2010 Brangus Journal

Brangus Joernaal 2010 Brangus Journal

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InhoudsopgaweVan die President/From the President 4

Raad/Council 5

Kalender/Calender 7

Speenkalf of Tollie produksiestelsel? 8

Voeding van osse vir die produksievan hormoonvrye vleis 15

Teeldoelwitte 21

Brangus veldbul klub 26

Beef Agri-outlook 32

Trichonomiase 40

Brangus Beoordelaars 43

Nasionale Skou 44

Dinee 48

Artifi cial insemination of beef cattle 55

GeneSTAR lei met 50 duisend merkers 58

Sentraal Brangus Boeredag 61

Tegnologie gee hupstoot teen veediefstal 61

Senekal Boeredag 62

Hertzogville landbouskou 65

No Bull Discussion on Genetic Markers 69

Brangus Stats 74

Brangus in Namibië 76

Veiling Uitslae 78

Teel van poenskopbeeste 80

The story on scurs 82

Society AI Bulls 85

Understanding GeneSTAR results 101

GeneSTAR MVP selection example 104

Any Country is Brangus country 105

Bosberaad 122

Ledelys 124

SA Brangus Telersgenootskap / Breeders’ Society: Posbus / PO Box 12465 • Brandhof • Bloemfontein 9324Parfi ttlaan 61 • Parkweg • Bloemfontein • Tel: 051 444 1144 • Faks / Fax: 051 444 5070Epos / E-mail: [email protected] • www.brangus.org.za

P R O D U K S I E VA N J O E R N A A L : Charmainé Alberts Ontwerp & BemarkingsdienstePosbus 328 • Brandfort • 9400 • Tel: 051 821 1783 • Faks: 051 821 1267 • E-pos: [email protected] • Ontwerp deur: Caria Vermaak

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InhoudsopgaweVan die President/From the President 4

Raad/Council 5

Kalender/Calender 7

Speenkalf of Tollie produksiestelsel? 8

van hormoonvrye vleis 15

Teeldoelwitte 21

Brangus veldbul klub 26

Beef Agri-outlook 32

Trichonomiase 40

Brangus Beoordelaars 43

Nasionale Skou 44

Dinee 48

Artifi cial insemination of beef cattle 55

GeneSTAR lei met 50 duisend merkers 58

Sentraal Brangus Boeredag 61

Tegnologie gee hupstoot teen veediefstal 61

Senekal Boeredag 62

Hertzogville landbouskou 65

No Bull Discussion on Genetic Markers 69

Brangus Stats 74

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3D Farming 19Aldupre 2Australia Breeders Society 17Bankfontein 33Baumeister 73Bersunel IFCBKB 121Bosman Brangus 18Bravo Brangus Stoet 37Bruljant 27Clydesdale 31CMWElite 56Delport Brangus 71Donian 41Drummond 54Fairbridge 42Fertilitas 100GGB Brangus 73Harmony Farms 11Jagtdrift Boerdery 12JVB Victory 46Keeversfontein 68Labran 53Le Roc 77Maize Valley Farms 91Malherbe & Roberts Veiling 92Mashinini Enterprise 60Meadow Feeds 34Molatek 96Mount Olive 6NicoSmith 128, IBCOos-Kaap Brangus Klub 74Optima Afslaers 49Roechama 57Sleewijk 20Smith Brangus 95Swarthaak 103SwaVet 87Tetaan Brangus 84Trio B Boerdery 1Unistel 59V5 Brangus 98,99Voermol 14Vova Brangus 64Wicklow 39Wilde Als 63Wouman 88Xseed Genetics 54

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Ek beskou dit ‘n voorreg om ‘n paar woorde en gedagtes met u as lede te deel na afloop van “Bosberaad 2010”. Ek kan met vertroue se dat dit met ons mense en met ons beesras

goed gaan.

Daar word gesê dat ‘n mens op die toekoms en nie op die verlede moet fokus nie. Ek glo weer ons moet ons oorsprong ken om te weet waarheen ons op pad is. Evaluasie so nou en dan is goed. Graag wil ek vir ‘n oomblik terugkyk. In die jaar 2000 was ons 54 lede met 8 500 beeste. Teen 2005 was ons 74 lede met 12 000 beeste. Ons is tans 140 lede met net oor die 26 000 beeste op die boeke. Ons is ‘n ras wat groei.

Daar is ’n opgewondenheid wat onder ons mense heers, oor ons beeste en dit wat die toekoms inhou.

Dit is lekker om te kan praat oor IKP’s wat verbeter, volwasse koeimassa wat verlaag en speenmassas wat styg.

Brangus is ‘n bate van onskatbare waarde in ons hande. ‘n Bate wat ons die toekoms in moet bestuur deur middel van ‘n struktuur, wat ons nog moet ontwerp. Bemarking gekoppel aan naverkope diens is belangrik en beslis die pad vorentoe.

Daar word ondersoek ingestel na die konsep van ‘n Brangus “franchise” wat ook as bemarkingsvoertuig kan dien. Al kyk ons hoe daarna; ons is eintlik ‘n maatskappy genaamd “Brangus”. Die maatskappy aandele word verteenwoordig deur ons beeste; wat weer ons aandeelprys bepaal. Waardevermeerdering is direk gekoppel aan genetiese gehalte.

Verkenningsamesprekings is tans aan die gang met ‘n nasionale veevoermaatskappy, farmaseutiesemaatskappy en ‘n finansiële instansie. Daar word gepoog om besigheidsverhoudings te kweek wat vir beide partye voordelig sal wees. Ek sal later meer hieroor sê.

Dit word algemeen aanvaar dat verandering nodig is vir oorlewing, terwyl geen verandering stagnasie en gevolglik agteruitgang meebring.

Berei jou Brangus jaar voor as ‘n jaar van verandering en verwag groot dinge.

I regard it an honour and privilege to share a few word and thoughts with you after the advent of the “2010 Bosberaad”. I can confidently say that things appear well with both our breed and our breeders.

It is said that one should always focus on the future and not on the past. I however acknowledge the past in plotting the future. Evaluation now and then is a good thing. Indulge me for a moment as I look back on the past 10 years. In 2000 we boasted 54 breeders and 8 500 cattle. By 2005 we were 74 breeders and 12 000 cattle. Our present membership stands at 140 breeders with over 26 000 cattle on record. We are a growing breed.

I sense an excitement among our breeders concerning their cattle and anticipation for that which the future may hold.

I enjoy hearing about ICP’s improving, reductions in maternal cow weight and increased weaning weights.

Brangus is an asset to be treasured. This asset needs to be managed into the future, by a structure, still to be designed. Marketing coupled with after sale service is of utmost importance in any equation.

The concept of a Brangus “franchise” is being investigated and could prove to be a valuable marketing vehicle. We should look at “Brangus” as a company with our cattle represented as shares. Our cattle thereby determine the company share value, while we attain added value through genetic improvement.

Exploratory talks are currently underway with a national feed company, a pharmaceutical company and a financial institution. These talks will hopefully lead to a long term business relationship whereby all parties will benefit. I shall keep you informed as events unfold.

It is generally accepted that change is necessary for growth and survival. No change on the other hand results in stagnation, which in turn leads to degradation.

Think big and prepare yourself for a Brangus year of change.

PresidentVAN DIE | FROM THE

Christopher Sparks


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BrangusRaadslede2 0 0 9 - 2 010

PRESIDENTCDH SPARKS (CHRISTOPHER)

VRYSTAATSEL: 083 701 0029

POSBUS 752, HARRISMITH, 9880TEL: 058 622 2939

FAKS: 058 623 [email protected] VISIE PRESIDENT

J DU PLESSIS (JOHAN)VRYSTAAT

SEL: 082 929 5136POSBUS 115, HOOPSTAD, 9479

ADMINTEL: 053 444 1926

FAKS: 053 444 [email protected]

J BLOMERUS (JOHAN)OPLEIDINGVRYSTAAT

SEL: 082 550 7622POSBUS 175, KROONSTAD, 9500

TEL: 056 212 4072FAKS: 056 212 4072

[email protected]

KO DONIAN (KURT)RASVERBETERING

OOS-KAAPSEL: 083 301 8449

POSBUS 276, MIDDELBURG, 5900

TEL: 049 842 [email protected]

F NAUDE (FERDI)BEMARKING

VRYSTAATSEL: 082 490 5678

POSBUS 932, WELKOM, 9460BEMARKING

TEL: 057 353 1701FAKS: 057 353 1701

[email protected]

AJ VAN WYK (RIAN)VEILINGS

MPUMALANGASEL: 083 645 4434

POSBUS 1089, ERMELO, 2350TEL: 017 820 7233


HA DU PREEZ (ALBERTUS)FINANSIESVRYSTAAT

SEL: 082 654 0780POSBUS 11681, UNIVERSITAS,

BFN, 9301TEL: 051 409 5031


Geko-opteer

HM TRUTER (HELGARD)PROMOSIEVRYSTAAT

BOONSTRA STR. 7, UNIVERSITAS, BFN, 9301

SEL: 082 459 6927TEL: 051 407 8548


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APRIL 201021 – 22 Apr - KZN Beginnerskursus te Jeff Rosewall, Kokstad

28 – 30 Apr - Lichtenburg Show

29 Apr - Diamant Veiling, Noord-Wes

MEI/MAY 201018- 21 Mei - Nampo

31 May - Rustenburg Show

JUNIE/JUNE 20101 – 6 Jun - Rustenburg Skou

2 – 3 Jun - Northen Cape Beginners course, Kosie Smith, Douglas

9 – 10 Jun - Mpumalanga Beginnerskursus te John Burgers, Wakkerstroom

17 – 18 Jun - Western Free State Beginners course, Gert Malherbe, Hertzogville

22 - 24 Jun - Aldam Veiling

29 – 30 Jun - Namibië Beginners course, Witvlei

JULIE 201028 Jul - Ermelo Ram en Bul Veiling

AUGUSTUS/AUGUST 20109 – 12 Aug - Brangus National Sale, Harrismith

14 Aug - Brian Angus Bulveiling, Arlington

19 Aug - Keeversfontein Sale, Ladysmith

19 Aug - Veldbul Inligtingsdag, Vrede

20 – 21 Aug - Boshof Vleisbees Skou (Nie Halter Mak)

25 – 26 Aug - North West Beginners course, George Gibbens, Potchefstroom

27 Aug - Hilton Green Production Sale, Ladysmith

27 - 31 Aug - Pretoria Show

SEPTEMBER 20101 – 5 Sep - Pretoria Skou

2 Sep - Veldbull Sale, Vrede

7 Sep - KZN Klub Veiling

8 Sep - Delport, Schroeder and Smith Sale, Boshof

10 Sep - Oos-Kaap Klub Veiling, Tarkastad

16 – 18 Sep - Mega Week, Bredasdorp

24 – 30 Sep - Windhoek Show

27 – 30 Sep - Namibia Toer Begin

OKTOBER/OCTOBER 20101 - 3 Oct - Windhoek Show

1 – 6 Okt - Namibia Toer Eindig

6 Oct - Malherbe and Roberts Production Sale, Hertzogville

19 – 21 Okt - Junior Kursus te Cedrick Roberts, Hertzogville

NOVEMBER 20103-4 Nov - Gevorderde Telerskursus te Bennie Van Niekerk, Winburg

DESEMBER/DECEMBER 201015 Dec - Office close

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DEUR: F.A. Maré

SpeenkalfTollieof

produksiestelsel?


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die Tweede Wêreld oorlog. Beeste van voerkrale volg `n dieet wat laag in die vet oplosbare pigment karotenoïed is, dit is die kleur pigment van groen voere wat verantwoordelik is vir die geel vet kleur van beeste wat op weiding geproduseer word. Onlangse navorsing deur Maré et al. van die Universiteit van die Vrystaat het egter die bogenoemde persepsie verkeerd bewys en gevind dat die gesofistikeerde verbruiker weet dat geel vet met weiding (veld) geproduseerde diere geassosieer word en dié natuurlike vleis verkies aangesien die diere nie enige antibiotika en stimulante ontvang het nie. Navorsing het getoon dat die natuurlike geproduseerde vleis nie net oor `n geel vet kleur beskik nie, maar ook ander gesondheids voordele inhou. Diere wat op weidings geproduseer is het `n laer hoeveelheid binnespier versadigde vetsure. Navorsing deur McCluskey wat in 2005 gedoen is toon dat `n hoër gras inname die Omega 3 vetsuur konsentrasie verhoog en dus die Omega 6 tot Omega 3 verhouding verlaag, die vleis het ongeveer dieselfde vet inhoud as hoender sonder vel en die hoë konsentrasie essensiële vetsure (Omega 3) toon voordele in die voorkoming van hartsiektes en beroertes.Supermarkte volg verbruikers voorkeure noukeurig en is voortdurend besig met navorsing om produkte te skep wat in die veranderende behoeftes van die verbruiker voldoen. Huidiglik is supermarkte besig met die skep van `n nismark vir natuurlik geproduseerde vleis, aangesien die verbruiker bereid is om `n premie daarvoor te betaal. Die produsente van natuurlike geproduseerde vleis sal dus ook `n premie vir hul produk ontvang mits hul bereid is om dit gereeld en onderhewig aan die spesifikasies in die bemarkings kontrak aan die betrokke supermark te lewer. Die vraag wat egter onmiddellik by produsente, wat `n speenkalf produksiestelsel volg, opkom is of dit winsgewend sal wees om na `n tollie produksiestelsel oor te skakel?Om die winsgewendheid tussen die twee stelsels te vergelyk, word die volgende scenario ontleed:Op `n plaas van 1890 ha met `n drakrag van 6 ha/GVE word teen optimal benutting met `n kudde van 200 Brangus koeie geboer in `n speenkalf produksiestelsel. Die gemiddelde gewig van die volwasse koeie is 482 kg terwyl die geboorte en die speen (200 dae) gewig van die kalwers onderskeidelik ongeveer 32 kg en 220 kg is. Die gewig van die diere op 400 dae is ongeveer 295 kg en op 600 dae ongeveer 494 kg. Die winsgewendheids vergelyking tussen die bogenoemde speenkalf produksiestelsel en `n tollie produksiestelsel op dieselfde plaas, word gedoen met `n model wat deur Prof. Frikkie Neser (Departement Vee, Wild en Weidingkunde, UV) ontwikkel is. Dié model is gebaseer op die navorsing van Meissner in 1982 waar plaasdiere en wild geklassifiseer is om die weidings kapasiteit van veld te beraam. Nadat een GVE (Grootvee-eenheid) vroeër vaagweg geklassifiseer was as `n os ouer as twee jaar, het Meissner `n GVE amptelik gedefinieer as “die ekwivalent van `n bees met `n

