2013 CTS Bono Bono

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A Case Study of waterproofing Strategiesfor a Typical Mat and Deep Foundation System

Andrea B. Bono, PE, LEED AP BD+C; and Stephen T. Bono, SESimpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc.

The Landmark @ One Market, Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94105 Phone: 415-495-3700 Fax: 415-495-3550 E-mail: [email protected]

2 8t h R C I In te R n a t I o n a l C o n v e n tI o n a n d t R a d e S h o w M a R C h 1 4- 1 9 , 2 0 1 3 B o n o a n d B o n o 1
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]

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Abstract

Cunt cnstuctin mthds such as is, micis, and tibacks mit buiding f

fundatins at sits that w viusy imssib imactica. Cdinatin f a fuy

intgatd bw-gad watng dsign is quid t nsu succssfu fmanc

f buidings mying ths stuctua fundatin systms. As th cntag f nw

cnstuctin at sits with ss-than-ida si incass, watng dtaiing shud b

cnsidd duing th schmatic has f a jct and cntinu thughut cnstuctin.

This sntatin wi incud watng cnsidatins f tyica stuctua fundatin

systms thugh sva cas studis wh th watng was cnsidd indndnt

f th fundatin.

Speakers

Stephen T. Bono, SE Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. - San Francisco, CA

STepHeN T. BoNo, Se, is a Sni Staff I at natina ngining m Simsn

Gumtz & Hg Inc. His xinc incuds bth fmanc-basd and cd-basd

dsign, vauatin, and ai f st, cnct, and masny w- t high-is stuctus

incating bth ina and nnina tchniqus. H sciaizs in vauatin and ha-

biitatin f cmmcia and institutina faciitis. H is a mmb f th existing BuidingsCmmitt, th Buiding ratings Subcmmitt, and th Sustainab Dsign Cmmitt f

th Stuctua engins Assciatin f Nthn Caifnia (SeAoNC).

Andrea B. Bono, PE, LEED AP BD+C S impson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. - San Francisco, CA

ANDreA B. BoNo, pe, leeD Ap BD+C, is a Staff II at natina ngining m

Simsn Gumtz & Hg Inc. Sh has xinc in th dsign, invstigatin, and ha-

biitatin f cmmcia, hathca, civic, and sidntia buidings atd t bw-gad

sacs, dium dcks, xti cmnnts and cadding, and fs. Anda wks csy

with achitcts and cnsutants wh sciaiz in th scicatin and dsign f ng,

watng, and xti wa systms t dsign, anayz, and ai ascts f th buid-

ing nv. Sh is th banch sctay f th U.S. Gn Buiding Cuncis Nthn

Caifnia Chat, San Fancisc Bay Bidg Banch.

1 2 8 B o n o a n d B o n o 2 8t h R C I In te R n a t I o n a l C o n v e n tI o n a n d t R a d e S h o w M a R C h 1 4- 1 9 , 2 0 1 3

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A Case Study of waterproofing Strategiesfor a Typical Mat and Deep Foundation System

INTRODUCTIONA cas study f a w-is buiding is

sntd t iustat that cdinating

a fuy intgatd bw-gad watf-

ing dsign amng a disciins f a j-

ct tam can tct th buiding and its

ccuants fm tntiay advs sit

cnditins. In aticua, th cdinatd

fft btwn th stuctua ngin and

watng cnsutant is discussd. As

th cntag f nw cnstuctin at sits

with ss-than-ida si incass, stuc-

tua and watng intgatin shudccu in th schmatic has f a jct

and cntinu thughut cnstuctin t

nsu succssfu buiding fmanc.

Uncertainties in Design

pi t any nw dvmnt, a sit

assssmnt is tyicay fmd t va-

uat a sits abv-gund and subsu-

fac chaactistics, incuding its stuc-

tu, ggy, and hydgy. Hwv, du

t siz, quantity, and cst cnstaints f

sam cctin, nt a sit cnditins

can b discvd fm a sit assssmnt.

