2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water

8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water

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Theme 3 – Clean Water: A Question of Qualit

Legislating Clean Water:

e ng e aws o or e er



Le islatin Clean Water

Chair: RaeKwon Chung (UNESCAP)

Panelists: – M. Nasimul Islam (ADB)

– Jeongkon Kim (K-Water)

– Anders Berntell (SIWI) – Thomas Roberts (African Development Bank)

– Le Huu Ti (UNESCAP)

Anchor: M Nasimul Islam (ADB)






n ersn ers ernteernte



Water ualit Le islation in Asia

• Overview of water quality legislation in Philippines, Indonesia,Vietnam, P R China, India

,

• Brief overview, no in depth analysis, field visits, interviews etc.

• No funding provided by ADB

However: findin s and conclusions of re ional relevance

Work performed by

Dr. Owen McIntyre, University College Cork, Ireland



T olo of Water ualit Le islation

Sin le water ualit standards for certain uses of water;

Controls on the use of dangerous chemicals;

Integrated licensing for point sources of pollution;

Controls on non-point / diffuse sources of pollution;

(Market based incentives)



Chronology of Water Qualityeg s a on op on



Administrative elements of Waterua y egu a ory ramewor

Legislation adopted

Emission standards adoptedQuality standards for certain use of water adopted

Systems for licensing/permitting

Systems for inspection/supervisionSystems for monitoring of water quality

Enforcement of decisions

Ecological quality standards adoptedPublic participation/ Transparency/ Information disclosure



Relative effectiveness ofa m n s ra ve e emen s



What to do??

a enges ppor un es

Lack of capacity in implementing

institutions

• Ensure adequate funding

• Build capacity of institutions• Build capacity of individuals

Low enforcing power of implementinginstitutions

• Strengthen the role/prestige ofinstitutions

• Strengthen autonomy of enforcinginstitutions

• campaigns on water quality

• Establish mechanisms for public,and information disclosure

• Develop environmental indicators



What to do continued……

a enges ppor un es

Pros and Cons of decentralised

decision making

• Strengthen obligation to follow

national (federal) minimumrequirements

• Allow more stringent standards ifrequired

Lack of robust regimes for balancingbetween economic growth,environmental rotection and needs of

• Develop such regimes• Learn from others

other sectors

• of society (urban planning, solid wastemanagement, land use planning etc)

,integrated licensing

• Establish mechanisms on differentlevels in administration to

strengthen integration (national,regional, local)



What to do continued……….

a enges ppor un es

Corruption • Increase transparency, public

participation and informationdisclosure

• Establish mechanisms that enablesthe public and others involved to act

(whistle blowing etc...)• Strengthen the role and prestige ofthe institutions concerned

Lack of economic incentives inlegislation

• Develop such incentives (tax onemission or use, fees/charges onemissions or use, subsidies onalternatives)

• Learn from others



What to do continued……..

a enges ppor un es

Transboundary cooperation on water

quality

• Strengthen cooperation on

transboundary waters• Building trust• Building institutions• Develop common

rules/legislationEmerging pollutants (chemicals,harmaceuticals, endocrine

• Develop legislation• Learn from others

disruptors)






orea s ater nv ronmenta o cy



• Introduction

– Water Resources in Korea

• Past, Present & Future of Water Environmental Policy

–

– History of Water Environmental Policy

– Progress an Resu t o Water Management Po cy

Implementation• Conclusions



Korea is

• Population: 48.3 million

• Area: 99,313

km

2

• GNI per capita: US $21,530

• 65% of mountaneous region

• 4 major river watersheds – Han river

– eum r ver

– Nakdong river

–



Water Resources in Korea - uantit

• Annual precipitation: 1,245 mm

1.4 times higher than the world's average (880 mm)

• Annual precipitation per capita: 2,591 m3

one eighth of the world's average

• Large fluctuation and variation of rainfall 66% of annual precipitation is concentrated in summer

Hard to manage water resources

integrated water volume control mechanisms in dams, while




Total amount of water resources124 * B m3 (100%)

Total runoff 72.3(58%)

Evapo‐transpiration51.7(42%)

Runoff in flood period52.2(42%)

Runoff in non‐flood period20.1(16%)

Outflow to sea38.6(31%)

Used as stream water12.3(10%)

Used as Dam water17.7(14%)

Used as ground water3.7(3%)

Total amount of use.

Water Vision 2020, Korean Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, 2006




•

Rivers

coefficient of river regime (Qmax/Qmin) Rivers

coefficient of river regime (Qmax/Qmin)

Han river, Korea 90 Thames river, UK 8

, , Guem river, Korea 190 Rhein river, Germany 18

Sumjin river, Korea 270 Nile river, Egypt 30

Youngsan river, Korea 130 Mississippi river, USA 3

the Yangtze, China 22 Yodo river, Japan 114

Handbook of water resources in Korea, Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, 1998



Water Resources in Korea - ualit

• BOD eing owere t roug sewerage extension

5 90

3

4

g / L )

70

80

n t %

2 B O D

(

60 T r e a t m

0

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

40

Treatment % of sewage Han river Nakdong Geumgang Youngsan



The Goals of Water Mana ement Polic in Korea

• The purpose of Korea's water management policies is securing

clean and safe water for people, as ordained by the

onst tut on.