Alhoewel die beesvleis omgewing vir die afgelope paar dekades min verandering getoon het op die gebied van tipe vleis en produksiestelsels, kom daar deesdae al hoe meer debatte op die tafel oor dié

aspekte van beesvleis en bees boerdery. Die voerkraal bedryf het in die verlede die stelsel so beheer dat beesvleis met dieselfde visuele eienskappe en kwaliteit die mark oorheers. Hierdie voerkraal eienskappe van ons mark het ook veroorsaak dat die meeste kommersiële boere oorgeskakel het na ̀ n speenkalf produksiestelsel waar volumes nagejaag word aangesien meer volwasse diere aangehou kan word. Hierdie stelsel was ook die winsgewender opsie aangesien groter volumes geproduseer kon word en omdat die abattoirs in Suid-Afrika tot R2/kg minder betaal vir diere met geel vet wat vanaf die veld geproduseer word. Al die faktore het veroorsaak dat ongeveer 75% van die plaaslike geproduseerde beesvleis uit voerkrale afkomstig is.Die Suid-Afrikaanse beesvleis mark is egter besig om te verander weens verskillende meewerkende faktore vanaf die aanbod- sowel as vraag kant van die mark. Een van die faktore wat `n baie groot invloed op die produksie van beesvleis het is die stygende voer kostes en die groot skommeling in die pryse. Duur voere veroorsaak druk op die voerkraal bedryf en plaas dus afwaartse druk op die speenkalf prys. Die prys van mielies, een van die belangrikste voere in die vee bedryf, het wel gedaal in 2009 en die begin van 2010, maar volgens die BFAP Baseline is die verwagting dat die prys weer gaan styg op die rug van hoër pariteit pryse totdat dit vlakke van bo R2000/ton gaan bereik teen 2014. Die variasie tussen invoer- en uitvoer prys vlakke van graan bemoeilik ook die bestuur.Die grootste faktor wat egter die ommekeer in die vleismark veroorsaak is een wat nie geredelik deur die produsente raakgesien word nie. Hierdie faktor naamlik verbruikersvoorkeure is die enkele faktor wat die mark die meeste beïnvloed. Tydens die periode waarin Varkgriep (H1N1 Virus) opslae gemaak het, het die webwerf Pig Progress beweer dat die internasionale vraag na varkvleis met 30% gedaal as gevolg van die verandering in verbruikersvoorkeure weens die vrees vir varkgriep. Die Suid-Afrikaanse verbruiker se voorkeure is vinnig besig om te verander en te verfyn tot op die vlakke van verbruikers in Europese lande. Die moderne verbruiker soek gesonder produkte, is baie gesteld op die naspeurbaarheid van produkte weens vrees vir onveilig produkte en is bereid om `n premie te betaal vir produkte wat aan hul vereistes voldoen.Met betrekking tot die beesvleis mark, het daar `n persepsie geheers dat verbruikers vleis met wit vet verkies. Hierdie persepsie is afkomstig van ouer navorsing wat getoon het dat verbruikers in verskeie lande `n afkeur toon in vleis met geel vet. Latere navorsing toon egter dat die geel vet afgekeur was aangesien die verbruikers gewoond geraak het aan vleis met wit vet vanaf voerkrale wat die mark oorheers het weens die groot aanbod van graan na

DEUR: F.A. Maré

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Bron: The South African Agricultural Baseline 2009, BFAPAlhoewel dit lyk of die inkomste verbonde aan die tollie stelsel heelwat hoër gaan wees in die toekoms as die van die speenkalf stelsel, is daar tog heelwat ander faktore wat `n rol by die oor skakelings besluit speel. Faktore soos voervloei (beskikbaarheid

van voer), die voer pryse, die reenval ens. kan `n beduidende rol hier speel. Die kwessie waarop die meeste produsente onmiddellik ag slaan is die wyse waarop die oorskakeling van speenkalf na tollie hul kontantvloei gaan beïnvloed. Alhoewel dit lyk of kontantvloei negatief beïnvloed gaan word gedurende die eerste produksie seisoen, kan die grootste gedeelte van die probleem wel oorkom word. Die oorskakeling moet gedoen word wanneer die speenkalwers van die vorige paring bemark word. In plaas daarvan om al die kalwers as speenkalwers te verkoop, word net 69 volwasse koeie asook 55 kalwers (69 koeie x 80% speen) verkoop. Die

prys van graan (mielies) weens die toenemende produksie van bio-brandstowwe. Ander faktore soos die verandering in verbruikers voorkeure ten opsigte van beesvleis speel ook `n rol hier. Hierdie hoë karkas prys en relatiewe laer speenkalf prys sal die boerdery wat `n tollie produksiestelsel volg se wins met `n groter proporsie laat toeneem as dié van `n speenkalf produksiestelsel.Teen die beraamde 2014 pryse van beesvleis toon die model in Tabel 1 dat die tollie stelsel met 11.8% of R80 402 beter sal vaar as die speenkalf stelsel. Hierdie voordeel vergroot tot 14% of R95 166 met die instelling van ̀ n R0.70 / kg premie op die tollie stelsel wat veld (natuurlike) geproduseerde vleis lewer. Die toekoms lyk dus beslis baie meer rooskleurig vir die produsent wat `n tollie produksiestelsel volg.Figuur 1: Speenkalf en karkas prys

massa van 450 kg wat 500 gram per dag in massa toeneem op `n grasweiding met `n gemiddelde energieverteerbaarheid van 55%”. Die vrywillige innames of behoeftes in terme van die gedefi nieerde GVE is vir alle diersoorte en tipes bereken om hul volgens hul produksiefases te klassifi seer.Die uitkoms van die model waarmee die stelsels vergelyk word, word in Tabel 2 weergegee. Om al die data op die uikoms van die model op te som word van Tabel 1 gebruik gemaak. Daar moet gelet word dat die model nie die oorskakeling van een produksiestelsel na die ander in ag neem nie. Dit is geskoei op `n reeds bestaande speenkalf- en tollie produksiestelsel. Die oorskakeling vanaf ̀ n speenkalf na `n tollie produksiestelsel en die faktore wat daar `n rol speel word later aangespreek.Volgens Tabel 1 is die speenkalf produksiestelsel effens beter (0.8% of R 4 862) ten opsigte van bruto inkomste as die tollie produksiestelsel teen die huidige pryse. Dit is egter te danke aan die goeie reën wat ons aan die begin van 2010 gehad het. Die hoë reënval het nie net veroorsaak dat die aanbod van mielies gaan styg, en die prys daal nie, maar gee die beesprodusente ook die geleentheid om meer van hul diere terug te hou weens die beter weiding toestande. Die lae aanbod van speenkalwers en die vooruitsig van `n lae mielie (voer) prys het die speenkalf prys laat styg. Die instelling van `n R0.70/kg premie op veld (natuurlike) geproduseerde vleis swaai die scenario weer terug in die guns van die tollie stelsel. Die ekstra premie wat verdien kan word veroorsaak dat die tollie stelsel met 1.7% of R9 902 bruto inkomste per produksie seisoen beter vaar as die speenkalf stelsel.Tabel 1: Opsommende vergelyking van Speenkalf- en Tollie produksiestelsels

Bron: Neser, F.W. (UV) & BFAP PryseDie verskil in inkomste tussen die twee produksiestelsels is wel nie baie groot teen huidige pryse nie, al verkry die produsent ook `n premie, maar die vooruitsigte in die beesvleis mark moet egter ingedagte gehou word. Indien daar gekyk word na die vooruitskattings wat BFAP aan die einde van 2009 gedoen het, kan daar gesien word dat die gaping tussen die speenkalf prys en die karkas prys van beesvleis stelselmatig vergroot oor die volgende vyf jaar (Figuur 1). Die feit dat karkas prys vinniger as die speenkalf prys gaan toeneem in die toekoms is grootliks te danke aan die hoër toekomstige

Huidige Pryse Huidige Pryse Beraamde 2014 pryse Beraamde 2014 pryse + R0.70/kg premie + R0.70/kg premie Speenkalf Tollie Speenkalf Tollie Speenkalf Tollie Speenkalf Tollie

Speenkalfprys / kg 15.60 15.60 15.6 15.6 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1Karkasprys / kg (A2 & A3) 23.18 23.18 23.88 23.88 30.16 30.16 30.86 30.86Karkasprys / kg (C2 & C3) 19.36 19.36 19.36 19.36 27.16 27.16 27.16 27.16Inkomste uit die plaas R 583,459 R 578,596 R 583,459 R 593,361 R 681,550 R 761,952 R 681,550 R 776,716Verskil R 4,862 0.8% R 9,902 1.7% R 80,402 11.8% R 95,166 14.0%


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beskikbaarheid van grondstowwe grootliks tussen boerderye verskil. Die produsent moet ook die verskillende risiko`s verbonde aan elke stelsel oorweeg alvorens die oorskakelings besluit geneem word. In die geval van `n speenkalf produksiestelsel word die risiko verbonde aan die kalwers op `n baie vroeër stadium oorgedra as met `n tollie stelsel. Die kans dat verliese mag voorkom in `n tollie stelsel is heelwat groter aangesien die diere vir `n langer periode by die produsent bly. Die buigsaamheid in die geval van droogtes is ook minder by `n tollie produksiestelsel. By die speenkalf stelsel kan die kalwers vroeg van die hand gesit word en is dit slegs die volwasse diere wat deur die droogte gedra moet word.Elke produsent se situasie is uniek en sy eie syfers sal deurslaggewend wees in die besluit wat geneem word. Faktore soos die tipe natuurlike weiding, die hoeveelheid diere wat aangehou word en bestuursvaardighede van die produsent speel ook `n belangrike rol. Deeglike beplanning is noodsaaklik en die produsent moet nie halsoorkop na `n ander produksiestelsel oorskakel nie. Produsente moet ook onthou dat die oorskakeling vanaf `n speenkalf na `n tollie produksiestelsel stadig kan geskied om sodoende die stremming op kontantvloei te verminder en om die produsent bekend te maak met die vereistes van die nuwe stelsels.

inkomste uit die koeie en kalwers wat verkoop word, dek die grootste deel van die kontantvloei probleem wat ondervind mag word.Die model wat hier gebruik is, is gebaseer op die gemiddelde gewigte van die Brangus ras. Kalwers wat dus onder gemiddeld groei tot op speen ouderdom en nie 220 kg weeg ten tyde van speen nie, kan die uitkoms van die tollie stelsel nadelig beïnvloed. Dit word bepaal deur die kalwers elke week te weeg tot op speen ouderdom. Hierdie onder gemiddelde diere staan `n goeie kans om nie die gemiddelde 600 dae gewig van 494 kg te bereik nie, en daar moet dus oorweeg word om die diere eerder as speenkalwers te bemark terwyl slegs die goeie groeiers na die tollie stelsel oorgedra word.Die tollie produksiestelsel lyk baie positief in die voorgaande voorbeeld, maar die produsent moet baie oordeelkunde aan die dag lê voor daar oorgeskakel word. Die stelsel bied verskillende uitkomste na gelang van die produksie streek en die veral na gelang van die ras waarmee daar geboer word en dus die gewig van diere en hul voedings benodighede. Ander kostes wat ook die model kan beïnvloed is byvoorbeeld die kostes van onderhoud- en produksie lekke asook entings en doserings wat aan die diere verskaf moet word. Hierdie kostes is egter nie in die model ingesluit nie sodat die veranderlikes vir die doel van die vergelyking beperk kan word. Die koste van veral lekke kan weens die

Tabel 2: Inkomste vergelyking van Speenkalf- en Tollie produksiestelsels

Bron: Neser, F.W. (UV) en BFAP Pryse

Huidige Pryse Huidige Pryse Beraamde 2014 pryse Beraamde 2014 pryse + R0.70/kg premie + R0.70/kg premie Insette Speenkalf Tollie Insette Speenkalf Tollie Insette Speenkalf Tollie Insette Speenkalf TolliePlaas grootte (ha) 1890 1890 1890 1890 Drakrag (ha/GVE) 6 6 6 6 Aantal grootvee eenhede (GVE) 315 315 315 315 315 315 315 315Vervangingspersentasie 15 15 15 15 Persentasie Bulle 3 3 3 3 Gewig van koeie 482 482 482 482 Koei mortaliteite 2 2 2 2 Totale aantal koeikalf eenhede 227 227 227 227 227 227 227 227Aantal jong verse 30 52 30 52 30 52 30 52Aantal jong osse 52 52 52 52Aantal verse by bul 30 52 30 52 30 52 30 52Aantal 2jr osse 52 52 52 52Aantal produktiewe koeie 200 131 200 131 200 131 200 131Aantal bulle 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4Aantal uitskot koeie 29 19 29 19 29 19 29 19Totale aantal diere 260 339 260 339 260 339 260 339Speengewig (kg) 220 220 220 220 Speenpersentasie (%) 80 80 80 80 Slaggewig (kg) 494 494 494 494 Uitslagpersentasie (%) 50 50 50 50 Karkasgewig (kg) 247 247 247 247 Doeltreffendheid (bereken) (%) 46 46 46 46 Speenkalfprys / kg 15.60 15.6 17.1 17.1 Karkasprys / kg (A2 & A3) 23.18 23.88 30.16 30.86 Karkasprys / kg (C2 & C3) 19.36 19.36 27.16 27.16 Totale opbrengs (100% speen) (kg) 74430 96022 74430 96022 74430 96022 74430 96022Opbrengs per ha (100% speen) (kg) 39 51 39 51 39 51 39 51Werklike opbrengs (kg) 65648 90269 65648 90269 65648 90269 65648 90269Werklike Opbrengs per ha (kg) 35 48 35 48 35 48 35 48Inkomste uit die plaas R 583,459 R 578,596 R 583,459 R 593,361 R 681,550 R 761,952 R 681,550 R 776,716Verskil R 4,862 0.8% R 9,902 1.7% R 80,402 11.8% R 95,166 14.0%

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veld is ongeveer 270 % beter as dié van swak veld en ander maatstawwe soos evapotranspirasie, reënwaterafl oop en sedimentverlies is baie minder op goeie veld. Die inkomste van die goeie veld in hierdie studie was 376 % beter as dié van swak veld en die redelike veld was 235 % beter. Veld in ‘n goeie toestand is ook baie minder gevoelig vir droogtes en die regte bestuurspraktyke sal droogterisiko’s verminder. Verskeie veldbestuurstelsels word gepropageer en daar is sekerlik nie een ideale stelsel wat vir alle veldtipes geld nie, maar die toepassing van sekere bewese beginsels hou groot waarde in.

