Chapter 5:Chapter 5:

States of States of ConsciousnessConsciousness

What is What is Consciousness?Consciousness?Awareness of internal or external events or statesAwareness of internal or external events or statesMore than a simple state of awareness.More than a simple state of awareness.Difficult to define.Difficult to define.

Processes involved in ConsciousnessProcesses involved in Consciousness1. Attention1. Attention2. Intentionality2. Intentionality3. Subjectivity3. Subjectivity4. Perception4. Perception5. Learning & Memory5. Learning & Memory6. Emotions6. Emotions7. Associations7. Associations8. Awareness8. Awareness9. Arousal of the Nervous System9. Arousal of the Nervous System

The Brain’s JobThe Brain’s JobConsciousness Consciousness is a process is a process going on in the going on in the brain.brain.

Most of the Most of the brain’s brain’s functioning is functioning is for survival.for survival.Very little of the functioning of the Very little of the functioning of the brain is devoted to consciousness.brain is devoted to consciousness.

Altered States of ConsciousnessAltered States of ConsciousnessA Fundamental & Qualitative Shift in Mental Functioning which brings about a Distinctly Different Organizational Pattern of Subjective ExperienceAwareness is constantly shifting

Altered StatesDrugs, alcohol, sleep, daydreaming, hypnosis, meditation, etc.Daydreaming & fantasyNot sure of the value.There is an escape value.The problem occurs when daydreaming takes over your life.

Sleep Sleep DeprivationDeprivation

Problems Problems encounteredencountered30% - 50% of students fall asleep in class at least 1 time a week.Losing 1-2 hours of sleep each night produces attention problems, slows reaction time, produces unpredictable behavior, judgmental errors, & lowers productivity & decision-making ability. Can lead to a psychosis.

How do you know if How do you know if you’re getting you’re getting enough sleep?enough sleep?Being put in a darkened room & you immediately fall asleep is the main symptom of chronic sleep loss.You can reduce sleep loss by taking short naps during the day.

Sleep PatternsSleep PatternsREM sleep is called REM sleep is called “Paradoxical “Paradoxical Sleep”Sleep”Brain activity, heart rate, & blood pressure Brain activity, heart rate, & blood pressure resemble being awake.resemble being awake.

85% relationship between REM & dreams.85% relationship between REM & dreams.

Cycling through Cycling through the stagesthe stagesStage 1 is light sleep with slow brain Stage 1 is light sleep with slow brain waves.waves.

Stages 2 & 3 are more relaxed with Stages 2 & 3 are more relaxed with slower brain waves and no dreams.slower brain waves and no dreams.

Stage 4 is deep sleep.Stage 4 is deep sleep.

Dual Process Hypothesis of Dual Process Hypothesis of SleepSleep

• Two kinds of sleepTwo kinds of sleep– Non-REM (NREM) SleepNon-REM (NREM) Sleep

• Occurs during stages 1, 2, 3, and 4

– Rapid Eye Movement (REM):Rapid Eye Movement (REM): • EEG patterns resemble those waking• Associated with dreaming• Body is very still during REM sleep

– Cycle between both while sleepingCycle between both while sleeping

Dual Process Hypothesis of Dual Process Hypothesis of SleepSleep

• REM sleep and REM sleep and dreamingdreaming– People awakened during People awakened during

REM report dreaming 85% REM report dreaming 85% of time.of time.

– Dreams during REM have Dreams during REM have a more “dream-like” a more “dream-like” quality than those of quality than those of NREMNREM

– Imagery and Emotion Imagery and Emotion brain centers become brain centers become more active than in NREM more active than in NREM dreamsdreams

– Physical arousal occurs Physical arousal occurs during dreamingduring dreaming

– Body is stillBody is still

Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia

• Difficulty in getting to Difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep, or sleep or staying asleep, or waking earlywaking early

• Temporary insomniaTemporary insomnia– Brief period of Brief period of

sleeplessnesssleeplessness– Caused by worry, stress, Caused by worry, stress,

and excitement.and excitement.– Creates cycle of frustration Creates cycle of frustration – Avoid fighting it; EX: Read Avoid fighting it; EX: Read

a book until you’re a book until you’re struggling to stay awake.struggling to stay awake.

