated

areas. For alcohol, the second stratum with a difference towards other strata is the use in

Paramaribo, the other three are approximately the same. Tranquilizers are most common in

Paramaribo and less in other strata.

By work status, the use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and cocaine is highest in the category working

casually. This can possibly be explained through instability in life for different reasons. In Suriname,

part of the culture is having more different temporary sources of income, which gives instability. The

use of alcohol ranks second and third respectively in the groups ‘working part time’ and ‘working full

time’. Therefore, it can’t be said that work is a protective factor, and maybe an income provides for

the use of alcohol. The respondents in the unemployed group not looking for work also stated a

relatively high score on the use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana.

The survey also revealed the lifetime, past year and past month prevalence of use in different age

groups. In the age group 12 – 18, the least substance use is reported. 12% of the respondents in this

group reported use of alcohol in the last 30 days, the rest of the substances are reported by only 1%

or less of the surveyed population in this group. Tobacco is the only substance that increases by age

group. Alcohol and marijuana are most used in the last 30 days in the age group 26 – 34. Cocaine is

only reported in the age groups 35 – 44 and 45 – 65.


35

4.1 Limitations

All the information on drug intake was based on self-reports from the respondents, and even though

anonymity was maintained, under reporting is a possibility. Also, talking about the use of drugs is still

very much a taboo in Suriname.


36

5. Recommendations

The conclusions of this survey can be used for prevention, treatment and further research.

Scientific research

- Continuous overall scientific research on drugs is very important to conduct further

policies and evidence-based treatment. Scientific surveys should be developed and

implemented by research experts

- More in-depth research is needed to ascertain the risk factors of drug use, which also can

be the basis of treatment

Prevention

- Developing more evidence-based prevention programs

- Increase the general awareness and knowledge of drugs, drugs use and consequences at

several levels as policy, schools, families and individual levels

- Prevention has to be adjusted (amount and content) by age group, district and work

status

Treatment

- Creating and adapting more evidence-based treatment through scientific research

- Treatment has to be more accessible

- Treatment has to be adapted to the age groups and their experienced problems, districts

and work status


37

References

Gruter, P., & Van de Mheen, D. (2005). Cocainehandel in Nederland. Rotterdam: Instituut voor

Onderzoek naar Leefwijzen en Verslaving.

Miedema, F., & Stoltz, S. (2008). Vast(gelopen) in den Vreemde. Een onderzoek naar het hoge aantal

Nederlanders in buitenlandse detentie. Nijmegen: Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek en

Documalestatie Centrum van het Ministerie van Justitie.

Suriname, T. G. (2011). Labor Statistics. Retrieved October 2015, from http://www.statistics-

suriname.org/index.php/statistieken/database/151-arbeidsstatistieken

The General Bureau of Statistics Suriname. (2014). Evaluation Report Census 8. Paramaribo.

Retrieved from http://statistics-

suriname.org/index.php/statistieken/downloads/category/30-censusstatistieken-2012

Unger, B. (2008). Effectiviteit van antiwitwas beleid in Nederland. Economisch Statistische Berichten,

45-50.

UNICEF. (2010). Situation Assessmalest and Analysis of Children’s Rights in Suriname. Paramaribo.


38

Appendices

Appendix A, Questionnaire National Household Survey Suriname

INTER-AMERICAN UNIFORM DRUG USE DATA SYSTEM – SIDUC

OAS/CICAD/OID

II. STANDAARD VRAGENLIJST MODULE 1: VOORPAGINA

GEOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIE

Land Regio District Landnummer Huishoudnummer Nummer Vragenlijst

Aselect Letter

Goedemorgen/Goedemiddag We zijn bezig met een onderzoek naar issues die te maken hebben met de drugsproblemales in een aantal huishoudens over het geheel land. Het doel van dit onderzoek is het verzamelen van informatie, om zo goed mogelijk, oplossingen te kunnen vinden voor een aantal drugsproblemales in ons land. Uw medewerking aan dit onderzoek zal zeer nuttig zijn. Uw antwoorden zijn absoluut geheim. Ze worden als statistieken verwerkt en blijven anoniem.