Veelading

Veelading is die belangrikste faktor wat veldtoestand en diereproduksie bepaal. Veelading is aansienlik belangriker as getal kampe op ‘n plaas of die weidingstelsel wat gevolg word. Indien die ekonomie van beesboerdery onder druk kom, is boere geneig om te veel beeste aan te hou wat aanleiding gee tot veldagteruitgang, swakker diereprestasie en gevolglik laer winsgewendheid. Veelading beïnvloed produksie per dier, maar ook produksie per hektaar. By ‘n baie lae veelading is die produksie/dier hoog, maar dit is nie ekonomies die beste nie aangesien produksie/ha laag is (Figuur 1). Indien die veelading te hoog is, daal die produksie per dier tot so ‘n mate dat produksie/ha afneem. Die ideale veelading is in die omgewing van punt x op die grafi ek.

VoedingVAN OSSE VIR DIE PRODUKSIE

VAN HORMOONVRYE VLEIS

DEUR: Hendrik van Pletzen (Voermol Voere)

Die ontwikkeling van nismarkte vir hormoonvrye vleis bied die geleentheid om waarde toe te voeg tot vleis. Die protokol vir die produksie van verskillende

handelsmerke verskil en daarom moet produsente hul deeglik vergewis van die voorskrifte. Omdat hormoonvrye vleis hoofsaaklik op veld geproduseer word, is dit noodsaaklik om aandag te gee aan veldbestuur en bestuursmetodes om veldproduksie te verbeter. Veeboerdery op veld het van die vroegste tye af twee groot beperkinge gehad naamlik veldproduksie (hoeveelheid) en variasie in kwaliteit (voedingswaarde). Hierdie twee beperkinge is in die hedendaagse boerdery-omgewing nog net so relevant en die uitdaging is om hierdie tekorte (leemtes) só te bestuur dat die nadelige uitwerking daarvan op diereproduksie verminder.

Veldproduksie en bestuursmetodes om produksie te verbeter

Dit is algemeen bekend dat veldbestuurpraktyke aanleiding gee tot veldagteruitgang of veldverbetering. Die invloed van veldtoestand op ‘n aantal produksieparameters word baie goed deur Snyman (2003) beskryf. Veld in ‘n goeie toestand met ‘n basale bedekking van 8.3 % is vergelyk met redelike veld (6.4 % basale bedekking) en swak veld (2.9 % basale bedekking). Die dominante spesies op die goeie veld is T. triandra (Rooigras) en D. eriantha (vingergras); redelike veld is E. chloromelas (krulblaar), E. lehmanniana (knietjiesgras) en S. fi mbriatus (fynsaadgras) en op die swak veld is A. congesta (steekgras) en T.koelerioides (wortelsaadgras). Die droëmateriaalproduksie op die goeie veld was 1238 kg/ha, redelike veld 768 kg/ha en swak veld 368 kg/ha met weikapasiteite van onderskeidelik 5.2, 8.3 en 19.4 ha/GVE. Die drakrag van die goeie

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navorsing by Mara toon dat smaaklike grasse 23 % meer produseer na ‘n seisoensrus. Die intermediêre en onsmaaklike grasse reageer egter anders en produseer onderskeidelik 17 % en 32 % minder na ‘n seisoensrus. In soetveldgebiede mag dit selfs nodig wees om veld vir twee agtereenvolgende groeiseisoene te laat rus om groeikrag en produksie te bevorder.

‘n Seisoensrus beteken dat veld vir die volle groeiseisoen moet rus, d.w.s. vanaf September tot ongeveer die middel van April in die suurveldgebiede. In soetveldgebiede beteken ‘n seisoensrus die hele periode waartydens die grasplant aktief groei.

‘n Seisoensrus is noodsaaklik vir:

• Saadproduksie• Saailing- ontwikkeling• Opbou van koolhidraatreserwes in die wortels vir

groeikrag in die volgende somer• Voldoende spaarveld vir oorwintering van vee

Riglyne vir die bestuur van suurveld

Veldbestuurstelsels vir suurveld maak voorsiening vir ‘n groeiseisoensrus vir elke tweede, derde of vierde jaar vir ‘n bepaalde gedeelte van die plaas. Die verskillende stelsels staan bekend as die tweeblok, drieblok of vierblokstelsel. Aangesien die drieblokstelsel die meeste in die praktyk toegepas word, sal dit as voorbeeld bespreek word.

Neem die volgende punte in ag met die beplanning van so ‘n stelsel:

• Die groeiseisoen is slegs 4 - 5 maande lank. In hierdie tydperk (Oktober tot Februarie) moet die veld genoeg produseer vir 12 maande se beweiding.

• Veld rus elke derde jaar vir die volle groeiseisoen.

• Beweiding in die winter is nie nadelig vir veld nie.

• Brand speel ‘n belangrike rol in sekere suurveldgebiede. Veld moet slegs gebrand word ná ‘n seisoensrus. Indien vee nie die spaarveld in die winter wegvreet nie, oorweeg om die veld in die vroeë lente te brand. Brand verhoog die kwaliteit van die weiding aansienlik en gebrande veld kan strategies vir diere met ‘n hoë voedingsbehoefte soos lakterende diere en jong groeiende diere gebruik word.

• Verdeel die plaas in drie nagenoeg ewe groot blokke. Gebruik die bestaande drade om hierdie verdeling te maak. In elke blok moet daar nagenoeg ewe veel van elke veldtipe wees en die drakrag van die blokke moet dieselfde wees. Die getal kampe in elke blok moet ook nagenoeg dieselfde wees om veebestuur te vergemaklik.

Die siklus word na drie jaar herhaal. Dieselfde beginsels kan ook gebruik word om ‘n tweeblok of

Figuur 1: Die veralgemeende verband tussen veelading en produksie per dier en produksie per ha

Indien veelading die kritieke punt oorskrei, sal beeste swakker groei en/of gewig verloor. Drakrag van veld word tot ‘n baie groot mate deur reënval en klimaat bepaal. Veldproduksie varieer dus van groeiseisoen tot groeiseisoen en daarom is wisselende veeladings onafwendbaar. Omdat osboerdery of ‘n osboerderykomponent meer buigbaar is, kan makliker by wisselende veeladings aangepas word. Deur rekord te hou van die getal diere en getal dae wat die diere in ‘n bepaalde kamp deurbring, kan daar met tyd uit die kamprekords ‘n goeie idee verkry word van die dravermoë van die verskillende kampe op ‘n plaas.

Skeiding van veldtipes

Die skeiding van veldtipes is ‘n basiese vereiste vir enige weidingstelsel. Dit is algemeen bekend dat diere selektief vreet en indien verskillende veldtipes in dieselfde kamp voorkom, sal diere op die smaaklike gedeeltes konsentreer. Aanhoudende beweiding op smaaklike gedeeltes in ‘n kamp lei tot veldagteruitgang. Baie kampe is hoegenaamd nie ‘n vereiste vir goeie veldbestuur nie en die getal kampe is tot ‘n groot mate van veebestuur afhanklik. Baie kampe is koste intensief in terme van drade, watervoorsiening en onderhoud en daarom moet die getal kampe tot die minimum beperk word.

Seisoensrus - ‘n voorwaarde vir volgehoue veld- en veeproduksie

‘n Praktyk wat sonder twyfel veldproduksie, veldsamestelling en diereproduksie verbeter, is die toepassing van ‘n groeiseisoenrus elke tweede of derde jaar. ‘n Seisoensrus laat plante nie net rus nie, maar ook herstel weens die opbou van wortelreserwes. Kemp et al. (1994) het gevind dat die produksie van rooigras in suurveldgebiede met 170% verbeter het na ‘n seisoensrus in vergelyking met rooigras wat die vorige seisoen normaal bewei was. Goeie smaaklike grasse vind geweldig baie baat by ‘n seisoensrus. Smaaklike grasse in suurveld, soos rooigras en vingergras, produseer ongeveer dubbeld soveel ná ‘n seisoensrus in vergelyking met gras wat normaal bewei was. Onsmaaklike grasse soos taaipol se produksie neem egter af na ‘n seisoensrus, waarskynlik a.g.v. meer kompetisie van smaaklike grasse. Soetveld vind ook baat by ‘n seisoensrus en


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hormoonvrye vleis. Die volgende lekke is geskik vir aanvulling op droë (winter) weidings: Voermol Proteïenblok, Rumevite Beesblok, Rumevite Ekonolek, Voermol Premix 450, Voermol Hoëveldlek en Voermol Dundeelekkonsentraat vir selfmeng met graan en sout (vir meer inligting sien Voermol Produkhandleiding). Op groen weidings kan een van die volgende produkte gebruik word: Voermol Fosfaatblok, Voermol Superfos, Voermol Rumevite 6P of Voermol Rumevite 12P vir selfmeng (sien Voermol Produkhandleiding).

Dit gebeur dikwels dat die somer “net te kort” is en osse nie betyds voor die winter op veld afrond nie. Vir die produksie van hormoonvrye vleis, is die gebruik van ‘n ionofoor in meeste gevalle nie toelaatbaar nie en gewone vetmeskonsentrate kan dus nie gebruik word nie. Die volgende kragvoermengsel kan op die veld gevoer word om osse mee af te rond:

kgVoermol Super 18 200Voermol HPK 36 of Procon 33 150Mieliemeel of hominy chop 450Hooi 200Voerkalk 15Sout 5TOTAAL 1020

Om maagsteurnisse te voorkom, moet osse gelykmatig oor 10 dae aangepas word en volop droë weiding moet altyd beskikbaar wees. Na 10 dae aanpassing, kan bogenoemde mengsel ad lib. gevoer word.

vierblokstelsel uit te werk. In die tweeblokstelsel sal die helfte van die plaas elke tweede jaar rus en by die vierblokstelsel sal een kwart van die plaas elke vierde jaar rus.

Riglyne vir die bestuur van soetveld

Neem die volgende punte in ag by die beplanning van die stelsel.

• Die groeiseisoen is slegs 4 - 5 maande lank (Desember tot April). In hierdie tydperk moet die veld genoeg produseer vir 12 maande se beweiding.

• Veldproduksie varieer van groeiseisoen tot groeiseisoen. Daarom is wisselende veeladings onafwendbaar.

• Soetveld reageer baie goed op twee agtereenvolgende rusperiodes in die groeiseisoen.

• Beweiding in die winter of wanneer geen aktiewe groei plaasvind nie, is nie nadelig vir die veld nie.

• Verdeel die plaas in drie nagenoeg ewe groot blokke met dieselfde veldtipes en drakrag. Gebruik die bestaande drade om die verdeling te maak.

• Verdeel die jaar in drie seisoene: Groeisoen Desember - April (5 maande) Winter Mei - Augustus (4 maande) Lente September - November (3 maande) Die verdeling van die jaar in hierdie drie seisoene

maak voorsiening dat daar voldoende weiding regdeur die jaar beskikbaar is. Die oneweredige verdeling van 5 maande, 4 maande en 3 maande maak voorsiening vir weidingsverliese a.g.v. wild en termiete asook ‘n afname in die voedingswaarde van grasse.

• Slegs een derde van die plaas word per seisoen bewei.

Die siklus word na drie jaar herhaal. Daar is ook ander stelsels soos bv. die 7/5 maande stelsel. Al voorwaarde is dat die stelsel voorsiening moet maak vir twee agtereenvolgende rusperiodes in die groeiseisoen.

Aanpassing in kuddesamestelling

In enige produksiestelsel waar bemarking op ‘n later ouderdom as speentyd plaasvind, sal daar na verhouding minder teelkoeie in die kudde wees. Koeigetalle moet dus aangepas word om voorsiening te maak vir die uitgroei van osse. Indien ‘n plaas bv. 130 koeie in ‘n speenkalfstelsel kan dra, moet koeigetalle na 110 verminder waar osse op 18 maande bemark word (GVA Riglyne). In ‘n stelsel waar osse op 30 maande bemark word, moet koeigetalle na 94 verminder. Voordele van osboerdery is o.a. minder sensitief vir droogtes, meer buigbaar, laer risiko, vereis minder bestuursinsette en laer kostes. Hulpbronsamestelling sal ‘n groot rol speel tot watter mate osboerdery ingefasseer kan word.

Lekke en byvoeding vir osse

Voermol Voere beskik oor ‘n wye verskeidenheid produkte wat geskik is vir die produksie van

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‘n Ras sonder teeldoelwitte is rigtingloos en verlore. Die Raad, telers en kenners het op ‘n Bosberaad te Pa-rys (2004) en Bloemfontein (2010) ‘n profi el opgestel van hoe die ideale Brangus se; visuele eienskappe (Liniere stelsel 1-9 met 5 as ideaal) en volgens BLUP teelwaardes moet lyk. Hierdie is ‘n goed gebalan-seerde kombinasie van funksionele eienskappe en teelwaardes van ekonomiese belangrike eienskappe wat gebaseer is op:

• Behoeftes van die kommersiële vleisbeesboer• Die bestaande rasstandaarde;• Om die goeie eienskappe waarvoor die Brangus

bekend is verder uit te bou en om enige negatiewe eienskappe aan te spreek

A breed without a breeding goal lacks direction and is lost. At a THINK TANK in Parys (2004) and Bloemfontein (2010) the Brangus Council, prominent breeders and consultants developed a profi le of the ideal Brangus using visual (linear system 1-9 with 5) and breeding values of economically important traits based on:

• Requirements of commercial beef cattle producers;• The breed standards;• To further improve the positive traits the Brangus is

already known for and to address any negative traits that are hampering the further expansion of the breed

The South African Brangus is described as a breed that:

• Is polled• Is adaptable (reproduces regularly) under a wide

range of conditions• Has low birth weights• Produces medium frame cows that are effi cient

and wean more than 46% of their body weight, have good mothering ability and above aver-age milk

• Produces calves of high weaning weight and good feed conversion ratios

• Has excellent meat quality (tenderness, eye muscle and slaughter percentage)

• Docile breed

TeeldoelwitteBRANGUS BREEDING GOALS

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1. Sheath opening shows no skin folds, opening is always open, pronounced prolaps constantly hangs out ±15cm;

3. Sheath opening shows skin folds, opening is not fully closed, prolaps of less than 10cm can hang out but the animal must be able to retract it completely;

5. Sheath opening shows distinct skin folds, opening is tightly closed, prolaps of less than 5cm can hang out but the animal must be able to retract it completely;

7. Sheath opening shows distinct skin folds, opening is tightly closed, prolaps of less than 2cm can hang out but the animal must be able to retract it completely;

9. Sheath opening shows distinct skin folds, opening is tightly closed, no prolaps visible.

Front view1. Colour

Red = 5 Black = 7 Brindle = 13 Two colour = 12

2. Horns

Polled = P Scurs = S Horns = H

3. Front Legs

4. Front Feet Claw Set

7. Front Feet Angle

10. Rear Legs (Side View)

6. Sheath Opening

5. Sheath/Naval

8. Hind Feet Claw Set

9. Hind Feet Angle

Rear view11. Rear Legs (Hind View)


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1. Bull - Ox type, no neck development, undersized testicles, not heavy in fore quarter, no darkening of fore quarter.

