20100524100502Topik 3 - Homo Sapien Dan Erektus

8/18/2019 20100524100502Topik 3 - Homo Sapien Dan Erektus

1/86

LSA 1043LSA 1043

Topik 3Topik 3


2/86


3/86

Homo Sapiens-SapiensHomo Sapiens-Sapiens


4/86

PhuketPhuket


5/86


6/86

Homo SapiensHomo Sapiens

Broken Hill, ZambiaBroken Hill, Zambia


7/86

ComparisonComparison

Homo Sapiens andHomo Sapiens and

Homo ErektusHomo Erektus


8/86

ComparisonComparison


9/86

Ardipithecus Ramidus Ardipithecus Ramidus

Tim White described theTim White described the Ardipithecus Ardipithecusramidusramidus in 1994, after he found the firstin 1994, after he found the firstremains in Ethiopia in 199!1"# Theseremains in Ethiopia in 199!1"# Thesefossils ha$e been estimated to be about %#&fossils ha$e been estimated to be about %#&million 'ears old!"# Whole skeletons ha$emillion 'ears old!"# Whole skeletons ha$enot been found, but cranial bones as (ellnot been found, but cranial bones as (ellas molars (ere reco$ered# These remainsas molars (ere reco$ered# These remains

ha$e )reatl' helped in reconstructin) theha$e )reatl' helped in reconstructin) theli$in) habits of these primiti$e bein)s!1"#li$in) habits of these primiti$e bein)s!1"#The teeth are $er' primiti$e in appearanceThe teeth are $er' primiti$e in appearance!as can be seen in the picture to the ri)ht",!as can be seen in the picture to the ri)ht",(hich led the scientists to belie$e that(hich led the scientists to belie$e thatthese people (ere the first of the human*these people (ere the first of the human*kind to branch from the chimpan+ees!3"#kind to branch from the chimpan+ees!3"#Based off of other fossil remains foundBased off of other fossil remains found

(ith the rdipithecus ramidus, it is also(ith the rdipithecus ramidus, it is also belie$ed that the' inhabited (ood'* belie$ed that the' inhabited (ood'*forested areas!4"#forested areas!4"#

-i.umpai 199# berusia %#& .uta th dahulu,-i.umpai 199# berusia %#& .uta th dahulu,)i)i 'an) ditemui bersifat primitif,)i)i 'an) ditemui bersifat primitif,diperca'ai .enis manusia pertama daripadadiperca'ai .enis manusia pertama daripadacaban) cimpan+e, tin))al di ka(asancaban) cimpan+e, tin))al di ka(asanhutan berpokok#hutan berpokok#

http://www.humanevolution.f2s.com/ramidus.html


10/86

Australopithecus Anamensis Australopithecus Anamensis

TheThe Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus anamensis continued to holdcontinued to holdsome primiti$e characteristics, but also be)an tosome primiti$e characteristics, but also be)an to possess some human characteristics as (ell# The skull possess some human characteristics as (ell# The skullcontinued to be e/ceptionall' primiti$e, (hile the bod'continued to be e/ceptionall' primiti$e, (hile the bod'(as be)innin) to become more human*like!1"# The(as be)innin) to become more human*like!1"# Thehumorous bone in the arm (as especiall' human*like#humorous bone in the arm (as especiall' human*like# lar)e tibia bone found also lead to the conclusion lar)e tibia bone found also lead to the conclusionthat this species (alked on t(o feet!"# lthou)h thisthat this species (alked on t(o feet!"# lthou)h thisspecies (as bipedal, it (as also belie$ed to spendspecies (as bipedal, it (as also belie$ed to spendmuch of its time in trees as (ell# The teeth (ere alsomuch of its time in trees as (ell# The teeth (ere alsomuch different than in themuch different than in the Ardipithecus Ardipithecus ramidusramidus # The# The

postcanine teeth (ere found to be lar)er and the postcanine teeth (ere found to be lar)er and theenamel (as thicker than in pre$ious remains foundenamel (as thicker than in pre$ious remains found!lo(er mandible .a( on ri)ht"!3"# 0lashin) opinions!lo(er mandible .a( on ri)ht"!3"# 0lashin) opinionsha$e arisen on the differences bet(een theha$e arisen on the differences bet(een the

Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus anamensis and the and the Australopithecus Australopithecus afarensisafarensis# positi$e difference (ill not be declared# positi$e difference (ill not be declareduntil more remains are unco$ered on this species#until more remains are unco$ered on this species#

eneruskan ciri*ciri primitif tetapi dah ada sedikit ciri*eneruskan ciri*ciri primitif tetapi dah ada sedikit ciri*

ciri manusia# Ten)korak masih primitif tetapi badanciri manusia# Ten)korak masih primitif tetapi badanmula berubah seperti manusia terutama baha)ianmula berubah seperti manusia terutama baha)iantan)an, tulan) tibia 'an) lebar*ber.alan dua kaki tetapitan)an, tulan) tibia 'an) lebar*ber.alan dua kaki tetapimasih ban'ak masa di atas pokok# 2i)in'a berbe+a d)nmasih ban'ak masa di atas pokok# 2i)in'a berbe+a d)n#amidus*lebih besar# asih ban'ak pertikaian##amidus*lebih besar# asih ban'ak pertikaian#

http://www.msu.edu/~robin400/ramidus.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/ramidus.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/ramidus.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/ramidus.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.htmlhttp://www.humanevolution.f2s.com/kp29281.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/ramidus.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/ramidus.html


11/86

This particular species is special for the almostThis particular species is special for the almostcomplete 3# million*'ear old skeleton found b'complete 3# million*'ear old skeleton found b'-onald ohanson in 1953!1"# The skeleton6s-onald ohanson in 1953!1"# The skeleton6sname is 78uc',7 !picture to the ri)ht" and hasname is 78uc',7 !picture to the ri)ht" and has

been $er' important in helpin) us understand the been $er' important in helpin) us understand the people of the past# The skull still closel' people of the past# The skull still closel'resembles primate ancestors, but the teeth areresembles primate ancestors, but the teeth arelar)er and the casin) around the brain is sli)htl'lar)er and the casin) around the brain is sli)htl'

smaller, (hich sho(s more human*likesmaller, (hich sho(s more human*likecharacteristics!"# The fin)ers and toes of thischaracteristics!"# The fin)ers and toes of thisspecies (ere also lon)er and cur$ed more thanspecies (ere also lon)er and cur$ed more thanthe modern humans, (hich su))ests that thesethe modern humans, (hich su))ests that these

people climbed trees for food as (ell as people climbed trees for food as (ell as protection!3"# The protection!3"# The pel$is bones and le) bones pel$is bones and le) bones inin particular are also much more similar to modern particular are also much more similar to modernda' humans than chimpan+ees# ales (ereda' humans than chimpan+ees# ales (ere)enerall' lar)er than females and ran)ed from)enerall' lar)er than females and ran)ed fromabout 15 cm !36:7 " to 1% cm !%67 "!4"#about 15 cm !36:7 " to 1% cm !%67 "!4"#Besides fruit, this species is also thou)ht to ha$eBesides fruit, this species is also thou)ht to ha$eeaten a small amount of meat as (ell# This meateaten a small amount of meat as (ell# This meatma' ha$e resulted from the findin) of a pre$iousma' ha$e resulted from the findin) of a pre$iouskillin) or possible killin) out of defense!%"#killin) or possible killin) out of defense!%"#

http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/palette/100/pelvis.gifhttp://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/palette/100/pelvis.gifhttp://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/7397/australopithecus_afarensis.htmlhttp://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/palette/100/pelvis.gif


