2012 Storage Symposium - Columbia...

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Scaled Electrochemical Cells for Scaled Stationary Energy Storage: A Case Study 2012 Energy Storage Symposium Jay Whitacre Carnegie Mellon University

Transcript of 2012 Storage Symposium - Columbia...

Page 1: 2012 Storage Symposium - Columbia Universityenergy.columbia.edu/files/2012/11/Jay-Whitacre-Day-1.pdf · 2012 Energy Storage Symposium Jay Whitacre ... J.F. Whitacre1,2, 2S. Shanbhag2,

Scaled Electrochemical Cells for Scaled Stationary Energy Storage: A Case Study

2012 Energy Storage Symposium

Jay WhitacreCarnegie Mellon University

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Large Format High Voltage Aqueous Polyionic Devices for Low Cost Scaled 

Energy Storage

150

J.F. Whitacre1,2, S. Shanbhag2, W. Yang2, A. Mohamed,1,2 E. Weber2

1Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering and Public Policy, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh PA 15213

2Aquion Energy 32 39th Street, Pittsburgh PA 15201

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SUPPORTED BY

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THE ECONOMIC REALITY OF ENERGY STORAGE – SPECIFIC COST

• First key ‐ capital cost: Specific cost = $/kWh

• Simple linear relationship between cost of good sold (COGS) and energy density 

• Another key ‐ cycle life:• Issue:  typically energy 

density and cycle life are inversely correlated

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THE ECONOMIC REALITY OF ENERGY STORAGE – CYCLE LIFE

• Another key ‐ cycle life:• Issue:  typically energy density and cycle life are 

inversely correlated• Important metric: levelized cost of stored energy as 

amortized over the lifetime of the system

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SOLUTION: LOW COST AND HIGH ENOUGH ENERGY DENSITY

• Goal was to identify the “sweet spot” between specific cost, energy density, and cycle life

• Significant testing yielded a finding:

• Aqueous electrolyte sodium ion functional materials and battery structures

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THE HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE

• Anode is low cost activated carbon– Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor Effect

• Cathode is Na0.44MnO2– Alkali ion intercalation material 

• Electrolyte is Na2SO4 in water  (~1 M)

Activated carbon NaMnO2

‐ +

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STABILITY/CAPACITY OF FIRST GENERATION CHEMISTRY

•Significant energy present, •BUT, using costing rules, materials have to be under $2/kg all in to compete•Very difficult to do!

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CYCLE LIFE/COLUMBIC EFFICIENCY 

0

0.5

1

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2

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Q charge/mA.hQ discharge/mA.h

Spe

cific

Cap

acitr

y (m

Ah/

g)

Cycle Number

Optimized Solid State Na0.44

MnO2

Cycled at 4C rate, 0.4 to 1.8 V, Cell Capacity ~1.8 mAh1 M Na2SO4, Kuraray RP-20

1000 cycles, negligible loss in capacity, 100% Columbic efficiency

5 C charge/discharge rate

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• – MnO2 has over 2 times the capacity and 3 times the energy of Na4Mn9O18,  

• Rate capability also found to be very good. 

Lambda MnO2 in Na2SO4

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SECOND GENERATION CHEMISTRY: LAMBDA‐MNO2

• Much higher specific capacity compared to Na4Mn9O18

• In balanced device, over 100 Wh/kg (cathode) at lower rates

• Still extremely stable

• Added cost of using Li2CO3 to template material is justified. 

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SECOND GENERATION CHEMISTRY: ELECTRODE THICKNESS

• In thin format cells, the material displays excellent rate capability

• However, these cells are far too costly to scale with these dimensions . . . 

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• 3 different species are functional:– Lithium – cathode materials templating, extracted into electrolyte during first charge, remains functional

– Sodium – electrolyte cation, intercalates into MnO2 of cathode and also performs EDLC function at anode 

– and Hydrogen. . . . 

161

POLYIONIC FUNCTIONALITY

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• At the anode:  as the potential of hydrogen evolution is reached, local OH‐ species are generated, and are not extracted rapidly

• This increases the pH inside the negative electrode, and subsequently re‐stabilizes the local water.  There is also the natural overpotential of water splitting on Carbon

• So minimum stable anode potential is ‐0.9 V (vs. NHE) at local pH of 14 plus ~0.2 to 0.4 V of over potential.

• If cathode is pinned at ~+1 V, then, we have a cell voltage of over 2 V • BUT hydrogen is evolved during this process – what of it?  

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ANODIC POURBAIX SHIFT AT ANODE ENABLES HIGH CELL V

ACVmax

*Nature Chemistry, 2, 2010, pg 760

*

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• At increasingly anodic potentials more and more hydrogen is reversibly stored inside the electrode

• Some carbons more amenable to this than others

• Cost benefit assessment necessary!