Female - small external opening, heavy in fore quarter, no udder development.

3. Bull - Little development of testicles and neck, slight darkening of fore quarter, slight heavier in fore quarter

Female - Little development of external/sexual organs, slight neck development, wedge not pronounced

5. Bull - Developed testicles, neck muscled, darkening of fore quarter, developed fore quarter

Female - Well developed external opening, fine neck, pronounced wedge shaped, feminine

7. Bull - Well developed testicles, neck muscles, darkening of fore quarter, heavier in fore quarter

Female - Well developed external organs, fine neck, pronounced wedge shape

9. Bull - Very well developed testicles, neck muscles, very heavy fore quarter, darkening fore quarters

Female - Very well developed external organs and udder, very fine neck, pronounced wedge shaped. Very feminine.

Docile - mild disposition; gentle and easily handled; stands and moves slowly during handling undisturbed settled; somewhat dull; does not pull on head gate when in crush; exits crush calmly.

Restless - quieter than average but slightly restless, may be stubborn during handling, may try to back out of crush, pulls back on neckclamp, some flicking of tail, exits crush promptly

Nervous - typical temperament, manageable but nervous and impatient, a moderate amount of struggling, movement and tail flicking, repeated pushing and pulling on headgate, exits crush briskly

Flighty wild - jumpy and out of control, quivers and struggles violently, may bellow and froth at mouth, continuous tail flicking, defecates and urinates during handling, frantically runs fenceline and may jump when penned individually, exhibits long flight distance and exits crush wildly.

Aggressive - may be similar to score 4 but with added aggressive behaviour, fearful, extreme agitation, continuous movement which may include jumping and bellowing while in crush, exits crush frantically and may exhibit attack behaviour when handled alone.

12. Sexual Development

14. Muscle Score

15. Frame Score

13. Docility

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Birth Weight 200-Day 600-Day MCW 200-Day Scrotal Docility Sheath Sheath (kg) Weight Weight (kg) Milk Size (cm) (Score) Length Opening (kg) (kg) (kg) (Score) (Score)

Top Value -3.3 +29 +52 +65 +8 +1.8Top 1% -1.7 +21 +41 +50 +6 +1.2Top 5% -0.7 +18 +35 +41 +5 +0.8Top 10% -0.3 +16 +31 +37 +4 +0.7 9 9Top 20% +0.2 +14 +28 +32 +4 +0.5 8 8Top 30% +0.6 +13 +26 +29 +3 +0.4 5 7 7Top 40% +0.9 +12 +24 +26 +3 +0.3 4 6 6Top 50% +1.1 +11 +22 +24 +2 +0.2 3 5 5Top 60% +1.4 +10 +21 +22 +2 +0.1 2 4 4Top 70% +1.6 +9 +19 +19 +1 0.0 1 3 3Top 80% +1.9 +7 +16 +16 +1 -0.1 2 2Top 90% +2.5 +5 +13 +12 -1 -0.2 1 1Top 95% +2.9 +4 +10 +8 -2 -0.3Top 99% +4.0 +1 +4 0 -5 -0.7Low Value +6.0 -5 -4 -14 -9 -1.6

The recommended ideal EBV’s and linear scores for the Brangus of tomorrow

DEUR: Prof Frikkie Neser

1. Be sure to set up a proper selection aims with reachable goals2. Concentrate on economic important traits3. Selection should take place under a normal production environment4. The most important client is the commercial breeder5. Fertility and not growth is the most important trait6. Strive to breed highly effi cient medium size cows that are able to wean 48%

of their own weight7. Quality traits like tenderness and marbling will become more important in

future8. Select for as few traits as possible to ensure maximum progress9. Use DNA technology and breeding values in your selection program10. Buy the best animals possible from breeders with similar selection aims and

productions environments as your own

BEST PRACTICES:Selection requirements forBeef Cattle beyond 2010

Breeding the best better


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Agtergrond

Brangus telers het in die verlede reeds verskeie kere bulle ingeskryf by die Oos-Vrystaat Veldbulklub. In 1999/2000 was die Brangus die ras met die meeste bulle ingeskryf (58). Vanaf 1998 is 167 Brangus bulle van afkomstig van 19 telers getoets. Aanvanklik het die klem hoofsaaklik geval op groei, maar vanaf die jaar 2000 is al meer klem gelê op aanpasbaarheidseienskappe soos kondisie, temperament en bosluisweerstand.

Groei

Die groei van Brangusbulle op die veld word in Tabel 1 aangetoon.

Tabel 1 Groei van Brangusbulle by die Oos-Vrystaat Veldbulklub

*Toets nog nie voltooi

In 2005-06 en 2007-08 is geen Brangusbulle ingeskryf nie. Uit Tabel 1 blyk dit dat daar nog groot variasie is in die groei van bulle op die veld en dat seleksie vir groei op die veld wel moontlik is.

Die vraag word dikwels gevra: Is dit die moeite werd om vir groei op die veld te selekteer? Beskou die volgende geval: Met die inname van 03-04 het die swakste groeier 445g/dag toegeneem oor ‘n periode van 236 dae en die beste groeier 826g per dag toegeneem. Teen ‘n vleiswaarde van R12/kg lewend het die eerste bul R1260 in waarde toegeneem teenoor die tweede bul se R2339 – ‘n verskil van R1079.

Jaar Bulle Telers GDT(g) Variasie GDT Dae98-99 21 2 714 538-895 21099-00 58 3 820 606-970 16500-01 10 1 770 630-895 16201-02 8 1 649 560-761 20902-03 13 2 678 586-774 23903-04 13 2 585 445-826 23604-05 8 1 680 612-802 23706-07 10 2 566 491-665 17308-09 10 2 686 569-838 16709-10 16 3 615 435-815 92*Gemid 16.7 2 716 435-970 200

DEUR: C.J. Dreyer, LDO Dienste, VredeDEUR: C.J. Dreyer, LDO Dienste, VredeBrangusVELDBUL KLUB


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Figure 1 Bulle op die veld (09-10 toets)

Ander Eienskappe

Sedert 2001 word almeer klem gelê op ander eienskappe. Die volgende metings word by die Oos-Vrystaat Veldbulklub geneem en kan as riglyn dien vir alle veldbultoetse:

1) Massatoename (weeg bulle elke 3-4 weke tydens toetsfase)

2) Kondisietelling (geneem aan die begin, middel en einde van toetsfase, maar verkieslik met elke weging)

3) Temperamenttelling (geneem met elke weging op ‘n 9-puntskaal)

4) Bespiering (visueel aan einde van toets)

5) Bosluistelling (tel bosluise op elke bul vanaf stert tot op skrotum)

6) Haartelling (Subjektief oor die hele lyf)

7) Pelvisgrootte (bepaal tydens vrugbaarheidstoets)

8) Skrotumomtrek (einde van toets gemeet)

Daar kan sekerlik oor elkeen van hierdie metings ‘n groot deel geskryf word en resultate van die Brangus is ook beskikbaar. Telers wat deelneem ontvang drie verslae tydens die toets en kan sy bulle se prestasie vergelyk met die van ander Brangus telers. Daar word sover moontlik gepoog om nie rasvergelykings te maak nie.

Veldbul Suidelike Afrika (VBSA)

Veldbul SA is agt jaar gelede gestig met die aanvanklike doel om die toetsprosedures by die bestaande veldbulklubs te koördineer. VBSA het die visie dat beesvleis slegs van die veld af volhoubaar geproduseer kan word. Om dit koste-effektief te kan doen en in kompetisie met ander vleisbedrywe, moet die doeltreffendheid van prestasie op die veld verhoog word.

VBSA beywer hom om d.m.v. sinvolle toetsing onder sy beskerming soveel as moontlik veld-aangepaste bulle te identifiseer en aan die bedryf beskikbaar te stel ten einde bogemelde visie te verwesenlik. Aangesien telers dikwels versigtig is om hul bulle by Veldbulklubs in te skryf, het VBSA besluit om ook plaastoetse onder sy beskerming toe te laat, mits die nodige toesig toegepas word.

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VBSA het ook sy veldbulbrandmerk geregistreer as handelsmerk en ‘n bul wat die veldbultoets slaag, deur sy rasgenootskap gekeur is en vrugbaar is, kan hierdie brandmerk opkry.

Toekoms

Daar is tans drie telers (Keeversfontein Boerdery, C. Sparks en A.vd Merwe) wat deelneem aan die Oos-Vrystaat Veldbulklub en met die belangstelling wat daar tans bestaan in veldaangepaste diere en die sogenaamde “grass-fed beef” behoort daar meer telers deel te neem en behoort die veilingsgetalle ook te groei. Keeversfontein Boerdery is ook die eerste Brangus stoet wat ‘n veldbultoets onder beskerming van VBSA op hul plaas uitvoer.

Toetsperiode: 167 dae Toetsgroep: 10

Prestasie behaal:

GDT Indeks: 107 Temperament Ind 160

Kleiber Indeks: 102 Kondisie Ind 110

Ekonomiese Indeks: 104 Bespiering Ind 106


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BeefAGRI-OUTLOOK

1. International beef market trends

1.1 International beef production trends

Global beef production is forecast to continue its sustained decline in 2010. Nonetheless, at just less than 1%, the rate of decline is forecast to be slower than the previous years. Production is ex-pected to increase in Brazil (4%) and India (5%). Production increases in Brazil will be influenced by increased herd numbers; while in India it will be influenced by domestic demand and availability of a large herd. However, the improved production outlook in these countries will not be able to offset forecast decline in Argentina (13%), China (4%) and the US (2%). World beef production and cattle herd trends are depicted in figures 1 and 2 below.

Figure 1: World beef production trends (‘000 ton) Figure 2: World cattle herd trends

Source: USDA Economic Research Services

HighlightsDomestic: Production conditions have improved significantly as a result of good rains in most ar-eas. Margins in the beef industry are expected to improve because of low maize prices and relatively stable to strong prices. Domestic beef prices will be supported by increased demand during the world cup. However, the strong Rand remains a major threat to prices.

International: World beef production is expected to increase under a percent during 2010.The major increase in world production will be from Brazil and India.


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Pointer

• Major producers of beef will experience a decline in production as a result of declining herd numbers

• Production in Brazil and India will increase but will not be able to offset declines in the US and Argentina

1.2 International trade trends

Global beef trade is forecast to increase by only 1% in 2010, as global demand fails to recover fully and suppliers fail to generate enough supplies. Exports from Australia, New Zealand and the US are expected to fall by 3%, 2% and 7% respectively. Nonetheless, Brazil’s exports are expected to surge by 20%. Elsewhere in South America export growth will not reach the levels in Brazil. India’s exports are forecast to rise by 4% driven by increased exports of buffalo meat.

Global imports will remain subdued as a result of a slow rebound of the global economy. None-theless, in major importing countries imports are expected to rise. Imports to Russia, the US and the EU are forecast to rise by 11%, 4% and 4% respectively. However, imports to Venezuela are expected to decline by 60%. Global export and import trends are shown in figures 3 and 4 below.

Source: USDA Economic Research Services

Pointers

• Global beef trade is expected to be sluggish, influenced mainly by lack of supplies and subdued demand as a result of the sluggish global economic recovery

• Global exports will be to a large extent supported by Brazil; while imports will be supported by the EU, the US and Russia.

1.3 International price trends

As illustrated in figure 5, global beef prices have rebounded in recent months despite the sluggish economic recovery. The rebound in prices reflects shortages in supply. As illustrated in figure 6, global stocks are under pressure and are expected to remain that way in the short to medium term. Should that materialise, prices will remain high.

Figure 3: World beef export trends for selectedcountries (‘000 ton)

Figure 5: International FOB beef prices (SA c/kg)

Figure 4: World beef import trends forselected countries (‘000 ton)

Figure 6: World beef stocks (‘1000 ton)

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Pointers

• Global beef prices remain strong supported by decreasing stocks and a general shortage in supply.

• Prices are expected to remain strong in the short to medium term

1.4 International beef market outlook

Given the above the following is of importance:

• Expected world demand trends.

The demand for beef and meat in general has been under pressure for the better part of the year due to the global economic meltdown. However, as the global economy recovers, demand can be expected to rebound.

• Expected world production trends.

World beef production is expected to continue to recover due to lower feed costs - good sup-plies of maize and abundant wheat suitable for feed.

• Expected world price trends.

Prices are expected to remain strong as a result of shortages in supplies.

2. Domestic beef market trends

2.1 Domestic beef production trends

Out of the total area of South Africa, approximately 59% is natural grazing, and can only be utilised by cattle, sheep, goats, horses, donkeys and wildlife. Given the potential of ruminants to utilise roughage/fodder (crop residues and pastures) as well as their low feed conversion ratios and the cost of high density feeds (grains), the primary production of cattle, sheep and goats will therefore always have to rely on the availability of fodder. As rainfall plays a major role in the availability of fodder, it is logical that a good correlation would exist between rainfall and the size of the national herd, shown in figure 7 below.

This season was favourable to livestock production. Good rainfall received over the summer period saw grazing conditions improving remarkably resulting in the withholding of stock on farms. This was a welcome relief for farmers as feed prices remained relatively expensive.

Pointers

• The national beef herd has reached a peak and has stabilised between 13 and 14 million from 1998 to 2008. The highest number is in the Eastern Cape (23%), followed by KwaZulu-Natal (21%) and the Free State (17%).

• The cyclic fluctuation in the size of the national herd is mainly the result of the availability of fod-der, which in turn is determined by climatic rainfall patterns. This is a clear indication that given the current technology, the natural resource is utilised to its fullest potential with the result that herd numbers will tend to plateau.

Figure 7: South African beef herd trends

Source: Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, Own calculations


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• Normally, there is a two year lag between better rainfall / feed conditions and the expansion of the national herd.

