2013 ANATOMY(B)
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Transcript of 2013 ANATOMY(B)
2013 ANATOMY(B)2013 ANATOMY(B)
Karen LancourKaren Lancour Patty PalmiettoPatty PalmiettoNational Bio Rules National Bio Rules National Event National EventCommittee Chairman Committee Chairman Supervisor – A&P Supervisor – A&P
Event Rules – 2013
DISCLAIMERThis presentation was prepared using draft rules. There may be some changes in the final copy of the rules. The rules which will be in your Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be the official rules.
Event Rules – 2013
BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2013 EVENT RULES FOR EVENT PARAMETERS AND TOPICS FOR EACH COMPETITION LEVEL
TRAINING MATERIALS Training Power Point – content overview Training Handout - content information Sample Tournament – sample problems with key Event Supervisor Guide – prep tips, event needs,
and scoring tips Internet Resource & Training CD’s – on the
Science Olympiad website at www.soinc.org under Event Information
Biology-Earth Science CD, Anatomy/A&P CD Anatomy/A&P CD (new) (new) as well as the Division B and Division C Test Packets are available from SO store at www.soinc.org
ANATOMY Event ContentEvent Content: : 20132013BASIC ANATOMY (Structure and function)BASIC ANATOMY (Structure and function)
Nervous System Nervous System (new)(new) Digestive SystemDigestive System Major disorders Major disorders Treatment and prevention of disorders Treatment and prevention of disorders
PROCESS SKILLS PROCESS SKILLS - - observations, observations, inferences, predictions, calculations, inferences, predictions, calculations, data analysis, and conclusions.data analysis, and conclusions.
Divisions of the Nervous Divisions of the Nervous SystemSystem
Brain Brain
&&
Spine Spine
Rest Rest of of BodBody y
NeuronNeuron
Basic functional cell of nervous system
Transmits impulses Three types
Sensory neurons – bring messages to CNS Motor neurons - carry messages from CNS Interneurons – between sensory & motor
neurons in the CNS
NeuronNeuron
Dendrite – receive stimulus and carries it impulses carries it impulses toward the cell bodytoward the cell body
Cell Body with nucleus – nucleus & most of cytoplasm Axon – fiber which carries impulses away from cell carries impulses away from cell
bodybody Schwann Cells- cells which produce myelin or fat layer Myelin sheath – lipid layer around the axon Node of Ranvier – gaps or nodes in the myelin sheath Impulses travel from dendrite to cell body to axondendrite to cell body to axon
ImpulsesImpulses
Impulse Self propagating Mechanism – Na+
K+ pump Synapse
Junction between neurons
Neurotransmitters
SynapsSynapse e
Junction between neuronsJunction between neuronsThe neurons do not actually tough at the The neurons do not actually tough at the synapse synapse Neurotransmitters used to restart impulse Neurotransmitters used to restart impulse in dendrite of 2in dendrite of 2ndnd neuron neuron
NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters
Chemicals in Chemicals in the junction the junction which allow which allow impulses to impulses to be started in be started in the second the second neuron neuron
Reflex Arch Reflex Arch
Central Nervous Central Nervous SystemSystem
Brain Brain stem –
medulla, pons, midbrain
Diencephalon – thalamus & hypothalamus
Cerebellem Cerebrum
Spine Spinal Cord
Cerebrum Regions Cerebrum Regions
Lobes of the Cerebrum Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital
Special regions Broca’s area Wernicke’s area Limbic System
Peripheral Peripheral Nervous Nervous System System
Cranial nervesCranial nerves 12 pair 12 pair Attached to Attached to
undersurface of undersurface of brainbrain
Spinal nervesSpinal nerves 31 pair31 pair Attached to spinal Attached to spinal
cordcord
Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous System System
Regulates bodies involuntary Regulates bodies involuntary responsesresponses
Two divisionsTwo divisions Sympathetic nervous systemSympathetic nervous system
Emergency responseEmergency response Fight or flight Fight or flight
Parasympathetic nervous systemParasympathetic nervous system Normal everyday conditions Normal everyday conditions
Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous System System
Major Sense OrgansMajor Sense Organs
Vision – Eye Hearing – Ear Taste – Taste receptors (new) Smell – Olfactory system Skin – Hot, cold, pressure, pain
EyeEye
ImagesImages
the cornea and the lens help to produce the image on the the cornea and the lens help to produce the image on the retina retina images formed by the lens are upside down and images formed by the lens are upside down and backwards whenbackwards when they reach the retinathey reach the retina
Visual Pathway Visual Pathway
EaEarr
Taste BudsTaste Buds
Chemical Receptors Sweet Sour Bitter Salty MSG
Olfactory ReceptorsOlfactory Receptors
Chemical Receptors Top of nasal cavity Extremely sensitive Easily fatigued Much of “taste” involves smell
SensesSensesin Skinin Skin
Heat Cold Light
pressure Heavy
Pressure Pain
Disorders of the Disorders of the Nervous SystemNervous System