• Chronic insomniaChronic insomnia– Insomnia lasting more Insomnia lasting more

than three weeksthan three weeks

Sleep Disturbances: Sleep Disturbances: InsomniaInsomnia

• Behavioral Behavioral Remedies for Remedies for InsomniaInsomnia– Stimulus controlStimulus control– Sleep restrictionSleep restriction– Paradoxical Paradoxical

intentionintention– RelaxationRelaxation– ExerciseExercise– Controlling food Controlling food

intakeintake– Avoiding Avoiding

stimulantsstimulants

Sleep Disturbances: Sleepwalking, Sleeptalking, & Sleepsex

• Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): – Walking or wandering

while asleep– Occurs in NREM sleep

during Stages 3 and 4

• Sleeptalking: – Speaking while asleep– Occurs in NREM sleep

• Sleepsex– Sexsomnia

Sleep Disturbances:Sleep Disturbances:Nightmares & Night TerrorsNightmares & Night Terrors

• NightmareNightmare– Bad dreams Bad dreams – Occur during REM sleep Occur during REM sleep – Imagery rehearsal may Imagery rehearsal may

help eliminate nightmareshelp eliminate nightmares

• Night TerrorNight Terror– Total panic attack; Total panic attack;

hallucination of frightening hallucination of frightening imagesimages

– Occur during NREM (Stage Occur during NREM (Stage 4)4)

– Little of episode is Little of episode is remembered upon wakingremembered upon waking

Sleep Disturbances: Sleep Sleep Disturbances: Sleep ApneaApnea

• Interrupted breathing Interrupted breathing during sleepduring sleep– Breathing stops 20 Breathing stops 20

seconds – 2 minutesseconds – 2 minutes– Symptoms:Symptoms:

• Gasping or snortingGasping or snorting• Snoring loudly Snoring loudly • Gulping airGulping air

– Breathing may stop Breathing may stop and start hundreds and start hundreds of times per nightof times per night

Sleep Disturbances: Sleep Apnea

• Caused by – Disruption of

signals from brain to diaphragm

– Blockage of nasal passages

• Apnea can be treated by – Surgery– Weight loss– Breathing mask

Sleep Disturbances: Sleep Apnea

• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)– Also known as Crib

Death– Sudden, unexplained

death of healthy infant – SIDS babies have a

weak arousal reflex;• Prevents them from

changing positions and resuming breathing after an apnea episode

• Back sleeping is best position

Dreams • Most people dream 4-5 times

per night• Dreams are spaced

approximately 90 minutes apart

• First dream is about 10 minutes; last is about 30 minutes

• REM Rebound – Extra rapid eye movement sleep

following REM sleep deprivation

Theories of Theories of DreamsDreams

FreudFreudDreams represent unfulfilled wishes & reflect manifest & latent motives.They are expressions of primitive, amoral desires.

JungJungDreams are one way that the unconscious expresses itself. In dreams, this expression is archetypal and analogical. They can give you guidance toward individuation.What is the difference in how Freud and Jung would interpret this dream symbol ?

Theories of Theories of DreamsDreams

Activation-Activation-Synthesis TheorySynthesis TheoryDreams are the by-products of the Dreams are the by-products of the mind’s attempt to make sense of mind’s attempt to make sense of the spontaneous changes in the the spontaneous changes in the physiological activity generated by physiological activity generated by the pons during REM sleep.the pons during REM sleep.

The cerebral cortex is trying to The cerebral cortex is trying to make sense out of the random make sense out of the random electrical discharges coming from electrical discharges coming from the brain stem during REM sleep.the brain stem during REM sleep.