• The commercial female herd has been on the decline due to herd liquidation from conversion to game farming. But the female herd has since bottomed out and increased over the past year due to herd rebuilding. Although the beef herd has moved sideways, this could be due to the increase in calving - improved production efficiency.

• Production fluctuations around the average are mainly the result of the fact that beef (breeding stock) was needed to produce beef (slaughter animals) and because of the long production cycle. This meant that producers withheld slaughter animals during herd building phases, creat-ing an artificial shortage in the market resulting in abnormal price hikes. During periods of low marginal income, producers had to increase their production to maintain their cash flow placing downward pressure on prices. This normally continued till the producers started to liquidate their breeding stock in a bid to survive with a resulting decrease in production and the cycle started again.

2.3. Beef price trends

As illustrated in figure 8 domestic beef prices declined in the second half of 2008 in line with de-teriorating economic conditions. During the same period household disposable income also came under pressure as unemployment rose. Nonetheless, prices have been showing signs of recovery. We forecast that this trend will remain the same in the short to medium term. Prices will be sup-ported by the 2010 world cup and later by a recovering domestic economy.

Pointers

• Given the good correlation between maize and feed prices, the beef/maize price ratio can be used as an indication of the profitability of a feedlot operation. A beef/maize price ratio of 1:13 can, as a rule of thumb, be used as a break-even ratio for feedlots. The beef/maize price ratio remains well above 13 which indicate an alleviation of pressure on profitability.

• The beef producers’ profitability improved mainly as a result of lower maize prices and stable to strong carcass prices.

2.4 Domestic beef market outlook

Given the above the following is of importance.

• Expected domestic demand trends.

• The demand for beef is expected to increase as the consumers’ disposable income improves due to a rebound in the domestic economy.

• Meanwhile, a significant increase in American beef exports to the EU this year signal strong competition for African producers. But trade agreements with African beef exporting nations offer a local advantage. Increasing European demand for hormone-free beef is

Figure 8: South African Beef Price trends and the relation between maize and weaner calf prices

Source: SAMIC, Stock Owners, Noord Kaap Lewendehawe, selected feedlots, Own calculations


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prompting a rise in American production of the product, with the result that 7761 tonnes of beef have been exported to the EU so far this year. This is a whopping 179% increase over the same period last year. American producers claim one benefit: they grain-feed their cattle, producing a more succulent cut of beef than grass-fed cattle from Africa. African beef producers do not have to go out of their way to secure a hormone-free herd to export, unlike US producers.

• Also to Africa’s advantage is the array of tax-free imported beef quotas from the EU, which allow for more African beef imports than the continent can currently meet. No tariffs are levied against beef under the trade schemes. Tariffs are automatically levied against beef from the Americas, incorporating such major producers as the US and Argentina, after 58 000 tonnes of product enters the EU market. (PB).

• Expected domestic production trends.

• Production (slaughtering) will improve slightly in the short term as more cattle return to the mar-ket towards year end.

• Expected domestic price trends.

• Domestic beef prices will be supported by consumer demand during the world cup in June.

• However, the strong Rand/US dollar exchange rate may exert pressure on domestic beef prices and may increase import competition.

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Wat is Trich?Trichomoniase, of in kort Trich, soos meeste van ons hierdie siekte ken, is ‘n veneriese- of geslagsiekte van beeste. Die organisme verantwoordelik is ‘n protosoïese parasiete wat deur die bul van koei tot koei oorgedra word wanneer hy hulle dek. Die organisme oorleef in die skede van die bul en word nie aan die immuunstelsel van die bul blootgestel nie. Die besmette bul bly dus ‘n draer en sal die volgende dekseisoen weer die koeie besmet. Weet jy wie kuier by jou koeie?

Alhoewel jong bulle moeiliker besmet word, en besmet bly as ouer bulle, kan jy trich in jou kudde inbring deur die aankoop van ‘n jong, “ongebruikte” bul. Dit is baie moelik vir enige teler om te waarborg dat ‘n jong bul op geen stadium ‘n koei of vers probeer dek het nie. Die bul wys geen kliniese tekens nie!

Die organisme bly in die koei se vagina agter en veroorsaak ‘n baarmoederinfeksie. Dit word gewoonlik gekenmerk deur ‘n ligte, witterige uitloopsel vir sowat twee maande. Konsepsie vind gewoonlik plaas maar die embrio sterf 30 tot 90 dae later en word dan geresorbeer. Die koei kom dan weer op hitte en is dan aansteeklik vir enige bul wat haar dek.

Die koei het tussen twee en ses maande nodig om, met behulp van haar eie immuunreaksie, die infeksie te elimineer en sy word dan dragtig. Die effek op produksie (dragtigheidspersentasie) is dramaties in verse, veral as daar van ‘n beperkte teelseisoen gebruik gemaak word. In enkele gevalle behou ‘n geïnfekteerde koei haar dragtigheid en sy kan dan die volgende dekseisoen weer die bulle besmet.

Enkele koeie ontwikkel ‘n piometra (baarmoeder vol etter) en kan selfs verkeerdelik as dragtig gediagnoseer word. Hierdie ontsteking sal maande lank verhinder dat sy op hitte kom. Wanneer sy egter weer siklies raak sal sy die organisme weer oordra na enige bul wat haar dek.

Koeie wat reeds dragtig is wanneer hulle besmet word aborteer gewoonlik sowat 10 dae later.

Hoe kom ons agter dat ons ‘n trich probleem het?

• Verlengde teelseisoen, herhaal-telers - koeie kom 60-90 dae later weer op hitte

• Lae dragtigheidspersentasie (veral as daar van ‘n kort teelseisoen gebruik gemaak word)

• Aborsies (nie algemeen)

Gewoonlik sien ons nie ‘n groot impak die eerste jaar nie. Net ‘n klein groepie koeie word geïnfekteer en van hulle aborteer later in die seisoen. Die volgende dekseisoen word meer bulle besmet deur die koeie en dan bars die bom - maklik tot 30% oop koeie!

In kuddes waar die bulle heel jaar saam met die koeie loop steel trich stil-stil. Geïnfekteerde koeie kalf net elke 18 maande, maar waar daar swak rekord gehou word besef produsente nie eers dat daar gesteel is nie. Oor ‘n aantal jare gemeet sal die koeie in die kudde net twee kalwers elke drie jaar produseer - weereens ‘n 30% verlies!

Hoe voorkom ons ‘n trich probleem?• Eerstens koop ons net bulle van beproefde telers.

• Toets al die bulle voor elke teelseisoen.

• Pasop om sommer enige nie-dragtige vroulike diere in te koop (winskopies?)

• Hou heinings in stand.

• Moenie bulle leen nie.

• Koop skoon saad vir KI.

Hoe raak ons ontslae van trich?Besmette bulle moet verkieslik geslag word. Waardevolle bulle kan onder die toesig van ‘n veearts behandel word. Die middels is nie baie veilig nie en sukses kan nie gewaarborg word nie. Selfs na drie opeenvolgende

TrichonomiaseDEUR: Dr. George G Cox


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eerste jaar moet hierdie enting 2 to 4 weke later herhaal word. Die laaste enting moet minstens 4 weke voor die dekseisoen toegedien word. Hierdie enting sal verseker dat meeste van die koeie, selfs in ‘n kort teelseisoen, sal kalf. Boonop beskerm die entstof ook teen reproduksieverliese as gevolg van Vibriose en Leptospirose!

Gebruik ook skoon bulle op hierdie kudde. Hierdie groep diere moet verkieslik apart loop en gehanteer word. Alle oop koeie moet geslag word.

Voorkom dat trich ‘n probleem op jou plaas word. Slegs volharding met ‘n goeie program (in samewerking met jou veearts) sal verseker dat jy gou van trich ontslae raak. Kortpaaie sal hierdie proses uitrek en mag jou dalk in die geelbladsye laat beland!

skedewasse of -skrape kan niemand ‘n 100% waarborg gee dat die bul skoon is nie en herbesmetting vanaf die koeie is ook moontlik!

Gebruik dan net skoon bulle op skoon koeie en verse. Skoon koeie word gewoonlik gedefinieer as koeie met kalwers, maar ongelukkig kan van hulle “draers” wees. My aanbeveling is gewoonlik om twee kuddes op die plaas te skep:

Die eerste kudde is die vervangingsverse wat nog nie blootgestel was nie, asook skoon koeie. Gebruik net skoon bulle en/of kunsmatige inseminasie (KI) by die vervangingsverse. Hulle mag glad nie meng met die koeikudde nie, veral nie die skoon bulle nie!

Die tweede kudde is die blootgestelde of besmette diere. Ent al hierdie koeie voor elke dekseisoen met TrichGuard V5L (Reg nr. G3018 - Wet 36/1947). Die

BrangusBeoordelaars

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Nasionale SkouLot 88 – TX0613Groot & Senior Kampioen Rooi bulEienaar: Bennie van Niekerk

Lot 57 – W0711Groot, Opperste & Junior Kampioen Swart BulEienaar: Andre Wouman

Lot 142 – BVN0756Groot, Opperste & Junior Kampioen Rooi KoeiEienaar: Bennie van Niekerk

Lot 34 – TT0622Senior Kampioen Swart BulEienaar: Tatties Henning

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Lot 67 – TX068Duurste Bul op die Nasionale veiling 2009 –R120 000.00Verkoper: Venter R & Mentz WKoper: Mashinini Enterprise

Lot 152 – MM067852de plek in Klas 14, 31 – 36 maande oud, Swart vroulike diereEienaar: McMurray RJ

Lot 121 – VL06401ste plek in Klas 34, 31-36 maande oud, Rooi vroulike diereEienaar: Van Loggerenberg PF

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SWART BRANGUS BULLEKlas 1 18 Maande en Jonger

Klas 2 18 - 24 Maande

EERSTE W0711

TWEEDE V50767

DERDE BM07122


EERSTE MM07827

TWEEDE DK0715

DERDE DK0725

Klas 4 Junior Kampioen W0711

Res Junior Kampioen MM07827

Klas 5 31- 36 Maande

EERSTE TT0622

TWEEDE TT0678

Klas 8 Senior Kampioen TT0622

Res Senior Kampioen TT0678

Klas 9 Groot Kampioen Bul W0711

BRANGUS VROULIKE DIERE

Klas 10 18 Maande en Jonger


Klas 13 Junior Kampioen

Res Junior Kampioen


EERSTE W065

TWEEDE MM06785

DERDE MM06749

Klas 15 42 Maande en ouer

Klas 16 Senior Kampioen W065

Res Senior Kampioen MM06785

Klas 17 Groot Kampioen Vroulik W065

Opperste Kampioen Bul W0711

Opperste Kampioen Koei BVN0756

Breedplan Bul JJR0767

ROOI BRANGUS BULLEKlas 21 18 Maande en JongerKlas 22 18 - 24 Maande EERSTE V507170 TWEEDE V50789 DERDE BM0793Klas 23 25 - 30 Maande EERSTE BM071 TWEEDE D0772 DERDE TX071Klas 24 Junior Kampioen V507170 Res Junior Kampioen V50789Klas 25 31- 36 Maande EERSTE TX0613 TWEEDE KB0646 DERDE BVN067Klas 26 37 - 42 maande EERSTE TX068KLAS 27 42+ maande EERSTE TX0443 TWEEDE MV03260 DERDE KB0562Klas 28 Senior Kampioen TX0613 Res Senior Kampioen TX0443Klas 29 Groot Kampioen TX0613

BRANGUS VROULIKE DIEREKlas 30 18 Maande en Jonger EERSTE AP07681 TWEEDE AP07591 DERDE AP07611Klas 31 18 - 24 Maande EERSTE BVN0756 TWEEDE BVN0767 DERDE BVN0768Klas 32 25 - 30 Maande EERSTE BVN0724 TWEEDE BVN0718 DERDE BVN0715Klas 33 Junior Kampioen BVN0756 Res Junior Kampioen BVN0724Klas 34 31 - 36 Maande EERSTE VL0640Klas 35 37 - 42 Maande EERSTE V50634Klas 36 42 Maande en ouer EERSTE V50344 TWEEDE MME0024Klas 37 Senior Kampioen V50344 Res Senior Kampioen VL0640Klas 38 Groot Kampioen Vroulik BVN0756

Sponsors2009Sponsors

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Vanaf links – Jeff Rosewall – Martin Campher

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Vanaf links – Barry King, Abrie Aucamp (BKB), Kurt Donian, Trofee – Beste Klub Veiling van 2008 - Oos-Kaap Klub

Vanaf Links – Christopher Sparks, Karen Sparks, Paul Lubout, Martin Campher

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Vanaf links – Abrie Aucamp, Pine Louw


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Vanaf links – Roy Dixon, Naas Malherbe, Andrew Miller(Afslaer)

Vanaf links agter ry –Ido Schroeder – Brangus Teler van die jaar 2009, Hoogste Gemiddeld op Nasionale Veiling 2008 Andre Wouman – Groot

Kampioen Swart bul, Groot Kampioen Swart Koei, Opperste Kampioen bul, Senior Kampioen Swart koei, Junior Kampioen Swart bul, Brangus Jong teler van die jaar, Gert Malherbe – Beste Produksieveiling van die Jaar 2008 (Malherbe & Roberts veil-

ing) Martin Campher – Kudde met die beste Interkalf periodeVanaf links voor ry –

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Ferdi Naude – Senior Kampioen Rooi Koei, Junior Kampioen Rooi bul, Barry King – Beste Klub Veiling van die jaar (2008) – Oos-Kaap klub Kurt Donian – Beste Joernaal Advertensie vir 2009


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Many producers of purebred and com-mercial beef cattle can profitably utilize artificial insemination (AI).The benefit of AI is to use the best genetics at afford-

able prices. This is very beneficial for young stud breeders.

Most AI programs fail because of lack of commit-ment of the owner. He or she must totally desire to make AI work.

Neglect of any aspect of management, AI concep-tion rates will be reduced, most likely to the extent it will cancel many of the benefits the technique of-fers.

It is important to take the following into consider-ation before starting an AI program.

• What are the “kraals” and facilities like?• Have you got camps where heat detection can

be done properly?• Are my labourers trained to do heat detection?• Are your cows cycling properly?

Both a sound health program and good nutrition are requirements of any breeding program but become an absolute essential ingredient for artificial insemi-nation. In addition, more labour and skill are needed especially in the initial phases of the program.

Heat Detection and Beef AI Programs

The most limiting factor in artificial insemination pro-grams is the proper detection of cows or heifers.