• In order to realize these goals, the MOE specifically outlines

three major

policy

objectives:

Protect public health by securing clean and safe water supplies

Preserve water qua ty n a waterways r vers w e protect ng water

ecosystems



Histor of Water Environmental Polic

19601961

(1960s) Environmental pollution Prevention Act1966

1970

(1970s-1980s) Environmental Conservation Act

1977

1980

(1990-1998) Water Quality and Ecosystem Conservation Act1996

present

(1998-present) Watershed Management Act2002



Histor of Water Environment Polic

19601961

- Rapid industrialization

- Deal with environmental problems passively

1966

1970

• 1961: Water Supply & Waterworks Installation Act1977

1980

• 1963: Environmental Pollution Prevention Act (Clean Water Act)Act Relating to Toxic & Hazardous Substances

1990

1996

1999

present

2002




19601961

-

1966

1970

- Serious environmental pollution caused by industrialization

- Establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency in Korea1977

1980

- Environmental right was stated in the constitution

• 1977: Environmental Conservation Act1990

1996

1999

present

2002




19601961

1990-1998 ater ua ty an cosystem onservat on ct

- Large scale pollution accidents; phenol(1990), organic

solvent(1994)

1966

1970- Increment of public awareness of environmental problems

- Environmental consideration of ecosystem conservation

- Establishment of the Ministry of Environment (MOE, 1994)

1977

1980

- To mitigate diverse environmental problems, the“Environmental Conservation Act ” diverged into six laws

1990

1996

1999

• 1990: Water Quality and Ecosystem Conservation Act

• 1996: Comprehensive Water Management Measures

present

2002




19601961

(1999-present) Watershed Management Act

1966

1970 - ove arge rom po n source o nonpo n source

- Total water pollution load management system (TWPLMS)

- Installation of Watershed fund from Water use char e

1977

1980

• 1999: Act Relating to the Han River Water Quality Improvement and

Communit Su ort1990

• 2002: Act on the Nakdong River Watershed Management and

Community Support

1996

1999

present

Act on the Geum River ~

Act on the Youngsan & Seomjin River ~2002




• e ore

– No specific strategy

– To -down a roach

• ter

– Setting up specific strategy

– Coo eration of local

– Facility construction in largecities

government with centralgovernment

– Facilit construction in – Taking measures after water

pollution, mainly facilityconstruction

upstream area – Precautionary measures such

– No consideration overregulated area

– Dis utes between u stream

pollutant

– Institutional arrangement forand downstream stakeholders

– Win-win strategy for upstreamand downstream stakeholders



Progress and Result of Water Managemento cy mp emen a on

3,000

2,500

3,000

2,500Nakdong Organic Solvent Accident

Watershed Management Act

2,000

1,500

2,000

1,500

Environmental Conservation Act

Water Quality and Ecosystem Conservation Act

Nakdong Phenol Accident

,

500

,

500

Sewerage Act

Environmental Pollution Prevention Act

3

4

5

70

80

90

1

2

50

60

0

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

40

Treatment % of sewage Han river(Paldang) Nakdong(Mulgeum)

Geumgang(Daechung) Youngsan(Jooam)



Progress and Result of Wateranagemen o cy mp emen a on

• Establishment of specific water management policies

Environmental Pollution Prevention

Water Quality and Ecosystem Conservation

Watershed Mana ement

• Intensive investment and funding to support policies Water / Wastewater infrastructure

Introduction of funding source like water use charge

• Increase public awareness of environmental issues and policies



Future Water Mana ement Polic

• Expand total water pollution load management

Strengthen water quality standard and specify control point in the

wa ers e

Change focus of investment from point‐source to nonpoint‐source

‐

• Protect fishable and swimmable water



Conclusions

• Need effective financial expenditure

– $ ↑↑↑ → Water Quality ↑

Water QualityWater Quality

• Unexpected accident can be a chance to

– Improve public awareness of the water environmental problem

– Establish Fund for water management

• Vary the purpose of water protection

– Sanitary and welfare → ecosystem and amenity

• Proper policies and fund are the KEY factors






ssues or scuss onssues or scuss on



What are the priority issues and

address through “Getting the Laws for

Clean Water Legislation to Work Better”,

countries? (Anders Berntell/SIWI)



What are the gaps for effective clean

priority issues and challenges and how

these gaps can be overcome?



Supporting policies / policy reforms

What policies or policy changes

may support effective clean water



What are ways to strengthen

political will and funding in support

of effective clean water le islation?



What are the future options available

for low and middle income countries?

2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water

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