Epilepsy, Epilepsy, Seizures, Seizures, Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease Multiple SclerosisMultiple Sclerosis Parkinson’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Shingles (herpes zoster), Shingles (herpes zoster), Cerebral palsy, Cerebral palsy, Glaucoma, Glaucoma, Pink eye (conjunctivitis)Pink eye (conjunctivitis) Symptoms of disordersSymptoms of disorders Treatments and prevention Treatments and prevention
Effects of Drugs Effects of Drugs
Effects of drugs on the Effects of drugs on the nervous systemnervous system
AlcoholAlcohol CaffeineCaffeine NicotineNicotine MarijuanaMarijuana
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – digest foods extracellular (outside of cell) in digestive
canal
BASIC PROCESSES OF BASIC PROCESSES OF THETHE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
INGESTION -- intake of food DIGESTION – breakdown of food
Mechanical Digestion – physical breakdown Chemical Digestion – chemical breakdown of
macromolecules to monomers Absorption -- Transport of the products of
digestion into the blood Defecation -- Elimination of undigested
waste
ORGANS OF DIGESTIVE ORGANS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT (Mouth to anus)TRACT (Mouth to anus)
Mouth - Chewing, Digestion begins Pharynx - Swallowing Esophagus - Transports food to stomach Stomach - Storage of food, Digestion of
protein Small Intestine - Majority of digestion and
absorption of food Large Intestines - Absorption of water,
Waste storage Anus - Elimination of waste
ASCESSORY ORGANS ASCESSORY ORGANS
SECRETE FLUIDS INTO DIGESTIVE TRACT
Salivary Glands - Secrete salivary amylase
Liver - Produces bile Gallbladder - Storage of bile Pancreas - Secretes pancreatic
amylase and other digestive enzymes
MOUTMOUTHH
Opens to outside to facilitate feeding Aids in preparation of food for digestion Foods are broken down mechanically by chewing Saliva is added as a lubricant from the auxiliary saliva glands Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme that digests starch Serves as an organ for speech and pleasure Includes cheeks, lips, tongue, palate, teeth – primary & secondary
TEETHTEETH Incisors (8) – for biting
food Canines (4) - for
grasping and tearing food
Bicuspids (8) – for grinding and crushing food
Molars (12) – for grinding food
ESOPHAGUSESOPHAGUS
a simple tube between the mouth and stomach – peristalsis aides in swallowing
STOMACHSTOMACH
STOMACHSTOMACH
Enzyme digestion of proteins initiated Foods reduced to a liquid form Walls lined with millions of gastric
glands Several kinds of cells in gastric glands Very little absorption from stomach –
some water, ethanol, drugs as aspirin, and certain ions
SMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINE most of chemical
enzymatic digestion occur
almost all nutrients are absorbed
Accessory glands – liver, gall bladder, and pancreas provide secretions to assist with chemical enzymatic digestion
LIVER and GALL LIVER and GALL BLADDER BLADDER
Liver: - provides bile salts to the small intestine, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats.
Gallbladder – stores bile
PANCREASPANCREAS
Pancreas: - provides digestive enzymes to the small intestine which are critical for digestion of fats, carbohydrates and protein.
LARGE INTESTINES LARGE INTESTINES
Colon: liquid residue – mainly water
with undigested materal water is absorbed, bacterial fermentation takes
place feces are formed.Rectum: collects undigested
waste Anus: expels undigested waste
– muscles to control exit and prevent leakage.
DIGESTIVDIGESTIVE E PROCESS PROCESS
Ingestion – intake of food Digestion – breakdown of food
bit by bit into molecules small enough to be absorbed
Mechanical Digestion – physical breakdown of food
Chemical Digestion – chemical breakdown of macromolecules to monomers
Absorption – transport of productions into the blood
Elimination (Defecation) - elimination of undigested waste
CHEMICAL CHEMICAL DIGESTIODIGESTION N
CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEIN FATS NUCLEIC ACIDS
Common Disorders of Common Disorders of Digestive System Digestive System
Stomach and duodenal ulcers Cancers of the digestive system Diarrhea Lactose Intolerance Hepatitis Crohn’s Disease, GERD, Diverticular Disease,
Celiac Disease (National)
Role of Fiber in Role of Fiber in Digestion Digestion
Fiber is found mostly in plant There are two types – insoluble fiber and soluble fiber Insoluble fiber is a type of fiber which cannot be dissolved in water Insoluble fiber draws water to the intestine, increasing the bulk and
softness of waste products Soluble fiber which can be dissolved in water Soluble fiber can be digested slowly and it slows the digestive
process and keeps the stomach fuller longer leaving the body feeling full for a longer period of time
Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates are slower so that glucose (sugar) in food enters the bloodstream more slowly, which keeps blood sugar on a more even level
The slow absorption of sugar gives the body an opportunity to regulate blood sugar levels