Dsigns shud b cgnizant f ths

unctaintis and undstand that tntia

ndings duing cnstuctin cud imact

thi dsign and th dsign f th dis-

ciins. If vaiatins f th cnditins d

ccu and dsign changs a mad, cab-

ativ cdinatin amng a disciins,

as w as inut fm th buiding wn,

a ncssay t nsu th jct bjc-

tivs a mt.

T mitigat ncuntd dsign unc-

taintis, a cabativ fft amng adisciins gnats th bst sutin t

tct th buiding and its ccuants.

Figure 1 dmnstats hw cabatin is

ssntia as mdicatin t buiding sys-

tms bcms signicanty m chang-

ing and csty as cnstuctin bgins and

accss bcms stictd.

Common Means of Protecting Structure

Stuctua ngins can ng th

svic if f a buiding by dsigning th utants, and/ cntaminants. Cmm

stuctu against si cnditins such stuctua tctin mthds incud:

as th snc f high and vaiab wat Sacicia (xta) st

tabs, iquab sis, csiv and dt- Incasd cnct cv

iating agnts, hazadus substancs, exy catings

Figure 1 Below-grade waterproong membrane under mat slab reinforcement(shown horizontal) and concrete column reinforcement (shown vertical) with a ro

anchor centered in the column.


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Figure 2 Elevation view of a foundation wall with negative-side waterproongand a foundation wall with positive-side waterproong.

passiv activ cathdic tctin

Ths mans f tctin a gnay

intndd t sv ny th stuctua -

mnts f a buiding f a nit amunt f

tim. Hwv, watng is a nnstuc-

tua mans f tcting and xtnding th

if f stuctua mnts, with th addd

bnt f tcting ccuants and inti

cntnts fm uncntd wat intatin

and cnsquntia damag. Watng

dsign statgis a immntd at ith

th sitiv ngativ sid f th stuctu

as shwn in Figure 2. psitiv-sid wat-

ng tcts a stuctu at th suc

f hydstatic ssu by acing a bai

at th xti fac f th stuctu, whas

ngativ-sid watng is aid at th

sit sid f th suc f hydstatic

ssu and mits wat t ass thugh

th stuctu bf mting a bai at th

inti sac. Bth statgis tct thinti cntnts fm damag; hwv, ng-

ativ-sid watng ds nt tct th

stuctu in fnt f th mmban. Cmmn

mthds f sitiv- and ngativ-sid wat-

ng incud s-aid adhd sht

mmbans, iquid-aid suy-aid

catings, and cnct admixtus.

Ths watng statgis qui

cdinatin with th stuctua ngin.

A w-intgatd and w-dsignd wat-

ng systm can tct th stuctu,

its ccuants, and inti cntnts, thus

making th intgatin f stuctua cm-

nnts and watng systms citica f

bth buiding duabiity and fmanc.

Integrating for Performance

In d t dsign a fuy intgatd

watng systm, it is imtant t

idntify th ky sns invvd in th

dsign f a buiding. Ths sns incud

an achitct, a cntact, a gtchnica

ngin, an wn tnant, astuctua

ngin, and if hid, a watng cn-

sutant. Withut a watng cnsutant

n th dsign tam, watng systms

may b sctd withut th fu cnsid-

atin f isk f wat va intusin, and

th imact f wat va n ccuantsand th intndd us f inti sacs

stuctua svic if. Dsigns can

dv aiat dsign citia basd

un th sit cnditins, thi vius

xinc, and an wns inttatin

f acctab unacctab fmanc;

hwv, a dsign cnsidatins by ky

snn shud b dvd cncunty

in d t satisfy and manag wn tn-

ant xctatins f th na dsign.

Case Study

Th fwing cas study dmnstatsth imtanc f cdinatin and cmmu-

nicatin amng th dsign tam, with a-

ticua mhasis n th intactin btwn

th stuctua ngin and watf-

ing cnsutant. Th subjct buiding is a

six-sty, st-famd stuctu v tw

vs f bw-gad aking sutd

by a cnct fundatin. Th tw stis

bw gad a within th wat tab.

