SUPPORT AND LOCOMOTIONNajmiyatul Fadilah Mohamad

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

1. Identify the animals with hydrostatic, exoskeleton and endoskeleton support system

2. Describe animal locomotion

3. Describe the two divisions in human nervous system

4. Analyse animal responses and coordinates towards stimulus

5. Explain the chemical coordination in human beings

6. Analyse plant responses and coordinates towards stimulus.

SUPPORT SYSTEM

Skeleton Framework of the animal body around which

the whole body is built.

Collective name for all the hard and rigid structures in the body forming the framework of the body.

Forms the supporting framework of the body.

Gives a proper shape to the body.

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMALS

Hydrostatic Skeleton In soft-bodied and

cold-blooded animals.

Has a coelom, which is a fluid-filled cavity.

Coelom is surrounded by muscles.

Rigidity by fluid and muscles serve as a supporting structure for the organisms.

EXOSKELETON

Lies outside the soft parts of the body providing a covering to them.

in the form of hard and rigid plates composed of dead substance secreted by cells.

restricts the movements of the animal to the extent that the animal is passive and slow or even sessile.

ENDOSKELETON

Inside the body Supports and gives

shape to the body Tissues and muscles

are formed around the skeletal system

Muscular forces are transmitted to this skeleton.

ANIMAL LOCOMOTION (EARTHWORM)

Hydrostatic skeleton.

Has about 100-150 segments.

Segmentation helps the earthworm move.

(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) GRASSHOPPER

Exoskeleton

Can move in three ways walk, jump and fly

(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) BIRD

Lightweight skeleton, strong muscles to control their flight, air sacs, light beaks,small lungs and wings designed for flying.

(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) BIRD

Birds wings

Shaped like an aerofoil concave

How they fly?

(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) BIRD large muscles to move

their wings up and down

attached to the wings at one end and to a special bone, keel bone, at the other end.

Pectoralis provides the powerful

down stroke of the wing

Supracoracoideusas the muscle that raises

the wing

(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) FISH

Myomeres contracting and relaxing –able to swim.

How fish face the problem during movement?

(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) HUMAN

Bone act as levers during

movement. provide solid

structures

three types of joints: Immovable Partly Movable Synovial

LEG MUSCLES

main leg muscles gluteal muscles the iliopsoas or hip

flexors

NERVOUS SYSTEM

(a) Central Nervous System (CNS) consisting of the brain and spinal cord

Responsible for receiving and interpreting signals from the peripheral nervous system and also sends outsignals to it, either consciously or unconsciously.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

(b) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consisting of all other neural elements.

Composed of nerves and ganglia that are connected to the brain but are technically outside of the brain itself and the spinal cord

Divided into 2 categories: ??

RESPONSE AND COORDINATION INANIMALS

A nerve cell = a neuron

three types of neurons. afferent(sensory) efferent (motor) interneuron.

VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS Voluntary action Involuntary action

CHEMICAL COORDINATION

Endocrine System

collection of glands that secrete hormones.

executes various physiological processes through chemical messengers called hormones.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS, HORMONES AND FUNCTIONS

An endocrine gland = a group of specialised cells, produces and secretes hormones into the blood stream.

each hormone has its own target organ = specific function.

Thyroxine and growth hormones = control the growth of human body.

If imbalance of the thyroxine?

RESPONSE AND COORDINATION IN PLANTS

Tropic Response A growth movement

of a plant part in response to an external stimulus in which the direction of a stimulus determines the direction of responses.

RESPONSE AND COORDINATION IN PLANTS

Nastic Response is not a directional

movement of the plant part with respect to the stimulus.

is neither towards the stimulus nor away from the stimulus.