12/86

TheThe Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus africanus held man'held man'similarities to similarities to Australopithecus Australopithecus afarensisafarensis, but, bute$ol$ed to ha$e some differences as (ell# ;nee$ol$ed to ha$e some differences as (ell# ;neof the best*kno(n skulls disco$ered (as foundof the best*kno(n skulls disco$ered (as found

b' a'mond -art in 19%# The skull is often b' a'mond -art in 19%# The skull is oftencalled the Taun) 0hild for -art found it in Taun)called the Taun) 0hild for -art found it in Taun)South frica!1"# The brain (as a little lar)erSouth frica!1"# The brain (as a little lar)erthan pre$ious remains, but still not thou)ht to bethan pre$ious remains, but still not thou)ht to be

capable of speech!"# The ma.orit' of the braincapable of speech!"# The ma.orit' of the brain(as preser$ed b' natural limestone (hich(as preser$ed b' natural limestone (hichformed an endocast and enabled paleontolo)istsformed an endocast and enabled paleontolo)iststo stud' it!3"# The teeth (ere also different fromto stud' it!3"# The teeth (ere also different fromthe pre$ious species# The canine teeth (erethe pre$ious species# The canine teeth (eresmaller as the molars )re( to be sli)htl' lar)er#smaller as the molars )re( to be sli)htl' lar)er#These characteristics combined (ith the (earThese characteristics combined (ith the (earfound on the reco$ered teeth lead scientists andfound on the reco$ered teeth lead scientists andanthropolo)ists to belie$e that theanthropolo)ists to belie$e that the

Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus africanus ate mostl' folia)eate mostl' folia)eand fruit!4"# Theand fruit!4"# The teeth and .a( formationteeth and .a( formation are stillare stillfar from the modern human6s bone structure, butfar from the modern human6s bone structure, butthe' are more similar to the modern human thanthe' are more similar to the modern human thanthe chimps at this point!%"# The bod' structurethe chimps at this point!%"# The bod' structurestill remained small and onl' sli)htl' built!1"#still remained small and onl' sli)htl' built!1"#

http://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.htmlhttp://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/palette/100/jaws.gifhttp://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/palette/100/jaws.gifhttp://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/8932/africanus.htmlhttp://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/palette/100/jaws.gifhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/afarensis.html


13/86

The species name 7robustus7 (as chosenThe species name 7robustus7 (as chosento describe the skull, .a(, and teeth, (hichto describe the skull, .a(, and teeth, (hich(ere much more dense and thicker than(ere much more dense and thicker than(hat (as seen in pre$ious species!1"#(hat (as seen in pre$ious species!1"#There (ere also man' more rid)es andThere (ere also man' more rid)es andcrests located on the skull!"#


14/86

ar' 8eake' (as the first person to find this t'pe of species in 19%9#ar' 8eake' (as the first person to find this t'pe of species in 19%9#ost of these remains ha$e been found spread o$er East frica!1"#ost of these remains ha$e been found spread o$er East frica!1"#The The Australopithecus Australopithecus robustusrobustus and theand the Australopithecus boisei Australopithecus boisei areare$er' similar to each other and are thou)ht to ha$e descended from$er' similar to each other and are thou)ht to ha$e descended fromthethe Australopithecus aethiopicus Australopithecus aethiopicus# ;ther scientists belie$e that the# ;ther scientists belie$e that the

Australopithecus robustus Australopithecus robustus e$ol$ed from e$ol$ed from Australopithecus Australopithecus africanusafricanus instead!"# The distinct characteristics of this species are its $er'instead!"# The distinct characteristics of this species are its $er'lar)e teeth as (ell as its thickened skull# This find (as $er'lar)e teeth as (ell as its thickened skull# This find (as $er'important in the histor' of paleontolo)' for it cleared up man'important in the histor' of paleontolo)' for it cleared up man'=uestions on ilford Wilpoff6s h'pothesis called the 7Sin)le Species=uestions on ilford Wilpoff6s h'pothesis called the 7Sin)le SpeciesH'pothesis7# This idea states that e$er' niche in nature can onl'H'pothesis7# This idea states that e$er' niche in nature can onl'support one species# When more than one species occupies a specificsupport one species# When more than one species occupies a specific

niche competition arises until one species completel' o$erpo(ers theniche competition arises until one species completel' o$erpo(ers theother!3"# Wilpoff belie$ed that if different hominids came intoother!3"# Wilpoff belie$ed that if different hominids came intocontact (ith each other in the (ild the' (ould naturall' start to actcontact (ith each other in the (ild the' (ould naturall' start to actlike each other> therefore, not be able to occup' the same niche# Thelike each other> therefore, not be able to occup' the same niche# Theresults of this situation (ould $ar' (here either one of the speciesresults of this situation (ould $ar' (here either one of the species(ould be o$erpo(ered, or ne( species (ould not be able to e$ol$e(ould be o$erpo(ered, or ne( species (ould not be able to e$ol$edue to the competition#


15/86

The )enus Homo follo(ed the ustralopithecus, (here aThe )enus Homo follo(ed the ustralopithecus, (here a)reat amount of brain e/pansion (as obser$ed!1"# The)reat amount of brain e/pansion (as obser$ed!1"# The

belie$ed tool makin) capabilities of this particular belie$ed tool makin) capabilities of this particularspecies is the reasonin) behind its species name ofspecies is the reasonin) behind its species name of77habilishabilis,7 (hich means 7hand' man#7 Specific,7 (hich means 7hand' man#7 Specificcharacteristics of this species continue to be =uite $a)uecharacteristics of this species continue to be =uite $a)uefor man' different traits make up this broad )roup# ;nefor man' different traits make up this broad )roup# ;ne

problem that is still present (ith this classification is if problem that is still present (ith this classification is ifthe speciesthe species Homo habilis Homo habilis is too $a)ue to classif' as onl'is too $a)ue to classif' as onl'one species# Bernard Wood belie$es that theone species# Bernard Wood belie$es that the Homo Homo

habilishabilis species should be broken up into t(o differentspecies should be broken up into t(o different)roups?)roups? Homo habilis Homo habilis andand Homo rudolfensis Homo rudolfensis# @eople (ho# @eople (hooppose this ar)ument =uestion (hat en$ironmentoppose this ar)ument =uestion (hat en$ironment

processes (ere occurrin) to cause these chan)es!1"# processes (ere occurrin) to cause these chan)es!1"#Some )eneral characteristics of the homo habilis are theSome )eneral characteristics of the homo habilis are the

back teeth, (hich on a$era)e are smaller than the teeth back teeth, (hich on a$era)e are smaller than the teethfound in the found in the Australopithecus Australopithecus boiseiboisei !picture to the ri)ht"#!picture to the ri)ht"#The brain, on the other hand, is much lar)er!Hominid"#The brain, on the other hand, is much lar)er!Hominid"#This species (as still relati$el' short (ith the a$era)eThis species (as still relati$el' short (ith the a$era)emale hei)ht bein) around %6 tall and (ei)hin) about 1male hei)ht bein) around %6 tall and (ei)hin) about 1