In beef cattle farming where artificial insemination is the means of breeding the females, the labour must recognize and interpret a cow’s heat signals. Proper timing of the artificial insemination is necessary to accomplish a high percentage of conceptions in the cows that are bred artificially.

A cow is fertile only when an egg has been released (or ovulated) from the ovary. This occurs about 10- 14 hours after the period called “standing heat” ends. This means that for the highest fertility, cows or heifers should be inseminated approximately 12-18 hours after the cow first comes in “standing heat.

As cows are more active during the cooler periods of the day it is very important that the labour must be able to detect heat signs and secondary heat signs.

Secondary heat signs are:

• Willingness to mount other cows• Roughened tail head or mud on the rump• Restlessness• Clear stringy mucus discharge

BY: Roy Doxon, Xseed Genetics

AfrificialinseminationOF BEEF CATTLE

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Table 1. When Cows Show Heat

Time Percent cows showing heat signs

6 am -noon 22%

noon-6 pm 10%

6 pm -midnight 25%

midnight-6 am 43%

Table 1 from Cornell University

The best times of the day to observe cattle for heat detection are early in the morning and at the last daylight in the evening.

Several aids to heat detection are available for pro-ducers with artificial insemination programs.

• Kamar heatmount detector• Estrutect Heat detectors

These devices are glued to the rump (just forward of the tailhead) of cows suspected to be in heat in the near future.

Regular practice at inseminating is required to main-tain high conception rates.

Practical tips for Beef AI

It is easier to AI heifers but they usually do not pro-duce the best calves - heifers are still growing and do not have the most milk for their calves.

Select the cows that calve down early and put them in your AI program.

Get the cows used to the facilities.

Give all cows a multi-vitamin boost before com-mencing AI program.

The inseminator must do a refresher AI course be-fore commencing AI program.

Make use of Heat Detection Aids.

It is far better to AI cows that are on natural heat cycle than cows that have been synchronized.

Most breeders that have been disappointed in the result of AI have not planned the program properly or have been to optimistic of the results of synchro-nization.When to AI for best results

Cows First Should Too late for Showing Estrus be Bred Good Results

In the morning That evening Next day

In the evening The next After 3:00 pm

morning next day


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Beestelers is deurentyd op soek na innovasie en nuwe hulpmiddels om seleksie vir teling te verbeter. GeneStar toetse was die eerste kommersiële DNA gebaseerde toetse wat ekonomies belangrike eienskappe op DNA-vlak getoets het. Hierdie toetse het vanaf ‘n enkele merker vir marmering, in 2000, na ‘n toets vir 56 merkers vir marmering,

vleissagtheid en voeromset-doeltreffendheid gegroei. Rapportering van resultate het ook gevorder vanaf ‘n stergradering tot molekulêre voorspellings wat die ware genetiese potensiaal van ‘n dier in die vorm van ‘n genetiese teelwaarde (MVP’s), weergee.

Vooruitgang staan egter nie stil nie en GeneStar (Pfi zer Animal Health) het pas die mees omvattende DNA-toets vir ekonomies-belangrike eienskappe vir vleisbeesteling bekendgestel. Hierdie DNA-toets maak gebruik van 50 000 (50K) merkers en bied ongekende geleenthede om gevorderde teelprogramme aan te vul en te verbeter. Die toets is die mees omvattende DNA gebaseerde toets vir voorspelling in die vleisproduksiebedryf en voldoen aan die hoogste vlak van betroubaarheid. Benewens die groot aantal DNA-merkers wat getoets word, word verskeie bykomende eienskappe bo en behalwe marmering, vleissagtheid en voeromset-doeltreffendheid getoets. Die bykomende tien ekonomiese belangrike eienskappe sluit die volgende in:

• Gemiddelde daaglikse gewigtoename

• Droëvoer-inname

• Netto voerinname

• Kalwingsgemak direk

• Geboortegewig

• Speengewig

• Kalwingsgemak dogters

• Melk

• Karkasgewig

• Vetdikte

• Oogspier-area

Hierdie gevorderde toetse is tans egter SLEGS vir swart Angusbeeste gevalideer. Validasie en akkreditasie van die toets vir ander beesrasse is reeds ver gevorder. Pfi zer Animal Health hoop om die toets binnekort vir alle rasse vry te stel.

Tel: 021 938 9213 epos: [email protected]

DEUR: Dr Munro Marx

GeneST RGeneST Rlei met 50 duisend merkers


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teeld en produksie sowel as plantteeld en produksie maak. By diereteeld en in besonder beesproduksie het die vordering met DNA-ontledings dit inderwaar-heid moontlik gemaak om ontwerper diere te teel met behulp van genetiese toetse. Nie net sal hierdie DNA inligting genetiese vordering versnel maar sal ook dien as ‘n DNA bloudruk van so dier. Hierdie bloudruk is uniek vir elke dier en verseker 100% opspoorbaarheid van so dier en verseker dat veedief-stal effektief beveg kan word.

Bespreking: “Grass Fed Beef”

Daar was 73 telers waarvan 22 studente was vanaf die Universiteit van die Vrystaat.

Dr. MP Marx van Unistel en Prof. F Neser van Universiteit van die Vrystaat het die telers toegespreek.

Nuwe tegnologie wat in een bedryf ontwikkel word, vind dikwels eers later ‘n toepassing in ander bedrywe. Baie nuwe ontwikkelings

in mens-genetika vind dikwels hul inslag by dier-een plantgenetika. By die mens het die soektog en kaartering van gene gelei na die uitpluis van die volle mense DNA-genoom. Inligting wat gevloei het uit hi-erdie projek het gelei tot die vraag of hierdie inligting by diere en plante ook verkry kan word. Vir landbou was dit ‘n reuse sprong vorentoe en die bedryf kan op ‘n wetenskaplike wyse groot vordering in diere-

SentraalBrangusBoeredag

Tegnologie gee hupstootteen veediefstal

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SenekalBoeredag

‘n Baie geslaagde inligtingsdag is hierdie jaar op 25 Februarie 2010 te Senekal gehou.

Een van ons nuwe telers, Stefan van Huysteen, het saam met boere vanuit die omgewing die dag aangebied op die plaas van Paul en FP Stemmet wat uitstekende fasiliteite beskikbaar gehad het van die ander boere het ook beeste gebring en het ge-help dat die besoekers ‘n goeie idee kon vorm hoe die ras op verskillende plase aanpas. Besoekers het van sover as Kestell en Sasolburg gekom.

Dr Johan van Rensburg van Afrivet, het op sy besonderse manier, die boere meer oor kuddege-sondheid ingelig. Die praatjie oor slenkdalkoors was veral van toepassing vir hierdie tyd van die jaar. Hen-drik van Pletzen van Voermol het ons meer bewus gemaak van die voedingsvereistes van beeste. Die

rol wat Voermol by die Beesboer van die jaar kom-petisie speel, het sy praatjie ook baie van toepass-ing, op ons boerderye gemaak.

Daarna het Dr. Paul Lubout vir ‘n lekker warm be-spreking gesorg, met baie vrae wat uit die gehoor gekom het. Mnr Johan Blomerus het vir ons die praktiese feite van seleksie gedemonstreer.

Dit is duidelik dat daar baie belangstelling in ons ras is en dat die bemarking nie agterweë gelaat moet word nie. Vele ander rasse teel nou ook met poen-skoppe, maar die Brangusse het tog nou nog die voordeel daarvan.

Die dag is geslaagd afgesluit met ‘n heerlike braai en ons glo dat die ras deur die dag bevorder is.


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Hertzogvillelandbouskool

L00472 - Senior en Groot Kampioen Koei

RCM0830 - klas wenner van 18 - 21 maande en die Junior Kampioen Bul

RCM0850 - klas wenner van 18 – 21 maande enJunior Kampioen Vroulik

John Roberts & Japie van Bergen

Johan Blomerus & RC MalherbeLoffie Malherbe en Dawie Keyser

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Summary

Along with other food animal industries, genetic improvement provides one such opportunity for improved productive and economic efficiencies. Regardless of genetic merit, animal cohorts must be appropriately managed in order to maximize income over costs. Genetic markers provide promise for assisting with both these endeavors, namely increasing rates of genetic gain and providing new management opporttunities. However, like all emerging technologies, they require considered use in order to provide economic benefits to the investor. This paper outlines some of the characteristics of these new and emerging genetic technologies.

Alternative Opportunities for Genetic Markers

Livestock industries are typically characterized by several different production tiers, that vary in many of their attributes, including investment opportunities for the application of new technology. It is important for producers to recognize their own particular production circumstances when considering adopting new technology for the purpose of increased profitability. Broadly speaking, producers belong to either the seedstock (or bull selling) sector or the socalled commercial (or bull buying) sector. The seedstock sector can be further partitioned into a few nucleus herds that lead genetic change and many multiplier herds that produce and market sons from outstanding industry bulls. The commercial sector can be partitioned into cow-calf herds, backgrounding operations, feedlots, processors, retailers, and so on down the production chain to consumers.

In the nucleus sector, the principal role for genetic markers is to increase the rate of genetic gain. The rate of genetic gain in the nucleus sector dictates the rate of genetic gain in the entire seedstock sector. The rate of genetic gain in the seedstock sector can

Beef cattle production is a highly competitive activity and wise use of genetic resources and management options are required to ensure long-term profitability, say Dorian Garrick, Professor, Iowa State University - and Alison Van Ee-nennaam, Professor, University of California. This publication is part of the University of Florida IFAS, 2008 Beef Cattle Short Course Proceedings.

“No Bull “Discussion on Genetic Markers

be characterized for some traits by inspecting the graphs of genetic trends in EBVs, that are published by Breed Associations in their sire catalogues and on their websites. These trends are incomplete for two reasons. First, they don’t characterize all the economically-relevant traits. For example, fertility, longevity, and disease resistance traits tend to be under-represented in these catalogues. Second, they typically don’t characterize the most important genetic change - that is the trend in overall profitability that would result from the simultaneous trends in the components of profit such as sale weights, calving ease, cow mature size, etc.

The annual rate of genetic change in the seedstock sector is dictated by three interacting components. These are the intensity of selection, the generation interval (or average age of parents when offspring are born), and the accuracy of selection. Annual advance from selection will be maximized when a few of only the very best candidates are selected and used widely at an early age. In practice, the accuracy of selection of young animals is limited for many of the economically-relevant traits, either because the traits have low heritability (e.g. reproductive traits), or they can only be measured late in life (e.g., longevity and carcass attributes) or under challenging conditions (e.g. disease or nutritional stress).

Genetic markers provide two novel opportunities for influencing seedstock gain. First, they provide an approach for parentage identification, allowing young candidate bulls to be tested competitively in multi-sire settings, and then resolving the offspring paternity at a later date. The candidate bulls could then be selected on the basis of their progeny test performance. This approach can considerably reduce the cost of progeny testing. The technique is widely used in the New Zealand sheep industry, but to date, has seen only limited use in the U.S. beef industry.

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and early calving of seedstock herds to ensure that as many bulls as possible can be finished for sale as breeding prospects. It may be that some of these bulls are being tested using current genetic markers, but it is unclear as to the subsequent fate of bulls that demonstrate inheritance of the unfavorable alleles. Bull buyers might like to ask bull breeders that advertise the genetic testing of their bulls as to the fate of those individuals that exhibit below-average test results. There is no industry benefit from investing in the research and application of genetic markers if all tested animals are going to be used for breeding, regardless of the test result. A return on investment requires that the purchase of new information, such as genetic marker tests, result in a different portfolio of bulls being used than would otherwise have been the case if the testing had not been undertaken. Further, the increase in productivity of the offspring of the selected bulls must exceed the costs of the genetic testing. Finally, the beneficiary of the extra productivity (e.g., feedlot manager or processor) must be prepared to pass at least some of the rewards along the production chain back to the bull breeder who incurred the testing costs.

The commercial sector has two opportunities for using genetic markers for management purposes. First, the cow-calf producer can use markers for determining paternity in order to aid in the management of their bull battery. This can be enlightening, for example, when producers include yearling and mature bulls in a multisire breeding group, because in that circumstance, the yearling bulls will typically sire few if any of the offspring. In any bull team, paternity results often demonstrate that a few dominant sires produce most of the calves, and a few sires produce few if any offspring. Paternity testing gives producers valuable information that enables them to remove ineffective bulls from their bull team without compromising their overall calving rate. If possible, yearling bulls are best mated to cows in the absence of older bulls. Paternity determination using genetic markers relies on a process of exclusion to assign paternity. Small marker panels will have lower power and may result in more than one bull from a portfolio of possible sires as being identified as the potential sire. Larger panels allow near-perfect determination of paternity. In practice, it is important that all potential candidate sires are collected for DNA sampling and that DNA samples are not contaminated with samples from other animals, nor labeled in an ambiguous manner.

Backgrounders and feedlot managers could also use genetic markers for marker-assisted management which refers to the process of using DNA marker information to make decisions on how to manage a particular animal or a specific group of animals, to optimize performance. This has been undertaken for many years using cattle sex as a genetic marker. Steers and heifers finish at different rates and in

The second novel opportunity for genetic markers to influence seedstock gain, has long been promised but has yet to demonstrate impact. This involves the use of markers as an alternative to progeny testing in order to increase selection accuracy at a young age. There are at least four reasons why currently available genetic marker tests have not demonstrated the utility they have promised in this area. First, these marker tests have not been inexpensive. Some breeders have argued that they would be better to invest in additional phenotypic data collection (e.g. ultrasound scanning or progeny testing) than to invest in genetic markers. Second, these markers have not been comprehensively available for the entire portfolio of economically relevant traits. There are no validated markers for cattle fertility or longevity, for example. Third, the traits for which these markers have been available (primarily tenderness and marbling) are traits that are subject to market failure along the production chain. That is, cowcalf producers do not receive incentives, or clear market premiums, for producing calves that they believe have a greater propensity for producing tender, marbled beef. This is partly attributable to the lack of a reliable live animal prediction for future tenderness and marbling, and partly due to the fact that only a minor proportion of genetic variation for these traits can be accounted for using all the currently known markers. Fourth, the impact of selection using markers cannot currently be reflected in breed association published trends, because the marker data is not unbiasedly available for inclusion in national evaluation systems. Whereas industry guidelines exist for the uniform collection of other performance traits, and the recording of information on entire cohorts is required, there is no industry body actively promoting the collection of molecular testing information. Accordingly, along with the expensive cost of testing, only test results from animals with favorable markers tend to be widely publicized, for obvious reasons.