INFORMATIE OP HET VELD

Datum en tijd van het

bezoek

Code enquêteur Resultaat Paraaf enquêteur

Controle Code supervisor Resultaat Paraaf supervisor

Algemeen supervisor

TABEL VOOR ASELECT RESPONDENT

a) Schrijf de initialen van alle huishoudleden op. Begint u met het noemen van het oudste huishoudlid.

b) Geef elk huishoud lid tussen de leeftijd van 12 en 65 jaar een nummer en plaats het onder de kolom ‘Nummer’.


39

Initialen Leeftijd Nummer A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 4

1 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 5 5 5

1 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 5 6

1 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 4 4 5 4 5 6 7 6 7 7

1 1 2 2 3 4 4 3 4 5 6 5 5 6 7 7 8 8

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 4 6 7 6 8 8 9 9 10 10

1 2 3 4 2 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 10 8 9 10 11

1 2 3 4 2 4 5 6 5 7 8 7 9 10 9 11 10 12

GESELECTEERD PERSOON

Geslacht respondent

1. Man

2. Vrouw

Leeftijd respondent

Jaar

2: ALGEMALESE INFORMATIE

1. Heeft u momenteel een baan en wat is de status hiervan?

1.Full-time job

2. Part-time job

3. Ik heb af en toe werk

*4.Werkloos, maar zoekt werk

*5.Student

2.Welk van de volgende omschrijvingen weergeven uw huidige baan het best? Schrijf het antwoord aan de zijkant en later aankruisen.

1. Leden van de Uitvoerende of Wetgevende Macht of Staflid op een Ministerie of de Private Sector.Officieren van de gewapende macht, eigenaren van commerciële bedrijven


40

*6.Werkt niet en zoekt geen werk

*7.Huisman/huisvrouw

*8.Gepensioneerd, ontvangt AOV

*9.Rentenier

*10. Arbeidsongeschikt

*00.Weet niet/Geen antwoord

*GA NAAR VRAAG #3

3.Welk van de volgende situaties zou u hanteren om uw inkomen voor de huishouding het best te omschrijven? (LEES GOED EN KIES)

1.Mijn inkomen is het enige inkomen dat gebruikt wordt voor de huishouding

2.Mijn inkomen is het belangrijkste inkomen, maar er zijn andere inkomsten voor de huishouding

3.Ik zorg slechts voor de helft van de inkomsten voor de huishouding

4.Ik draag bij, maar mijn inkomen is niet het belangrijkste inkomen voor de huishouding.

5.Ik draag niets bij voor de huishouding.

die uit 26 of meer werknemers bestaan of landbouwers die over meer dan 100 hectaren grond beschikken.

2. Professionals, wetenschappers, universiteitsprofessoren, onderofficieren, eigenaren van commerciële bedrijven die uit 6-25werknemers bestaan of landbouwers die over 50-100 hectaren grond beschikken.

3.Technische experten/ onderwijzers/eigenaren van commerciële bedrijven die uit 2-5 werknemers bestaan/ administratief personeel of landbouwers die over 25-50 hectaren grond beschikken.

4. Kantoor medewerkers in de volgende sectoren: industrie, handel, dienstverlenend bedrijven, overheidsinstellingen etc.

5. Klein handelaren/winkeliers of landbouwers die over minder dan 25 hectaren grond beschikken.

6. Ambachtslieden (schoenmakers, loodgieter, kappers/kapsters, etc.)

7. Ervaren hand arbeiders/machine operators in bedrijven, dienstverlenende bedrijven of landbouwactiviteiten.

8. Arbeiders/ studenten/ handlangers

9.Manschappen en veiligheidspersoneel

10. Hulp in de


41

4.Bent u het hoofd van het gezin?

1.Ja

2.Nee (ga naar # 6)

5.Wat is het hoogste niveau aan scholing die u heeft voltooid? Kruis het afgerond leerjaar aan. Wijs Kaart # 1 aan

1. Geen scholing 2. Kleuter Onderwijs (KO) 3. Gewone Lager Onderwijs (GLO)

4. Voortgezet Onderwijs op Junioren niveau (VOJ)

5. Voortgezet Onderwijs op Senioren niveau (VOS)

6.HBO 7. Universiteit

6.Hoeveel bedraagt uw maandelijks inkomen ongeveer? Probeer een volwassen persoon erbij te betrekken voor de beantwoording van deze vraag, indien de respondent minderjarig is. Wijs kaart # 2 aan.