pounds!"# ;ne brain cast also sho(s a bul)e in Brocca6s pounds!"# ;ne brain cast also sho(s a bul)e in Brocca6s

area, (hich is essential for speech> therefore, the Homoarea, (hich is essential for speech> therefore, the Homohabilis ma' ha$e been capable of speech at this point inhabilis ma' ha$e been capable of speech at this point intime!3"# The hand )rip is also thou)ht to be $er' precisetime!3"# The hand )rip is also thou)ht to be $er' preciseand the len)th of the fin)ers shortened sli)htl', (hichand the len)th of the fin)ers shortened sli)htl', (hichsupports the idea of tool makin) amon) this species!4"#supports the idea of tool makin) amon) this species!4"#

http://www.msu.edu/~robin400/boisei.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/boisei.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/boisei.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/boisei.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/boisei.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/boisei.htmlhttp://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/oh7.htmlhttp://www.archaeologyinfo.com/er1813.htmhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/boisei.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/boisei.html


16/86


17/86

Homo Sapiens ArchaicHomo Sapiens Archaic

Homo sapiens (archaic) Homo sapiens (archaic) are also kno(n asare also kno(n as Homo Homoheidelbergensisheidelbergensis # emains from this space ha$e been# emains from this space ha$e beenfound in a $ariet' of places startin) from 2erman' tofound in a $ariet' of places startin) from 2erman' toBodo, frica, and e$en in inniushan, sia !1"# TheirBodo, frica, and e$en in inniushan, sia !1"# Their

brain si+e increased and their skull encasin) also became brain si+e increased and their skull encasin) also becamemore rounded than the skull of the more rounded than the skull of the Homo erectus Homo erectus!"# The!"# Theskeleton and teeth are )enerall' less thick and dense, butskeleton and teeth are )enerall' less thick and dense, butthere are still lar)e bro( rid)es present!3"# The' also hadthere are still lar)e bro( rid)es present!3"# The' also hada much steeper forehead than pre$ious species, (hicha much steeper forehead than pre$ious species, (hichhints that the brain itself had more emphasis on thehints that the brain itself had more emphasis on the

forebrain !1"# This is a $er' interestin) obser$ation forforebrain !1"# This is a $er' interestin) obser$ation forthis sector of the brain is responsible for plannin) andthis sector of the brain is responsible for plannin) andreasonin), mo$ements of limbs, speech, as (ell as socialreasonin), mo$ements of limbs, speech, as (ell as socialconduct, (hich modern da' humans are much moreconduct, (hich modern da' humans are much moread$anced in !1"#ad$anced in !1"#

The social life of theThe social life of the Homo sapien (archaic) Homo sapien (archaic) is still =uiteis still =uite$a)ue for not man' clues ha$e been found at this point#$a)ue for not man' clues ha$e been found at this point#The ad$ancement of tools (as seen, especiall' theThe ad$ancement of tools (as seen, especiall' the

presence of the hand a/e!4"# Weapons (ere also found, presence of the hand a/e!4"# Weapons (ere also found,(hich sho(s that the huntin) st'le of life (as more(hich sho(s that the huntin) st'le of life (as more

pre$alent, and meat (as a hi)her percent of their diet# pre$alent, and meat (as a hi)her percent of their diet#Hopefull', more clues (ill sho( up as additional remainsHopefull', more clues (ill sho( up as additional remainsare found#are found#

http://www.msu.edu/~robin400/erectus.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/erectus.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/erectus.htmlhttp://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/palette/100/brokenhillarchsap.jpghttp://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/palette/100/brokenhillarchsap.jpghttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/erectus.html


18/86

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

TheThe Homo sapiens neanderthalensis Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (ere present durin)(ere present durin)the end of the ho(e$er, these pollen buried alon) (ith the bodies> ho(e$er, these pollenfra)ments could also be due to rodents and otherfra)ments could also be due to rodents and othersca$en)ers as the' $isited the dead bodies#


19/86

TheThe Homo sapiens (modern) Homo sapiens (modern), also kno(n as, also kno(n as Homo sapiens sapiens Homo sapiens sapiens, are the most ad$anced of, are the most ad$anced ofall the Hominid species# rchaic traits disappearall the Hominid species# rchaic traits disappearas their brain becomes more round and theiras their brain becomes more round and theirforehead much steeper# Their e'ebro( rid)es areforehead much steeper# Their e'ebro( rid)es aremuch smaller than in the past, and the chin ismuch smaller than in the past, and the chin isalso much more prominent!1"# ;$er the pastalso much more prominent!1"# ;$er the past1, 'ears, trends can still be seen in a1, 'ears, trends can still be seen in a

decrease in molar si+e as (ell as a decrease indecrease in molar si+e as (ell as a decrease inrobustness!1"# Tools also became much morerobustness!1"# Tools also became much moredetailed as the' (ere made out of i$or', bones,detailed as the' (ere made out of i$or', bones,antlers, and (ood# There is e$idence of bi) )ameantlers, and (ood# There is e$idence of bi) )amehuntin) as buffalo remains ha$e been found (ithhuntin) as buffalo remains ha$e been found (iththese fossils# These people (ere also capable ofthese fossils# These people (ere also capable of

buildin) ad$anced shelters usin) (ool' buildin) ad$anced shelters usin) (ool'mammoth fur and $arious animal bones andmammoth fur and $arious animal bones and(ood to support the bottom# rt(ork has also(ood to support the bottom# rt(ork has also

been found on ca$e (alls and animal bones !"# been found on ca$e (alls and animal bones !"#

an' pictures include animals such as horsesan' pictures include animals such as horsesand deer# an' transitions ha$e taken place forand deer# an' transitions ha$e taken place forthe Hominid species to )o from the Hominid species to )o from Ardipithecus Ardipithecus ramidusramidus toto Homo sapiens Sapiens Homo sapiens Sapiens of toda'#of toda'#

http://www.msu.edu/~robin400/ramidus.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/ramidus.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/ramidus.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/ramidus.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/ramidus.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/ramidus.htmlhttp://www.msu.edu/~robin400/ramidus.html


20/86

Time lineTime line


21/86

The Evolution ?The Evolution ?


22/86

Homo Sapiens SapiensHomo Sapiens Sapiens


23/86


24/86

Cont!Cont!

15 different specimens (ere found (ith man' bones15 different specimens (ere found (ith man' bones present# These specimens included part of a child6s present# These specimens included part of a child6smandible, some isolated teeth, a fra)ment of basi*mandible, some isolated teeth, a fra)ment of basi*cranium, and three bones of a left arm of a sin)lecranium, and three bones of a left arm of a sin)le

indi$idual# ;n the ri)ht an ima)e is sho(n of the upperindi$idual# ;n the ri)ht an ima)e is sho(n of the upperri)ht third molar (hich the' found on the site#ri)ht third molar (hich the' found on the site#Ho(e$er, it cannot be told (hether this member of theHo(e$er, it cannot be told (hether this member of thehominid famil' (as bipedal as all hip*bones andhominid famil' (as bipedal as all hip*bones andfemurs (ere missin)#


25/86

Cont!Cont!


