2012 Bioenergy Status Document...Co-firing of biomass in power plants 11,5 11,9% Digestion and...

2012 Bioenergy Status Document

Contents

Summary 1

1 Introduction 6

2 Quantitative contribution 8

Renewable energy in the Netherlands 8

Biomass for three sectors 10

Electricity sector 10

Heat sector 11

Transport sector 12

3 Bioenergy policy framework 14

Directives and renewable energy 14

Bioenergy policy framework in the Netherlands 16

4 Bioenergy per conversion technology 20

Co-firing in power plants 20

Waste incineration plants 21

Residential wood stoves 22

Industrial wood boilers 22

Other combustion 23

Digesters and biogas production 23

Upgrading to green gas 25

Biofuels for transport 26

5 Sustainability 28

Sustainability of liquid biomass 29

Sustainability of solid and 31

gaseous biomass for energy purposes

6 Origin and trade in biomass 32

Transport biofuels 33

Waste for combustion (biogenic fraction) 35

Wood for residential stoves 35

Biomass for co-firing 36

Biomass for the production of biogas 36

Wood for industrial boilers 37

Other biomass streams for energy purposes 37

Overall overview of origin of biomass 37

for energy purposes

7 Trends and developments 38

8 References 39

1

SummaryThe 2012 Bioenergy Status Document reflects the current status of bioenergy in the Netherlands, including trends and expectations for the future. The objective of this document is to provide both tiers of government and market parties with insight into the developments in bioenergy.

Targets and realisationThe EU Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) sets a 14% target for the share of energy from renewable sources in the gross final consumption of energy in the Netherlands in 2020. The Rutte II Cabinet has increased this national target to 16%, which is estimated to equate to more than 340 PJ of renewable energy. Thus in 2020, at least 10% of all petrol, diesel and electricity consumed for transport must come from renewable sources. It is estimated that approximately 97 PJ of renewable energy - a share of 4.5% - was produced in 2012.

The Cabinet encourages the production of renewable electricity, heat and biogas through the SDE subsidy. The SDE budget was increased from € 1.7 billion in 2012 to € 3 billion in 2013, a measure that is expected to expedite the growth of renewable energy. The use of renewable energy in the transport sector will be realised by imposing an obligation on fuel suppliers. In 2011, the mandatory share of renewable energy in the sector was 4.25%; this is set to further increase in the years ahead.

Summary

2

Conversion of biomass into bioenergyApproximately three-quarters of the renewable energy produced in the Netherlands in 2012 came from biomass. The remainder was produced from sources such as hydro-power, wind and solar power. Renewable energy from biomass is largely produced by waste incineration plants, co-firing in power plants, use of wood stoves and use of biofuels in the transport sector. Table 1 provides an over-view of the contributions of the various routes; the most important developments per category are described below.

—

1 Electricity, heat and transport data for 2012 are estimates based on

observed trends and data from 2011 and trends in electricity production.

The total may differ slightly from the sum of the figures given in the table

above due to rounding.

table 1 overview of gross final consumption of bioenergy by technology (PJ)1

category sector gross final consumption 2012 (pj)

change w.r.t. 2011 (pj)

Waste Incineration Plants Electricity 7,7 0,4

Heat 6,6 -

Co-firing Electricity 10,6 -0,9

Heat 0,9 -

Residential wood stoves Heat 12,7 0,2

Industrial wood boilers Heat 2,9 0,1

Other combustion Electricity 3,6 0,6

Heat 3,2 0,3

Biogas Electricity 3,9 0,1

Heat excl. biogas 4,2 0,2

Raw biogas 0,7 -0,1

Biopetrol Transport 6,6 0,4

Biodiesel Transport 7,7 0,5

Total (PJ) 71,3 1,8

Summary

3

Bioenergy per conversion technology

Co-firing in power plantsElectricity production from the co-firing of biomass fell for the second year in a row (to 11.5 PJ, 11.9% of the renewable energy in the Netherlands, see Table 2) due to the temporary shutdown of plants for maintenance and failures in a number of plants. In an agreement with the minister, the sector has consented to maintain the same level of biomass co-firing in coal-fired power plants until 2015, despite the phasing out of the MEP subsidies.

Waste incineration plantsThe total incineration capacity of waste incineration plants rose slightly to 7.5 Mton per year. Approximately 95% of this capacity is used, partly for incinerating imported waste, which has increased sharply in recent years. Because the biogenic fraction of waste is also increasing (53% in 2012 as compared to 51% in 2011), renewable energy production at waste incineration plants rose slightly to 14.3 PJ (14.8% of the quantity of renew-able energy in the Netherlands, see Table 2).

Wood boilers and stovesThe number of newly installed industrial boilers is declin-ing. Production of renewable energy from industrial wood boilers totalled 2.9 PJ (3% of the total, see Table 2). Household fuelwood consumption has remained stable. Production in 2012 totalled 12.7 PJ (13.1%, see Table 2). In 2013, new studies will be carried out to improve the estimates of household fuelwood consumption. This may lead to an adjustment of the consumption figures.

Other combustionThis category includes plants that produce electricity and/or heat by incinerating chicken manure, wood chips, or prunings and wood waste, for example. After a decline in production in 2011 due to maintenance and expiration of the MEP subsidies, in 2012 production rose back up to the level of 2010; 6.7 PJ (6.9% of the total, see Table 2).

table 2 overview of production and share of renewable energy by source

source production in 2012(PJ)

share in renewableenergy production (%)

Wind power total 17,8 18,3%

Transport biofuels - physical 14,3 14,8%

Waste incineration (biogenous) 14,3 14,8%

Residential wood stoves 12,7 13,1%

Co-firing of biomass in power plants 11,5 11,9%

Digestion and biogas production 8,2 8,4%

Other biomass combustion 6,7 6,9%

Soil energy (heat pumps) 3,2 3,3%

Industrial wood boilers 2,9 3,0%

Ambient heat (heat pumps) 2,7 2,7%

Solar power and heat 1,6 1,6%

Green gas 0,7 0,8%

Hydropower 0,4 0,4%

Total 96,8 100%

Summary

4

Digestion and biogas productionThe number of (co-)digesters in the Netherlands has increased significantly over the past decade, although the increased prices of co-substrates over the past two years have slowed down the demand for co-digesters. The biogas produced is increasingly used for the production of electricity and heat. The total production (excluding upgrading to green gas) totalled 8.2 PJ (8.4% of the total, see Table 2).

Green gasThe upgrading of biogas to green gas (natural gas quality, biomethane) still plays a relatively minor role in the Netherlands. In 2012, the production capacity of green gas increased significantly, from over 5,000 Nm3/h to over 8,000 Nm3/h in early 2013. Actual production figure for 2012 is not yet known, but is estimated at 0.7 PJ (0.8% of the total, see Table 2).

TransportIn 2012, the biofuel policy was set forth without signifi-cant changes. The quantity supplied in 2011 totalled 4.31%, thereby satisfying the 4.25% obligation. About 40% of the obligation was met through double-counted fuels, the actual share of renewable energy in use is therefore lower; i.e. an estimated 14.3 PJ (14.8% of the total Table 2). The figures for 2012 are not yet available, but the blending obligation for that year rose to 4.5%.

Summary

overview of bioenergy plants commissioned in 2012, total capacity per category

RWZI/AWZItotal 0,45 MWel

CO-DIGESTERS

total 14,2 MWel

GREEN GAStotal 3.060 Nm3/u

SMALL-SCALE INCINERATION PLANTS2

total 5,23 MWth

PETROL STATIONS OFFERING ALTERNATIVE FUELtotal number of filling points in the netherlands3: Green gas: 53 filling points E85 (bioethanol): 31 filling points B30 (biodiesel): 12 filling points

total overview of bioenergy plantsFor complete overviews of the electricity, heat and gas sectors, visit: www.b-i-o.nl | For the transport sector, visit: www.agentschapnl.nl/gave

—2 The EIA 2012 overviews show that approximately 200 biomass boilers and CHPs

are registered. A limited selection is included here.

3 Based on http://www.fuelswitch.nl/index.php?mod=map (as of 3-1-2013).

6

1 IntroductionMonitoring renewable energy: gross final consumptionThis status document contains many statistics on bio-energy. The energy consumption figures are reported in terms of gross final consumption, as described in the Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol [NL Agency 2010]. As such, the status document is in line with the EU Renewable Energy Directive, which expresses the targets for the share of renewable energy for each Member State in terms of gross final consumption. Gross final consump-tion is the energy supplied to end users of energy (e.g. industry, households, transport and agriculture), and is split into three components: electricity, heat and transport.

The gross final consumption of electricity is defined as the total domestic electricity production, including the internal power consumption of the producers. In terms of heat, it is the total volume of heat sold5, plus the use of biomass in boilers and stoves. Unsold heat from com-bined heat and power (CHP) plants is indirectly counted via the proportion of fuel input into CHP plants that is allocated to heat production. Gross final consumption in the transport sector refers to the volume of transport fuels sold.

The 2012 Bioenergy Status Document provides an overview of the current status, identified trends and expectations for the production of renewable energy from biomass in the Netherlands. The status document was first published in 20034, with relevant market parties and tiers of government as its main target groups. In 2013, the 2012 Status Document was drawn up by CE Delft on behalf of NL Agency (Sustainable Energy in the Netherlands programme, DEN). The document was prepared in close collaboration with Statistics Netherlands (CBS), the Bioenergy Platform, CertiQ and other teams within NL Agency such as the Renewable Energy Production Incentive Scheme (SDE) and Climate Neutral Gaseous and Liquid Energy Carriers (GAVE).

—

4 For the 2011 edition, visit http://www.agentschapnl.nl/programmas-

regelingen/ publicaties-bio-energie.

5 This may be as thermal energy in a storage medium (usually water or

steam), or as chemical energy (gas).

Introduction1

7

The gross final consumption of biogas converted to natural gas is calculated by first calculating the renewable share of natural gas consumption (as natural gas produc-tion from biogas divided by total natural gas consump-tion). This share is then multiplied by the sum of (i) the final consumption of natural gas, (ii) electricity produc-tion from natural gas, and (iii) the heat sold from natural gas [Eurostat 2011]. Reader’s GuideThe 2012 Bioenergy Status Document is structured as follows. Section 2 contains an overview of the final consumption of renewable energy in general, and bio-energy in particular. In Section 3, we outline the main policy measures relevant to bioenergy, both at European and Dutch level. In Section 4, we examine the specific bioenergy technologies in detail. Each technology is described in the context of the policy measures relating thereto, as well as the latest trends and developments. Section 5 describes the policy and the state of affairs regarding sustainability of biomass for energy purposes. New in this year’s Status Document is an overview of the systems used to certify the sustainability of biofuels used in the Netherlands. Section 6 provides an overview of the origin of the biomass used in the Netherlands to generate bioenergy. It also includes information about the avail-ability and transparency of data on the origin of biomass. In conclusion, in Section 7 we describe the main trends and developments in bioenergy.

Introduction1

8

Renewable energy in the NetherlandsThe gross final consumption of renewable energy in the Netherlands is shown in Figure 1. Energy from biomass and wind power contributes the most to the total volume of renewable energy. To the extent available, data for 2012 are based on preliminary figures for renewable electricity from Statistics Netherlands [CBS StatLine 2013] and estimates based on empirical figures up to and including 2011 [CBS StatLine 2012]6. Figures regarding the consumption of renewable heat are estimates based on empirical data up to and including 2011 and observed trends in electricity consumption in 2012 [CBS StatLine 2012]. The figures concerning transport fuels in 2012 are estimates7 based on the physical consumption up to and including 2011 [CBS StatLine 2012].

2 Quantitative contribution

—

6 In accordance with the Renewable Energy Directive, the normalised data

for hydropower and wind power are used.

7 The total consumption of transport fuels is an estimate based on the

average growth in the past five years. The physical consumption of

transport biofuels in 2011 is adjusted for that estimated growth, and the

increase in the blending obligation from 4.25% to 4.5%.

Conversion table for energy units:

1 PJ= 109 MJ =1015 J1 TWh= 103 GWh = 106 MWh = 109 kWh1 PJ= 0,2778 TWh1 kWh = 3,6 MJ1 toe (tonne oil equivalent) = 11,6 MWh1 Mtoe= 41,9 PJ1 Nm3 natural gas = 31,7 MJ

0 PJ

10 PJ

20 PJ

30 PJ

40 PJ

50 PJ

60 PJ

70 PJ

80 PJ

90 PJ

100 PJ

BIODIESEL - FYSIEK

BIOBENZINE - FYSIEK

BIOGAS

OVERIGE BIOMASSAVERBRANDING

HOUTKACHELS HUISHOUDENS

HOUTKETELS BIJ BEDRIJVEN

BIJ- EN MEESTOKEN BIOMASSA IN CENTRALES

AFVALVERBRANDING (BIOGEEN)

BUITENLUCHTWARMTE (WARMTEPOMPEN)

BODEMENERGIE (WARMTEPOMPEN)

ZONNE-ENERGIE EN ZONNEWARMTE

WINDENERGIE TOTAAL

WATERKRACHT

2012201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

WATERKRACHT WINDENERGIE TOTAAL ZONNE-ENERGIE EN ZONNEWARMTE BODEMENERGIE (WARMTEPOMPEN

BIODIESEL - FYSIEKBIOBENZINE - FYSIEKBIOGASOVERIGE BIOMASSAVERBRANDINGHOUTKACHELS HUISHOUDENSHOUTKETELS BIJ BEDRIJVENBIJ- EN MEESTOKEN BIOMASSA IN CENTRALESAFVALVERBRANDING (BIOGEEN)BUITENLUCHTWARMTE (WARMTEPOMPEN)BODEMENERGIE (WARMTEPOMPEN)ZONNE-ENERGIE EN ZONNEWARMTEWINDENERGIE TOTAALWATERKRACHT

figure 1 renewable energy in the Netherlands 2000-2012

2 Quantitativecontribution2

9

The Renewable Energy Directive identifies three distinct sectors wherein the final consumption of energy counts towards the 2020 targets: electricity, heat and transport. Figure 2 shows the development of final renewable energy consumption in these three sectors.