HYDROGEN STORAGE AT ANODE

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• We have excess cathode material to pin the positive electrode potential below the point of oxygen evolution

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THREE – ELECTRODE DATA: 

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• Na functional in cubic spinel ‐ different recipe is optimal •>40 Wh/kg specific capacity, same long term stability• >90% round trip energy efficiency

0

0.5

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0 10 20 30 40

Cel

l P

oten

tial

(V)

Energy (Wh/kg or Wh/Liter)

Wh/kg (active material)

Wh/liter(Electrode Volume)

MNO2 – BASED CELLS: ENERGY DENSITY

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MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND FLOW

SEMI‐AUTOMATED MANUFACTURING IN PLACE; FULLY AUTOMATED IS DESIGNED

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TECHNOLOGY: CYCLE LIFE 

5000 rapid cycles on Indicative Test Cell 

Large Format Cycle Profile: +/‐ 1.5 Amps

• Chemistry stable over broad voltage range• Symmetric charge/discharge profile• >5000 Cycles shown at high rates, (100% DoD)• >800 cycles over 15 months; ~ 6 hour rate• Near perfect coulombic efficiency• Application specific tests performed (backup 

slides)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Charge CapacityDischarge Capacity

Cap

acity

(%

of

initi

al C

apac

ity)

Cycle #

> 1 year constant cycling6 hour rate, 100% DoD

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TECHNOLOGY: DURABLE MANUFACTURED BATTERIES

Voltage vs. Capacity

• Chemistry locked down and scaling; In‐house large format industrial production demonstrated

• >  30 Wh prototype batteries in production

• Industry‐proven polypropylene casing and sealing technologies

• Multiple 3rd party verification tests completed by industry experts

“Battery 0”

Energy Density of Electrode Stack

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TECHNOLOGY: HIGH VOLTAGE STRINGS

• >100 V strings in use currently• High tolerance to cell‐to‐cell mismatch• Minimal or no BMS required• Anodic hydrogen mechanism is self‐

balancing mechanism

String 10 Batteries

String of 60 Batteries

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TECHNOLOGY: HIGH TEMPERATURE ABUSE TESTING

• Testing performed of exposure to 60˚C for 850 hours while deep cycling• Open Circuit Stand at 75% DoD for 40 hours• No self discharge observed• No loss in capacity/function as a result of stand

Test cycle

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• 6 A constant current baseline test on 4 Aquion batteries in series before and after 3176 Sandia PSoC test cycles. 

• 0 capacity fade observed.  Battery is unaltered by PSOC cycling

• PbA loses over half it’s capacity after this kind of use

APPLICATION DATA:  PSOC CYCLING (REF. BASELINE CYCLE TESTING)

Rapid PSoC Tesing around 50% SoC Benchmark Discharge Before/after >3000 Cycles

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TECHNOLOGY: TESTING AT KEMA

• Fully sensored Aquion Energy 1 Wh units in environmental test chamber at KEMA

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• 1 Wh units tested; wind typified power vs. time duty cycle imparted on battery

• Charge/discharge rates range from 1C discharge to 1.5 C charge

• Battery easily supports signal, very

APPLICATION ANALYSIS: WIND SUPPORT/MICRO CYCLE

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APPLICATION ANALYSIS: PEAK SHAVING

• 8 hour charge, 16 hour discharge• Constant current conditions used• Energy taken/given very consistent through many cycles

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• “250 Ah” Hoppecke OPxV 2 V deep cycle “solar.power” battery.  Rated (20 hr)  capacity is 500 Wh, cost is  ~$150

• ~18 hour cycle: ~6 hour constant current charge, ~6 hour constant current discharge, 6 hour stand at discharge, repeat

– Using mfg. spec on safe V window (2.25 to 1.85 V)– After only 14 cycles, Battery is giving less than half of the rated 250 Ah (about 100 Ah).  

• 15 V, 24 Ah Aquion Energy Battery under same testing protocol.

205 Wh

OFF GRID SOLAR CYCLE (W/OUT TRICKLE CONDITIONING)

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• Very stable performance, even with batteries in series

OFF GRID SOLAR/DIESEL HYBRID SYSTEM CYCLE 

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• “250 Ah” Hoppecke OPxV 2 V deep cycle “solar.power” battery.  Rated (20 hr)  capacity is 500 Wh, cost is  ~$150

• ~18 hour cycle: ~6 hour constant current charge, ~6 hour constant current discharge, 6 hour stand at discharge, repeat

–Using mfg. spec on safe V window (2.25 to 1.85 V)–After only 14 cycles, Battery is giving less than half of the rated 250 Ah (about 100 Ah).  

• 15 V, 24 Ah Aquion Energy Battery under same testing protocol.

Lead acid unable to handle long stands at partial SOC without frequent “top off” trickle events:

IMPACT OF STANDING AT PSOC ON BATTERY LIFE

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1000 VOLTAGE SYSTEM

540 batteries connected in a single string

NO BMS used.  Reliance on anodic hydrogen reaction for self balancing to occur

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1000 VOLT SYSTEM: DATA

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1000 VOLT SYSTEM: DATA

• Off‐grid diesel hybrid support cycle run on 1000 V system after 2 months of testing/break‐in. 

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COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS: TIMING AND FORM FACTOR

In pilot production now: 8V cells Fundamental system building block

Q412 Early Customer Demo/Validation: Individual 48V, 1kWh modules

Q113 Early Customer Demo/Validation: Large format, palletized 48 V, 12kWh Modules

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Q212         Q312         Q412         Q113         Q213         Q313         Q413         Q114         Q214         Q314     Q414         

B1 Containerized Solutions

B1 Bulk Solutions

B1 Stacks

B1 Pallets

AHI COMMERCIALIZATION TIMELINE

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DISCUSSION ON ECONOMICS

• Expected cost of battery and and system as function of time

• The entry strategy

• Path to grid‐scale disruption.

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2012 Energy Storage Symposium

Wednesday, May 2 – Thursday, May 3, 2012Columbia University