26/86


27/86


28/86

Australopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus anamensis

This hominine species (as disco$ered in 1994 b'This hominine species (as disco$ered in 1994 b'

ae$e 8eake'ae$e 8eake' inin anapoianapoi and and lliallia Ba'Ba', situated in, situated in

Aorth en'a#


29/86


30/86

Cont#Cont#

Aature 199%>35:? p# %:%*%5135:? p# %:%*%51


31/86

Cont#Cont#


32/86

Australopithecus a$arensisAustralopithecus a$arensis

Dntil recentl', the earliest kno(n hominine for (hichDntil recentl', the earliest kno(n hominine for (hichsufficient dia)nostic anatomical e$idence (as a$ailable (assufficient dia)nostic anatomical e$idence (as a$ailable (as

Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus afarensis, fossils of (hich ha$e been found, fossils of (hich ha$e been foundinin Ethiopia, Tan+ania, and en'aEthiopia, Tan+ania, and en'a, and most of (hich date, and most of (hich date

bet(een #9 and 3#9 million 'ears# Ae( finds of fossils as old bet(een #9 and 3#9 million 'ears# Ae( finds of fossils as oldor older thanor older than A. afarensis A. afarensis ha$e been made in Ethiopia, en'a,ha$e been made in Ethiopia, en'a,and 0had# These speciments, (hich are sufficientl' differentand 0had# These speciments, (hich are sufficientl' differentfromfrom A. afarensis A. afarensis to ha$e been named a ne( species, includeto ha$e been named a ne( species, includethe follo(in)? the follo(in)? Ardipithecus Ardipithecus ramidusramidus from Ethiopia, dated atfrom Ethiopia, dated at

4#4 million 'ears> 4#4 million 'ears> Australopithecus Australopithecus anamensisanamensis from en'a,from en'a,(ith an a)e ran)e of 4# to 3#9 million 'ears> and(ith an a)e ran)e of 4# to 3#9 million 'ears> and

Australopithecus bahrelgha%ali Australopithecus bahrelgha%ali from 0had, (ith an a)efrom 0had, (ith an a)eestimate of 3 to 3#% million 'ears#estimate of 3 to 3#% million 'ears#

http://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/findings.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/findings.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aramidus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aramidus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aramidus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aramidus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aramidus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aanamensis.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aanamensis.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aanamensis.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aanamensis.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aanamensis.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aanamensis.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aanamensis.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aramidus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aramidus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/findings.html


33/86

Cont#Cont#

The firstThe first afarensisafarensis fossils (ere found in the midfossils (ere found in the mid195s# Their initial interpretation (as contro$ersial195s# Their initial interpretation (as contro$ersialand remains so toda', albeit to a lesser de)ree# Whileand remains so toda', albeit to a lesser de)ree# Whileman' anthropolo)ists accept that the multitude ofman' anthropolo)ists accept that the multitude offossil specimens that ha$e been attributed tofossil specimens that ha$e been attributed to afarensisafarensis do indeed represent a sin)le, se/uall' dimorphicdo indeed represent a sin)le, se/uall' dimorphicspecies, others belie$e that the fossils belon) to t(o,species, others belie$e that the fossils belon) to t(o,and perhaps more, species# Cor a lon) timeand perhaps more, species# Cor a lon) time afarensisafarensis

(as assumed to ha$e represented the foundin)(as assumed to ha$e represented the foundin)species of the hominine clade and the ancestor of allspecies of the hominine clade and the ancestor of alllater species#later species#


34/86

Cont#Cont#

The Ethiopian hominine fossils (ere first found in theThe Ethiopian hominine fossils (ere first found in themid*195s in the Hadar re)ion of that countr', b' anmid*195s in the Hadar re)ion of that countr', b' aninternational team led b'international team led b' -onald -onald ohansonohanson, of the, of the in addition, remains of

13 indi$iduals (ere found at a sin)le site and (ere13 indi$iduals (ere found at a sin)le site and (eresubse=uentl' dubbed the Cirst Camil'#


35/86

Work continued in the re)ion until the earl'Work continued in the re)ion until the earl'

19&s, but (as then suspended for almost a19&s, but (as then suspended for almost a

decade# ecent prospectin) in Hadar b'decade# ecent prospectin) in Hadar b'

ohanson and his collea)ues at


36/86


37/86

ohanson and White describedohanson and White described A. afarensis A. afarensis as bein)as bein)much more primiti$e than other kno(n hominies,much more primiti$e than other kno(n hominies,(ith a stron)l' apelike appearance abo$e the neck(ith a stron)l' apelike appearance abo$e the neckand a stronl' humanlike form belo( the neck> asand a stronl' humanlike form belo( the neck> asha$in) e/treme se/ual dimorphism in bod' si+eha$in) e/treme se/ual dimorphism in bod' si+e!males lar)er than females"> and as bein) ancestral to!males lar)er than females"> and as bein) ancestral toall later hominines#all later hominines#

This table sho(s the main morpholo)ical differencesThis table sho(s the main morpholo)ical differences bet(een the t(o main members of the so*called bet(een the t(o main members of the so*called7)racile7 ustralopithecine famil'>7)racile7 ustralopithecine famil'> Australopithecus Australopithecusafarensisafarensis andand Australopithecus Australopithecus africanusafricanus##

http://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aafricanus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aafricanus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aafricanus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aafricanus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aafricanus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aafricanus.html


38/86

Cont#Cont#

A. afarensisA. africanus A. afarensisA. africanusHei)htHei)ht1# * 1#% metres1#1 * 1#41# * 1#% metres1#1 * 1#4metresmetresWei)htWei)ht3 * 5 k)3 * : k)3 * 5 k)3 * : k)0ranial olume0ranial olume4 * %4 * %cc4 * % cccc4 * % ccno(n -ateno(n -ate4# * #% million 'ears a)o3# * #%4# * #% million 'ears a)o3# * #%million 'ears a)omillion 'ears a)o-istribution-istributionEastern fricaSouthernEastern fricaSouthernfricafrica@h'si=ue@h'si=ue8i)ht build> some ape*like features8i)ht build>8i)ht build> some ape*like features8i)ht build>

probabl' relati$el' lon) arms> more 7human7 features probabl' relati$el' lon) arms> more 7human7 featuresSkullSkullformform8o(, flat forehead> pro.ectin) face> prominent bro(8o(, flat forehead> pro.ectin) face> prominent bro(rid)esHi)her forehead> shorter face> bro( rid)es lessrid)esHi)her forehead> shorter face> bro( rid)es less prominent prominenta(sFTeetha(sFTeethelati$el' lar)e incisors and canines> )apelati$el' lar)e incisors and canines> )ap bet(een upper incisors and canines> moderate*si+ed bet(een upper incisors and canines> moderate*si+edmolarsSmall incisor*like canines> no )ap bet(een uppermolarsSmall incisor*like canines> no )ap bet(een upper

incisors and canines> lar)er molarsincisors and canines> lar)er molarsSe/ual -imorphismSe/ual -imor phismarkedarkedto moderate@robabl' less thanto moderate@robabl' less than A. afarensis A. afarensis

eference? ohanson, -0, White, T-#eference? ohanson, -0, White, T-# A s"stematic assessment A s"stematic assessmentof earl" African hominids.of earl" African hominids. Science 1959> 3, p# 31*33#Science 1959> 3, p# 31*33#