The production of renewable energy (expressed in gross final consumption) has increased significantly in the last decade. This development is closely linked to government policy. Thanks to government stimulus schemes, the final renewable energy consumption over the past decade has increased from less than 30 PJ in 2000 to almost 100 PJ in 2012. To achieve the EU target of 14% renewable energy in 2020, an estimated 300 PJ of renewable energy will be needed in that year [Central Government, 2010]. Production of renewable electricity suffered a temporary downturn after 2006 due to lower MEP subsidies for co-firing of liquid biomass, and although the government stopped accepting applications for new MEP subsidies as of that year, projects, which had been previously funded under that scheme, were still being realised, ramping production back up from 2008 onwards. The Renewable Energy Production Incentive Scheme (SDE and its succes-sor SDE+) has been in effect since 2008. But again due to the delay between allocation and realisation, part of the subsidised capacity has not yet been realised.In 2010, the total final consumption of renewable energy dropped following the introduction of new regulations for transport biofuels, whereby some types of fuels were double counted towards the transport target, while the physical supply actually dropped. Administrative double-

counting applies to the 10% transport target, but not the overall 14% target. In 2011, the physical supply increased over that of 2010, and it is expected to have increased even further in 2012 due to the annual increase in the obligation percentage. Given that biofuels, which are physically supplied in a given year, are administratively carried over to the next year, it may create discrepancies between the volumes of biofuels physically supplied in a given year and the volumes used for compliance with the annual obligation of renewable energy for transport.

ELEKTRICITEIT WARMTE VERVOER

0 PJ

10 PJ

20 PJ

30 PJ

40 PJ

50 PJ

60 PJ

70 PJ

80 PJ

90 PJ

100 PJ

Vervoer

Warmte

Elektriciteit

2012201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

figure 2 gross final consumption of renewable energy per sector, 2000-2012


10

Biomass for three sectorsIn accordance with the Renewable Energy Directive, Statistics Netherlands reports on the gross final con-sumption of renewable energy in various sectors. The distribution of the gross final consumption of biomass among the electricity, heat and transport sectors is shown in Table 3. Electricity production is based on preliminary data from Statistics Netherlands [CBS StatLine 2013]. The heat generation estimate is based on observed trends and the consumption of biofuels on the figures up to and including 2011, taking into account the increasing blending obligation in 2012 [CBS StatLine 2012].

Electricity sectorStatistics Netherlands makes a distinction between the following categories in the generation of renewable electricity from biomass:• Waste incineration plants;• Co-firing in power plants;• Other combustion9;• Conversion of biogas from digesters.

—

8 The total may differ from the sum of the figures in the cells above due to

rounding.

9 This category primarily covers the incineration of (waste)wood and chicken

manure.

table 3 use of bioenergy in gross final consumption (PJ) in the electricity, heat and transport sectors in the period 2005-20128

figure 3 gross final electricity production from bioenergy in 2012 (PJ)

category sector 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Waste Incineration Plants Electricity 4,6 4,7 5,0 5,1 5,7 6,3 7,3 7,7

Heat 3,5 3,9 3,8 4,1 5,0 5,0 6,6 6,6

Co-firing Electricity 12,4 11,7 6,5 8,1 9,4 11,7 11,5 10,6

Heat 0,7 0,6 0,8 0,8 0,9 1,3 0,9 0,9

Residential wood stoves Heat 11,1 11,6 12,1 12,2 12,2 12,3 12,5 12,7

Industrial wood boilers Heat 2,1 2,3 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,8 2,8 2,9

Other combustion Electricity 0,9 0,9 1,0 2,7 3,6 3,7 2,9 3,5

Heat 2,8 3,8 4,0 4,1 4,0 3,0 2,8 3,2

Biogas Electricity 1,1 1,4 1,9 2,7 3,4 3,8 3,8 3,9

Heat excl. biogas 1,3 1,5 1,9 2,7 3,2 3,8 4,0 4,2

Raw biogas 1,4 1,3 1,1 1,0 1,1 1,0 0,8 0,7

Biopetrol Transport 0,8 3,7 4,5 5,8 5,6 6,2 6,6

Biodiesel Transport 0,1 1,0 9,3 7,5 9,8 4,0 7,2 7,7

Total (PJ)* 42,0 45,4 53,8 58,1 66,9 64,2 69,4 71,3

AVI’S

BIJ- EN MEESTOOK

OVERIGE VERBRANDING

BIOGAS

Biogas

Overige verbranding

Bij- en meestook

AVI's

7,7

10,6

3,5

3,9

waste incineration plants

co-firing

other combustion

biogas


11

The increase in the waste incineration plants category is due to the increasing volumes of waste that is incinerated, the increase in the average efficiency of the waste incineration plants, and the larger biogenic fraction (biomass)in the waste (53% in 2012 [Ministry of Economic Affairs 2012a], up two percent (51%) from 2011). The use of biomass in power plants decreased slightly in 2011 and 2012. The co-firing level is still above the 10% agreed by Energie Nederland and the government in a Green Deal. Electricity production from other biomass decreased by over 20% in 2011, due among other things to the mainte-nance of some plants and the high prices of some biomass streams [CBS 2012]. In 2012, however, production rose back up to just below the level of 2009. The production of electricity from biogas from co-digesters also decreased slightly in 2011, and levelled out in 2012. No data are yet known for 2012 for other biogas plants, such as waste-water and sewage treatment plants, and landfill gas10.

To meet the EU renewable energy targets, the Netherlands intends to produce 43 PJ of electricity in 2020 from solid biomass and 17 PJ from biogas (compared to 117 PJ from wind, for example) [Central Government 2010]. In 2012, approximately 22 PJ of pro-duction was from solid biomass, and 4 PJ from biogas.

—

10 Data for 2012 are estimates based on empirical trends.

11 For technologies in which the production of both electricity and heat

occurs, heat figures for 2011 are estimated based on the observed trends in

electricity production in 2011. For other technologies, heat figures are

based on the trends observed until 2010.

Heat sector11

Heat production from renewable sources mainly comes from small-scale combustion such as industrial wood boilers and residential wood stoves. The production of heat from residential wood stoves has shown only slight growth for years, but the margins of error are significant (up to 50%). In addition, waste heat from electricity generation plays an important role, especially in waste incineration plants and power plants. The production of heat from biogas has shown strong growth in recent years, especially the co-production of heat from CHP plants, due in part to the eligibility of heat in the SDE+ scheme of 2012.Statistics Netherlands counts raw biogas that is upgraded to green gas and injected into the natural gas grid as renewable heat and electricity, based on the distribution of natural gas consumption in the Netherlands. Raw biogas consumption has dropped slightly in recent years as the gas is being increasingly used for electricity and/or heat production with a CHP plant instead of being directly fired in a boiler. The eligibility of green gas in the SDE+ scheme means production of biogas will probably increase again. A significant number of SDE+ subsidies for green gas were granted in 2011 and 2012.


12

figuur 4 bruto finaal eindverbruik van bio-energie voor warmte in 2012 (pj)

figuur 5 geschatte productie van biogas voor nuttig finaal verbruik en productie groen gas in 2012 (pj)

Biogas

Overige verbranding

Houtkachels bedrijven

Houtkachels huishoudens

Bij- en meestook

AVI's

6,6

0,9

12,7

2,9

3,2

5,0

AVI’S

BIJ- EN MEESTOOK

HOUTKACHEL HUISHOUDENS

HOUTKACHELS BEDRIJVEN

OVERIGE VERBRANDING

BIOGAS


co-firing

residential wood stoves

industrial wood boilers

other combustion

biogas

Biogas, overig

Biogas uit RWZI's

Biogas uit stortplaatsen 0,30,4

0,1

BIOGAS UIT STORTPLAATSEN

BIOGAS UIT RWZI'S

BIOGAS, OVERIG

biogas from landfills

biogas from sewage plants

biogas, other

In accordance with the Renewable Energy Action Plan, it is expected that heat in 2020 will mainly be generated through the combustion of solid biomass (27 PJ), direct combustion of biogas (12 PJ), and green gas injected into the natural gas grid (24 PJ) [Central Government 2010]. The production of heat in 2012 totalled to approximately 26 PJ from solid biomass, 4 PJ from the direct combustion of biogas, and 0.7 PJ from the injection of green gas (see also [Central Government 2011]).

Transport sectorUntil 2006, biofuels were only marginally used in the transport sector. But since 2007, the market for biofuels has grown rapidly, thanks to adoption of the obligation to include an (increasing) percentage of biofuels in the supply to the transport sector. Since 2011, this obligation has been expanded to include the supply of energy from renewable sources to the transport sector under the Decree on Renewable Energy in Transport (2011), which states that certain biofuels may be double counted administratively for compliance with the obligation. In addition, registration-obliged parties that have a surplus of physical biofuel stocks on the market in a given year may carry this surplus administratively over to the follow-ing year for compliance with the obligation, and/or trade biotickets to meet the obligation administratively.


13

This may cause a discrepancy between the administrative supply as reported to the EU under the EU Renewable Biofuels Directive from 2009 and the physical supply as reported by Statistics Netherlands in national and inter-national energy statistics [Central Government, 2011]. Figure 6 shows the administrative supply of biofuels in 2011 used to meet the transport targets [Dutch Emissions Authority, 2012b]. Data for 2012 are not yet available.

In total, more than 21 PJ biofuels were used in the trans-port sector in 2011, including the administrative contri-bution of double-counted biofuels, representing an increase of over 16% from 2010. The use of biofuels (including administrative contribution of double-count-ed biofuels) consisted of 67% biodiesel, 30% biopetrol and 3% biogas. In total, almost 40% consisted of dou-ble-counted biofuels. The double-counted fuels relate mainly to diesel alternatives, such as biodiesel (FAME) and hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVO). No double-counted ethanol was blended with petrol in 2011, as it is rarely produced. The volume of biogas in transport increased from virtually nil in 2010 to 0.7 PJ in 2011 and was completely double counted.

figure 6 use of biofuels in the transport sector in 2010; administrative supply (PJ)*

Biogas - dubbeltellend

Biodiesel - dubbeltellend

Biodiesel- enkeltellend

Biobenzine- dubbeltellend

Biobenzine- enkeltellend

5,3

1,0

7,4

6,9

0,7

BIOBENZINE- ENKELTELLEND

BIOBENZINE - DUBBELTELLEND

BIODIESEL - ENKELTELLEND

BIODIESEL - DUBBELTELLENDE

BIOGAS - DUBBELTELLENDE

let op: de waarde van de dubbeltel-lende biodiesel moet 6,5 maar is bij gegevens naar 6,4 gezet om de kleine waarden zichtbaar te maken

BIO-ETHANOL BIO-ETBE BIO-MTBE DUBBELTELLENDE BIO-MTBE DUBBELTELLENDE BIO-METHANOL BIODIESEL DUBBELTELLENDE BIODIESEL

biopetrol - single-counted

biopetrol - double-counted

biodiesel - single-counted

biodiesel - double-counted

biogas - double-counted

—

* ETBE, MTBE, ethanol and methanol fall under the category of biopetrol

and FAME and HVO under biodiesel. Under Article 21(2) of the Renewable

Energy Directive (RED), some types of biofuels may be double counted

towards achieving the transport targets. Values in this figure relate to the

double counted volumes. Data for 2012 are not yet available. The biotic-

kets are also included in this volume. In 2011, companies were allowed to

satisfy up to 25% of their annual obligation with biotickets from 2010.


14

Directives and renewable energyThe European Union Member States have agreed to adopt a renewable energy policy in the form of agree-ments and directives. The most important directives are the Renewable Energy Directive (RED; Directive 2009/28/EC [EU 2009a]) and the Fuel Quality Directive (FQD; Directive 2009/30/EC, [EU 2009b]). The main focus of the RED is on expanding the share of renewable energy in 2020 in the various end-user sectors such as the built environment, transport and industry (electricity, heating and cooling, transport fuels). The Commission sees the growth of renewable energy as a no-regrets option in the international climate policy and will continue its efforts towards expanding the share of renewable energy, and the associated economic opportunities after 2020 [EU 2012a]. The FQD, on the other hand, focuses on measures that lay down requirements on the fuel supply chain, both as regards the biofuel quality standards and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from fuels used for transport.