Th sit is in an industia aa, and th

fm sit us cntaminatd th si with

sing-has hydcabns (SpH) and havy

Figure 3 Isometric view of foundation mat, piles, and rock anchors that support

the structure.


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mtas. Th sit was xcavatd t mdiat

tum-cntaminatd sis and back-

d with ganua matia. Du t th

sits cs ximity t a bay, th si has

a high cncntatin f sats. Th suth-n dg f th sit was viusy usd

as a shiing chann, cating additina

jct changs. oiginay, th shiing

chann was unsystmaticay d with

ganua matia that incudd as ag

as cbbs. This d shiing chann acts

as a dict suc f wat int th sit. Th

bays tida inuncs and high wat tab

w as cnsidatins in th bw-gad

stuctua and watng dsign.

bw th basmnt

Figure 4 Steel HP members being driven into rock.

Figure 5 Shotcrete leveling layer with wire meshcast against secant auger-cast pile walls to addre

out-of-plane variation and surface irregularities.

Foundation

Design

As th stuc-

tua ngin

f cd, w

dsignd a mat

fundatin t

ba msty n

si, with th

maining aa

sutd by

is and ck

anchs sckt-

d int bdck

stuctu. Figure 3

shws an ismtic viw f th fundatin

mat, is, and ck anchs and indicats

th gna gins f th fundatin. onsma gin f th mat bas dicty n

nativ ck. Th agst gin f th mat

bas n 2 ft. f ngind (cmtnt

si). Th maining gin f th fundatin

is sutd n gus f is at th f-

m shiing chann, which a scktd

int nativ ck. pis a usd t tansf

ads thugh th si t th nativ

ck bw. Th is usd n this jct

a 150-tn, nmina-caacity, Hp st

mmbs (as knwn as baing i

(Figure 4 shws th quimnt usd

div th Hp mmbs thugh th si a

int th ck.) Gus f is a ac

bw basmnt sha was and cum

A thicknd mat vids additina sh

and xua sistanc at th i gu

Th maind f th mat is nminay 2

thick. Sumnta ck anchs, usd

sist hydstatic fcs at gins f t

mat that a nt sutd n is, v

th stuctu fm uifting.

Duing xcavatin f th sit, sca

i was, with atnat is infc

with st W-sctin (wid ang) sd

mmbs, vidd shing t aw

xcavatin f th sit (shwn in Fig

5). Ths scant i was as actd a dwating cutff t duc th amu

f dwating within th sit. An int

infcd-cnct stuctua sha w

was cnstuctd inbad f th scant

wa and svs th fwing us

tansf f sustuctu ads t t

fundatin, tctin f th vtica b

gad watng mmban, and at

staint f hydstatic ssu du t t

vatin f th wat tab.


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Figure 6 Mat foundation supported on soil.DESIGN PARAMETERSGeotechnical Considerations and

Resulting Waterproofng Design

Th vatin f th wat tab vidd

by th gtchnica ngin indicatd that

th subtanan cnct mat sab sids

in th wat tab. Duing cnstuctin, sit

dwating was quid t w th va-tin f th wat tab unti w dtmind

that th buidings sf-wight cud sist

th hydstatic uift ssu. Du t th

si chaactistics n-sit and th vatin

f th wat tab, a scant aug-cast i

wa was sctd t sh th xcavatin.

Sit dwating was quid t catu th

inw f gundwat int th xcavatin.