39/86

n ustralian anatomist at the Dni$ersit' of then ustralian anatomist at the Dni$ersit' of theWit(atersrand, ohannesbur), South frica, namedWit(atersrand, ohannesbur), South frica, nameda'mond -arta'mond -art, disco$ered the first australopithecine, disco$ered the first australopithecinein Ao$ember 194 and published his interpretation ofin Ao$ember 194 and published his interpretation ofit in the .ournalit in the .ournal Nature Nature in Cebruar' 19%# The fossilin Cebruar' 19%# The fossil(as that of an immature apelike indi$idual and (as(as that of an immature apelike indi$idual and (asfound at a lime =uarr' atfound at a lime =uarr' at Taun)Taun), south(est of, south(est ofohannesbur)# The fossil e/isted of the face, part ofohannesbur)# The fossil e/isted of the face, part of

the cranium, the complete lo(er .a( and a brainthe cranium, the complete lo(er .a( and a brainendocast, formed (hen sand inside the skull hardenedendocast, formed (hen sand inside the skull hardenedto rock, recordin) the shape of the brain#to rock, recordin) the shape of the brain#

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/rdart.htmlhttp://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/rdart.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/findings.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/findings.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/findings.htmlhttp://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/rdart.html


40/86


41/86


42/86


43/86

http://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/sitemap.nvm


44/86

This cranium, kno(n locall' as the 7black skull7, (as surprisin)This cranium, kno(n locall' as the 7black skull7, (as surprisin)not onl' because of its )reat a)e but also because it contained annot onl' because of its )reat a)e but also because it contained anune/pected combination of anatomical characteristics# lthou)hune/pected combination of anatomical characteristics# lthou)hthe face (as distinctl' like that of that most robust of robustthe face (as distinctl' like that of that most robust of robustaustralopithecines, australopithecines, Australopithecus Australopithecus boiseiboisei, the cranium G, the cranium G particularl' the top and back G (as not? it (as similar to that of particularl' the top and back G (as not? it (as similar to that of Australopithecus Australopithecus afarensisafarensis # Such an anatomical combination# Such an anatomical combinationsurprised most people, and reminded us that hominine biolo)' ofsurprised most people, and reminded us that hominine biolo)' of3 to million 'ears a)o (as more complicated than current3 to million 'ears a)o (as more complicated than currenth'potheses ha$e allo(ed#h'potheses ha$e allo(ed#

eference? Walker # et al#eference? Walker # et al# &.'!M"r Australopithecus boisei from&.'!M"r Australopithecus boisei fromwest of ake urkana, #en"awest of ake urkana, #en"a # Aature 19&:, 3? p# %15*%## Aature 19&:, 3? p# %15*%#

http://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aafarensis.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aafarensis.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aafarensis.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aafarensis.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aafarensis.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aafarensis.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.html


45/86

Australopithecus %oiseiAustralopithecus %oisei


46/86


47/86

Australopithecus ro%ustusAustralopithecus ro%ustus


48/86

Homo Ha%ilisHomo Ha%ilis

The earl' disco$eries of earl' hominid fossils (ereThe earl' disco$eries of earl' hominid fossils (ere

made atmade at ;ldu$ai 2or)e;ldu$ai 2or)e, b' the, b' the 8eake's8eake's# Aot lon)# Aot lon)

afterafter ar' 8eake'ar' 8eake' had found had found Australopithecus Australopithecus boiseiboisei,,

8ouis 8eake'8ouis 8eake' found found fossils (hich he thou)htfound found fossils (hich he thou)ht(ere the makers of the stone tools found in the )or)e#(ere the makers of the stone tools found in the )or)e#

t first he had attributedt first he had attributed Australopithecus boisei Australopithecus boisei (ith(ith

the stone artifacts disco$ered in the )or)e, but (henthe stone artifacts disco$ered in the )or)e, but (hen

the hominid fossils (ere finall' found, hethe hominid fossils (ere finall' found, heimmediatel' realised that this (as not the case#immediatel' realised that this (as not the case#

http://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/findings.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/findings.htmlhttp://www.leakeyfoundation.org/http://www.leakeyfoundation.org/http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/mleakey.htmlhttp://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/mleakey.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/lleakey.htmlhttp://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/lleakey.htmlhttp://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/lleakey.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/mleakey.htmlhttp://www.leakeyfoundation.org/http://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/findings.html


49/86

The fossils (ere thou)ht to be sli)htl' older thanThe fossils (ere thou)ht to be sli)htl' older than Australopithecus boisei Australopithecus boisei !about 1#5% million 'ears"!about 1#5% million 'ears"and in addition, the teeth (ere smaller and the brainand in addition, the teeth (ere smaller and the brain(as calculated to be si)nificantl' lar)er# 8ouis(as calculated to be si)nificantl' lar)er# 8ouis8eake' became con$inced that these fossils (ere in8eake' became con$inced that these fossils (ere infact the ancestors of modern humans#


50/86

series of anatomical characters is to be series of anatomical characters is to be

found uni=uel' infound uni=uel' in Homo Homo G for e/ample, an G for e/ample, an

increase in cranial $ault hei)ht and thickness,increase in cranial $ault hei)ht and thickness,

reduced lo(er facial pro)nathism, andreduced lo(er facial pro)nathism, andreduction in the si+e of premolars and molarsreduction in the si+e of premolars and molars

and the len)th of the molar ro( G but (hat hasand the len)th of the molar ro( G but (hat has

al(a's stood out the most is brain si+e#al(a's stood out the most is brain si+e#


51/86


52/86


53/86

There is no( a )eneral a)reement that t(o species ofThere is no( a )eneral a)reement that t(o species of Homo Homo coe/isted million 'ears a)o# lthou)h thecoe/isted million 'ears a)o# lthou)h theta/onomic distinction is based principall' on cranialta/onomic distinction is based principall' on cranialand dental characters, it is useful to think ofand dental characters, it is useful to think of Homo Homo

habilishabilis as a smaller*brained creature (ith an archaicas a smaller*brained creature (ith an archaic postcranium, and postcranium, and Homo rudolfensis Homo rudolfensis as lar)er*brainedas lar)er*brained(ith a more modern postcranium# Which of the t(o(ith a more modern postcranium# Which of the t(o!if either" )a$e rise to later!if either" )a$e rise to later Homo Homo is still bein)is still bein)debated#debated# Homo rudolfensis Homo rudolfensis appears to ha$e a )oodappears to ha$e a )ood

claim based on brain si+e and the more modernclaim based on brain si+e and the more modern postcranium, but some insist that its facial and dental postcranium, but some insist that its facial and dentalanatom' dis=ualif' it from this role#anatom' dis=ualif' it from this role#


54/86

Homo Er(asterHomo Er(aster

;ne of the most famous finds at;ne of the most famous finds at

8ake Turkana, Aorthern en'a8ake Turkana, Aorthern en'a , is the, is the

cranium of an earl' species ofcranium of an earl' species of Homo Homo, kno(n, kno(n

as as Australopithecus Australopithecus boiseiboisei# Ho(e$er, in the# Ho(e$er, in thesame sedimentar' la'er, another cranium (assame sedimentar' la'er, another cranium (as

also found belon)in) to a species of hominidalso found belon)in) to a species of hominid

namednamed Homo ergaster Homo ergaster # This hominid species is# This hominid species is belie$ed to be a different )eo)raphical belie$ed to be a different )eo)raphical

population of population of Homo erectus Homo erectus##

http://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/findings.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/findings.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Herectus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Herectus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Herectus.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aboisei.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/findings.html