3 Bioenergy policy frameworkThe RED sets two important quantitative goals: a mini-mum 20% share of renewable energy in the final con-sumption of the EU in 2020 (for the Netherlands this translates into a renewable energy target of 14%), and a minimum 10% share of renewable energy in the con-sumption of petrol, diesel and electricity for transport. Member States have submitted an action plan outlining how they expect to achieve their targets (see [Central Government 2010]), and they report biennially to the EU on the progress made (see [Central Government 2011], for the report on 2009-2010). The report on 2011-2012 must be submitted before December 31, 2013).

3Bioenergy policy framework3

15

Figure 7 shows the volume of renewable energy produced until 2012. Based on preliminary figures and estimates this share increased to 4.5% in 2012.

In the Coalition Agreement, the Rutte II Cabinet has com-mitted itself to increasing the share of renewable energy to 16% by 2020 [Coalition Agreement 2012], a 2%-point increase from the target established in the RED. The PBL and ECN calculated that the percentage of renewable energy in 2020 would likely be between 9 and 12% without additional efforts [PBL and ECN 2012]. To realise the new plans, the SDE+ budget has been significantly increased from € 1.7 billion to € 3 billion.

The Fuel Quality Directive (FDQ) provides that from January 1, 2011 onwards, fuel suppliers must report annu-ally on the greenhouse gas intensity (volume of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy)12 of the fuels and energy that they have sold to the transport sector. Moreover, EU Member States must also require fuel suppliers to reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of the fuels they supply by at least 6% by 2020 compared to 2010 levels. Emission reduction targets for the period 2014-2020 are also set in the Fuels and Air Pollution Decree for Dutch companies with reporting obligations

[Central Government in 2013], but State Secretary Mansveld announced her intention to scrap these interim targets [Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment 2012a].

In October 2012, the European Commission published a proposal to amend the RED and FQD that would ensure that indirect emissions from land use change are taken into account and that a stronger incentive is created for the use of advanced biofuels. The details of this proposal are provided in Section 5. The draft FQD proposal of October 2011 [EU 2011a] was withdrawn in 2012, when a decision was made to perform an impact assessment to identify the possible effects of the methodology applied. A new proposal and the impact assessment are expected soon.

figure 7 share of renewable energy in gross final consumption13

—

12 This means the volume of greenhouse gas emissions per litre of fuel,

calculated over the entire life cycle of the fuel, i.e. from extraction, refining

and transport to consumption.

13 Share of renewable energy in 2012 based on preliminary figures and

estimates

0%

2%

4%

6%

5%

3%

1%

2012*201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000


16

Bioenergy policy framework in the NetherlandsThe (renewable) energy policy in the Netherlands is in line with the EU renewable energy directives described above. In addition, the Rutte II Cabinet increased the overall target for the share of renewable energy in 2020 to 16%. The following paragraphs briefly describe the general policies that apply to a number of technologies. Legislation and subsidies applicable to one technology are described in Section 4.

To achieve the 16% target agreed in the Coalition Agreement, the government intends to use a mix of policy instruments. The main measures, which have already proven to be effective, are the blending obligation (see Section 4) and the Renewable Energy Production Incentive Plus scheme (SDE+). There are also a number of other measures, which are described below.

SDE+The SDE+ was introduced in 2011 as successor to the SDE subsidy. The biomass technologies eligible for this operating subsidy are waste incineration plants, biogas production in wastewater and sewage treatment plants, thermal conversion and digestion of solid and liquid biomass. Co-firing of biomass in power plants is not eligible for the SDE+.

The SDE+ differs in a number of ways from the old SDE scheme. Under the new scheme, there is one budget for all technologies, meaning the technologies compete with one another. Producers may apply in phases for an increasing amount of subsidy, wherein the first phase is intended for technologies that can be applied with the lowest grant. The SDE budget in 2012 was € 1.7 billion, which has since been allocated to different projects; € 865 million will go towards bioenergy14 [NL Agency 2013a], the largest portion of which (> 95%) is apportioned to renew-able heat and CHP and to a significantly lesser extent to green gas (< 4%) and renewable electricity (< 0.5%).

Much of the budget from the bioenergy options is allo-cated to projects for extending the useful life of thermal conversion (€ 235 million) and new thermal conversion projects (€ 204 million). The SDE+ 2013 scheme was opened up for registrations on April 4, 2013.

Surprisingly, the large number of SDE and SDE+ grants has not yet led to a sharp increase in the production of renewable energy. This is because a significant part of the subsidised capacity has not yet been realised. Of all biomass projects, which have received an SDE subsidy between 2008 and 2012, about 30% has been realised [NL Agency 2013e]. Approximately 30% of the subsidised capacity for renewable heat and CHP has been realised, for renewable gas 17%.

—

14 This includes € 279 million for the expansion of heat supply from waste

incineration plants, where 53% of the production is considered bioheat.


17

The maximum realisation period is four years15, after which the allocated amounts will be released for new registrations. The deadline for the first subsidies from 2008 expired in 2012. The financial crisis and uncertain-ties about the future energy policy create an uncertain investment climate. A key factor in bioenergy technolo-gies is the sharp rise in biomass prices, which have rendered even well-subsidised plants less profitable.

The electrical and thermal capacity installed as a result of all SDE subsidies granted since 2008 amounted to over 600 MW in January 2013. Green gas production capacity increased significantly, from over 5,000 Nm3/hour in 2012 to over 8,000 Nm3/hour in early 2013 [NL Agency and Groen Gas Nederland, 2013].

Changes to the SDE+ in 2013In 2013, the subsidy ceiling was raised to € 3 billion [Ministry of Economic Affairs 2012b], whereby an addi-tional registration phase with a basic price of € 0.08/kWh was introduced. Green gas production at wastewater and sewage treatment plants and digesters that digest at least 95% manure (manure digesters for green gas and CHP) constitute new categories.

The distinction between solo plants and digesters con-nected to a hub has disappeared. Lastly, a new digester may use an existing CHP plant or green gas plant.

The Sustainable Energy Surcharge Act entered into force on January 1, 2013. Ratified by the Upper House in 2012, the Act is designed to regulate the financing of the SDE+ in the coming years. The surcharge is an additional tax on top of the existing energy tax and is subject to an upward rate adjustment in the years ahead. The surcharge must ultimately yield € 3.8 billion per year by 2031 for financing the SDE+ [Ministry of Economic Affairs 2012C].

Other financial incentives• The Energy Investment Allowance (EIA; annual budget:

€ 151 million) stimulates investment in energy-saving measures and renewable energy because, in addition to the normal write-off, 41.5% of the investment costs may be deducted from the taxable profit. Each year, an Energy List16 will be presented containing the operating assets that are eligible for subsidy. This includes several assets that use biomass, such as boilers, CHP plants, and plants for upgrading biogas and for biofuel produc-tion. Appearing for the first time on the Energy List in 2013 are biogas production enhancers for wet biomass digesters.

—

15 With the exception of thermal expansion and extended useful life, where

the realisation period is 18 months.

16 See http://www.agentschapnl.nl/programmas-regelingen/energielijst-eia.


18

—

17 This fund has a broader purpose than just energy projects.

• Investments in environmentally-friendly operating assets are promoted via tax incentives such as the Environmental Investment Allowance (MIA; annual budget: € 101 million) and the Random Write-Off of Environmental Investments (VAMIL; annual budget: € 24 million). As with the EIA, under the MIA scheme, investments can be deducted from the taxable profit by up to 36%. The VAMIL scheme offers entrepreneurs the option to write off investments at their personal discre-tion. Investments that qualify for this scheme are published on the Environment List [NL Agency 2013b]. This includes, among other things, biogas drives for transport and machinery, and certain types of digesters.

• With the ‘Green Projects Scheme’, savers and investors can receive tax allowance for investments in approved green funds and securities. Green investing is intended mainly as an ‘investment subsidy’ and currently inclu-des two types of biomass projects: a biogas upgrading plant and a biofuel production plant. As from December 1, 2010, the tax credit was gradually reduced from 2.5% to 1.9% in 2012, which per the Spring Agreement of 2012 will be maintained [NL Agency 2011a].

• One part of the Top Sector approach (see the paragraph below) concerns the R&D Allowance tax regulation (RDA and RDA+). This regulation took effect on January 1, 2012, and includes a tax allowance for expenditures on Research and Development. A budget of € 250 million was available in 2012, this will increase to € 375 million in 2013 and to € 500 million per year in 2014.

• The ‘Energy Innovation Agenda’ scheme was focused on research into and development of new sustainable technologies and systems and learning experiences with these technologies. A budget of € 438 million was available between 2008 and 2012.

• In addition to national support measures, further regional support initiatives are also being developed. Provinces, for example, are focusing on loan funds that guarantee green investments, or where businesses and citizens can borrow money for energy investments. These funds are often financed from proceeds from privatisation of the energy companies. Overijssel, for example, has set up an energy fund in the amount of € 250 million. Similar initiatives are also underway in Gelderland (€ 100 million17), North Holland (€ 85 mil-lion), Brabant (€ 60 million), Limburg (€ 20 million), and Utrecht (€ 10 million), among others.


19

Additional policy and developments• In 2011, the Minister of Economic Affairs again signed 68

so-called ‘Green Deals’ with citizens, civil society orga-nisations and businesses. These deals are designed to encourage greater sustainability by removing barriers, promoting collaboration, or modifying laws and regula-tions (for an overview of the Green Deals signed in 2012, see [Ministry of Economic Affairs 2012d; 2012e]). See Section 4 for specific Green Deals by technology and Section 5 for the Green Deal ‘sustainability of solid biomass for energy’.

• The Renewable Energy Netherlands (DEN) programme supports renewable energy solutions in practice by means of knowledge and networks. DEN facilitates renewable energy projects (including Green Deals) and, among others, closes the gap between innovations in renewable energy form Top sector energy and the market application of renewable energy.

• In 2012, different Top consortia for Knowledge and Innovation (TKI) have been lounched within the frame-work of the Top sector policy18, including TKI Biobased Economy (BBE) and TKI Gas. Via these TKI’s, companies and knowledge institutes can apply for subsidies for innovation projects. Parties from the top sectors Energy, Chemicals and Biobased have jointly prepared the Innovation Contract Bioenergy [TKI Bioenergy 2012].

The TKI Gas has five programme lines, including Green Gas. The ultimate goal is to realize 30 billion m3 of green gas in 2050.

• An ongoing debate concerns the cascading of biomass. In this process, biomass can be used multiple times, first as product or material application in the chain or for high-value processes in the biochemical or pharma-ceutical sectors, for example, and then in lower value processes such as generation of electricity or heat. This renders the biomass chain more efficient (see e.g. [CE Delft 2012]). High-value use of biomass was incorpora-ted by the previous Cabinet in the biobased economy framework memorandum [Ministry of Economic Affairs 2012f]. In June, the Lower House declared that the memorandum was controversial, even though casca-ding is also included in the new Coalition Agreement. No concrete quantitative target has been put forward by the EU for the use of biomass for materials, which, in practice, is a significant handicap.

• NL Agency supports two subsidy schemes for improving the sustainability of biomass chains for energy applica-tions: the Dutch Sustainable Biomass Import (DBI) and Global Sustainable Biomass (DBM) programmes19. Moreover, NL Agency has developed a number of guidance documents designed to help project managers in making the biomass chain sustainable, e.g. in the selection of a certification system.

—

18 See www.top-sectoren.nl.

19 Information about the subsidy projects and initial results are available at

www.agentschapnl.nl/en/programmas-regelingen/sustainable-biomass.


20

Co-firing in power plants

Policy frameworkSubsidy granted by the MEP scheme for biomass-based electricity production is set to be phased out by 2015. The subsidies awarded will be paid out until the end of the agreed project durations. Co-firing in power plants is not eligible for the SDE and SDE+ schemes. The option for a supplier obligation will be kept open in the Coalition Agreement [Coalition Agreement 2012]. In 2011, the minister signed a ‘Green Deal’ with Energie-Nederland. This agreement means that energy companies will main-tain the level of co-fired biomass in their power plants at 10%, at their own expense and risk, until 2015. Meanwhile, consultations are ongoing to possibly add a supplier obligation at a later date [Energie-Nederland 2011]. At the end of 2012, the government signed a Green Deal with parties that use solid biomass for energy pur-poses, in order to set up a reporting system for the sus-tainability and certification of solid biomass. On January 1, 2013, the coal tax exemption for power plants was abolished [Ministry of Finance 2012], which may have a marginal upward effect on the price of electricity from coal-fired power plants.

Trends and developmentsIn total, approximately 12% of renewable energy in the Netherlands is generated by co-firing of biomass in coal or gas-fired power plants (see Table 1). In 2011 and 2012, electricity generation in these plants fell due, among other things, to maintenance overruns and emergencies. In 2011, the co-firing rate in coal-fired power plants was 13%, which is still above the agreed 10% level.The main fuel used is wood pellets, supplemented with wood chips, waste wood and non-woody biomass from primary agriculture or agribusiness. Most of the co-firing is accounted for by RWE Essent, which over time, intends to operate its Amer-8 and Amer-9 power plants in Geertruidenberg on 50% and 80% biomass [Essent 2011]. GDF Suez fires approximately 25% biomass in the Gelderland-13 power plant in Nijmegen and is currently building a biomass/coal-fired power plant on the Maasvlakte that can co-fire up to 50% biomass [GDF Suez 2013]. It is expected to become operational in 2013, the same year in which the new E.On power plant on the Maasvlakte (MPP-3), which has a capacity of 1,070 MW and can co-fire up to 30% biomass, is expected to become operational. Delta has plans to convert its coal-fired power plant in Borssele to run entirely on biomass over time [PZC 2013].