Structural Foundation Wall Construction

and Resulting Waterproofng Design

In gna, vy shing systm -

quis tatmnt mdicatin t vid

a sund substat f instaatin f wat-

ng. Unmdid shing systms ad

t high babiity f wat intusin int

buiding stuctus. In u cas, scant

aug-cast i was actd as vtica sh-

ing and wud qui a ving ay f

acmnt f th watng. W c-

mmndd th instaatin f a shtct

ving ay t vid a smth substat

t cmnsat f th ut-f-an sufac

iguaitis, i t aicatin f th

watng mmban (Figure 5).pi t dtminatin f th basmnt

sha wa cnstuctin, w discussd bth

stuctua and watng cncns with

th buiding cntact gading a -

fd cnstuctin mthd. Stuctuay,

th stngth f ith cast-in-ac sht-

ct is cmaab as ng as th cnct

is w cnsidatd. Fm th cntacts

sctiv, shtct is tyicay fast

and ss xnsiv t insta. Fm a wat-

ng sctiv, us f shtct with

watng is cunty ss iab than

cast-in-ac cnct with watng.1

Whn utiizing cast-in-ac cnct, th

acmnt and vibatin f astic cnct

aws it t th majity f vids but ds

qui th us f n-sidd fms in shd

xcavatins. In cntast, whn shtctingfundatin was, watng bms

can dv bcaus f vids and shadwing

duing th acmnt css and fm b-

kn ntatin sas suting fm ba

cag anch vibatin.

As th wns watng cnsu-

tants, w dnd th vs f isk f wat

intusin basd n cmmn

watng duct s-

vic ivs. Watng -

fmanc vs w dnd

as xctd systm bhav-

ia vaiab amunt f

bsvab mistu insid

th buiding. F xam, a

fmanc bjctiv at th

highst fmanc v

wud b ngigib stain-

ing n stuctua sufacs,

whas a fmanc

bjctiv at a w f-

manc v wud b wat

w at isatd aas: a ak.

Undstanding that w-

thught-ut dsign can imitbuiding damag but cannt

iminat it, w cmmnd-

d a watng systm

that cnsidd th dsign

wat tab, acctab isk

f incidnt wat intusin,

and assumd cnstuctin

squnc f th fundatin

and bw-gad xti

was. Th cntact icd Figure 7 Mat foundation rebar.

th diffnt cmbinatins f stuctua

and watng systms. Th wn thn

dtmind thi acctab isk/cst basis

f th watng and stuctua sys-

tms, and w dsignd u watng

systm t th wn-acctd fmanc

v. At this sit, th wn wud acct a

v f isk f wat intusin suting in

isatd staining.

MAT FOUNDATION SYS TEMINTEGRATION

Mat fundatins a a shaw funda-

tin systm and gnay ncmass a

buidings nti ftint and cnsist f

haviy infcd cnct. Mat funda-

tins a aiat f th fwing sit

cnditins:

Si tys that a susctib tsignicant diffntia sttmnts

xansin that cud caus diffn-

tia havs

Undictab stuctua ads andata ads that a nt quay

distibutd

lwst vatin f th fundatin iswithin th wat tab

Figure 6 shws a mat fundatin ba-

ing dicty n cmtnt si. In a mat


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fundatin, th ads fm th sustuc-

tu a assumd t b vny distibutdthugh th mat t th si bw. In th cn-

ditin wh th mat fundatin is in cntact

with th wat tab, such as at this sit,

watng bcms an imtant cnsid-

atin whn dsigning th mat fundatin.

Mat Foundation Waterproofng

Recommendations

In bw-gad cnstuctin, bcaus th

watng is acd bw sva ft f

cnct and ays f st infcing, th

abiity t mak ais t th watng,

quiing si xcavatin cnct mva

f mitigatin f akag, is ftn infasib

(as indicatd by Figures 1 and 7). T mini-

miz akag tntia, w cmmndd

th fwing imay watf-

ing systms f bind-sid, bw-

gad watng in hydstat-

ic cnditins: (1) s-aid sht

mmban, (2) fuy adhd sht

watng, (3) bntnit-

basd systms. (S Figures 8-10 f

xams f ach ty f watf-

ing systm.)rgadss f th bw-gad

mmban ty, w cmmndd

instaatin f an uninfcd mud

sab t vid a suitab substat

f instaatin f th hiznta

bw-gad mmban, simia t

th shtct aid t th aug-

cast is. on t f th instad

watng, w cmmndd a

4-in. infcd tctin sab t

Figure 8 Blind-side, below-gradewaterproong: loose-laid sheet membrane.

Figure 9 Blind-side, below-gra

waterproong: fully adhersheet waterproon

Figure 10 Blindside, below-grade

waterproong:bentonite-basedsystem.