1.Minder dan SRD 500 2.Tussen SRD 500 - SRD 750 3.Tussen SRD 750 - SRD 1000 4.Tussen SRD 1000 - SRD 1250 5.Tussen SRD 1251 - SRD 1500 6.Tussen SRD 1500 - SRD 1750 7.Tussen SRD 1751 - SRD 2000 8.Tussen SRD 2001 - SRD 2500 9.Tussen SRD 2501 - SRD 3000 10.Tussen SRD 3001 - SRD 4000 11.Tussen SRD 4001 - SRD 5000 12.Tussen SRD 5001 - SRD 6000 13.Meer dan SRD 6000 00.Weet niet/geen antwoord

7. Wat is uw huidige burgerlijke

staat/samenwoningsverband?

1.Ongehuwd

2.Gehuwd

3.Woont samen met partner

(concubinaat)

4.Gescheiden

5.Weduwnaar/weduwe

0.Weet niet/ Geen antwoord

huishouding/

straatventers.

11. Gepensioneerden met minimum inkomen, uitkering voor mensen met een beperking, ouderen etc.

00. Weet niet/Geen

antwoord.


42

8. Tot welke etnische groep rekent u zichzelf?

1. Surinamer

2. Inheems/Indiaan

3. Marron/Boslandcreool

4. Creool

5. Afrosurinamer

6. Hindoestaan

7. Javaan

8. Chinees

9. Kaukasisch/Blank

10. Gemengd

11. Overige

00.Weet niet/Geen antwoord

9.Tot welke geloofsovertuiging/religie rekent u

uzelf?

1.Rooms Katholiek

2.Protestants ( Evangelische Broeder

Gemeente, Volle Evangelie, Hervormd en

Overig Christen etc.)

3.Hindoeïsme

4.Islam/Moslim

5.Jodendom

6.Agnostisch

7. Atheïst/geen religie

8. Anders


MODULE 3: DRUGS TABAK. Bij alle vragen wordt met tabak bedoeld: filter en non-filter sigaretten, sigaren, pijproken etc.

10a. Heeft u ten minste één keer in uw leven gerookt?

1.Ja

2.Nee (Ga naar #11a)


10b. Wanneer heeft u voor het eerst gerookt?

1. In de afgelopen 30 dagen

2. Langer dan een maand geleden, maar korter dan een jaar geleden

3. Langer dan een jaar geleden

0. Weet niet/Geen antwoord

10c.Hoe oud was u toen u voor het eerst rookte?

Jaar

10d. Heeft u in de afgelopen 12 maanden gerookt?

1.Ja

2.Nee (Ga naar #11a) 0.Weet niet/Geen

antwoord

10e. Heeft u in de afgelopen 30 dagen gerookt?

10f. Hoeveel sigaretten of ander tabak soort heeft u per dag gerookt de afgelopen 30


43

1.Ja

2.Nee (Ga naar #11a)


dagen?

Aantal sigaretten per dag


10g. Hoeveel van de afgelopen 30 dagen heeft u één of ander sigaret of een ander tabak soort gerookt?

Aantal dagen

0. Weet niet /Geen antwoord

10h. Hoeveel jaren heeft u dagelijks sigaretten of een ander tabak soort gerookt?

Aantal jaren

ALCOHOL. Bij alle vragen, tenzij anders vermeld, wordt met alcohol bedoeld: bier, sterke dranken zoals whisky, wijn, pisco, rum, vodka, tequila, brandy (schnapps, moonshine, aguardiente) etc.

11a. Heeft u ooit in uw leven een alcoholische drank gebruikt?

1. JA

2. NEE (Ga naar # 27) 0. Weet niet/Geen

antwoord

11b. Wanneer heeft u voor het eerst een alcoholische drank gebruikt?


2. Langer dan een maand maar korter dan een jaar geleden



11c. Hoe oud was u toen u voor het eerst een alcoholische drank gebruikte? (Laat momalesten die uw ouders u een slokje gaven om te proeven buiten beschouwing)

Jaar (afgerond)

11d. Heeft u één of ander alcoholische drank gebruikt in de afgelopen 12 maanden?

1. JA


antwoord

11e. Heeft u één of ander alcoholsoort gebruikt in de afgelopen 30 dagen?

1. JA


antwoord

11f. Hoeveel van de afgelopen 30 dagen heeft u één of ander alcoholsoort gebruikt?