4 Bioenergy per conversion technology

4 Bioenergy per con-version technology4

21

The government and the sector have been in talks over the past few years to reach a consensus on a supplier obligation. The possibility of an obligation is, among other things, mentioned in a 2011 Green Deal between the Central Government and Energie Nederland [Energie-Nederland 2011], in the Energy Report [Ministry of Economic Affairs 2011] and in the Coalition Agreement of the Rutte II Cabinet [Coalition Agreement 2012]. It is unknown whether this obligation will actually transpire, and if so, when it would take effect.

Developments in pre-processing of biomass to improve use in the energy sector are taking place at both national and international level. The Netherlands plays an important international role in the area of torrefaction. The gasification of biomass occurs at several places in the Netherlands. In late 2012, Nuon decided to shut down the Willem-Alexander power plant in Buggenum (Limburg), where large-scale biomass gasification took place. The gasification of waste wood takes place in Essent’s Amer power plant in Geertruidenberg.

Waste incineration plants

Policy frameworkDue to a 10% processing overcapacity at waste incinera-tion plants in the Netherlands, the sector has agreed with the Central Government that it will not build any new plants for the time being and that new plants will no longer be eligible for the SDE+ scheme. There is, however, a separate subsidy category for heat utilisation from

existing waste incineration plants. All Dutch waste incineration plants currently satisfy the energy efficiency requirements for the so-called ‘R1 status’20, and will be awarded this status formally in the revision of the Dutch National Waste Plan (LAP) in early 2013 [NL Agency 2013c]. This status means that incineration may be considered as a recovery operation and no longer as a means of dispo sal (D10). In practice, this means for example that so-called B-wood, for which the LAP stipulates that the minimum standard for processing is ‘recovery’, may be incinerated in waste incineration plants with an R1 status.

Trends and developmentsAt the end of 2011, the licensed processing capacity of Dutch waste incineration plants was 7.5 Mton. The amount of waste incinerated has risen slightly in recent years, from 5.5 Mton in 2006 to 7.2 Mton in 2011, of which 0.6 Mton originate from abroad and from excavations from old landfills [NL Agency 2012]. It is expected that the volumes of imported waste will further increase in the coming years. The biogenic fraction of waste in 2012 is estimated at 53% [Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2012], where over 50% of electricity and heat production from waste incineration is considered ‘renewable’. It is expect-ed that the biomass fraction of waste will increase, due among other things, to better source separation of plastic packaging. Waste incineration plants generate about 15% of all renewable energy in the Netherlands.

—

20 ‘R’ stands for recovery, or useful application.


22

In early 2012, AVR started the construction of a heating grid in Rotterdam-Zuid. The company has a 50-year contract with Warmtebedrijf Rotterdam to supply heat to 50,000 households in Rotterdam as from mid-2013. AVR also has advanced plans to eventually supply steam to the Botlek region.

Table 4 provides an overview of waste volumes used for the generation of electricity and heat. The data presented relate to 2011 and show the gross electricity generation and the volume of heat supplied [NL Agency 2012].

Residential wood stovesThere have been relatively few developments in the area of residential wood stoves. The thermal efficiency of built-in stoves and free-standing stoves has increased slightly over time, as has the number of free-standing stoves sold [Koppejan 2010]. In accordance with the EU Ecodesign Directive (2009/125/EC [EU 2009c]), it is expec ted that more stringent product requirements for wood stoves will come into effect in 2013, including for example the mandatory use of dust filters. Residential wood stoves account for approximately 13% of the renewable energy in the Netherlands, but the margin of error in measuring the amount of wood burned is very large [CBS 2011]. A new study is currently underway to redetermine household fuelwood consumption [Probos 2012a].

Industrial wood boilersPolicy frameworkBesides the Energy Investment Allowance (EIA) scheme, the Netherlands did not have a financial policy in place in 2012 that supported biomass-fired heat generation. In 2012, the SDE+ was opened up to some heat technolo-gies, including biomass boilers with a capacity of more than 0.5 MWth. Emissions from heat generation plants larger than 1 MWth are covered by the Emission Requirements for Medium-sized Combustion Plants Decree (BEMS), which includes requirements for NOx, SO2 and particulate matter emissions. As of January 1, 2013, the BEMS is included in the Activities Decree. For heat generation smaller than 1 MWth, the requirements of the Dutch Emissions Guidelines for air (NER), part F7, apply.


table 4 overview of waste incineration plants in 2011

plant total waste used (kton)

renewable electricity (pj)

renewable heat (pj)

E.ON Delfzijl 249 0,25 0,34

REC Harlingen 154 0,14 0,56

Attero Noord BV GAVI Wijster 639 0,74 0,00

Twence Afval en energie 613 0,61 0,69

ARN B.V. 261 0,34 0,34

AVR Afvalverwerking Duiven 397 0,31 0,30

HVC Afvalcentrale Alkmaar 608 0,83 0,03

Afval Energie Bedrijf, Amsterdam 1,473 2,09 0,20

AVR Afvalverwerking Rijnmond 1,242 1,14 0,37

HVC Afvalcentrale Dordrecht 288 0,40 0,00

ZAVIN CV 9 0,00 0,00

AEC Moerdijk 985 0,16 3,93

SITA ReEnergy 288 0,25 0,02

23

Trends and developmentsThe installed capacity of wood boilers has increased in recent years from 319 MW in 2005 to 437 MW in 2011 [Statistics Netherlands 2012]. In particular, the number of plants smaller than 0.5 MWth at farms has risen sharply between 2005 and 2009. Despite the strong growth since 2005, the growth of installed capacity stagnated over the 2010-2011 period. The Dutch Association of Biomass Boiler Suppliers (NBKL) was founded in 2012, it promotes the interests of biomass boiler importers, and is looking to develop a private label for biomass boilers, among other things [NBKL 2013].

Other combustion

Policy frameworkThis category includes plants for the incineration of paper sludge, biomass combustion in cement kilns and other combustion outside the power plants [CBS 2011]. As from 2012, the SDE+ scheme has been opened up to bioenergy power plants for which the MEP subsidy has expired, but which have not yet reached their end-of-life.

Trends and developmentsThe category ‘other combustion’ accounts for approxima-tely 7% of the renewable energy in the Netherlands. 2011 saw a drop in production due to maintenance at some plants, expiration of the subsidy period for a single project, and the high prices of some biomass streams [CBS 2012]. Production increased again in 2012.

The larger plants in this category include the wood-burning plants in Alkmaar (HVC), Cuijk (Essent), Hengelo (Twence) and Rozenburg (AVR), and the chicken manure-burning plant in Moerdijk (BMC), green waste plant in Sittard (BES), and the paper sludge incinerator in Renkum (Parenco).

In Delfzijl, Eneco is building a new 50 MW bioenergy plant, which will be commissioned in mid-2013. In 2012, Essent signed a Green Deal with the government to reopen the biomass plant in Cuijk, whereby production will qualify for the SDE subsidy. Meanwhile, the first tests involving a mix of prunings, paper sludge and roadside grass have been successfully implemented [Essent 2012b]. In Purmerend, the first pile was driven for a new biothermal plant that is connected to the district heating grid [Ministry of Economic Affairs 2012d].

Digesters and biogas productionBiogas in the Netherlands is generated from various types of plants, such as landfill gas and sewage treatment plants, municipal digesters and digesters in agricultural and food-processing companies. A portion of the biogas produced is used locally for electricity and heat produc-tion. The remainder is upgraded to green gas and injected into the natural gas grid. This section only covers utilisa-tion in electricity and heat production. Green gas is discussed in the next section.


24

Policy frameworkBecause no new landfills may be developed, as from 2012 the production of energy from landfill gas no longer qualifies for the SDE+ scheme [NL Agency 2011b]. The SDE scheme of 2013 does not include separate categories for hubs and solo plants for co-digesters, while the new category of mono digesters has been added. For co-digesters, the co-digestion positive list21 identifies which organic materials may be used as co-substrate for diges-tion, in order for the digestate to be designated as animal manure for fertilisers. In 2012 this list is extended with 87 additional products for which other requirements apply (to show that they are “clean and unsuspicious”). Together with the market, NL Agency developed a pro-duct certification scheme (GMP+ International is scheme holder). In 2013 the scheme is ready for the first product certificates to be awarded.

Trends and developmentsAbout 8% of Dutch renewable energy is generated from biogas (excluding green gas). Almost half of this comes from co-digesters, followed by sewage treatment plants, other biogas and landfill gas. The production of biogas released from wastewater treatment plants during the digestion of sludge shows a slight upward trend. In recent years, the biogas has increasingly been used for electricity production rather than in other processes [CBS 2011]. The SDE scheme includes a category for the use of

thermal pressure hydrolysis at wastewater and sewage treatment plants, increasing the biogas production per unit of sludge. The number of co-digesters in agricultural companies has grown strongly in recent years. In these plants, biogas is produced from the digestion of manure in combination with co-substrates (such as corn). The number of companies with a plant increased from 17 in 2005 to 97 in 2011 [CBS 2011]. The number of plants and the production of electricity and heat remained virtually unchanged in 2012. The cost of co-substrates constitutes a particular bottleneck [OWS 2011; Rabobank 2011]. In 2012, the government signed a Green Deal with Electic, which is set to convert an existing co-digester (running on maize) into a mono digester, where the surplus nitrogen is captured as ammonia and sold as fertiliser [Ministry of Economic Affairs 2012D].

The production of landfill gas has dropped in recent years as less waste is being dumped, and the waste that is already dumped increasingly produces less gas. The Statistics Netherlands category ‘biogas from organic waste’ primarily includes the production of biogas from wastewater treatment plants, the food industry and the digestion of biodegradable municipal waste (GFT). These plants all qualify for the organic waste digestion category in the SDE+ scheme. Biogas production in this category has increased significantly in recent years, particularly for use in electricity production. These plants also suffer less from price increases of co-substrates, because they often use their own biomass streams for production.

—

21 Appendix Aa subsection IV of the Dutch Fertilisers Act.


25

Besides digestion, gasification also plays a small role in the production of biogas. In Nieuwdorp (Zeeland), for example, there is a plant for the gasification of category B waste wood (3.5 MWth) and the use of the syngas for the production of heat. A gasification plant for poultry manure is located in Tzum (Friesland). HVC and ECN plan to build a 10 MWth gasification plant in 2013 on the HVC site in Alkmaar. In 2012, the government signed a Green Deal with Gerberakwekerij Zwarts (Mijdrecht) for the construction of a gasification plant for cane sugar [Ministry of Economic Affairs 2012d].

Upgrading to green gas

Policy frameworkGreen gas is produced by upgrading raw biogas to natural gas quality, which can then be injected into the existing natural gas grid and thus replace natural gas. The green gas must have the same properties as the natural gas in the grid.In recent years, biogas upgrading plants have qualified for the Energy Investment Allowance (EIA; see Section 3) and green gas production has been subsidised by the SDE and SDE+ schemes since 2008. To reduce the costs of upgrading facilities, biogas pipelines may be intercon-nected via a so-called biogas hub, in which the biogas is collected and upgraded to natural gas quality at a central location, and then injected into the (national) gas trans-mission grid. As from 2013, no distinction will be made in the SDE+ between hubs and solo plants. In 2013, a new category for green gas production in sewage and waste-

water treatment plants and for small-scale mono digest-ers (at least 95% manure) will be introduced under the SDE+ scheme.

Trends and developmentsIn recent years, green gas production has accounted for a relatively small proportion of the total volume of renew-able energy in the Netherlands (about 1% of the renew-able energy). In 2011, two thirds of the SDE+ subsidy was allocated to green gas projects, but in 2012 it dropped to 2%, almost entirely for extending the useful life of exis-ting plants [NL Agency 2013a].

Spotlight: Green gas from organic wasteEcofuels, a partnership between Laarakker Groenteverwerking and Delta Milieu Compost & Biomassa, has a digester installed in Well, which digests vegetable waste at a capacity of 120,000 tonnes per year. Thanks to the SDE subsidy, the plant was expanded in 2012 to include a third digester, allowing a total of 450 m3 of biogas to be produced per hour. Some of this gas is used for generating green electricity and some of it is upgraded to natural gas quality, which is supplied to the natural gas grid. During the production process, CO2 and purified water are collected and reused, and the spent digestate is then used as fertiliser. Source: [NL Agency 2013].


26

In 2012, the total production capacity of green gas real-ised with the SDE subsidy increased from over 5,000 Nm3 per hour to over 8,000 Nm3 per hour [NL Agency and Groen Gas Nederland, 2013]. The significant increase is due mainly to the opening of the digester at the Suiker Unie in Vierverlaten. The gas is supplied through certifi-cates to BioMCN, which then upgrades it to biomethanol. The data for the actual production of green gas in the Netherlands in 2012 is not yet known.

Biofuels for transport

Policy frameworkThe most important policy development in recent years has been the implementation and enforcement of the RED and the FQD in the Netherlands. The policy is aimed at stimulating the volume of transport biofuels used and to improving their sustainability. The biggest changes were implemented in 2011, followed by minor changes and additions in 2012. In a letter to the Lower House, State Secretary Mansveld indicated that the annual obligation for renewable energy for transport would be raised in expedited fashion to 10% in 2017 (instead of 2020 as is stipulated in the RED). This depends in part on the speed and outcome of the decision-making process at European level. [Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment 2013].