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vnt damag t th mmban du-ing cnstuctin fm ba acmnt,std matias, wding, and quimnt.

Th th bw-gad watng tys

as sntd t th wn, as w as

thi advantags and disadvantags, a

dscibd bw. Utimaty, w dsignd

th watng systm basd n th

cst/isk dtminatin f th wn.

PRIMARY wATERPROOFINGSYSTEMSLoose-Laid Sheet Membrane Systems

Taditina yviny chid (pVC) sys-

tms cud nt b usd at this sit du t

tntia SpH cntaminatin fm adjacnt

sits v th if cyc f th buiding. Whi

atnat matias xist that cmbin th

bnts f hat-wdd sams, isatin

fm substat cacking, and ag sht

instaatin with hydcabn sistanc,

it wud hav bn cst-hibitiv whn

cmad t th th mmbans. As,bcaus f its s-aid natu, wat that

byasss th mmban thugh min

dfcts cud migat atay bhind th

mmban, making it difcut t cat th

suc f wat nty.

Fully Adhered Sheet Waterproofng

Fuy adhd mmbans a instad

n cast-in-ac cnct. Th mmban

can ith cnsist f ubbizd ashat with

a ythyn cai sht f sitiv-sid

aicatins adh t th cnct as

it is acd in bind-sid aicatins. This

ty f mmban cnsists f an int high-

dnsity ythyn (HDpe) sht with a

itay adhsiv and acyic bind that

bnds t astic (wt) cnct. laks in th

fuy adhd mmban a caizd s

that ai catins can b asiy idntid.

Hwv, this systm has th isk that fai-

us cud ccu at mmban sams du t

incct instaatin.

Bentonite-Based Systems

Sdium bntnit is a natuay ccu-ing mina that, in th snc f uncn-

taminatd wat and cnning ssu,

sws t fm a watng g ay v

was and und sabs, vnting wat

intatin. Th mmban cnsists f a

ay f bntnit suundd by gtxti

fabic n ith sid t fm a mmban.

Th must b adquat cvag and cn-

ning ssu f th wat-g actin t

b ffctiv in watng. Bntnit ds

nt xand in th snc f satwat.

Hwv, ducts with additivs a avai-

ab that fm u t a givn cncnta-

tin f sat in th wat.

Basd n th abv cnsidatins f

ach f th systms and th wns cst/

isk fnc, w dsignd a bntnit-

basd systm f th mat fundatins

watng. As a cnditin f scifying

this duct, w cmmndd that thgundwat b tstd f chid cntnt

t dtmin if bntnit-basd systms

w aiat.

SECONDARY (BACKUP)wATERPROOFING SYSTEMS

Du t th cst-hibitiv natu f

ais and systm faius, w cm-

mndd incuding dundancy int th

bw-gad watng systm dsign.

Th tw cmmndd mthds f backu

watng incudd inti dainag

and cnct admixtus.

Interior Drainage

In iu f a dainag d bw th

basmnt sab quiing an additina tw

ft f xcavatin, th wn chs an

inti dainag systm t cct wat.

This byasss th imay systm and thn

tansts it t a sum catin f mva

fm th buiding. At basmnt sab-t-

xti wa catins, w cmmndd a

tugh (shwn in Figure 11) t intct and

cct any wa-wat akag.

Crystalline Waterproofng AdmixturesW as cmmndd cystain wat-

ng admixtus f th mat fundatin.

Cystain watng admixtus can

h minimiz wat migatin by acting

with wat t gw cystas that bck as-

sag thugh th cnct stuctu.

Th admixtu hs th cnct sist

uid w f wat thugh its wn s

and ducs th isk f inti akag

and/ staining.

F hydstatic cnditins, w cm-

mnd against cnct admixtus as

th imay watng sinc cnctadmixtus a imitd by th quaity f th

cnct acmnt. Additinay, cnct

tnds t cack du t shinkag and/

buiding mvmnt, and if cacks widths

Figure 11 Perimeter waterproong section.