Aantal dagen

11g. Welk alcoholische drank heeft u gebruikt en hoe vaak heeft u dat gedaan in de afgelopen 30 dagen? (Kruis 1 keer bij elk alcoholische drank aan hoe vaak)

1. Elke dag 2. In het weekend 3. Een aantal keren in de week


44

a) Bier

b) Wijn

c) Sterke drank (whisky, vodka, pisco, rum,tequila, brandy bijv. schnapps,moonshine, aguardiente etc.)

11h. In de afgelopen 2 weken, hoeveel keren heeft u 5 dranken of meer gebruikt?

1. Niet eens 1 keer

2. Maar 1 keer

3. 2 tot 3 keren

4. Tussen 4 en 5 keren

5. Meer dan 5 keren


11i. Gelet op de afgelopen maand, hoeveel geld heeft u in totaal aan alcoholische dranken besteed?

1. Geen

2. Minder dan SRD 50

3. Tussen SRD50 en SRD100

4. Tussen SRD100 en SRD300

5. Meer dan SRD 300

12. Hoe vaak drinkt u alcohol?

0.Nooit 1. Eén keer per maand of helemaal niet

2. 2-4 keren per maand

3.5 tot 10 keren per maand

4. 11 keren of meer per maand

13. Hoeveel drankjes nuttigt u op feestdagen? Maak gebruik van het schema hieronder om het aantal drankjes dat u op zo’n dag nuttigt in te kunnen schatten

0 0-2

1 3-4

2 5-6

3 7-8

4 9 of meer

1 drank 1 ½ drank 6 dranken 18 dranken

- één fles of een kan bier (333 cc.) - één glaswijn (140 cc.) - één shot of sterke drank (40 cc.) (pisco, rum, vodka, whisky)gemixed of een enkel drank

Halve liter bier Eén fles wijn (750 cc.) Eén fles sterke drank (750 cc.)

3 dranken 8 dranken

Eén liter bier Eén liter wijn

14. Hoe vaak gebruikt u 6 of meer drankjes achterelkaar?

0 Nooit

1 Ten minste 1

keer per

2 Elke maand

3 Elke week

4 Elke dag of bijna

elke dag


45

maand

15. In de afgelopen 12 maanden, hoe vaak heeft u geprobeerd om zelfstandig te stoppen met drinken en hierin gefaald?

0 Nooit

1 Ten minste 1

keer per maand

2 Elke maand

3 Elke week

4 Elke dag of bijna

elke dag

16. Hoe vaak, in de afgelopen 12 maanden, heeft alcoholgebruik invloed gehad op uw deelname aan normale activiteiten?

0 Nooit

1 Ten minste 1

keer per maand

2 Elke maand

3 Elke week

4 Elke dag of bijna

elke dag

17. Hoe vaak, in de afgelopen 12 maanden, vond u het nodig om in de ochtenduren alcohol te gebruiken om te kunnen herstellen van overmatig alcoholgebruik van de dag ervoor?

0 Nooit

1 Ten minste 1

keer per maand

2 Elke maand

3 Elke week

4 Elke dag of bijna

elke dag

18. Hoe vaak, in de afgelopen 12 maanden, heeft u spijt of schuldgevoelens gehad na het gebruiken van alcohol?

0 Nooit

1 Ten minste 1 keer per

maand

2 Elke maand

3 Elke week

4 Elke dag of bijna elke

dag

19.Hoe vaak, in de afgelopen 12 maanden, was u niet in staat om dingen die een avond van te voren waren gebeurd, te herinneren omdat u alcohol had gebruikt?

0 Nooit

1 Ten minste 1 keer per

maand

2 Elke maand

3 Elke week

4 Elke dag of bijna elke

dag

20. Bent u of is iemand gewond geraakt omdat u alcohol had gebruikt?

0 Nee

2 Ja, maar niet

het afgelopen

jaar

4 Ja, het

afgelopen jaar

21. Heeft een familielid, vriend,

0 Nee

2 Ja, maar niet

4 Ja, het


46

arts of ander gezondheidswerker zijn/haar bezorgdheid geuit over uw alcoholgebruik en u geadviseerd om ermee te stoppen?

het afgelopen

jaar

afgelopen jaar

GELET OP DE AFGELOPEN 12 MAANDEN

22. Heeft u enig ernstig probleem gehad thuis, aan het werk of op school vanwege alcoholmisbruik? Problemen zoals het verwaarlozen van uw kinderen, afwezig zijn op het werk of spijbelen, slechte prestatie aan het werk of op school of uw baan verloren?