55/86

an' aspects ofan' aspects of Homo ergaster Homo ergaster andand Homo erectus Homo erectus anatom' are, of course, similar, (ith the principalanatom' are, of course, similar, (ith the principaldifferences bein) a hi)her cranial $ault, thinnerdifferences bein) a hi)her cranial $ault, thinnercranial bone, absence of sa)ittal keel, and certaincranial bone, absence of sa)ittal keel, and certain

cranial base characteristics incranial base characteristics in Homo ergaster Homo ergaster # ;ne# ;nedistin)uishin) feature bet(een earl'distin)uishin) feature bet(een earl' Homo Homo andandergaster ergaster FFerectuserectus in$ol$es increased brain si+ein$ol$es increased brain si+e!ran)in) bet(een &% and 11 cc, (ith an increase!ran)in) bet(een &% and 11 cc, (ith an increase

o$er time", althou)h the increase in bod' si+e actuall'o$er time", althou)h the increase in bod' si+e actuall'means that the relati$e brain si+e has increased butmeans that the relati$e brain si+e has increased butlittle#little#


56/86

;ther distin)uishin) features include a lon), lo(;ther distin)uishin) features include a lon), lo(cranium !particularl' incranium !particularl' in Homo erectus Homo erectus", the presence", the presenceof bro( rid)es, a shortened face, and a pro.ectin)of bro( rid)es, a shortened face, and a pro.ectin)nasal aperture, su))estin) the first appearance of thenasal aperture, su))estin) the first appearance of the

t'pical human e/ternal nose (ith the nostrils facin)t'pical human e/ternal nose (ith the nostrils facin)do(n(ard# The structure of the nose (ould permitdo(n(ard# The structure of the nose (ould permitthe condensation of moisture from e/haled air, (hichthe condensation of moisture from e/haled air, (hich(ould ha$e pro$ed beneficial in a species that(ould ha$e pro$ed beneficial in a species that

pursued an acti$e subsistence strate)' in (arm, arid pursued an acti$e subsistence strate)' in (arm, aridhabitats, such as those occupied b' earl'habitats, such as those occupied b' earl' Homo Homoergaster ergaster ##


57/86

Earl'Earl' Homo Homo )a$e rise to a lar)e*bodied, lar)e*brained speices)a$e rise to a lar)e*bodied, lar)e*brained speicesin frica appro/imatel' million 'ears a)o, but this species isin frica appro/imatel' million 'ears a)o, but this species isno( calledno( called Homo ergaster Homo ergaster b' man' anthropolo)ists# b' man' anthropolo)ists# Homo Homoergasterergaster e/panded its ran)e be'ond frica and into sia soone/panded its ran)e be'ond frica and into sia soon

after its ori)in and at least b' 1#& million 'ears a)o> it thenafter its ori)in and at least b' 1#& million 'ears a)o> it then)a$e rise to)a$e rise to Homo erectus Homo erectus in those areas#in those areas# Homo erectus Homo erectus e/panded its ran)e throu)hout sia, back into frica, ande/panded its ran)e throu)hout sia, back into frica, and

presumabl' into Europe# ppro/imatel' 1%, 'ears a)o, a presumabl' into Europe# ppro/imatel' 1%, 'ears a)o, aspeciation e$ent in frica )a$e rise tospeciation e$ent in frica )a$e rise to Homo sapiens Homo sapiens !probabl'!probabl'

fromfrom Homo ergaster Homo ergaster , but possibl' from, but possibl' from Homo erectus Homo erectus", (hich", (hichthen spread into the rest of the ;ld World, and subse=uentl'then spread into the rest of the ;ld World, and subse=uentl'into ustralia and the mericas#into ustralia and the mericas#


58/86


59/86

Homo heiel%er(ensisHomo heiel%er(ensis

This species is often also referred to as 7rchaicThis species is often also referred to as 7rchaic Homo HomoSapiensSapiens7# an' e/amples of so*called rchaic7# an' e/amples of so*called rchaic Homo sapiens Homo sapiensha$e been located, includin) some recent spectacular finds atha$e been located, includin) some recent spectacular finds attapuerca, in Aorth East Spain# These remains of man'tapuerca, in Aorth East Spain# These remains of man'

indi$iduals include some that ma' be 5&, 'ears old#indi$iduals include some that ma' be 5&, 'ears old#ccordin) to some proponents of the 7;ut of frica7ccordin) to some proponents of the 7;ut of frica7h'pothesis, most of these speciments should be assi)ned toh'pothesis, most of these speciments should be assi)ned to

Homo heidelbergensis Homo heidelbergensis, (hich ma' ha$e been ancestral to, (hich ma' ha$e been ancestral to Aeanderthals in Europe and to Aeanderthals in Europe and to Homo sapiens Homo sapiens in frica#in frica#

Ho(e$er, in a' 1995, the disco$erers of the fossils elected toHo(e$er, in a' 1995, the disco$erers of the fossils elected toname the fossils a ne( species,name the fossils a ne( species, Homo antecessor Homo antecessor ##ultire)ionalists $ie( this )roup as e$idence of a transitionultire)ionalists $ie( this )roup as e$idence of a transitionto(ard modernto(ard modern Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens.


60/86

The 7auer mandible7, found in 195 and dated atThe 7auer mandible7, found in 195 and dated atrou)hl' %, 'ears old, combines primiti$erou)hl' %, 'ears old, combines primiti$efeatures !robusticit'" (ith modern features !molarfeatures !robusticit'" (ith modern features !molarsi+e", (as )i$en the species namesi+e", (as )i$en the species name Homo Homo

heidelbergensisheidelbergensis in 19 Some ma.or findin)s of thisin 19 Some ma.or findin)s of thisspecies ma' be located at tapuerca in Aorthernspecies ma' be located at tapuerca in AorthernSpain (here one of the most spectacular din)s ofSpain (here one of the most spectacular din)s ofrecent times (as made# The' unco$ered 13 humanrecent times (as made# The' unco$ered 13 humanfossils remains !representin) 3 indi$iduals" dated atfossils remains !representin) 3 indi$iduals" dated at

3, 'ears old# These specimens also displa'3, 'ears old# These specimens also displa'modern and ancient features mi/ed, and can probabl'modern and ancient features mi/ed, and can probabl'

be assi)ned to be assi)ned to Homo heidelbergensis Homo heidelbergensis##


61/86

The main noticable features of the fossils is the moreThe main noticable features of the fossils is the more

prominent face and nose and the chan)es at the base prominent face and nose and the chan)es at the base

of the skull (hich are perhaps thou)ht to beof the skull (hich are perhaps thou)ht to be

associated (ith chan)es in the $oice bo/#associated (ith chan)es in the $oice bo/# 8ittle is kno(n so far about ho( this )roup fitted into8ittle is kno(n so far about ho( this )roup fitted into

the hominid timeline, but it is thou)ht to ha$ethe hominid timeline, but it is thou)ht to ha$e

possibl' e$ol$ed into possibl' e$ol$ed into Homo sapiens Homo sapiens !perhaps (ith an!perhaps (ith an

intermittent species not 'et found" andintermittent species not 'et found" and Homo Homoneanderthalensisneanderthalensis##