Only biofuels that satisfy EU sustainability requirements count towards the annual obligation. According to a proposal by the European Commission, up to half of this

may consist of conventional biofuels [EU 2012b]. Biofuels produced from waste, residues, non-food cellulosic material and lignocellulosic material may, under certain conditions, be double counted towards the annual obli-gation. As of January 1, 2013, companies may not double-count biofuels produced from animal fats suitable for human consumption, as it is a co-product and not waste or residue [Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment 2012b]. Meanwhile, the following eight countries have implemented this double-counting method: Denmark, Germany, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom [Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment 2012c]. The question is to what extent an increase in the number of countries that have implemented the double-count will result in more competition for biofuels from wastes and residues.


figuur 8 voorgesteld versneld groeipad bijmengplicht biobrandstoffen

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

BIJMENGPLICHT NIEUW

BIJMENGPLICHT OUD

20202019201820172016201520142013201220112010200920082007

BIJMENGPLICHT NIEUW BIJMENGPLICHT OUD

proposed blending obligation

statutory blending obligation

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

BIJMENGPLICHT NIEUW

BIJMENGPLICHT OUD

20202019201820172016201520142013201220112010200920082007




27

Suppliers that place less than 5,000 litres of fuels on the market and companies acting exclusively as an intermedi-ary do not need to comply with the blending obligation. An opt-in option, similar to the one that previously existed for biogas and renewable electricity, has also been created for biokerosene. The Biofuels Directive of 2003 (2003/30/EC) was repealed with effect from January 1, 2012.

Volumes of biofuel may be traded administratively by means of so-called biotickets, which also count towards the annual obligation and the reduction in greenhouse gas intensity. Using these biotickets, an administrative transfer can also take place between two consecutive years, whereby the share of renewable fuels in the physi-cal supply may differ from the administrative supply.

Trends and developmentsIn recent years, the minimum blending obligation has been achieved. Fuel suppliers clearly make use of the administrative double counting of biodiesel from waste streams, thus significantly decreasing the physical supply in 2010. The physical supply of biofuels saw a renewed uptick in 2011. An overview of initiatives, with or without new production methods or raw materials, can be found on the website of the Climate-Neutral Gaseous and Liquid Energy Carriers programme (GAVE22).

There are various biofuel projects in the development or start-up phase. Woodspirit, a partnership between BioMCN, Siemens Nederland, Linde and Visser & Smit Hanab, received in late 2012 a commitment of € 199 million in EU subsidies for the construction of a biorefin-ery in Delfzijl [ODE 2012]. The plant will produce biom-ethanol from residues from the forestry and wood pro-cessing industry. Abengoa, a biochemical company that produces bioethanol, among other things, announced in late 2012 that it would be shutting down for three months to improve its operating safety [RTV Rijnmond 2012].

In late 2011, the Netherlands had a biodiesel production capacity of more than 2,000 million kg per year, but less than 500 million kg was produced [CBS 2011]. This is partly due to the reduced targets in the Netherlands and abroad and the option to satisfy this with double-count-ed biofuels, and in part due to competition from plants outside Europe.

—

22 http://www.sn-gave.nl/voorbeeld_all.asp.


28

The development of sustainability criteria and systems to test these criteria is designed to address these issues. European sustainability criteria for liquid biomass and transport biofuels from the RED are implemented in Dutch legislation.

On the other hand, the development, and in particular the harmonised adoption, of criteria for solid and gase-ous biomass for energy purposes (electricity, heat and gas) is less advanced. This aspect will be addressed in the recently signed Green Deal for solid biomass (see para-graph Sustainability of solid and gaseous biomass for energy purposes).

Corbey CommissionThe Commission for Biomass Sustainability Issues (Corbey Commission23) advises the government on sus-tainability issues in the development of a biobased economy. In 2012, the Corbey Commission published the following relevant advice and recommendations:• advice to develop sustainability criteria for solid

biomass and electricity [Corbey Commission 2012a];• advice on how to permanently increase the blending

obligation in the Netherlands [Corbey Commission 2012b];

• response to the ILUC proposal published by the European Commission [Corbey Commission 2012c];

• advice on the use of sustainable biomass in the chemi-cals sector [Corbey Commission 2012d].

—

23 Zie: http://www.corbey.nl/.

5 SustainabilitySustainability criteria for biomass streams play an increasingly important role. Sustainability issues may largely occur during the production and conversion of biomass, such as deforestation or competition with food production. The cultivation of biomass for energy and transport purposes can lead to shifts in land use. With the increasing demand for land, the cultivation of biomass can produce indirect emissions when pieces of land are deforested to create new agricultural land.

5 Sustainability5

29

• Introduction of fourfold counting for advanced biofuels, which do not create additional demand for land, such as algae, the biomass fraction of mixed household and industrial waste, animal manure and bagasse.

• The introduction of ILUC factors to also include the indirect greenhouse gas emissions resulting from land use in the reports of the Member States.

The Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment expects that when adopted, the proposal can be imple-mented into national law by 2015 and enforced as of 2015 [Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, 2013].

Sustainability systemsBiofuels must satisfy EU sustainability requirements in order to count towards the target for renewable energy in transport. Dutch biofuels legislation provides that for proof of sustainability of biofuels, only voluntary sustain-ability systems (certification systems) recognised by the European Commission or accepted by the Dutch govern-ment may be used. Until July 1, 2012, pending acceptance, it was still possible to use temporarily accepted systems. Since then, only systems accepted according to the ‘Dutch assessment protocol for sustainability systems for biofu-els’ may be used [Dutch Emissions Authority 2012a]. To prevent the use of liquid biomass, which does not comply with the sustainability criteria for transport biofuels, for electricity or heat production, SDE applicants using liquid biomass must have these certified according to a sustain-ability system accepted by the European Commission.

The following paragraphs describe the developments in sustainability certification for both transport biofuels and solid and gaseous biomass for energy purposes.

Sustainability of liquid biomass

Implementation of the Renewable Energy Directive and the Fuel Quality DirectiveSustainability requirements for liquid biomass (bioli-quids) and transport biofuels are set out in the EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED; 2009/28/EC) and the EU Fuel Quality Directive (FQD; 2009/30/EC). Both direc-tives require biofuels to meet the EU sustainability crite-ria in order to count towards targets. In 2011, the two directives were implemented in Dutch national legislation in the form of the Decree on Renewable Energy for Transport (implementing the RED) and the Fuels and Air Pollution Decree (implementing the FQD).Indirect emissions from land use change are not included in the Renewable Energy Directive currently. On October 17, 2012, the European Commission published a proposal to include the emissions from indirect land use change (ILUC) in the Directive.

The main changes proposed are:• Introduction of a 5% limit for the share of biofuels from

food crops (similar to the consumption level of late 2011). As a result of this limit, the other half of the 10% target will have to be achieved through the use of more advanced biofuels.

5 Sustainability5

30

The European Commission has recognised thirteen voluntary sustainability systems for a period of five years [EU 2013]. NL Agency has prepared a number of guidance documents designed to help project managers in making the biomass chain more sustainable, e.g. in the selection of a certification system24.

Since 2011, companies with an ‘annual obligation for renewable energy for transport’ must submit to the Dutch Emissions Authority a biofuel balance sheet stating certain sustainability characteristics, such as the certifica-tion system used and the origin of the raw materials. Figure 9 provides, per raw material, an overview of the sustainability systems used in 2011 to prove sustainability of biofuels. Only relative figures are available. Figure 9 shows that the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) system was (generally) the most used in 2011. ISCC is a sustainable system that can be widely applied and is therefore used for different raw materials. On October 17, 2012, the Dutch government accepted the sustainability system VVAK (Food and Feed Safety for Arable Farming) of the Productschap Akkerbouw for the period between October 1, 2012 and January 1, 2015.

figure 9 overview of sustainability systems used per raw material in 2011 to prove sustainability of biofuels [Dutch Emissions Authority, 2012b]

0 %

10 %

20 %

30 %

40 %

50 %

60 %

70 %

80 %

90 %

100 %

OVERIG

ONBEKEND

RTRS

RSPO

REDCERT

RBSA

ISCC

ENSUS

DCB

2BSVS

OTHER

UNKNOWN

UCO/SPEN

T

FRYING FA

TWHEA

T

TALL

OIL, REFI

NED

AND UNREFINED

TALLO

W

CANE SUGAR

SUGAR BEETSO

Y

PALM

OILCORN

RAPESEED

GLYCER

INE

ANIMAL F

AT

—

24 http://www.agentschapnl.nl/programmas-regelingen/

sustainable-biomass

5 Sustainability5

31

wood pellets used in 2011 had a sustainability certificate [Utrecht University 2012]. Pellets from North America, southern Europe and the Baltic States (together account-ing for 80% of the pellets supplied), in particular, are almost all certified.

European developmentsFollowing a public consultation, the European Commission in 2011 concluded that the majority of respondents support the EU-wide development of sus-tainability criteria for solid biomass. The Commission is expected to publish a proposal in early 2013 on the appli-cation of sustainability criteria by solid biomass [Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment 2012d]. On March 3, 2013, a regulation will take effect which prohibits placing illegal timber on the market and requires traders to make the origin of their products traceable (2010/995/EC).

Sustainability of solid and gaseous biomass for energy purposesAt present, there is also visible progress in the develop-ment and implementation of sustainability criteria for the use of solid and gaseous biomass for energy purposes (electricity, heating and gas). There are currently no legal requirements for these biomass streams. In January 2012, the Corbey Commission advised the government to prepare these criteria in order to promote social accept-ance and solicit the trust of investors and to create a level playing field within the biobased economy [Corbey Commission 2012a]. To achieve this, the Commission advised the government to announce that, in the absence of European initiatives, it will introduce statutory Dutch sustainability criteria for solid biomass in the Netherlands by no later than January 1, 2014, and that until such time it will ensure sustainability by making voluntary agree-ments with the energy sector.

Meanwhile, the sector has taken initiatives to prepare the systems to enable proof of sustainability of the biomass used. Following on the advice of the Corbey Commission, the Green Deal “Sustainability Report on Solid Biomass for Energy” was signed on October 11, 2012 [NL Agency 2013d]. The Deal provides that Energie Nederland, Stichting Platform Bio-energie, Vereniging van Afvalbedrijven and the Platform Hout Nederland, amongst others, will voluntarily report the volumes, origin and sustainability characteristics of the biomass used. Part of the biomass input is already being certified (on a voluntary basis), for example, almost 90% of the

5 Sustainability5

32

Both consumers and policymakers require information about the origin of biomass streams used. Social support for the use of biomass may increase if the origin and sustainability of biomass can be verified.

Since January 1, 2011, companies with an annual obliga-tion under the Renewable Energy for Transport Scheme are required to report the origin of the biofuels they use for compliance with that obligation. There is as yet no similar legislation for solid biofuels, although there are some studies and statistics available about their origin. However, a recent Green Deal signed between the government and companies should lead to collection and publication of information about the origin and sustainability of solid biomass. In this section, we provide an overview of the origin of biomass consumed in the Netherlands for the production of energy based on available data and studies, supplemented by our own estimates. This allows us to determine the bottom-up origin of the biomass where no structural statistics are available. First, we will describe the readily available data for biofuels (for which the most comprehensive statistics are available), then for the other bioenergy sources. At the end of this section, you will find an overview of the

estimated origin of all biomass streams for energy purposes.

At present, there is no conclusive registration of the origin of most biomass energy streams in the Netherlands. Part of the biomass that is used in the Netherlands for the production of bioenergy comes from the Netherlands, and part of it is imported. However, Statistics Netherlands has the annual figures for transport biofuel imports, but not for the origin of their raw materials. The Dutch Emissions Authority has been reporting these figures since 2012, while Eurostat has been reporting the trade flows for wood pellets since 2009. Probos [2012a] and NL Agency [2012b] provide an overview of the woody biomass streams in the Netherlands, but the data for other solid biomass streams are not known.

6 Origin and trade in biomass

6 Origin and tradein biomass6

33

Bioenergy accounts for approximately 75% of the total renewable energy used in the Netherlands, while trans-port biofuels, the biogenic fraction of waste incineration, residential wood stoves and the use of biomass in power plants account for almost 75% of the generated bio-energy (see Figure 10).