1. JA

2. NEE

0. Weet niet/ Geen antwoord

23. Is er een moment geweest waarbij u werd blootgesteld aan één of ander vorm van gevaar vanwege alcoholmisbruik? Zeg maar een auto-ongeluk of een soort gelijk ongeval etc.

24.Heeft u ooit iets onder invloed van alcohol gedaan en bent u hierdoor in aanraking gekomen met de politie? Bijvoorbeeld het besturen van een motorvoertuig onder invloed van alcohol, het aanbrengen van graffiti op muren, vernietigen van een staatseigendom, of op zodanig wijze bezig zijn dat uw buren last ondervinden van uw doen en laten, stelen etc.

25. Heeft u problemen gehad met uw familieleden of vrienden vanwege alcoholgebruik? Bijvoorbeeld woede/agressiviteit of een gesprek dat uit de hand is gelopen en hierdoor geen contact meer heeft met het desbetreffend familielid of die ene vriend.

26. Bent u betrokken geweest in een vechtpartij of heeft u iemand mishandeld onder invloed van alcohol?

27. Heeft u ooit in uw leven één van de volgende middelen gebruikt? KRUIS BIJ ELK MIDDEL AAN WAT RELEVANT IS

28.Hoe oud was u toen u het voor het eerst uitprobeerde? NEE JA

a) Kalmeringsmiddelen zonder medisch voorschrift

Jaar

b) Amfetamine soorten

Jaar

c) Snuifbare middelen (bijv. oplosbare middelen zoals verf lijm, benzine)

Jaar

d) Marihuana

Jaar

e) Cocaïne pasta

Jaar


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f) Heroïne

Jaar

g) Opium

Jaar

h) Morfine

Jaar

i) Hallucinogenen

Jaar

j) Hasjiesj

Jaar

k) Crack

Jaar

l) MDMA (Ecstasy, Adam, X-TC)

Jaar

m) Blacka djonko

Jaar

n) Anders……………….

Jaar

MARIHUANA

29a. Wanneer heeft u voor het eerst marihuana uitgeprobeerd?

0. Ik heb nog nooit marihuana gebruikt (Ga naar # 30a)




29b. Heeft u tenminste één keer marihuana gebruikt in de afgelopen 12 maanden?

1.JA

2.NEE (Ga naar # 30a)

29c. Hoe vaak heeft u marihuana gebruikt?

1. Slechts 1 keer

2. Meerdere keren in de afgelopen 12 maanden

3. Meerdere keren per maand

4. Meerdere keren per week

5. Elke dag

29d. Heeft u marihuana gebruikt in de afgelopen 30 dagen?

1.JA


29e. Hoeveel van de afgelopen 30 dagen heeft u marihuana gerookt?

Aantal dagen (0 t/m 30)

29f. Hoeveel marihuana ballen rookt u maandelijks?

Aantal marihuana ballen

29g. Hoeveel denkt u dat een marihuana bal kost?

SRD

29h. Hoeveel heeft u aan marihuana besteed de afgelopen 30 dagen?

SRD


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29i.IN DE AFGELOPEN 12 MAANDEN, hoe vaak is het volgende u overkomen?

Nooit Zelden Soms Vaak Heel vaak

a) Heeft u marihuana gerookt vóór de middag?

b) Heeft u marihuana gerookt toen u alleen was?

c) Heeft u geheugenproblemen gehad toen u marihuana rookte?

d) Hebben uw vrienden of familieleden u gezegd om te stoppen of het gebruik van marihuana te verminderen?

e) Heeft u geprobeerd om uw marihuana gebruik te verminderen zonder erin te slagen?

f) Heeft u één of ander probleem gehad vanwege het gebruik van marihuana (gevecht, ongeval, slechte resultaat op school, enz.)?

COCAÏNE

30a. Wanneer heeft u voor het eerst cocaïne uitgeprobeerd?

0. Ik heb nooit cocaïne gebruikt (Ga naar # 36a)


2.Langer dan een maand geleden, maar minder dan een jaar geleden

3.Langer dan een jaar geleden

30b. Heeft u tenminste één keer cocaïne gebruikt in de afgelopen 12 maanden?

1.JA

2. NEE (Ga naar # 36a)

30c. Hoe vaak heeft u cocaïne gebruikt?