62/86


63/86

Homo neanerthalensisHomo neanerthalensis

Aeanderthals li$ed rou)hl' 1%, to 3, Aeanderthals li$ed rou)hl' 1%, to 3,'ears a)o and li$ed in much of Europe, part of'ears a)o and li$ed in much of Europe, part ofsia, and the iddle East# The first fossilssia, and the iddle East# The first fossils

humans to be disco$ered, Aeanderthals ha$ehumans to be disco$ered, Aeanderthals ha$elon) been the focus of anthropolo)icallon) been the focus of anthropolo)icalin$esti)ation# ore bones of Aeanderthals arein$esti)ation# ore bones of Aeanderthals arekno(n than for an' other fossil homininekno(n than for an' other fossil hominine

)roup, includin) some 3 nearl' complete)roup, includin) some 3 nearl' completeskeletons, so this preoccupation (ithin theskeletons, so this preoccupation (ithin theanthropolo)ical profession is understandable#anthropolo)ical profession is understandable#


64/86

Aeanderthal anatom' represents a mi/ture of primiti$e Aeanderthal anatom' represents a mi/ture of primiti$echaracters, deri$ed characters that are shared (ith othercharacters, deri$ed characters that are shared (ith otherhominines, and deri$ed characters that are uni=ue tohominines, and deri$ed characters that are uni=ue to

Aeanderthals#


65/86


66/86

Homo sapiensHomo sapiens

@opulation mo$ements such as the colonisation of the@opulation mo$ements such as the colonisation of themericas ha$e occurred man' times in human prehistor', andmericas ha$e occurred man' times in human prehistor', andthe' ine$itabl' mudd' (hat mi)ht other(ise be a clearthe' ine$itabl' mudd' (hat mi)ht other(ise be a clearrelationship bet(een bod' shape and climate, and its chan)erelationship bet(een bod' shape and climate, and its chan)ethrou)h time# ;ne important e/ample relates to the issue of thethrou)h time# ;ne important e/ample relates to the issue of the

ori)in of modern humans# an' anthropolo)ists belie$e thatori)in of modern humans# an' anthropolo)ists belie$e thatanatomicall' modernanatomicall' modern Homo sapiens Homo sapiens e$ol$ed from a smalle$ol$ed from a small population in frica , 'ears a)o, and then spread into population in frica , 'ears a)o, and then spread intothe rest of the ;ld World, reachin) (estern Europe onl'the rest of the ;ld World, reachin) (estern Europe onl'3%, 'ears a)o# This is kno(n as the 7;ut of frica73%, 'ears a)o# This is kno(n as the 7;ut of frica7h'pothesis# Ho(e$er, if this (as true, the frican ori)in ofh'pothesis# Ho(e$er, if this (as true, the frican ori)in ofanatomicall' modern humans (ould be reflected in their bod'anatomicall' modern humans (ould be reflected in their bod'and limb proportions#


67/86


68/86

Homo Sapiens i Asia Ten((araHomo Sapiens i Asia Ten((ara

Bukti*bukti tera(al tentan) ke(u.udanBukti*bukti tera(al tentan) ke(u.udanmanusia Homo Sapiens di sia Ten))ara ialahmanusia Homo Sapiens di sia Ten))ara ialah4, B@#4, B@#

0ontohn'a ten)korak kepala kanak*kanak di0ontohn'a ten)korak kepala kanak*kanak di2ua Aiah#2ua Aiah#

Dmumn'a semua populasi manusiaDmumn'a semua populasi manusia

mempun'ai ciri*ciri perbe+aan G ran)ka tulan#mempun'ai ciri*ciri perbe+aan G ran)ka tulan# ecenderun)an kesamaan ten)korak*ecenderun)an kesamaan ten)korak*

ten)korak tertentu adalah satu kebaran)kalian#ten)korak tertentu adalah satu kebaran)kalian#


69/86


70/86

Peralihan ari Australo *elanesoiPeralihan ari Australo *elanesoi


71/86

Peralihan ari Australo-*elanesoiPeralihan ari Australo-*elanesoi

ke *on((oloike *on((oloi

Bukti*bukti ran)ka dan ten)korak Bukti*bukti ran)ka dan ten)korak

1# @enemuan ten)korak*ten)korak di 8iu.ian) di1# @enemuan ten)korak*ten)korak di 8iu.ian) di2uan)/i dan Zi'an) di Sichuan berusia2uan)/i dan Zi'an) di Sichuan berusia

@leistosen khir kira*kira 3%, B@#@leistosen khir kira*kira 3%, B@#?Ten)korak di 8iu.ian) men))ambarkann'a?Ten)korak di 8iu.ian) men))ambarkann'aseba)ai on))oloid den)an beberapa ciriseba)ai on))oloid den)an beberapa ciri

ustralo*elanesia#ustralo*elanesia#? Bukti e$olusi ustraloid di (ila'ah )aris? Bukti e$olusi ustraloid di (ila'ah )arislintan) adalah sedikit berbendin) di 0hina#lintan) adalah sedikit berbendin) di 0hina#


72/86

Cont#Cont#

ntara tapak di sia Ten))ara ialah?ntara tapak di sia Ten))ara ialah?

2ua Aiah2ua Aiah

2ua 0ha2ua 0ha

2ua Tabon dan beberapa tapak timbunan sampah2ua Tabon dan beberapa tapak timbunan sampah

keran) di


73/86

Cont#Cont#

a"a" Ten)korak -alam G 4, B@Ten)korak -alam G 4, B@

b" b" @en)ebumian terlipat, duduk dan tidak len)kap G@en)ebumian terlipat, duduk dan tidak len)kap G

14,*3% B@14,*3% B@

c"c" @en)ebumian pepan.an) !terlentan)" dalam keranda@en)ebumian pepan.an) !terlentan)" dalam kerandaatau dibalut tikar G 4*B@atau dibalut tikar G 4*B@

nalisis terhadap Jten)korak dalamK dilakukan olehnalisis terhadap Jten)korak dalamK dilakukan oleh

Broth(ell !19:" dan men'atakan baha(a ciri*ciriBroth(ell !19:" dan men'atakan baha(a ciri*ciri

morfolo)in'a mirip den)an oran) Tasmaniamorfolo)in'a mirip den)an oran) Tasmania

sekaran) !$ariasi istralo*melanesia"sekaran) !$ariasi istralo*melanesia"


74/86

Cont#Cont#

oeni)s(ald dalam ka.iann'a terhadapoeni)s(ald dalam ka.iann'a terhadap

ran)ka*ran)ka terlipat men'atakan baha(aran)ka*ran)ka terlipat men'atakan baha(a

keadaan )i)i mereka adalah bercirikeadaan )i)i mereka adalah berciri

melanesoid#melanesoid# esimpulan untuk tapak Aiah G mereka bukanesimpulan untuk tapak Aiah G mereka bukan

daripada kelompok on))oloid Selatandaripada kelompok on))oloid Selatan


75/86

Cont#Cont#

2ua Tabon dan sekitarn'a di @ala(an2ua Tabon dan sekitarn'a di @ala(an

? -itemui ran)ka manusia G sebuah tulan) dahi dan? -itemui ran)ka manusia G sebuah tulan) dahi dan

rahan) ba(ah dari Tabon !, dan , B@"rahan) ba(ah dari Tabon !, dan , B@"