Theories of Dreams

Neurocognitive Neurocognitive (Information (Information Processing)TheorProcessing)TheoryyDreams are a “time-out” to decide Dreams are a “time-out” to decide which information dealt with during which information dealt with during the day should be filed in LTM.the day should be filed in LTM.Support comes from brain scans & Support comes from brain scans & through interfering with REM sleep.through interfering with REM sleep.Disrupting REM sleep disrupts the Disrupting REM sleep disrupts the memory & newly learned material.memory & newly learned material.Scans show that specific areas active Scans show that specific areas active during learning are also active during during learning are also active during dreams.dreams.

Theories of Dreams

Emotional Emotional Processing Processing TheoryTheoryDreams integrate emotionally Dreams integrate emotionally significant material into significant material into previous experiences.previous experiences.We work through emotional We work through emotional problems during dreaming.problems during dreaming.Dreams are an extension of Dreams are an extension of our waking life & deal with our waking life & deal with conscious concerns.conscious concerns.The limbic system is highly The limbic system is highly active during dreaming.active during dreaming.

Comparing Comparing Dream Dream TheoriesTheories

HypnosisHypnosisWhat is hypnosis?An altered state of An altered state of consciousness with consciousness with heightened heightened suggestibility.suggestibility.Mesmer & animal Mesmer & animal magnetism.magnetism.

It is NOT a state of sleep.It is NOT a state of sleep.

The EEG pattern is the The EEG pattern is the same as being awake.same as being awake.

The body is relaxed & the The body is relaxed & the mind is alert.mind is alert.

Hypnosis: TheoriesHypnosis: Theories

• State Theory State Theory (Hilgard)(Hilgard)– Hypnosis causes Hypnosis causes

dissociative state dissociative state or “split” in or “split” in awarenessawareness

• One part that acts as if One part that acts as if it is unaware of eventsit is unaware of events

• Hidden observerHidden observer– Detached part of Detached part of

hypnotized person’s hypnotized person’s awareness that awareness that silently observes silently observes eventsevents

Hypnosis: Theories• Nonstate

Theorists – Hypnosis is a blend

of conformity, relaxation, imagination, obedience, and role-playing

– Suggestions alter sensation, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, behaviors

Hypnotic Induction Hypnotic Induction ProceduresProcedures

AuthoritarianThe hypnotist orders the hypnosis.The hypnotist orders the hypnosis.Personality variables are important Personality variables are important here.here.

PermissiveHypnotist lets the subject do what Hypnotist lets the subject do what s/he wants to do.s/he wants to do.Wording is very important because the Wording is very important because the subject takes what is said literally.subject takes what is said literally.

Misconceptions about HypnosisMisconceptions about Hypnosis

You can be made to You can be made to do anything the do anything the hypnotist wants.hypnotist wants.You’re totally You’re totally unconscious.unconscious.You’ll fall over You’ll fall over because you’re so because you’re so relaxed.relaxed.You have to be in a You have to be in a really deep state for really deep state for suggestion to work.suggestion to work.You can be made to You can be made to go as deep as the go as deep as the hypnotist wants.hypnotist wants.

The hypnotist is in The hypnotist is in control of you.control of you.You can be made to You can be made to act like a chicken.act like a chicken.If you’re left alone If you’re left alone in hypnosis, you’ll in hypnosis, you’ll be stuck there for be stuck there for the rest of your life.the rest of your life.The hypnotist The hypnotist basically bores you basically bores you into hypnosis.into hypnosis.People who aren’t People who aren’t very bright make very bright make the best subject.the best subject.

MeditationMeditation• Mental exercise designed to Mental exercise designed to

produce relaxation or heightened produce relaxation or heightened awarenessawareness

• Focuses attentionFocuses attention• Interrupts typical flow of Interrupts typical flow of

thoughts, worries, and analysisthoughts, worries, and analysis• Daily use of meditation report Daily use of meditation report

less physical tension and anxietyless physical tension and anxiety

MeditationMeditationWhat is meditation?Directed Directed concentrationconcentrationIt’s focusing the It’s focusing the mind around a mind around a single thought, single thought, object, or activity object, or activity producing a state of producing a state of deep peacefulness deep peacefulness combined with a combined with a heightened sense of heightened sense of awareness.awareness.