1. Slechts 1 keer




5. Elke dag

30d. Heeft u ten minste één keer cocaïne gebruikt in de afgelopen 30 dagen?

1.JA



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30e. Hoeveel van de afgelopen 30 dagen, hoeveel dagen heeft u cocaïne gerookt?


30f. Hoeveel pitten cocaïne rookt u maandelijks?

Aantal pitten cocaïne

30g. Hoeveel denkt u dat een pit cocaïne kost?

SRD

30h. Hoeveel heeft u aan cocaïne besteed de afgelopen 30 dagen?

SRD

31. Heeft u thuis, op school of op het werk enig ernstig probleem gehad vanwege het gebruiken van cocaïne? Problemen zoals het verwaarlozen van uw kinderen, afwezig zijn op het werk of spijbelen, slecht gepresteerd aan het werk of op school of uw baan verloren?

1. JA

2. NEE


32. Is er een moment geweest waarbij u werd blootgesteld aan één of ander vorm van gevaar vanwege cocaïne gebruik? Zeg maar een auto-ongeluk of één of ander ongeval.

33. Heeft u ooit iets onder invloed van cocaïne gedaan en bent u hierdoor in aanraking gekomen met de politie? Bijvoorbeeld het besturen van een motorvoertuig onder invloed van alcohol, het aanbrengen van graffiti op muren, vernietigen van staatseigendom, op zodanig wijze bezig zijn dat uw buren last ondervinden van uw doen en laten, stelen etc.

34. Heeft u problemen gehad met uw familieleden of vrienden vanwege cocaïne gebruik? Bijvoorbeeld woede/agressiviteit of een gesprek dat uit de hand is gelopen en hierdoor geen contact meer hebt met het desbetreffend familielid of die ene vriend.

35. Bent u betrokken geweest in een vechtpartij of iemand mishandeld onder invloed van cocaïne?

CRACK (assisie)

36a. Wanneer heeft u crack voor het eerst uitgeprobeerd?

0. Ik heb nog nooit crack gebruikt (Ga naar # 37a)




36b. Heeft u tenminste één keer crack gebruikt in de afgelopen 12 maanden?

1.JA



50

36c. Hoe vaak heeft u crack gebruikt?

1. Slechts 1 keer




5. Elke dag

36d. Heeft u tenminste één keer crack gebruikt in de afgelopen 30 dagen?

1.JA


36g. Hoeveel denkt u dat een “zak” crack (van 1gr) kost?

SRD

36h. Hoeveel heeft u aan crack besteed de afgelopen 30 dagen?

SRD

ECSTASY

37a. Wanneer heeft u voor het eerst ecstasy uitgeprobeerd?

0. Ik heb nog nooit ecstasy gebruikt (Ga naar # 38a)




37b. Heeft u tenminste één keer ecstasy gebruikt in de afgelopen 12 maanden?

1.JA


37c. Hoe vaak heeft u ecstasy gebruikt?

1. Slechts 1 keer




5. Elke dag

37d. Heeft u eens ecstasy gebruikt in de afgelopen 30 dagen?

1.JA


37e. Hoeveel van de afgelopen 30 dagen heeft u ecstasy gebruikt?


37f. Hoeveel ecstasy tabletten gebruikt u maandelijks?

Aantal ecstasy tabletten

37g. Hoeveel denkt u dat een ecstasy tablet kost?

SRD

37h. Hoeveel heeft u aan ecstasy besteed de afgelopen 30 dagen?

SRD

DE LANDEN KUNNEN ANDERE DRUGSSOORTEN NOTEREN OM DE OMVANG EN HET GEBRUIK DAARVAN TE METEN

38a. Wanneer heeft u voor het eerst XXX 38b. Heeft u tenminste één keer XXX gebruikt


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gebruikt?

0. Ik heb nog nooit XXX gebruikt (Ga naar # 39a)




in de afgelopen 12 maanden?

1.JA


38c. Hoe vaak heeft u XXX gebruikt?

1. Slechts 1 keer




5. Elke dag

38d. Heeft u XXX gebruikt in de afgelopen 30 dagen?

1.JA

2.NEE (Ga naar 39a)

KALMERERINGSMIDDELEN. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan Alprazolam, Diazepam (Valium), Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), chloordiazepoxide (Librium) etc. om de vragen over kalmeringsmiddelen te kunnen beantwoorden. 39a. Wanneer heeft u voor het eerst kalmeringsmiddelen zonder voorschrift gebruikt?