Genetic markers also provide opportunities for testing and pre-selection of young bulls being sold from the seedstock to the unregistered commercial cowcalf sector. For example, the national crop of young bulls could be tested at birth and the genetically inferior half discarded as breeding candidates on the basis of the results. This activity would have no impact on the long-term industry rate of genetic gain, as that is solely dictated by the selection practices of a small number of nucleus breeders that provide new recruits to the existing team of outstanding bull fathers. Testing all potential breeding bulls prior to sale would increase the cost of every bull marketed for breeding by twice the cost of the test, to pay for the bulls own test as well as the test on the bull that was rejected for sale on the basis of the inferior test result. However, a major determinant of seedstock profitability is the proportion of young bulls that can be sold for breeding. This has led to undesirable practices such as feedlot finishing of young bulls


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influences a particular trait. Calpain and calpastatin are two such genes that are determinants of post-mortem tenderness and both genes have nearby single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that can be used to predict tenderness. Such genes may be subject to patents, royalties, and exclusive licensing, which can limit the ability of alternative companies to provide the same test. Companies may test for several SNPs in one gene, and provide a test score that represents the collective result of all the tests. The association of such SNPs may differ from one breed to another and this further complicates interpretation. For example, tests in Bos taurus breeds (such as British or Continental breeds) may have different associations in Bos indicus (Brahman, Brahman crosses, or eared breeds).

Genetic tests may be marketed following discoveries anywhere in the world. Some research has been rigorous and included substantial testing, whereas others may be based on superficial results. This places the onus on the user to investigate the nature of the underlying research results, if one wants to determine the likely confidence that can be associated with the marketing claims. This leads us to the topic of gene discovery and validation of genetic testing. Only three commercially-available genetic tests have been extensively researched and validated in U.S. beef cattle populations. Two of these tests are competing products for tenderness (GeneSTAR Tenderness and the tenderness component of the Igenity Profile) that are based on three SNPs. The third test is for marbling/ Quality Grade and is known as GeneSTAR Quality Grade (See Table 1).

Table 1. Commercially-available tests for beef cattle in the United States (as of March 2008). The three bold outlined cells represent tests that have been independently validated by the NBCEC

Discovery and Validation of Trait Associations with Genetic Markers

Many scientific endeavors have been undertaken with a view to discover genes that influence productive traits. Such research has spanned many species and discoveries in one species (e.g. mice) have often led to findings in livestock species such as cattle. Until recently, experimentation has been

some circumstances it is profitable to manage, feed, and harvest the animals in lines distinguished by sex. Of course in the case of sex, no genetic testing is required to distinguish the alternate alleles. The extent to which marker-assisted management can be implemented using current markers and the economic benefits relative to costs, has not been well characterized from a scientific viewpoint, as evidenced by the lack of published results on this topic.

The same principle could also be used in feedlots for two purposes. Cattle could be fed and managed separately according to their propensity to marble. Genotypes that are not likely to produce high levels of marbling might be better finished on different regimes. Further, cattle could be fed and managed to reduce the variation in predicted harvest date. It is problematic for large beef feedlots to partially harvest pens of cattle for several reasons. The act of sorting a pen and removing some animals will in the short-term reduce the performance of the remaining animals from the pen. The ability of the feedlot manager to spread their overhead costs requires that pens be near capacity and half empty pens can only attract half the yardage fees of full pens. It makes economic sense for feedlots to keep pens full and to harvest the entire pen when its value over costs is maximized. Any presorting of lines to reduce the variation in the pen at the end of the feeding period will therefore be beneficial. It would be a relatively straightforward matter for a feedlot manager, to undertake their own marker-assisted management trial, to determine the practical feasibility of markerassisted management within the context of their own procurement and management circumstances.

Nature and Scope of Available Genetic Markers

So-called causal polymorphisms that represent a change in the triplet code and therefore a change in amino acid sequence have long been believed to be ideal candidates for genetic testing, but relatively few such DNA changes have been found to influence productivity. Two notable exceptions are DGAT1 and GHR, that are known to influence lactational productivity in cattle. Many causal tests have been found for recessive genetic defects and other simply inherited characteristics such as coat colour or double muscling.

Most genetic tests are based on DNA sequence that demonstrates an association with some aspect of productivity. In some cases, these associations are based on polymorphisms in or near genes that are believed to be involved in the process that


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1. Aktiewe lede: SA 140, Namibië 7

2. Streeks verdeling: Namibia 7, Weskaap 2, Oos-Kaap 11, Noord-Kaap 13, Vrystaat 66, KZN 19, Mpumalanga 14, Noordwes 6, Gauteng 3; Swaziland 2

3. Dieretal in die besit van aktiewe lede: 26 455 (20 036 vroulik en 6 419 manlik)

4. Gemiddelde kudde grootte: 143 vroulike diere

5. Ouderdomsverdeling van vroulike diere: SA 26 % onder 2 jaar, 34% 2-6 years, 9% 6-8 years, 13% +8 years, Appendix A & B animals without Birth date 18%; Namibië 44% onder 2 jaar, 56% ouer as 2 jaar

6. Seleksie: net 4 van elke 10 bulle word geregistreer

7. Breedplan prestasietoetsing: 92% van alle telers met 96% van alle diere

8. Gemiddelde gewigte van Brangus in Suiderlike Afrika:

a. Geboorte 32 kgb. Speen (200 dae) 220 kgc. 400 dae 292kgd. 600 dae 493kge. Volwasse koeie gewig 482kgf. Koei/kalf speenverhouding 45.6%g. Ouderdom 1e kalwing 43 mndeh. Interkalf periode 441 daei. Dragtigheidsduur (KI) 284 daej. Skrotum omvang 33.4cmk. Scan P8 Fat 6.6mml. Scan Rib Fat 3.88mmm. Scan Eye Muscle Area 69.74mm2

n. Scan IMF% 32.17%

9. Teeldoelwit

10. Stambome, teelwaardes, kontak inligting van 140 telers en menigte ander gegewens van 157 000 Brangus diere, is vrylik en gratis beskikbaar by www. brangus.org.za

statsBRANGUS

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These markers have been discovered through comparison of sequence information and occur whenever an individual is identified with a sequence that differs from the base sequence. There are likely to be many millions of SNPs spread along the genome. Some advantages of these markers include the fact that they exist throughout the genome, they can be reliably assessed, the testing process can be automated, and a huge number of alternative SNPs can be tested in a single chemical reaction. In humans, panels of more than 500,000 such tests can be assessed in one individual for around $300. In cattle, a panel of 50,000 markers became available in January 2008, and can be assessed for between $200 and $300 depending upon economies of scale dictated by the number of samples of interest.

The development of these relatively cheap, comprehensive panels of SNP markers has opened the door for a new approach to genetic testing. The old approach, described above, involved at least three steps. First gene discovery endeavors were undertaken to identify regions of the genome that appeared to be associated with differences in animal performance. Second, these regions were finemapped, using more markers, often in conjunction with candidate gene knowledge, to identify a small portfolio of SNPs markers for patenting and marketing. Third, the small panel of SNPs was made available, typically under some trademarked brand, with or without validation. Only the largest, most significant associations were likely to make it through this process to market. The gene tests were marketed independently of national evaluation systems, and no attempts were made to capture the genotypic results of tested animals. As shown in Table 1, the results of tests are reported on scales different for each company and different from the EBV scales that would be used for conventional analysis of similar traits. Tests are targeted at only a few specific traits, and are relatively expensive ($30- 60) when considered within the entire context of beef cattle improvement.

The new approach is known as genomic selection, and it is in its infancy. It involves the use of a large number of markers (e.g. 50,000) that can be simultaneously applied to predict the merit for many different traits. The results will be presented in the form of EBVs. The approach relies on a two-step analysis. First, the effects of all the thousands or tens of thousands of SNPs are characterized in a so-called training data set. This analysis effectively derives an EBV for every chromosome fragment. Second, new animals are assessed with the dense SNP panel, with the results used to identify the chromosome fragments inherited by that animal. An overall measure of the merit of that animal is obtained by adding up the EBV for each of the chromosome fragments it inherited. This measure of merit is known as a genomic EBV. Currently, the principal training sets being used for

based on microsatellite rather than SNP markers and these were much more costly, perhaps requiring genotyping investments of several thousand dollars per animal. Accordingly, most researchers limited their studies to as few animals as possible and often used crosses between disparate breeds that were known to vary for the attribute of interest. There are two consequences of such an approach to gene discovery. First, the experiments tend not to be very powerful, and can thus only find some of the largest genes that are associated with the investigated trait. A consequence of low power is that any associations that are discovered, tend to be those that for chance reasons appear to be larger than they really are. Accordingly, validation experiments in new populations tend to find smaller effects than the original research. Second, the discoveries may be of limited value in purebred populations, because the favorable allele may already be common among seedstock animals.

Validation is a critical activity to gain confidence in a particular gene test, in a particular population under defined management protocols. The National Beef Cattle Evaluation Consortium (NBCEC) has provided validation services to companies marketing DNA tests, on behalf of the beef industry. The DNA testing companies pay for the cost of genotyping, while the NBCEC undertakes the statistical analysis. Validation is not simply a repeat of the gene discovery process, but a determination of the strength of support for the testing companies published claims based on independent data. The principal datasets used for validation have been the carcass and DNA samples collected for the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, funded Carcass Merit Project (CMP).

These data have allowed validation of marker claims for carcass traits such as marbling and tenderness. A major problem with validation in practice is having access to an existing dataset that is independent of information used in gene discovery. The traits of the most interest for genetic markers, include characteristics that are difficult to measure, such as feed efficiency, or disease resistance. Accordingly, any tests claimed to influence these traits cannot be validated without first creating a validation population. This lack of resource populations represents the major limitation to validation.

Validation has been useful in demonstrating to testing companies that certain tests do not perform in the manner they had believed. Tests that have been placed through validation protocols prior to market offering have in some cases failed validation, and some companies have acted responsibly by withdrawing their plans to market those tests.

The Future of Genetic Markers - On the Eve of a Revolution

Genetic testing is now undertaken almost exclusively using systems that test for the presence of alternative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).

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at which new tests are coming to market and the changes taking place in testing providers, readers requiring details as to specific tests and companies are encouraged to use web sources such as those maintained at University of California, Davis (http:// animalscience.ucdavis.edu/animalbiotech) or by the National Beef Cattle Evaluation Consortium (http:// www.nbcec.org).

these endeavors are represented by animals from the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (notably the Cycle VII animals) and sires that have been widely used by various breed associations and have reliable EBVs based on conventional data analysis. Genomic selection is not currently being marketed by any testing companies, but this situation is likely to change rapidly if the scientific validation of the approach provides promising results. Given the rate

Na die eerste 19 Brangus diere in 2002 in Namibië geregistreer is het ons ras nog net sterker en sterker geword.

In 2003 is die Namibiëse Brangus Beestelersgenootskap gestig, en in 2004 is die eerste Brangusse by die Namibiëse Stoettelersvereniging geregistreer.

In 2005 was daar reeds vier aktiewe lede in Namibië met amper 200 geregistreerde diere en in Oktober 2005 het die Brangus ras die eerste keer in geskiedenis aan die Windhoekskou deelgeneem toe vyf vertoners van Namibië en Suid-Afrika ‘n totaal van 17 diere vertoon het. Na afloop van die skou is 13 diere op die skouveiling verkoop:

Bulle 5 Hoogste prys R 26500-00 Gemiddeld R 19875-00Verse 8 Hoogste prys R 9750-00 Gemiddeld R 7166-67

In 2006 het ons genootskap gegroei na ses lede met 267 diere en ons het weereens ’n baie suksesvolle Windhoekskou gehad met drie telers wat 20 diere vertoon het. Baie goeie pryse is ook op die skouveiling behaal:

Bulle 5 Hoogste R 28000-00 Gemiddeld R 23200-00Verse 7 Hoogste R 10000-00 Gemiddeld R 7171-00

In 2007 was daar steeds ses lede in Namibië maar ons diere het vermeerder na ‘n verstommende 757. Brangusse is op Gobabis sowel as Windhoek se skoue vertoon en daar is diere op 3 veilings verkoop:

Bulle 8 Hoogste R 46000-00 Gemiddeld R 18250-00Verse 20 Hoogste R 8000-00 Gemiddeld R 4850-00

In 2008 het ons sewe aktiewe lede gehad en diere het tot 791 vermeerder. Weereens is op Windhoek en Gobabis se skoue met Brangusse deelgeneem.

In 2009 het ons steeds sewe lede gehad maar die totale getal diere het vermeerder tot 1017.

Ons sien baie uit na 2010 en glo dat die voorspoed wat ons ras tot nou geken het net sal voortduur. Enige telers van Suid-Afrika is welkom om saam met ons te kom skou in Windhoek van die 24ste September tot die 2de Oktober. Hoop ons sien julle daar.

Vir enige navrae oor Brangus diere in Namibië, kontak gerus vir Thunis Cocklin by 00264 811 276 791.

NamibiëBRANGUS in


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DEUR: CJ Dreyer, LDO Dienste, Vrede

poenskopbeesteTEEL van

Daar is altyd aanvaar dat die poenskopgeen dominant is oor die geen vir horings by vleisbeeste. Dit beteken dat die nageslag van ‘n poenskopbul wat op horingkoeie gebruik word oorwegend poenskoppe sal wees.

Laasgenoemde geld vir die meeste Britse en Europese beesrasse. Die oorerwing van die poenskopgeen by Bos Indicus is egter anders.

1. Bos Taurus beeste

Die gene wat bepaal of hierdie beeste poenskop of horings het, word deur twee allele bepaal nl. poenskop(P) wat dominant is oor horings (p). Die resultate van verskillende kruisings word in Tabel 1 aangetoon.

Tabel 1 Bos Taurus horing/poenskop geenkombinasies

Indien ‘n poenskopbul gepaar word met horingkoeie en daar is van die nageslag met horings, dan was die bul Pp (heterosigoties). Indien al die nageslag poenskop is, dan was die bul PP (homosigoties). Met hierdie tipe oorerwing is dit baie maklik om ‘n poenakudde te vestig.

2. Bos Indicus beeste

Die oorerwing van poenskoppe is baie meer kompleks by hierdie beesrasse.

Hulle beskik oor dieselfde geenoorerwing as die Bos Taurus rasse, asook ‘n addisionele geen bekend as die “African horn gene”. Laasgenoemde het twee vorme verteenwoordig deur Af vir die horinggeen en Ap vir die poenageen. Die “African horn gene” word ook deur die geslag van die dier beïnvloed.