Transport biofuelsFigure 11 provides an overview of the production, con-sumption and trade of biodiesel between 2005 and 2011 [CBS StatLine 2012]. Until mid-2009, much of the biodie-sel was imported from the U.S. due to the low prices set by U.S. subsidy programmes. Because of the anti-dumping measures introduced by the EU in July 2009, this trade flow has dropped significantly. At the same time, domestic production has experienced a sharp rise, turning the Netherlands from a net importer to a net exporter of biodiesel. Domestic consumption fell sharply in 2010 compared to 2009, given the administra-tive double-counting of some types of fuels, but rose back up in 2011 (see also Section 4).

figure 10 distribution of bioenergy consumed by application (2012)

figure 11 overview of the production, consumption and trade in biodiesel between 2005-2011

OVERIG

NIEUW ZEELAND

RUSLAND

AUSTRALIË

VERENIGDE STATEN

CANADA

20%

16%

18%

12%

10% 20%4%


BIOTRANSPORTBRANDSTOFFEN



BIOGAS



waste incineration (biogenous)

transport biofuels


co-firing of biomass

in power plants

biogas

other biomass combustion


-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

VOORRAAD

NETTO IMPORT

PRODUCTIE

NETTO IMPORT

MLN KG

PRODUCTIE VERBRUIK VOORRAAD NETTO EXPORT

2011201020092008200720062005


34

Figure 12 provides an overview of the production, con-sumption and trade in biodiesel between 2005 and 2011 [CBS StatLine 2012]. Domestic production of biopetrol has been very limited for several years. As from 2010, produc-tion figures have been confidential and may not be reported by Statistics Netherlands, because it could be traced back to individual companies. In the figure below, it is assumed that the consumed biopetrol is imported. Consumption in 2011 increased slightly compared to 2010.

Companies with an annual obligation under the Renewable Energy for Transport Scheme and/or a report-ing obligation under the Fuels and Air Pollution Scheme provide information to the Dutch Emissions Authority each year as part of these obligations.

Based on the biofuels balance sheets submitted in 2011, the Dutch Emissions Authority published two overviews in June and September 2012 [Dutch Emissions Authority, 2012b and Dutch Emissions Authority, 2012c]. The first is an overall overview concerning the Netherlands, the second focuses on the biofuels delivered by individual excise duty licensees (AGP licensees26). Both overviews provide insight into the raw materials, origin and sustainability systems used. Absolute data are only provided for the totality of types of biofuels used (in TJ).

figure 12 overview of the production, consumption and trade in biodiesel25, 2005-2011

NETTO IMPORT PRODUCTIE VERBRUIK VOORRAAD NETTO EXPORT

2011201020092008200720062005

MLN KG

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

VOORRAAD

NETTO IMPORT

PRODUCTIE

—

25 The categorisation of Statistics Netherlands has been maintained in this

respect. Biopetrol is defined as biofuels suitable for use in petrol engines,

usually after blending with regular petrol. Commonly used types of

biopetrol are bioethanol and bio-ETBE (Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether).

26 In 2011, there were 12 such AGP licensees in the Netherlands.


35

Figure 13 shows the used raw materials by origin. This figure shows that part of the raw materials used in the Netherlands comes from the Netherlands, but a significant part is imported from 27 EU countries (mainly rapeseed and tallow) and the United States (mainly corn, the most commonly used raw material). The volumes of biofuels imported from other EU countries, Asia, South America and Australia is limited.

Waste for combustion (biogenic fraction)In recent years, the number of waste incineration plants has increased and currently the capacity exceeds the volume of waste in the Netherlands. The total capacity is 7.5 Mton, of which 6.5 Mton is required for processing the Dutch combustible waste [NL Agency 2012]. As such, there is an overcapacity of 1 Mton, about 13%. This capacity is partly satisfied by the excavation of old landfills (350 kton), and partly by (mainly residential) waste imports from other EU countries such as Germany, the UK, Italy and Ireland. In 2011, approximately 300 kton of waste was imported as input for Dutch waste incineration plants. Data for 2012 are not yet available, but the permits for exports from the United Kingdom to the Netherlands show that this waste stream has increased from over 0.5 Mton in 2011 to over 1.2 Mton in 2012 [Lets Recycle 2012; Rabobank 2012].

Wood for residential stovesThe wood used for residential stoves has a very diverse origin. A study by Statistics Netherlands [Statistics Netherlands 2010] shows that about one-third of the

figure 13 overview of raw materials used in 2011 by origin in TJ (Dutch Emissions Authority, 2012b)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000 overig

onbekend

UCO/gebruikt frituurvet

tarwe

tall oil, al dan niet geraffineerd

talg

suikerriet

suikerbiet

soja

oliepalm

maïs

koolzaad

glycerine

dierlijk vet

OTHER

/UNKNOWN

AUSTRALIAUSA

SOUTH

AMERICAASIA

OTHER

EUEU

-27

NETHER

LANDS

wood used was purchased in 1990, 10% of which is ultimately purchased by households through a retail channel such as a fuel retailer, supermarket, hardware shop or petrol station (3% of the total wood consumption), the rest is purchased from private individuals or forest managers. This wood may be of Dutch origin, but it is also imported from the Baltic States, for example. We assume that this relates to up to one-third of the wood sold, or 1% of the total wood consumption.The remaining two-thirds of the fired wood is obtained by gathering dead wood/dry sticks, felling, from waste, or via work or neighbours/friends. We assume that this wood comes from the Netherlands.


36

Biomass for co-firingThe Dutch consumption of biomass for co-firing in coal-fired power plants is based largely on (imported) wood pellets. Figure 14 provides and overview of the produc-tion [Pellets@tlas 2009], consumption and trade in wood pellets in the Netherlands in 2011 [Eurostat 2013]. In 2011, about 1 Mton of wood pellets was imported, of which over 60% came from Canada and the US. In recent years, imports from Canada have dropped significantly. If it is assumed that the wood pellets are used entirely for co-firing, then about 20 PJ of wood pellets are used. Of this, about three-quarters are accounted for use in the Amer power plant [Essent 2012a]. Since 2011, RWE has been operating a pellet plant in Georgia, U.S., with a production capacity of 0.75 Mton per year, part of which is used for the Amer power plant. In 2011, Statistics Netherlands reported a total of 27.6 PJ of biomass for co-firing [CBS 2012]. This means that in addition to the wood pellets, an additional 7.4 PJ of biomass stream, particularly waste streams such as resid-ual and waste wood and plant and animal residues, was used at the plants. Of the volume of residual and waste wood, about 10% is imported, the rest comes from the Netherlands [Probos 2012a]. The plant and animal resi-dues are mainly from Dutch residual streams, whereby about 50% of the biomass for co-firing comes from outside of the EU (especially wood pellets), 35% from the Netherlands and 15% from the EU (see also [Probos 2012b]).

Biomass for the production of biogasBiogas production takes place in sewage treatment plants, landfills, manure digesters and other plants [Statistics Netherlands 2012]. The input at sewage treatment plants and landfills is 100% Dutch. Aside from manure, other co-products are also co-digested, such as corn in particular, but residues from the food industry, animal feed industry or primary agriculture can also be used. Most plants purchase their biomass from within a radius of 100 km, sometimes from Belgium and Germany [OWS, personal communication]. We have assumed that 85% of the biomass used for biogas is of Dutch origin and the rest is imported from the EU. The same also applies to other biogas production. These are generally digesters opera-ting on residues from the food industry or organic waste.

figure 14 overview of production, consumption and trade in wood pellets in the Netherlands in 2011

-1500.000

-1000.000

-500.000

0

500.000

1000.000

1500.000

BINNENLANDSE PRODUCTIE IMPORT EXPORT

TONNE

BINNENLANDSE CONSUMPTIE

Overig

Duitsland

Denemarken

Rusland

Portugal

Canada

Verenigde Staten

VERENIGDE STATEN

VANADA

VORTUGAL

RUSLAND

DENEMARKEN

DUITSLAND

OVERIG

40%

26%

13%

6%

4%3%

8%


37

Wood for industrial boilersThe use of wood for industrial heat production generally takes place at companies that have (waste) wood on hand. The timber and furniture industry and agriculture accounted for 80% of the installed capacity of wood boilers in 2011 [CBS 2012]. We have assumed that these companies fire their own waste wood, and that this wood is almost entirely from the Netherlands. A small volume of wood pellets is also fired in industrial boilers. These pellets are probably of Dutch origin as well [Probos 2012a].

Other biomass streams for energy purposesStatistics Netherlands distinguishes a residual category “other biomass combustion”, which mainly includes plants for the incineration of waste streams such as waste wood, chicken manure or paper sludge [Statistics Netherlands 2012]. This generally relates to a specific biomass/plant combination and is therefore strongly aimed at availability of existing biomass. Finding out whether these cases involve biomass imports is beyond the scope of this project. We have assumed that the biomass used is 100% Dutch.

Overall overview of origin of biomass for energy purposesFigure 15 provides an overview of the origin of the biomass streams used in the Netherlands for energy purposes according to the bottom-up approach described above. Biofuels and biomass for co-firing, in particular, are originally from outside the Netherlands, and largely even outside the EU. Of the total volume of biomass used for energy purposes (weighted by the output of the various technologies), almost three-quarters are of Dutch origin, over 10% is imported from the rest of the EU, and 15% from outside the EU.

figure 15 origin of biomass used for energy purposes in the Netherlands in 2012

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

NETHERLANDS NON-EUEU


38

The following trends and developments observed are based on the previous sections:• The volume of renewable energy in gross final con-

sumption increased to about 97 PJ in 2012 (4.5% of gross final consumption in the Netherlands).

• The Cabinet has set aside extra money for the SDE+ subsidy, € 3 billion is available for 2013. In 2012, € 1.7 billion in SDE+ subsidies were granted. The majority of these subsidies (> 97%) was allocated in equal parts to renewable heat and geothermal energy projects. € 586 million (excluding waste incineration plants) was allo-cated to bioenergy projects, more than double the allocation in 2011, specifically to renewable heat and co-generation projects. In 2012, a significant capacity of green gas was realised.

• Energy from biomass delivers a significant contribution to the production of renewable energy, with a share of almost more than 75%. The largest sources of bioenergy are combustion of biogenic waste, transport bio fuels, residential wood stoves, and co-firing at coal-fired power plants.

• Energy production from co-firing of biomass in power plants has dropped slightly since 2010 due to main-tenance overruns and emergencies. Pending a supplier obligation for the share of renewable energy, the minister and major producers agreed in 2011 that the producers would continue co-firing 10% biomass in their coal-fired power plants. In 2010 and 2011, the co-firing rate was around 13%, still above the agreed limit.

• The largest growth in renewable energy in 2012 is accounted for by wind power. Other big growers are ‘other biomass combustion’ (recovery of production after a decline in 2011), waste incineration and biofuels.

• The European Commission has published a proposal to amend the Renewable Energy Directive in respect of indirect land use that is associated with the production of biofuels (ILUC). The main changes proposed are:

- a limit of 5% for the share of biofuels from food crops (similar to the consumption level at the end of 2011);

- the introduction of a fourfold counting of advanced biofuels that do not create additional demand for land, such as algae, the biomass fraction of mixed residential and industrial waste, animal manure and bagasse;

- the introduction of ILUC factors to include the indi-rect greenhouse gas emissions resulting from land use in the reports of the Member States.

7 Trends and developments


39

8 ReferencesNL Agency, 2010Renewable Energy Monitoring

Protocol, Update 2010

S. te Buck, B. van Keulen, L.

Bosselaar & T. Gerlagh

NL Agency, May 2010

http://www.agentschapnl.nl/

content/

protocol-monitoring-hernieuw-

bare-energie-update-2010-den

NL Agency, 2011aStatus of green projects scheme.

Internal data sources.

NL Agency, 2011bOpening up of SDE+ 2012.


content/kamerbrief-

openstelling-sde-2012

NL Agency, 2012Waste processing in the

Netherlands, data from 2011.

http://www.rwsleefomgeving.nl/

downloads/a/afvalverwerking/

NL Agency, 2013aTable of state of affairs in

respect of SDE - Final status

2012.


content/tabellen-stand-

van-zaken-sde-eindstand-2012

NL Agency, 2013bBrochure and environmental list

MIA/VAMIL.


programmas-regelingen/

milieulijst

NL Agency, 2013cStatus of waste incineration

plants (R1-D10).

http://www.lap2.nl/uitvoering.

asp?i=33

NL Agency, 2013dGreen Deal - Sustainability of

solid biomass


programmas-regelingen/

green-deal-duurzaamheid-vas-

te-biomassa

NL Agency, 2013eOverview of SDE subsidies

realised. Internal data sources.

NL Agency and Groen Gas Nederland, 2013Internal data sources.

CBS, 2010 (Statistics Netherlands)Household fuelwood consump-

tion. Reinoud Segers.

The Hague/Heerlen, Statistics

Netherlands, May 2010.

http://www.cbs.nl/NR/

rdonlyres/8AB09F5F-8751-4FED-

A9DD-BF38DC62CF5C/0/2010ho

utverbruikbijhuishoudensart.pdf

CBS, 2011 (Statistics Netherlands)Renewable energy in the

Netherlands in 2010.

http://www.cbs.nl/nr/rdonlyres/

f1ed185c-1da7-4b70-9203-

13ab6c895688/0/2010c89pub.pdf

CBS, 2012 (Statistics Netherlands)Production of renewable

electricity stable.

http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/

themas/industrie-energie/

publicaties/artikelen/

archief/2012/2012-3577-wm.htm

References8

40

CBS StatLine, 2011 (Statistics Netherlands)• Renewable electricity; gross

and net production, import

and export

• Renewable energy; final

consumption and avoided

consumption of fossil energy

• Renewable energy; capacity,

domestic production and

consumption

• Motor fuels for transport;

deliveries

• Biofuels for road transport;

supply, consumption and

blending

CBS StatLine, 2012 (Statistics Netherlands)• Renewable electricity; gross

and net production, import

and export

• Energy; consumption and

production cost per energy

carrier

CE Delft, 2012Cascading of Biomass. 13

Solutions for a Sustainable

Bio-based Economy.