0. Ik heb nog nooit kalmeringsmiddelen gebruikt (Ga naar# 40a) 1. In de afgelopen 30 dagen 2. Langer dan een maand geleden, maar korter dan een jaar geleden 3. Langer dan een jaar geleden

39b. Heeft u kalmeringsmiddelen gebruikt in de afgelopen 12 maanden?

1.JA 2.NEE (Ga naar # 40a)

39c. Heeft u kalmeringsmiddelen gebruikt in de afgelopen 30 dagen?

1.JA 2.NEE (Ga naar # 40a)

39d. Hoeveel van de afgelopen 30 dagen heeft u kalmeringsmiddelen gebruikt?


39e. Vanwaar haalde u de kalmeringsmiddelen?

1.Van een paramedicus

2.Op straat

3.Thuis

4.Van een vriend

5.Van de drugstore

6.Anders

OPPEPMIDDELEN. Denk aan de oppepmidelen of stimulerende middelen zoals methylfenidaat (Ritalin), Fenmetrazine (Preludin of Adepsin), Amfetamine (Adderall), Dextroamphetamine(Dexedrine, Dextrostat), Pemolinum (Cylert) om de vragen te kunnen beantwoorden. 40a. Wanneer heeft u voor het eerst oppepmiddelen zonder voorschrift gebruikt?

0. Ik heb nog nooit stimulerende middelen gebruikt (Ga naar # 41)


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1. In de afgelopen 30 dagen 2. Langer dan een maand geleden, maar korter dan een jaar geleden 3. Langer dan een jaar geleden

40b. Heeft u oppepmiddelen gebruikt in de afgelopen 12 maanden dagen?

1.JA 2.NEE (Ga naar # 41)

40c. Heeft u oppepmiddelen gebruikt in de afgelopen 30 dagen?

1.JA 2.NEE (Ga naar # 41)

40d.Hoeveel van de afgelopen 30 dagen heeft u oppepmiddelen gebruikt?


40e. Vanwaar haalde u de oppepmiddelen?

1.Van een paramedicus

2.Op straat

3.Thuis

4.Van een vriend

5.Van de drugstore

6.Anders

MODULE 4: DRUGS EN DRUGSGERELATEERDE PROBLEMALES 41. Hoe gevaarlijk denkt u dat het volgende kan zijn. Kruis bij elk punt slechts 1 keer aan

1.Niet gevaarlijk

2.Een beetje gevaarlijk

3.Gewoon gevaarlijk

4.Zeer gevaarlijk

5.Ik weet niet hoe gevaarlijk het kan zijn

1. Soms sigaretten roken 2. Vaak sigaretten roken 3. Soms alcoholische dranken

gebruiken

4. Vaak alcoholische dranken gebruiken

5. Dronken worden 6. Soms kalmeringsmiddelen/

stimulerende middelen zonder

voorschrift gebruiken

7. Vaak kalmeringsmiddelen/ stimulerende middelen zonder

voorschrift gebruiken

8. Soms oplosbare middelen inhaleren

9. Vaak oplosbare middelen inhaleren

10. Soms marihuana roken 11. Vaker marihuana roken 12. Soms cocaïne gebruiken 13. Vaak cocaïne gebruiken 14. Soms rook afkomstig van

drugs/tabak inademen (Meeroken)

15. Vaak rook afkomstig van drugs/tabak inademen


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(Meeroken) 16. Soms ecstasy gebruiken 17. Vaak ecstasy gebruiken 18. Soms crack gebruiken 19. Vaak crack gebruiken

42. Bent u ooit nieuwsgierig geweest om één of ander illegale drugs uit te proberen? (Bijvoorbeeld marihuana, cocaïne, crack, ecstasy etc.)

1.JA

2.NEE

3.Misschien


43. Als u de gelegenheid had, zou u een illegale drugs uitproberen? (Bijvoorbeeld marihuana, cocaïne, crack, ecstasy etc.)

1.JA

2.NEE

3.Misschien


2013 SURINAME NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD DRUG PREVALENCE … · 2017-04-07 · Suriname National Household...

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Transcript of 2013 SURINAME NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD DRUG PREVALENCE … · 2017-04-07 · Suriname National Household...