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xcd th watng caabiitis fth cnct admixtus in th snc f

wat, aks can ccu. Du t this ssibi-

ity, w cnsidd th admixtu as scnd-

ay (backu) watng. S Figure 11

f a dtai indicating th stuctua and

watng mnts f th mat funda-

tin at a basmnt sha wa.

ROCK ANCHOR SYSTEMINTEGRATION

Anchs a a d fundatin systm

and a usd t stain fundatins sist-

ing tnsi fcs uift du t hydstatic

ssus, si hav, sustuctuads. A ck anch, shwn in Figure 12,

is n ty f anch with a sma-diamt,

high-caacity d. rck anchs a cn-

stuctd by diing thugh th si int

ck; acing th ck anch int th h;

guting th anch; tnsining th d;

guting, if ncssay; and cking th d

int sitin. (Figure 13 shws ck anchs

sisting hydstatic ssu in a mat

fundatin.) Th mat sab sans btwn

Photo 12 Rock anchors with lower mat reinforcing in place.

ck anchs and sists hydstatic wat

ssu fm th undsid f th mat. Thck anchs tansf th hydstatic wat

ssu d int th si, wh th tn-

sin ads can b sistd and k th mat

fm ifting u.

Rock Anchor Waterproofng

Recommendations

In tms f watng, ck anchs

cat a byass in th mat fundatins

hiznta bw-gad watng sys-

Figure 13 Rock anchors in a foundati

resisting hydrostatic pressu

tm (f t Figure 12). rck anchs

as staws aching t bw-gad dtint th wat tab, binging chd wa

t th sufac fm subsufac dths

caiay fc. With thi igua

anchs can b difcut t dtai and qu

cdinatin btwn th stuctua n

n and th watng cnsutant

nsu bth adquat baing-at mb

mnt and sufcint hight t insta wat

ng t th anch.

T sa any vids btwn th


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Figure 14 3-D rendering of waterproong at a rock

anchor including bentonite waterproong membrane,

bentonite waterproong membrane patch, bentonite mastic,block waterstop, and injection tube waterstop.

Figure 15 Typical detailing around a rock anchor.anchs and th mat fundatin u, w

cmmndd instaatin f injctin tub

watsts. Ths injctin tub watsts

a in additin t th bck watsts

nmay dtaid as at f a bntnit

watng systm. Injctin tub wat-

sts cnsist f wi tubing cvd by a

infcd mmban that is injctd with

yuthan gut. S Figures 14 and 15

1 3 6 B o n o a n d B o n o

f a dtai indi-

cating th stuc-

tua and wat-

Figure 16 Installed detailing around a rock anchor prior to bentonite mastic,

block waterstop, and injection tube waterstop installation.

ng mnts

f th ck anch. Figure 16 shws th

dtaiing f bntnit aund th igua

ck anch ntatin. In gna, injc-

tin tub watsts a injctd aft th

cnct mat sab has sufcinty cud

2 8t h R C I In te R n a t I o n a l C o n v e n tI o n

th manufactus quimnts but i

t dcmmissining th sit dwating

ws. on this jct, injctin tub wat-

sts w instad as a backu mans in

th vnt f wat intusin. Cunty, th

injctin tub watsts a nt gutd

and a ft in ac as a sumnta

watng masu.

PILE SYSTEM INTEGRATIONAnth d fundatin systm usd

n th jct was is with i cas.

pis a fabicatd stuctua mmbs

mad f wd, cnct, st (as in this

cas) did divn int th gund and

tyicay xtndd t dths n th d

f 50 ft. bw th gund sufac, but

that can as xtnd t dths f 150 ft.

gat. Th is tansf ads fm

th sustuctu, thugh wak si ay-s that cannt sut th aid ads,

t cmtnt ays f si. D funda-

tins a usd whn cmtnt si ays

a catd w bw th sufac, and it

is nt actica t xcavat dwn t thi

vatin. (Figure 17 shws a i-sutd

mat fundatin with is baing dicty

n ck.) A i ca is th infcd cn-

ct mnt that cnncts a cumn fm

th sustuctu t a gu f is,

a n d t R a d e S h o w M a R C h 1 4- 1 9 , 2 0 1 3

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Figure 17 Pile-supported mat foundation with piles bearing in rock.tying thm a tgth. Summaizd fmFoundation Design: Principles and Practices,

whn dsigning i fundatins, dsigns

must cnsid th fwing aamts:2

Aid ads rquid diamt rquid ngth Avaiabiity f i ty Duabiity Anticiatd diving cnditins In th d, th imssibiity f dt-

mining assumd dsign stngths

Du t th abv cnsidatins, addi-

tina is may nd t b instad. This

can inunc cnstuctin tim and cst,

ang with ating buiding fmanc.

