HNS 3033 : MODERNISASI DAN PERUBAHAN

TEKNOLOGIKuliah M05: Pemodernan Ekonomi II

(URBANISATION)

Urbanization:

1. Proses pembentukan dan pertumbuhan sesbuah kawasan apabila penduduknya berpindah dari luar bandar ke bandar;

2. Kadar penduduk yang tinggal di bandar-bandar berbanding dengan yang tinggal di luar bandar; kadar itu semakin

Urbanisasi dan Tahap-tahap perkembangannya:

Preindustrial cities

Industrial cities

Metropolis &

megalopolis;

Urbanization: turning point in history(sumber: UN-Habitat)

• The year 2007 marks a turning point in history. One out of every two people will be living in a city;

• In 2005, the world’s urban population was 3.17 billion out of a world total of 6.45 billion. Current trends predict that the number of urban dwellers will keep rising, reaching almost 5 billion by 2030 out of a world total of 8.1 billion.

• Between 2005 and 2030, the world’s urban population is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 1.78 per cent, almost twice the growth rate of the world’s total population.

• After 2015, as more and more people occupy cities, the population of rural settlements around the globe will begin to contract, decreasing at an average annual rate of -0.32 through 2030 – a decrease of more than 155 million people over 15 years.

• Whereas Europe, North America and Latin America experienced intense urbanization – the increased concentration of people in cities rather than in rural areas – and rapid urban growth through the mid-20th century,

• the trend has now shifted to the developing regions of Asia and Africa. In-migration, reclassification and natural population increase are contributing to a rapid urban transformation of these regions.

• Annual urban growth rates are highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (4.58 per cent)

• • Followed by South-Eastern Asia (3.82 per cent), Eastern Asia (3.39 per cent), Western Asia (2.96 per cent),

• Southern Asia (2.89 per cent) and Northern Africa (2.48 per cent).

• • The developed world’s cities are growing at a slower pace, averaging 0.75 per cent a year.

• • Asia and Africa will continue to dominate global urban growth through 2030. Currently the least urbanized regions in the world, with 39.9 per cent and 39.7;

Urbanisasi di MalaysiaSumber: Perangkaan Malaysia.

KAWASAN TAHUN

1970 1980 1991 2000

SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA 28.8 39.1 54.3 65.2

SABAH 16.5 20.6 33.7 48.9

SARAWAK 15.5 18.0 37.5 48.0

MALAYSIA 26.8 35.8 50.7 62.0

Teras Dasar Perbandaran Negara

• i. Pembangunan Perbandaran yang Efisien dan Mampan• ii. Pembangunan Ekonomi Bandar

yang Kukuh, Dinamik dan Berdaya Saing• iii. Sistem Pengangkutan Bandar yang

Bersepadu dan Efisien

• iv. Penyediaan Perkhidmatan Bandar, Infrastruktur dan Utiliti yang Berkualiti• v. Pewujudan Persekitaran Kehidupan

Bandar yang Sejahtera dan Beridentiti• vi. Tadbir Urus Bandar yang Efektif

Sebab-sebab berlaku Urbanisasi:

• Urban population grows in two ways: by natural increase (more births than deaths), and by immigration.

• Natural increase is fueled by improved food supplies, better sanitation, and advances in medical care that reduce death rates and cause populations to grow both within cities and in the rural areas around them.

• Immigration is the second reason why population grows, and it is the largest source of its growth. Immigration to cities can be caused both by push factors that force people out of the country and by pull factors that draw them into the city

• Immigration Push Factors - “Limpahan” penduduk mendedsak mereka berhijrah ke bandar mencari pekerjaan, makanan dan perumahan;

• Di sesetengah tempat keadaan ekonomi dan konflik politik, racial atau ugama memaksa mereka berhijrah;

• UN estimated that in 1992 at least 10 million people fled their native country and that another 30 or 40 million were internal refugees within their own country, displaced by political, economic, or social instability.

• Immigration Pull Factors - Walaupun keadaan disesebuah bandar chaotic, ramai memilih untuk berhijrah ke bandar – tertarik dengan keseronokan, vitality, dan peluang2 untuk bertemu dengan mereka yg senasib;

• Yang penting bagi mereka cities menawarkan pekerjaan, rumah, hiburan dan kekebasan (terlepas dari ikatan tradisi);

• Ada peluang untuk social mobility, prestige dan kuasa yang mungkin tidak dapat mereka kecapi kalau berada di luar bandar;

Urbanism

• Urbanism is a way of life. • Merupakan gambaran satu cara hidup yang

kompleks berasaskan division of labour, high levels of technology, high mobility, interdependence of its members in fulfilling economic functions and impersonality in social relations.

4 ciri Utama Urbanism:

1. Transiency

2. Anonymity

3. Individualism

4. Superficiality

4 ciri utama urbanism:

1. Transiency: An urban inhabitant's relation with others last only for a short time; he tends to forget his old acquaintances and develop relations with new people. Since he is not much attached to his neighbors members of the social groups, he does not mind leaving them.

2 . Anonymity: Urbanities do not know each other intimately. Personal mutual acquaintance between the inhabitants which ordinarily is found in a neighborhood is lacking.

3. Individualism: People give more importance to their own vested interests.

4. Superficiality: An urban person has the limited number of persons with whom he interacts and his relations with them are impersonal and formal. People meet each other in highly segmental roles. They are dependent on more people for the satisfaction of their life needs.

Ciri-ciri masyarakat Urban:

• Heterogeneous, terkenal kerana diversity and complexity.

• Di dominasi oleh hubungan secondary;• Social control berbentuk formal melalui law,

legislation, police, dan court ; bentuk informal tidak lagi memadai untuk mengawal pelakuan manusia;

• Mobile dan terbuka. Terdapat banyak peluang untuk social mobility. Status berbentuk achieved dan bukan lagi ascribed.

• Kerjaya lebih khusus; There is widespread division of labor meluas; peluang untuk pengkhususan kerjaya terbuka luas;

• Family dikatakan tidak stabil. Keluarga besar tidak diutamakan;

• Kesedaran kelas tinggi dan bersifat progresif; Menyambut baik perubahan; terdedah kepada perkembangan modern sains dan teknologi;.

• Consensus diganti dengan dissensus. Organisasi social atomistic dan tidak jelas; yang jelas ialah disorganization, mental illness dan anomie.

• Peluang pendidikan formal meluas; berlaku pendmokrasian organisasi dan institusi;

Masalah Semasa akibat urbanisasi:

• Bandar-bandar besar, tidak kira di negara maju atau di negara-negara sedang membanung menghadapi pelbagai masalah yang sama;

• Masalah menjadi lebih besar mengikut saiz bandar terutamanya di negara-negara sedang

Masalah semasa

kawasan Urban

PENCEMARAN UDARA

PEMBUANGAN NAJIS DAN

PENCEMARAN AIR

JENAYAH

DI MANA-MANA

MASALAHNYA SERUPA

BISING

KESESAKAN TRAFIK

Isu dan Cabaran

• i. Kadar Perbandaran yang Pesat• ii. Penurunan Kualiti Alam Sekitar• iii. Ekonomi Bandar yang Kurang

Berdaya Saing• iv. Sistem Pengangkutan yang Tidak

Cekap

• v. Kemerosotan Kualiti Hidup Penduduk Bandar• vi. Kurang Penekanan Terhadap

Rekabentuk Bandar Dan Pemuliharaan• Warisan• vii. Tadbir Urus Bandar Yang Kurang

Berkesan