? enurut acintosh G tulan) rahan) ba(ah itu? enurut acintosh G tulan) rahan) ba(ah itumempun'ai persamaan den)an rahan) penduduk slimempun'ai persamaan den)an rahan) penduduk sli

ustralia#ustralia#

? Sisa ran)ka dalam tempa'an berusia selepas 3? Sisa ran)ka dalam tempa'an berusia selepas 3

B@, kesemuan'a bercirikan mon))oloid seperti padaB@, kesemuan'a bercirikan mon))oloid seperti pada

bentuk )i)i serin'a# bentuk )i)i serin'a#


76/86

Cont#Cont#

esimpulann'a G sama ada di Aiah atau Tabonesimpulann'a G sama ada di Aiah atau Tabonmenun.ukkan baha(a (ila'ah ini telah dihunimenun.ukkan baha(a (ila'ah ini telah dihunioleh ustralo*elanesia sebelum on))oloidoleh ustralo*elanesia sebelum on))oloid

Selatan semen.ak 3 B@#Selatan semen.ak 3 B@#

Tapak 2ua 0haTapak 2ua 0ha

? merupakan sebuah tapak ceruk peneduh? merupakan sebuah tapak ceruk peneduh? disekitarn'a dihuni oleh oran) Ae)rito? disekitarn'a dihuni oleh oran) Ae)rito!memburu" dan Senoi !bertani"!memburu" dan Senoi !bertani"


77/86

Cont#Cont#

;ran) Ae)rito G .elas memiliki ciri ustralo*elanesia;ran) Ae)rito G .elas memiliki ciri ustralo*elanesia ;ran) Senoi G memiliki kecenderun)an )enetik 'an) sama;ran) Senoi G memiliki kecenderun)an )enetik 'an) sama

den)an populasi berbahasa on*hmer#den)an populasi berbahasa on*hmer# Seban'ak 5 buah kubur di.umpai di 2#0ha pada konteksSeban'ak 5 buah kubur di.umpai di 2#0ha pada konteks

Hoabinhian dan Aeolitik#Hoabinhian dan Aeolitik# Trefor, Broth(ell dan Bullbeck G sisa ran)ka tidakTrefor, Broth(ell dan Bullbeck G sisa ran)ka tidak

memperlihatkan perubahan ban)sa dan umumn'a mempun'aimemperlihatkan perubahan ban)sa dan umumn'a mempun'aikecenderun)an )enetik 'an) sama den)an oran) elanesia Gkecenderun)an )enetik 'an) sama den)an oran) elanesia Gmereka adalah keturunan ;ran) sli sekaran) !terutamamereka adalah keturunan ;ran) sli sekaran) !terutama

Ae)rito dan Senoi" Ae)rito dan Senoi" esimpulan oleh Bell(ood G ada beberapa tin)katesimpulan oleh Bell(ood G ada beberapa tin)kat

pen))antian populasi di T## tetapi tidak dapat dihuraikan pen))antian populasi di T## tetapi tidak dapat dihuraikanmelalui tin))alan ran)ka dari 2ua 0ha#melalui tin))alan ran)ka dari 2ua 0ha#


78/86

Cont#Cont#

2ua 2unun) untuh dan oh hie( 0a$e2ua 2unun) untuh dan oh hie( 0a$e

!rabi"!rabi"

? 22 G seoran) lelaki %an den)an tan)an? 22 G seoran) lelaki %an den)an tan)an

cacat, pen)ebumian melentur#cacat, pen)ebumian melentur#

? berdasarkan kepada kulit keran) G tarikhn'a? berdasarkan kepada kulit keran) G tarikhn'a

ialah 11, B@ialah 11, B@

? -ari se)i morfolo)in'a, ia ter)olon) dalam? -ari se)i morfolo)in'a, ia ter)olon) dalam

ustralo*elanesoid G konteks Hoabinhianustralo*elanesoid G konteks Hoabinhian


79/86

Cont#Cont#

esimpulan Bell(ood G untuk merun)kaiesimpulan Bell(ood G untuk merun)kai permasalahan ini, kita kena meru.uk permasalahan ini, kita kena meru.uk perkemban)an di


80/86

Cont#Cont#

Ten)korak ini masih menimbulkan persoalan GTen)korak ini masih menimbulkan persoalan G ban'ak pakar men)an))apn'a ter)olon) dalam ban'ak pakar men)an))apn'a ter)olon) dalamustralo*elanseoid dan mempun'ai otak dan parasustralo*elanseoid dan mempun'ai otak dan parasmuka 'an) besar#muka 'an) besar#

0oon dan acob !19: dan 19:5" melihatn'a seba)ai0oon dan acob !19: dan 19:5" melihatn'a seba)aicenderun) kepada ciri on))oloid kerana parascenderun) kepada ciri on))oloid kerana paras(a.ahn'a 'an) datar#(a.ahn'a 'an) datar#

esimpulan oleh acob G ten)korak (ad.ak ituesimpulan oleh acob G ten)korak (ad.ak itumun)kin (arisan bersama on))oloid dan ustralo*mun)kin (arisan bersama on))oloid dan ustralo*elanesia sekaran)#elanesia sekaran)#


81/86

Cont#Cont#

Sisa temuan ran)ka manusia di


82/86

+ukti-%ukti penemuan *on((oloi+ukti-%ukti penemuan *on((oloi


83/86

+ukti %ukti penemuan *on((oloi+ukti %ukti penemuan *on((oloi

SelatanSelatan

@opulasi ini ban'ak ditemui selepas 3 B@ iaitu@opulasi ini ban'ak ditemui selepas 3 B@ iaituZaman Aeolitik khir dan selepasn'a#Zaman Aeolitik khir dan selepasn'a#

@en)enalpastiann'a berdasarkan kepada bentuk )i)i@en)enalpastiann'a berdasarkan kepada bentuk )i)iserin'a seperti tembilan)#serin'a seperti tembilan)#

0ontohn'a#0ontohn'a# " 8ean) 0adan), Sula(esi Selatan" 8ean) 0adan), Sula(esi Selatan B" 2ili*manuk, Bali ! B@"B" 2ili*manuk, Bali ! B@" 0" 8ean) Buidane, Talaud !millenium pertama0" 8ean) Buidane, Talaud !millenium pertama

masihi"masihi" Temuan*temuan itu .elas menun.ukkan leluhurTemuan*temuan itu .elas menun.ukkan leluhur

kepada penduduk sekaran) di k(s tersebut#kepada penduduk sekaran) di k(s tersebut#

, i l k il


84/86

,esimpulan kecil,esimpulan kecil

@opulasi mon))oloid selatan telah masuk ke@opulasi mon))oloid selatan telah masuk kekepulauan


85/86

Cont#Cont#

enurut 0oon !19: dan 19::"enurut 0oon !19: dan 19::"

?


86/86

SE

20100524100502Topik 3 - Homo Sapien Dan Erektus

Documents

Transcript of 20100524100502Topik 3 - Homo Sapien Dan Erektus