Cnsidatin must as b givn t th

watng dtaiing f is within th

wat tab.

Pile Waterproofng Recommendations

Simia t ck anchs and mat fun-

datins, is a bst dtaid with cab-

ativ ffts. D fundatins, bcaus

thy tansmit sm th nti aidad t sis w bw th gund sufac,

a iky t ntat th gundwat tab

and bing wat t th sufac thugh ca-

iay fc.

on this sit, w cmmndd wat-

ng ach individua i ang with th

i cas. T a th is f instaa-

tin f watng, th st ats w

wdd t th st Hp mmbsn at th

t nd f th i and th tw wdd t

sit angst fm a mta ca. Thisst ca vidd a suitab substat f

instaatin f watng at ach is

imt. S Figures 18-20 (th ast

ths is a dtai indicating th stuctu

and watng mnts f th tyi

i and i ca).

SUMMARY OF wATERPROOFINGRECOMMENDATIONS

In summay, w dsignd th wat

ng systm basd n th fwi

sit cnditins and stuctua fundatisystm:

Subtanan vs in th watab

ptntia SpH cntaminatin ptntia satwat cntact Aug-cast i shing wa Mat fundatin rck anchs pis and i casBasd n ths dsign aamts,

cmmndd th fwing instaatin:

Shtct skim cat v aug-cai-shing wa t act as a wat

ng substat

Figure 18 3-D rendering of a pile and pile cap.


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Figure 19 3-D rendering of waterproong at a pile in a pile cap showingbentonite waterproong membrane, bentonite mastic, block waterstop, and

injection tube waterstop.

An uninfcd cnct mud sabt vid a suitab substat f

th sht watng

Wdd st ats at Hp mmbst vid a suitab substat t

tminat watng

Watng th subtananv with bntnit mmban with

ad and fastnd sams and

dtaid ntatins rinfcd tctin sab v th

hiznta bw-gad watf-

ing t tct th watng fm

cnstuctin damag (nt im-

mntd)

Cystain watng admixtuat mat sab and cast-in-ac was

Dainag channs Sumnta injctin tub wat-

sts

Ths cmmndatins w basd n

th watng fmanc dsid byth wn, cst cnsidatins fm th cn-

tact, avaiab cnstuctin tchniqus at

th tim f cnstuctin, and ast xi-

nc n simia bw-gad ca jcts.

CONCLUSIONDsign tam cdinatin btwn th

stuctua ngin and th watng

cnsutant d t a w-intgatd stuctu-

a and watng systm. Withut this

tam fft, tunitis t sct th bst

watng systm f a buiding may nt

hav bn ssib nc cnstuctin had

bgun. Hwv, vn with cdinatin and

intgatin, cnicts and s may nt b

iminatdbut thi svity is minimizd,

viding th wn an cnmica and

suitab buiding that mts fmanc

xctatins.

REFERENCES1. D.G. Gibbns and J.l. Tw, Wat-

ng Bw-Gad Shtct

Was, The Construction Specifer, V.

62, N. 3, Mach 2009, . 48-55.2. D.p. Cdut, Foundation Design:

Principles and Practices, scnd di-

tin, pntic Ha, U Sadd

riv, Nw Jsy, 2001.

Figure 20 Waterproong at a typical pile cap.

1 3 8 B o n o a n d B o n o 2 8 t h R C I I n te R n a t I o n a l C o n v e n tI o n a n d t R a d e S h o w M a R C h 1 4 1 9 2 0 1 3

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