Basic Meditation ProceduresBasic Meditation Procedures

Structured Structured MeditationsMeditationsCarefully defined Carefully defined in all its inner in all its inner activities & what activities & what you’re working you’re working toward.toward.Lotus Meditation Lotus Meditation & Breath & Breath Counting are Counting are examples.examples.

Unstructured Unstructured MeditationsMeditationsThere are different There are different purposes in these purposes in these meditations.meditations.You must think You must think about a subject & about a subject & stay with it & your stay with it & your feelings about it. feelings about it. The purpose is to The purpose is to loosen & free your loosen & free your personality personality structure in a structure in a particular area for particular area for growth in that area.growth in that area.

Types of Types of MeditationsMeditations

Path through the Path through the IntellectIntellectYou must first reach an intellectual You must first reach an intellectual understanding of the Physical & understanding of the Physical & Metaphysical Realities & the ways Metaphysical Realities & the ways these Realities perceive & relate to these Realities perceive & relate to the world.the world.

Then, through a series of Then, through a series of meditations, this understanding is meditations, this understanding is deepened & your personality deepened & your personality structure is strengthened.structure is strengthened.

Jnana Yoga & Chabad Chasidism

Types of Types of MeditationsMeditations

Path through the Path through the EmotionsEmotionsThe most widely used.The most widely used.Structured meditations loosen your Structured meditations loosen your feelings & expand your ability to feelings & expand your ability to relate to others, to care, & to love.relate to others, to care, & to love.The basic theory: the more free, The basic theory: the more free, untroubled, & complete you are, untroubled, & complete you are, the more you have overcome the the more you have overcome the cultural processes that stunt growth cultural processes that stunt growth & the better able you are in & the better able you are in relating to others.relating to others.You eventually learn there is no You eventually learn there is no separation between yourself and separation between yourself and the rest of the universe.the rest of the universe.Christian Monasticism & Bhakti Yoga

Types of Types of MeditationsMeditations

The Path through The Path through the Bodythe BodyYou become aware of your body & You become aware of your body & bodily movements & heighten this bodily movements & heighten this awareness through practice until awareness through practice until during the period of meditation, during the period of meditation, this awareness completely fills your this awareness completely fills your field of consciousness excluding all field of consciousness excluding all else.else.

Hatha Yoga, T’ai Ch’i, & the Hatha Yoga, T’ai Ch’i, & the Dervish dances of the SufiDervish dances of the Sufi

Types of Types of MeditationsMeditations

The Path of The Path of ActionActionYou learn how to “be” & to perceive & to relate to the world during the performance of a particular type of skill.

The long, hard practices of the discipline strengthens the personality.

The concentration is on the performance & nothing else.

The real goal is your growth as a person.

Zen Archery, Aikido, Karate, & Kung fu

The The PPlleeaassuurree CircuitCircuit

The DepressantsThe DepressantsAlcoholAlcohol# 1 Drug problem in the U.S.Binge drinking on campus is a “tradition”.Heavy, chronic use harms every organ in the body.The leading cause of liver & kidney disease.Leads to cardiovascular disease and sexual dysfunction.Destroys neurons and can lead to Korsakoff’s Syndrome.There are social problems associated with use.A complex syndrome combining social, personal, psychological and genetic mechanisms.

SPECT Scan of the Brain

The DepressantsThe DepressantsBarbituratesBarbiturates“Downers” “Sleeping Pills”General effects are similar to alcohol.Causes dependence.

OpiatesOpiatesChemically, they resemble the endorphins.Regular use leads to tolerance & can create physical dependence.Withdrawals include severe cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, & convulsive kicking.

SPECT Scan of the Brain

The StimulantsThe StimulantsCaffeineCaffeineIt is natural in coffee, tea, & cocoa, It is natural in coffee, tea, & cocoa, & used in many beverages & OTC & used in many beverages & OTC medications.medications.