G.C. (Geert) Bergsma, H.J.

(Harry) Croezen, I.Y.R. (Ingrid)

Odegard.

http://www.ce.nl/publicatie/

cascading_of_

biomass%3Cbr%3E13_soluti-

ons_for_a_sustainable_bio-

based_economy/1276

Corbey Commission, 2012aSustainability criteria for solid

biomass for electricity.

http://www.corbey.nl/adviezen/

vaste-biomassa/duurzaam-

heidscriteria-voor-vaste-bio-

massa-voor-elektriciteit/

Corbey Commission, 2012bSustainable increasing of the

blending obligation.


duurzame-energiedoelstellin-

gen/duurzame-verhoging-

van-de-bijmengverplichting/

Corbey Commission, 2012cLand in sight!


landbouwvraagstukken/

land-in-zicht/

Corbey Commission, 2012dSustainable biomass in the

chemicals sector.


algemeen/duurzame-biomassa-

in-de-chemiesector/

ENDS, 2012Council debate on ILUC rules

due in March.

http://www.endseurope.

com/27875/council-debate-

on-iluc-rules-due-in-march

Energie-Nederland, 2011Green Deal between Energie-

Nederland and Central

Government.

http://www.energie-nederland.

nl/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/

Green-Deal-Energiesector.pdf

Essent, 2011Amer Essent power plant facelift

is mega-operation.

http://www.essent.nl/content/

overessent/actueel/archief/2011/

opknapbeurt_amercentrale_

essent_is_mega-operatie.html

Essent, 2012aEssent, responsibility ambition.

Corporate Responsibility report

2011.

http://www.mvoverslagessent.

nl/FbContent.ashx/downloads/

CR_Report_EN_2011.pdf

Essent, 2012bSuccessful fuel test at biomass

plant: first step towards local

green economy.

http://www.essent.nl/content/

overessent/actueel/archief/2012/

geslaagde_brandstoftest_bio-

massacentrale_cuijk.htmlReferences8

41

EU, 2009aDirective 2009/28/EC of the

European Parliament and of the

Council of 23 April 2009 on the

promotion of the use of energy

from renewable sources, thereby

amending and subsequently

repealing Directives 2001/77/EC

and 2003/30/EC.

http://europa.eu/legislation_

summaries/energy/renewable_

energy/en0009_nl.htm

EU, 2009bDirective 2009/30/EC of the

European Parliament amending

Directive 98/70/EC on the

specification of petrol, diesel and

gas-oil and introducing a

mechanism to monitor and

reduce greenhouse gas emissi-

ons, thereby amending Council


specification of fuel used by

inland waterway vessels and

repealing Directive 93/12/EEC.

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/

LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:

L:2009:140:0088:0113:NL:PDF

EU, 2009cDirective 2009/125/EC of the

European Parliament and of the

Council of October 21, 2009,

establishing a framework for

setting ecodesign requirements

for energy-related products.


LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=O

J:L:2009:285:0010:0035:NL:PDF

EU, 2011aDraft implementing measure/

act laying down calculation

methods and reporting require-

ments pursuant to Directive

98/70/EC of the European

Parliament and of the Council

relating to the quality of petrol

and diesel fuels.

http://ec.europa.eu/transpa-

rency/regcomitology/index.

cfm?do=search.documentdetail

&2A801s70lFwjg6RoPTjUUEpDU

4MfDGIJHglKuEmrBsQxdbQ+AI/

X9VTTMRqv00VG

EU, 2012aRenewable energy: a key player

on the European energy market.

COM(2012) 271.


LexUriServ/LexUriServ.

EU, 2012bDirective of the European

Parliament and of the Council

amending Directive 98/70/EC

relating to the quality of petrol

and diesel fuels and amending


promotion of the use of energy

from renewable sources.

http://ec.europa.eu/clima/

policies/transport/fuel/docs/

com_2012_595_en.pdf

EU, 2013Sustainability schemes for

biofuels. Recognised voluntary

schemes.

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/

renewables/biofuels/

sustainability_schemes_en.htm

Eurostat, 2011Minutes of the meeting of the

Working Party on “Renewable

Energy Statistics”, December 2010.

Eurostat, 2013EU27 Trade Since 1988 By CN8

[DS-016890]. Product category

44013020.

GAVE, 2012Catalogue of Dutch biofuel

initiatives.

http://www.sn-gave.nl/voor-

beeld_all.asp

GDF Suez, 2013Rotterdam Power Plant

construction.

http://www.gdfsuez.nl/activitei-

ten/onze-centrales/nieuwbouw-

centrale-rotterdam.aspx

Koppejan, 2010Status of wood-burning stoves

in the Netherlands. On behalf of

NL Agency, October2010.


sites/default/files/bijlagen/

Statusoverzicht%20houtka-

chels%20in%20Nederland.pdf

References8

42

Lets Recycle, 2012RDF exports quadruple in

five months.

http://www.letsrecycle.com/

news/latest-news/energy/test

Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2011Energy report 2011.

http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/

documenten-en-publicaties/

rapporten/2011/06/10/energier-

apport-2011.html

Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2012aRegulation by the Minister of

Economic Affairs, Agriculture

and Innovation of February 17,

2012, no. WJZ/12001252,

designating categories of

production plants for the

promotion of renewable energy

in 2012 (Regulation designating

sustainable energy production

categories 2012).

https://zoek.officielebekendma-

kingen.nl/stcrt-2012-3609.html

Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2012bOpening up of SDE+ 2013.


bestanden/documenten-en-

publicaties/kamerstuk-

ken/2012/12/10/openstelling-

stimuleringsregeling-duurzame-

energie-2013/

openstelling-stimuleringsrege-

ling-duurzame-energie-2013.pdf

Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2012cHouse letter about Sustainable

Energy Surcharge Act.



kamerstukken/2012/12/10/

kamerbrief-over-wet-opslag-

duurzame-energie.html

Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2012dFactsheet 56 green deals signed

on June 1, 2012.


onderwerpen/duurzame-econo-

mie/documenten-en-publica-

ties/rapporten/2012/06/14/

factsheets-56-green-deals.html

Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2012eSummaries of Green Deals of

October 11, 2012.



brieven/2012/10/11/samenvat-

tingen-green-deals-11-okto-

ber-2012-1.html

Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2012fBiobased Economy Framework

Memorandum.




hoofdlijnennotitie-biobased-

economy.html

Ministry of Finance, 2012Explanatory Memorandum to

Act Drafting Fiscal Measures for

Budget Agreement 2013.




memorie-van-toelichting-wet-

uitwerking-fiscale-maatregelen-

begrotingsakkoord-2013.html

Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, 2012aHouse letter Renewable energy

for transport (biofuels).

December 3, 2012.


onderwerpen/biobrandstoffen/



hernieuwbare-energie-vervoer-

biobrandstoffen.html

Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, 2012bImplementation of motions of

the members of Leegte and of

Van der Werf in respect of a

specific intention regarding

double counting of biofuels

made from animal fat.




antwoord-op-de-moties-leeg-

te-32813-nr-4-en-van-der-werf-

c-s-32813-nr-10.html

References8

43

Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, 2012cParliament letter on draft EU

proposal for biofuels policy.




vragen-over-concept-eu-voor-

stel-biobrandstoffenbeleid-en-

uitvoering-van-motie-leegte-c-

s-tk-30872-nr-120.html

Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, 2012d30 196 Sustainable development

and policy. No. 188 Letter from

the State Secretary of

Infrastructure and the

Environment. December 5, 2012.

https://zoek.officielebekendma-

kingen.nl/kst-30196-188.html

Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, 2013Percentages of conventional

biofuels. January 14, 2013.




percentages-conventionele-bio-

brandstoffen.html

NEa, 2012a (Dutch Emissions Authority)Dutch testing protocol for

sustainability systems for

biofuels. Public version.

Netherlands Emissions Authority,

January 2012.

https://www.emissieautoriteit.

nl/mediatheek/biobrandstoffen/

publicaties/Nederlandse%20

Toetsingsprotocol%20voor%20

duurzaamheidssystemen%20

voor%20biobrandstoffen.pdf

NEa, 2012b (Dutch Emissions Authority)Compliance with annual obliga-

tion 2011 for renewable energy

for transport and obligation

fuels and air pollution.


June 2012.



publicaties/20120606%20

rapport%20DEFINITIEF.pdf

NEa, 2012c (Dutch Emissions Authority)Nature, origin and sustainability

aspects of biofuels for transport.

Report 2011.


September 2012.



publicaties/Individuele%20

rapportage%20DEF.pdf

NBKL, 2013NBKL Vision. Sustainably hot.

Dutch Association of Biomass

Boiler Suppliers, spring 2013.

www.nbkl.nl/1357024.htm

NMA, 2011Gas connection and transport

conditions – regional grid

operators.

Netherlands Competition

Authority, April 2011.

https://www.acm.nl/download/

documenten/nma/Aansluit-%20

en%20transportvoorwaar-

den%20Gas%20-%20RNB.pdf

ODE, 2012Woodspirit only Dutch project in

prestigious list of EU projects.

Organisation for Sustainable

Energy, December 2012.

http://www.duurzameenergie.

org/152-Woodspirit-enige-

Nederlandse-project-in-

prestigieuze-lijst-EU-projecten

OWS, 2011Evaluation of digesters in the

Netherlands.

Organic Waste Systems,

November 2011

On behalf of NL Agency


content/

evaluatie-van-de-vergisters-

nederland-november-2011

PBL & ECN, 2012Reference projection for Energy

and Emissions: Actualisation

2012 Energy and emissions in the

years 2012, 2020 and 2030.

PBL, ECN: August 2012.

http://www.pbl.nl/publicaties/

2012/referentieraming-energie-

en-emissies-actualisatie-2012

References8

44

Pellets@tlas 2009Pellet market country report

Netherlands.

Utrecht University, april 2009.

http://www.pelletsatlas.info/

pelletsatlas_docs/showdoc.asp?i

d=090520125602&type=doc&pdf

=true

Probos, 2012aDutch wood streams defined.

Wageningen, Stichting Probos,

December 2012

Study conducted on behalf of NL

Agency.

http://www.probos.nl/home/pdf/

Rapport_Nederlandse_houtstro-

men_in_beeld.pdf

Probos, 2012bOn the way to 32 PJ from forest,

nature, landscape and the wood

chain in 2020!

State of affairs in the NBLH sector

in 2011.

Wageningen, Stichting Probos,

December 2012.

On behalf of NL Agency

http://www.bosschap.nl/cmsAd-

min/uploads/stand-van-zaken-

nblh-sector-incl-oplegnoti-

tie_001.pdf

PZC, 2013Energy company Delta adjusts

plan for conversion of coal-fired

plant in Borssele.

http://www.pzc.nl/regio/zeeuws-

nieuws/energiebedrijf-delta-

past-plan-voor-ombouw-kolencen-

trale-borssele-aan-1.3666579

Rabobank, 2011Benchmark for (co-)digestion

financial year 2010: Return by

market in tribulation!

http://documents.plant.wur.nl/Wur/

rabobankoververgisting.pdf

Rabobank, 2012The waste sector. The raw

materials roundabout highligh-

ted. Rabobank Special Report,

September 2012.

http://www.wastematters.eu/

uploads/media/Rabobank_report_

on_the_waste_sector__Dutch_.pdf

Coalition Agreement, 2012Building bridges. VVD - PvdA

Coalition Agreement. 29 October

2012


regering/documenten-en-publica-

ties/rapporten/2012/10/29/regeerak-

koord.html

Central Government, 2010National action plan for energy

from renewable sources, Directive

2009/28/EC.



rapporten/2010/06/23/rapport-

nationaal-actieplan-voor-

energie-uit-hernieuwbare-

bronnen.html

Central Government, 2011Progress report on energy from

renewable sources in the

Netherlands 2009-2010, Directive

2009/28/EC.


content/voortgangsrapportage-

energie-uit-hernieuwbare-

bronnen-nederland-2009-2010

Central Government, 2013Fuels and Air Pollution Decree.

Article 2.9

http://wetten.overheid.nl/

BWBR0029909/

geldigheidsdatum_17-02-2013

RTV Rijnmond, 2012After Odfjell, chemical company

Abengoa also shuttered.

RTV Rijnmond, December 2012.

http://www.rijnmond.nl/

nieuws/12-12-2012/na-odfjell-

ook-chemiebedrijf-abengoa-dicht

TKI Bioenergie, 2012Bioenergy Innovation Contract.

Part of the Top Sectors Energy,

Chemicals and Biobased.

Delft, February 2012

http://www.top-sectoren.nl/

energie/sites/default/files/

documents/7%20-%20IC%20

Bio-energy.pdf

Utrecht University, 2012Sustainable biomass and bioener-

gy in the Netherlands: Report

2012. Utrecht, December 2012.

On behalf of NL Agency.

http://www.agentschapnl.nl/sites/

default/files/Sustainable%20

biomass%20flows%20final%20

draft%20120113.pdf

References8

45

This publication belongs to

NL AgencyCroeselaan 15Postbus 8242 | 3503 RE Utrechtt 088 602 92 00www.agentschapnl.nl/bioenergie© NL Agency | May 2013

Publication-nr: 2denb1301

A great degree of care has been taken in the preparation of this document. No rights may be derived from this brochure, or from any of the examples contained herein, nor may NL Agency be held liable for the consequences arising from the use thereof.

NL Agency is an agency of the Dutch ministry of Economic Affairs, responsible for the implementation of sustainability, innovation and economic development programmes for various governmental bodies. NL Agency is the contact point for businesses, educational institutions and government bodies for information and advice, financing, networking and regulatory matters.

table 1 overview of gross final consumption of bioenergy by technology (PJ)1

1 The total may differ slightly from the sum of the figures given in the table above due to rounding.

category sector gross final consumption 2012 (pj)

change w.r.t. 2011 (pj)

Waste Incineration Plants Electricity 7,7 0,4

Heat 6,6 -

Co-firing Electricity 10,6 -0,9

Heat 0,9 -

Residential wood stoves Heat 12,7 0,2

Industrial wood boilers Heat 2,9 0,1

Other combustion Electricity 3,6 0,6

Heat 3,2 0,3

Biogas Electricity 3,9 0,1

Heat excl. biogas 4,2 0,2

Raw biogas 0,7 -0,1

Biopetrol Transport 6,6 0,4

Biodiesel Transport 7,7 0,5

Total (PJ) 71,3 1,8

source production in 2012(PJ)

share in renewableenergy production (%)

Wind power total 17,8 18,3%

Transport biofuels - physical 14,3 14,8%

Waste incineration (biogenous) 14,3 14,8%

Residential wood stoves 12,7 13,1%

Co-firing of biomass in power plants 11,5 11,9%

Digestion and biogas production 8,2 8,4%

Other biomass combustion 6,7 6,9%

Soil energy (heat pumps) 3,2 3,3%

Industrial wood boilers 2,9 3,0%

Ambient heat (heat pumps) 2,7 2,7%

Solar power and heat 1,6 1,6%

Green gas 0,7 0,8%

Hydropower 0,4 0,4%

Total 96,8 100%

table 2 overview of production and share of renewable energy by source

figure 1 renewable energy in the netherlands 2000-2012

0 PJ

10 PJ

20 PJ

30 PJ

40 PJ

50 PJ

60 PJ

70 PJ

80 PJ

90 PJ

100 PJ

BIODIESEL - FYSIEK

BIOBENZINE - FYSIEK

BIOGAS






BUITENLUCHTWARMTE (WARMTEPOMPEN)

BODEMENERGIE (WARMTEPOMPEN)

ZONNE-ENERGIE EN ZONNEWARMTE

WINDENERGIE TOTAAL

WATERKRACHT

2012201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

WATERKRACHT WINDENERGIE TOTAAL ZONNE-ENERGIE EN ZONNEWARMTE BODEMENERGIE (WARMTEPOMPEN

BIODIESEL - FYSIEKBIOBENZINE - FYSIEKBIOGASOVERIGE BIOMASSAVERBRANDINGHOUTKACHELS HUISHOUDENSHOUTKETELS BIJ BEDRIJVENBIJ- EN MEESTOKEN BIOMASSA IN CENTRALESAFVALVERBRANDING (BIOGEEN)BUITENLUCHTWARMTE (WARMTEPOMPEN)BODEMENERGIE (WARMTEPOMPEN)ZONNE-ENERGIE EN ZONNEWARMTEWINDENERGIE TOTAALWATERKRACHT

bio-diesel - fysical

bio-gasoline - fysical

biogas

other thermal biomass

residential stoves

industrial boilers

co-firing of biomass in

power plants

waste inceneration (biogenous)

heat pumps (air)

heat pumps (ground)

solar electricity and heat

wind power total

hydro power

figure 2 gross final consumption of renewable energy per sector, 2000-2012

ELEKTRICITEIT WARMTE VERVOER

0 PJ

10 PJ

20 PJ

30 PJ

40 PJ

50 PJ

60 PJ

70 PJ

80 PJ

90 PJ

100 PJ

Vervoer

Warmte

Elektriciteit

2012201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

electricity

heat

transport

table 3 use of bioenergy in gross final consumption (PJ) in the electricity, heat and transport sectors in the period 2005-2012

category sector 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Waste Incineration Plants Electricity 4,6 4,7 5,0 5,1 5,7 6,3 7,3 7,7

Heat 3,5 3,9 3,8 4,1 5,0 5,0 6,6 6,6

Co-firing Electricity 12,4 11,7 6,5 8,1 9,4 11,7 11,5 10,6

Heat 0,7 0,6 0,8 0,8 0,9 1,3 0,9 0,9

Residential wood stoves Heat 11,1 11,6 12,1 12,2 12,2 12,3 12,5 12,7

Industrial wood boilers Heat 2,1 2,3 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,8 2,8 2,9

Other combustion Electricity 0,9 0,9 1,0 2,7 3,6 3,7 2,9 3,5

Heat 2,8 3,8 4,0 4,1 4,0 3,0 2,8 3,2

Biogas Electricity 1,1 1,4 1,9 2,7 3,4 3,8 3,8 3,9

Heat excl. biogas 1,3 1,5 1,9 2,7 3,2 3,8 4,0 4,2

Raw biogas 1,4 1,3 1,1 1,0 1,1 1,0 0,8 0,7

Biopetrol Transport 0,8 3,7 4,5 5,8 5,6 6,2 6,6

Biodiesel Transport 0,1 1,0 9,3 7,5 9,8 4,0 7,2 7,7

Total (PJ)* 42,0 45,4 53,8 58,1 66,9 64,2 69,4 71,3

—

* The total may differ from the sum of the figures in the cells above due to rounding.

figure 3 gross final electricity production from bioenergy in 2012 (PJ)

AVI’S

BIJ- EN MEESTOOK

OVERIGE VERBRANDING

BIOGAS

Biogas

Overige verbranding

Bij- en meestook

AVI's

7,7

10,6

3,5

3,9


co-firing

other combustion

biogas

figure 4 gross final consumption of bioenergy for heat in 2012 (PJ)

Biogas

Overige verbranding

Houtkachels bedrijven

Houtkachels huishoudens

Bij- en meestook

AVI's

6,6

0,9

12,7

2,9

3,2

5,0

AVI’S

BIJ- EN MEESTOOK

HOUTKACHEL HUISHOUDENS

HOUTKACHELS BEDRIJVEN

OVERIGE VERBRANDING

BIOGAS


co-firing



other combustion

biogas

figure 5 estimated production of biogas for useful final consumption and production of green gas in 2012 (PJ)

Biogas, overig

Biogas uit RWZI's

Biogas uit stortplaatsen 0,30,4

0,1

BIOGAS UIT STORTPLAATSEN

BIOGAS UIT RWZI'S

BIOGAS, OVERIG

biogas from landfills

biogas from sewage plants

biogas, other

figure 6 use of biofuels in the transport sector in 2010; administrative supply (PJ)*

Biogas - dubbeltellend

Biodiesel - dubbeltellend

Biodiesel- enkeltellend

Biobenzine- dubbeltellend

Biobenzine- enkeltellend

5,3

1,0

7,4

6,9

0,7

BIOBENZINE- ENKELTELLEND

BIOBENZINE - DUBBELTELLEND

BIODIESEL - ENKELTELLEND

BIODIESEL - DUBBELTELLENDE

BIOGAS - DUBBELTELLENDE

let op: de waarde van de dubbeltel-lende biodiesel moet 6,5 maar is bij gegevens naar 6,4 gezet om de kleine waarden zichtbaar te maken

BIO-ETHANOL BIO-ETBE BIO-MTBE DUBBELTELLENDE BIO-MTBE DUBBELTELLENDE BIO-METHANOL BIODIESEL DUBBELTELLENDE BIODIESEL—

* ETBE, MTBE, ethanol and methanol fall under the category of biopetrol and FAME and HVO under biodiesel. Under Article 21(2) of

the Renewable Energy Directive (RED), some types of biofuels may be double counted towards achieving the transport targets.

Values in this figure relate to the double counted volumes. Data for 2012 are not yet available. The biotickets are also included in this

volume. In 2011, companies were allowed to satisfy up to 25% of their annual obligation with biotickets from 2010.

biopetrol - single-counted

biopetrol - double-counted

biodiesel - single-counted

biodiesel - double-counted

biogas - double-counted

figure 7 share of renewable energy in gross final consumption

0%

2%

4%

6%

5%

3%

1%

2012*201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

—

* Share of renewable energy in 2012 based on preliminary figures and estimates

table 4 overview of waste incineration plants in 2011

plant total waste used (kton)

renewable electricity (pj)

renewable heat (pj)

E.ON Delfzijl 249 0,25 0,34

REC Harlingen 154 0,14 0,56

Attero Noord BV GAVI Wijster 639 0,74 0,00

Twence Afval en energie 613 0,61 0,69

ARN B.V. 261 0,34 0,34

AVR Afvalverwerking Duiven 397 0,31 0,30

HVC Afvalcentrale Alkmaar 608 0,83 0,03

Afval Energie Bedrijf, Amsterdam 1,473 2,09 0,20

AVR Afvalverwerking Rijnmond 1,242 1,14 0,37

HVC Afvalcentrale Dordrecht 288 0,40 0,00

ZAVIN CV 9 0,00 0,00

AEC Moerdijk 985 0,16 3,93

SITA ReEnergy 288 0,25 0,02

—

Tabel 4 provides an overview of waste volumes used for the generation of

electricity and heat. The data presented relate to 2011 and show the gross

electricity generation and the volume of heat supplied [NL Agency 2012].

figure 8 proposed expedited growth path for biofuels blending obligation

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

BIJMENGPLICHT NIEUW

BIJMENGPLICHT OUD

20202019201820172016201520142013201220112010200920082007




figure 9 overview of sustainability systems used per raw material in 2011 to prove sustainability of biofuels [dutch emissions authority, 2012b]

0 %

10 %

20 %

30 %

40 %

50 %

60 %

70 %

80 %

90 %

100 %

OVERIG

ONBEKEND

RTRS

RSPO

REDCERT

RBSA

ISCC

ENSUS

DCB

2BSVS

OTHER

UNKNOWN

UCO/SPEN

T

FRYING FA

TWHEA

T

TALL

OIL, REFI

NED

AND UNREFINED

TALLO

W

CANE SUGAR

SUGAR BEETSO

Y

PALM

OILCORN

RAPESEED

GLYCER

INE

ANIMAL F

AT

2bsvs

dcb

ensus

iscc

rbsa

redcert

rspo

rtrs

unknown

other

figure 10 distribution of bioenergy consumed by application (2012)

OVERIG

NIEUW ZEELAND

RUSLAND

AUSTRALIË

VERENIGDE STATEN

CANADA

20%

16%

18%

12%

10% 20%4%


BIOTRANSPORTBRANDSTOFFEN



BIOGAS




transport biofuels



in power plants

biogas



figure 11 overview of the production, consumption and trade in biodiesel between 2005-2011

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

VOORRAAD

NETTO IMPORT

PRODUCTIE

NETTO IMPORT

MLN KG

PRODUCTIE VERBRUIK VOORRAAD NETTO EXPORT

2011201020092008200720062005

net import production consumption stock net export

figure 12 overview of the production, consumption and trade in biodiesel, 2005-2011*

NETTO IMPORT PRODUCTIE VERBRUIK VOORRAAD NETTO EXPORT

2011201020092008200720062005

MLN KG

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

VOORRAAD

NETTO IMPORT

PRODUCTIE

Net import

Production

Consumption

Stock

Net export

—

* The categorisation of Statistics Netherlands has been maintained in this respect. Biopetrol is

defined as biofuels suitable for use in petrol engines, usually after blending with regular petrol.

Commonly used types of biopetrol are bioethanol and bio-ETBE (Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether).

figure 13 overview of raw materials used in 2011 by origin in tj (dutch emissions authority, 2012b)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000 overig

onbekend

UCO/gebruikt frituurvet

tarwe

tall oil, al dan niet geraffineerd

talg

suikerriet

suikerbiet

soja

oliepalm

maïs

koolzaad

glycerine

dierlijk vet

OTHER/U

NKNOWN

AUSTRALIAUSA

SOUTH AMER

ICAASIA

OTHER EU

EU-2

7

NETHER

LANDS

animal fat

glycerine

rapeseed

corn

palm oil

soy

sugar beet

cane sugar

tallow

tall oil, refined and

unrefined

wheat

uco/spent frying fat

unknown

other

figure 14 overview of production, consumption and trade in wood pellets in the netherlands in 2011

-1500.000

-1000.000

-500.000

0

500.000

1000.000

1500.000

BINNENLANDSE PRODUCTIE IMPORT EXPORT

TONNE

BINNENLANDSE CONSUMPTIE

Overig

Duitsland

Denemarken

Rusland

Portugal

Canada

Verenigde Staten

VERENIGDE STATEN

VANADA

VORTUGAL

RUSLAND

DENEMARKEN

DUITSLAND

OVERIG

40%

26%

13%

6%

4%3%

8%

domestic production import export domestic consumption

united states

canada

portugal

russia

denmark

germany

other

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

NETHERLANDS NON-EUEU

figure 15 origin of biomass used for energy purposes in the netherlands in 2012



biogas



biofuels

2012 Bioenergy Status Document...Co-firing of biomass in power plants 11,5 11,9% Digestion and...

Documents

Transcript of 2012 Bioenergy Status Document...Co-firing of biomass in power plants 11,5 11,9% Digestion and...