Maintains wakefulness & alertness Maintains wakefulness & alertness but its effects are illusory.but its effects are illusory.

It interferes with many prescribed It interferes with many prescribed medications & aggravates side medications & aggravates side effects of many psychiatric drugs.effects of many psychiatric drugs.

The StimulantsThe StimulantsNicotineNicotineTheThe most dangerousmost dangerous & addictive& addictive drugdrug in use.in use.

4 ½ times4 ½ times more addictingmore addicting than than heroin.heroin.

Chemical properties similar toChemical properties similar to cocaine, amphetamines, & cocaine, amphetamines, & morphinemorphine..

Affects the neurotransmitters Affects the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine & serotonin.epinephrine & serotonin.

Withdrawals can continue for Withdrawals can continue for weeks & cravings can occur for weeks & cravings can occur for months & years.months & years.

SPECT Scan of the Brain

The StimulantsThe StimulantsAmphetaminesAmphetamines“Uppers”Resemble epinephrine.Relieves fatigue (“pep pill”).Suppresses the appetite.Increases alertness & gives feelings of competence & well-being.“Crash” produces exhaustion & depression.They are habit forming.High doses produce personality change, paranoia, homicidal & suicidal thoughts, & violent behavior.

Amphetamine psychosis resembles paranoid schizophrenia.

The StimulantsThe StimulantsMethamphetamine is a Methamphetamine is a powerful form of powerful form of amphetamine.amphetamine.Short-term recreational Short-term recreational use of methamphetamine use of methamphetamine destroys dopamine destroys dopamine receptors in the brain.receptors in the brain.High doses of High doses of methamphetamine methamphetamine damages axon terminals damages axon terminals with dopamine & with dopamine & serotonin neurons.serotonin neurons.

SPECT Scan of the Brain

The StimulantsThe StimulantsCocaineCocainePopular at the turn of the 20Popular at the turn of the 20thth century in many OTC drugs.century in many OTC drugs.

Was cheap & became expensive in Was cheap & became expensive in the 1970s.the 1970s.

Blocks the reabsorption of Blocks the reabsorption of dopamine making the high longer dopamine making the high longer & more intense.& more intense.

SPECT Scan of the Brain

PPssyycchheeddeelliiccssLSD, psilocybin, LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, mescaline, peyote, & PCPpeyote, & PCPCauses shifts in perception.

Used by shamans in natural forms.

LSD was synthesized in 1943 from psilocybin.

Predrug personality is important as to the outcome.

There are no withdrawals, but a tolerance is built up.

MarijuanaMarijuanaGenerally Generally classified as an classified as an hallucinogenhallucinogenMost frequently used illegal drug in the U.S. & 4th most popular with students.Slightly hallucinogenic.Taken mainly for its relaxing qualities.Has physiological effects & does damage to the respiratory & cardiovascular system.It is 16 X more carcinogenic than tobacco.

SPECT Scan of the Brain

EEccssttaassy y (MDMA)(MDMA)

Main Effects:Inhibits serotonin reuptake thusinducing release of serotonin &induces release of dopamine

Early studies Early studies indicated Ecstasy indicated Ecstasy destroyed destroyed dopamine dopamine receptors.receptors.Ecstasy actually affects serotonin receptors.Not known if the affect is permanent.

Studies Studies RetractedRetractedAccidentally, methamphetamine was injected instead of MDMA.Most of those who died while on MDMA were also taking other drugs.

Explaining Abuse & Explaining Abuse & AddictionAddiction

3 Main Factors3 Main Factors1. Biological FactorsGenetic predispositions

Inheritance of personality factors & the body’s ability to tolerate the drug.

2. Psychological FactorsLearning processes in the family (e.g. handling of stressful situations).

Expectations of feeling better.

Attitudes & beliefs about drugs, alcohol, etc.

3. Socio-culture FactorsThe social & cultural setting itself.

The culture’s view of certain drugs.

SPECT Scan of the Brain