Indien Bos Indicus beeste met Bos Taurus poenagene die volgende dra :

a) Twee gene van die horingvorm van die Afrikahoringgeen (Af) – al die beeste het horings

b) Een geen van die horingvorm van die Afrikahoringgeen (Af) en een geen van die poenskopvorm (Ap) koeie is poenskop en bulle het horings

c) Twee gene van die poenskopvorm (Ap) al die nageslag is poenskoppe.

In Tabel 2 word bogemelde opgesom.

Geenkombinasies Fenotipe

pp Horings

Pp Poenskop

PP Poenskop


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Scursthe story on

Some polled cattle have scurs. Scurs are incompletely developed horns that are generally attached only to the skin. They range in size from tiny scablike growths to large protrusions almost as large as horns. Therefore, polled cattle can be smooth-polled or scurred-polled (polled but expressing scurs). Many breeders have the mistaken idea that scurs represent an error in transmitting the horned characteristic. That’s not the case.

Scurs are genetically transmitted, but the mode of transmission is different from the polled gene. In males, the gene for scurs is dominant. So if a bull has scurs, he might be either heterozygous (Ss) or homozygous (SS) for the scurred condition. In females the genes for scurs is recessive. Only SS cows will be scurred. Ss and Ss cows will be smooth polled.

Scurs can only be seen in polled cattle. In horned cattle, the horn hides the scurred condition. So you can’t evaluate the scurred condition in horned cattle. Not all polled cattle are free of scurs, it appears that

only cattle that are heterozygous for the polled/horned genes (Pp) will express the scurred trait. Which means that both homozygous horned and polled animals will be free of scurs.

If a scurred cow (she would be heterozygous for the horned/polled gene (Pp) and homozygous for the scurred gene (SS) is mated to a homozygous smooth polled bull (PPss) all of the heterozygous polled

Figure 5

Cow

PS PS pS pS

Bull Ps Smooth Bull Scurred Bull

Smooth Female Smooth Female

PPSs PPSs PpSs PpSs

Example: Homozygous smooth-polled bull (PPss) bred to a heterozygous scurred female (PsSS). Heterozygous polled bull calves will be scurred, homozygous polled bull calves will not be scurred. All females will be smoothpolled.

Note: Because the bull is homzygous smooth-polled he will only pass onone genetic combination.

Tabel 2 Die effek van die Afrika horing geen op bulle en koeie

Gene Vroulike diere Bulle

AfAfPP en AfAfPp Horings Horings

AfApPP en AfApPp Poenskop Horings

ApApPP en ApApPp Poenskop Poenskop

AfAfpp, AfAppp en ApAppp Horings Horings

Dit is algemeen bekend dat die Afrika horinggeen die seleksie vir poenskoppe baie bemoeilik. Verder is dit ook nog nie duidelik wat die situasie is met rasse wat komposiete is van Bos Indicus nie. Daar is tans telers van rasse soos die Nguni, Bonsmara en Drakensberger wat baie moeite doen om die poenskopgeen in hul rasse te vestig.

3. Loshorings (scurs)

Loshorings is die klein groeisels wat op die plek waar die horing uitkom, gevind word. Dit is los van die skedel en beweegbaar. “Scurs” word deur ander gene beheer en kan slegs op poenadiere voorkom. Algemeen gesproke kan beeste met “scurs” ook as poenas beskou word.

Verwysings

Philips,A.2005. Breeding polled cattle. www.primaryindustry.nt.gov.au Le Roux, M.C.B. 2010. Kleur en poenskopoorerwing by beeste. Persoonlike mededeling.

Met vergunning van www.landbou.com


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If a heterozygous scurred female (PpSs) is bred to a heterozygous scurred bull (PpSs), all homozygous polled calves will not have scurs. All homozygous horned calves will not have scurs. The only scurred female will be heterozygous for the polled/horned trait and homozygous for scurs (PPSS) (figure 6).

Figure 6

To emphasize the difference between scurs and horns, cattle should be classified as smooth-polled, scurred-polled or horned.

Source: Dr RR Schalles, Kansas State University, from Limousin World October 1995

Example: Heterozygous scurred bull (PpSs) bred to a heterozygous scurred female (PpSs). All homozygous polled calves will not have scurs. All homozygous horned calves will not have scures. The only scurred female will be heterozygous for the polled/horned trait and homozygous for scurs (pPSS).

Note: All empty boxes represent genetic combinations already listed.

PS Ps pS ps

Bull PS Smooth Bull Smooth Bull Scurred Bull Scurred Bull Smooth Female Smooth Female Scurred Female Smooth Female

PPSS PPSs PpSS PpSs Ps Smooth Bull Smooth Bull Smooth Female Smooth Female PPss Ppss

pS Horned Bull Horned Bull Horned Female Horned Female ppSS ppSs

ps Horned Bull Horned Female ppss

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BW MILK 200−WT 400−WT 600−WT MAT−WT GEST SCROTAL P8 FAT RIBFAT EMA IMF% RBY% CWT

EBV −0.1 +6 +11 +16 +19 +21 −0.9 +0.3 0.0 0.0 +0.1 0.0 +0.3 +14Acc 92% 58% 88% 79% 79% 65% 61% 34% 45% 45% 29% 34% 36% 63%

BREED AVERAGE

EBV +1.1 +2 +11 +17 +23 +24 -0.4 +0.2 +0.2 +0.1 +0.2 0.0 +0.2 +13

SOCIETYAI Bulls

Labor 8L

Feed Effeciency Marbling Tenderness

MVP 0.46 -0.10 0.10

% Rank 100% 60% 60%

Breed MVP Statistics

Average -0.11 -0.05 0.09

Min -1.15 -0.99 -0.47

Max 1.14 1.11 0.93

-2004ReserveNationalChampion-ProvenStudSire(144progenyin15herds)-Brahmantype–smoothcoat-Traitleaderbirthweight-Aboveaveragegrowth-Top5%formilk-Top60%forMarblingandtenderness-Idealbullforbeefheifersanddairycows

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-ProvenStudSire(545progenyin49herds)-Traitleaderforbirthweight-Top40%formilk-Breedsaveragecowsize-Six(6)starsforfeedefficiency-Idealsheath-HighestpriceRedBrangusbull–R150000-Idealbullforbeefheifersanddairycows

-ProvenStudSire(97progenyin14herds)-Top10%forlightbirthweight-Idealforbeefheifersanddairycows-BullthatworkswellwithBrahmantypeanimals

TENFE


EBV −0.2 +3 +11 +15 +25 +24 −3.5 +0.5 +0.6 +0.5 +0.8 0.0 +0.3 +13Acc 97% 62% 95% 93% 89% 79% 80% 73% 32% 32% 26% 20% 27% 76%

BREED AVERAGE

EBV +1.1 +2 +11 +17 +23 +24 -0.4 +0.2 +0.2 +0.1 +0.2 0.0 +0.2 +13


EBV −1.1 0 +1 0 +6 +15 +1.8 −0.2 +0.6 +0.5 +0.6 −0.1 +0.3 +9Acc 90% 50% 82% 76% 74% 61% 63% 52% 35% 35% 30% 25% 28% 60%

BREED AVERAGE

EBV +1.1 +2 +11 +17 +23 +24 -0.4 +0.2 +0.2 +0.1 +0.2 0.0 +0.2 +13

Tank T-X 02 13

V5 03 26 Thickset


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-ProvenStudSire(191progenyin19herds)-Traitleaderbirthweight-Breedsgoodgrowthandmuscling-Idealbullforbeefheifersthatlackgrowth

-ProvenStudSire(134progenyin9herds)-Traitleaderforbirthandweaningweight-Idealbullforcowsthatlackgrowth-Idealbullforbeefheifersanddairycows-Eight(8)starsforfeedefficiency-Redgenecarrier-Idealsheath-HighestpriceBlackBrangusbull–R115000

BW MILK 200−WT 400−WT 600−WT MAT−WT GEST SCROTAL CWT

EBV +0.3 +5 +20 +33 +37 − −1.6 +0.8 +23Acc 93% 35% 86% 78% 76% − 65% 59% 60%

BREED AVERAGE

EBV +1.1 +2 +11 +17 +23 +24 -0.4 +0.2 +13

Rambo D04 818

Sundance FE 04 47


EBV +0.3 +1 +13 +21 +24 +30 −2.7 − +0.1 +0.1 +0.3 0.0 +0.1 +15Acc 96% 56% 90% 85% 85% 73% 63% 73% 45% 45% 39% 28% 36% 71%

BREED AVERAGE

EBV +1.1 +2 +11 +17 +23 +24 -0.4 +0.2 +0.2 +0.1 +0.2 0.0 +0.2 +13

MARTENFE

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-21Progenyin1herd-Tankson-Lightbirthweight-Smoothcoat-Gooddepthandmuscling-Idealsheath-Six(6)starsfortenderness-Five(5)starsforfeedefficiency-Idealbullforbeefheifersanddairycows

MARTENFE

Turbo T-X 05 76

BW MILK 200−WT 400−WT 600−WT MAT−WT GEST SCROTAL

EBV −0.6 +4 +5 +10 +12 − − +0.8Acc 81% 43% 74% 71% 69% − − 62%

BREED AVERAGE

EBV +1.1 +2 +11 +17 +23 +24 -0.4 +0.2

New!

-ProvenStudSire(115progenyin3herds)-Aboveaveragegrowth-Idealsheath


EBV +1.0 +1 +9 +18 +21 +28 − +0.5Acc 94% 60% 87% 83% 83% 75% − 64%

BREED AVERAGE

EBV +1.1 +2 +11 +17 +23 +24 -0.4 +0.2

Winburg D 02 708

New!


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9393


-Brahmantype–smoothcoat-Top5%forscrotalcircumference-Bullthatproducesgoodgrowth-Six(6)starsforTenderness-Five(5)starsforFeedEfficiency-Notrecommendedforbeefheifersordairycows


EBV +2.4 − +15 +14 +24 − − +1.5Acc 73% − 63% 60% 64% 69% − 66%

BREED AVERAGE

EBV +1.1 +2 +11 +17 +23 +24 -0.4 +0.2

Converter DO 07 259

MARTENFE

New!

-2009NationalChampion-Lightbirthweight-SmoothCoat-Idealbullforbeefheifersanddairycows

TENFE

Lucky W07 11


EBV +0.3 +1 +10 +14 +19 − − −Acc 71% 37% 56% 49% 51% − − −

BREED AVERAGE

EBV +1.1 +2 +11 +17 +23 +24 -0.4 +0.2

New!

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9494

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-NewgeneticsfromUSA-Lightbirthweight-SmoothCoat-Goodmuscling-IdealforBeefheifers- Outcross bloodline

-NewgeneticsfromUSA-Lightbirthweight-Gooddepthandmuscling-Idealsheath-Aboveaveragemilk-Idealforbeefheifers- Outcross bloodline

Lo7-25 Klein Chief

Sterkspoor L 08 26 Romeo


EBV +0.8 +3 +11 +21 +23 − − −Acc 61% 36% 57% 52% 51% − − −

BREED AVERAGE

EBV +1.1 +2 +11 +17 +23 +24 -0.4 +0.2

New!


EBV +0.1 − +11 +15 +15 − − − +0.2 +0.2 +0.6 −0.1 +0.4 −Acc 74% − 62% 5 4% 56% − − − 34% 34% 31% 22% 27% −

BREED AVERAGE

EBV +1.1 +2 +11 +17 +23 +24 -0.4 +0.2 +0.2 +0.1 +0.2 0.0 +0.2 +13

YoungAI Bulls


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9797


-Brahmantype–smoothcoat-Idealsheath-Goodmuscling-Middleoftheroadbull-Notrecommendedforbeefheifersordairycows

-2010ChampionHertzogvilleShow-Brahmantype–smoothcoat-Goodgrowthandmuscling-Middleoftheroadbull-Notrecommendedfordairycows


EBV +1.5 − +12 +17 +22 − − −Acc 72% − 62% 52% 55% − − −

BREED AVERAGE

EBV +1.1 +2 +11 +17 +23 +24 -0.4 +0.2


EBV +2.0 − +9 +13 +19 − − −Acc 54% − 43% 40% 41% − − −

BREED AVERAGE

EBV +1.1 +2 +11 +17 +23 +24 -0.4 +0.2

Roc-a-ball JAR 0785

Gert - RCM 08 30

New!

New!

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GeneSTAR MVP TraitsThe GeneSTAR platform currently produces MVPs for the traits of feed efficiency, marbling and tenderness. As GeneSTAR MVPs are reported in trait units, it is important to understand how each of the traits assessed is defined and measured. (See table below.)

Feed efficiency is predicted on the basis of net feed intake (NFI), which measures the difference between an animal’s actual and expected feed intake based on its body weight and growth rate. The GeneSTAR MVP for feed efficiency is reported in kilograms of feed consumed per day compared to the predicted required feed intake in kilograms with a negative feed efficiency MVP value being favourable (i.e., more feed efficient).

Marbling is a visual assessment of the degree of intramuscular fatness in the longissimus dorsi (ribeye) muscle and is a predictor of overall eating quality. The GeneSTAR MVP for marbling is reported as AUS-MEAT Marble Score with a positive marbling MVP value being favourable (i.e., higher marbling score).

Tenderness is predicted on the basis of the peak force required to shear cooked steak after 14 days of postmortem aging. The GeneSTAR MVP for tenderness is reported in kilograms of Warner-Bratzler shear force with

a negative tenderness MVP value being favourable (i.e., more tender).

GeneSTAR MVP ApplicationsGeneSTAR® MVPs™ are a prediction of phenotypic performance of the animal tested, based on the genetic potential that can be expressed by that animal in the production environment. MVPs quantify

GeneSTAR® MVPs™ represent a new DNA era for genetic improvement in beef cattle. Incorporating a 56-marker panel for three economically important traits, GeneSTAR MVPs are the most useful DNA-marker tools for genetic improvement to date. The product provides Molecular Value Predictions for the core traits of feed efficiency, marbling1 and tenderness.

UnderstandingGeneSTAR RESULTS

Molecular Value Predictions (MVPs)GeneSTAR MVPs are by definition a “molecular breeding value” based on the effects of the specific markers in the current panel. Thus, they represent a portion of the expected underlying genes affecting the traits. By definition, an MVP is similar to an estimated breeding value (EBV) from a genetic evaluation in how it is expressed. The difference is that an EBV is based on phenotypic records of the animal and its relatives, whereas an MVP is derived from an animal’s genotype only.

From Stars to MVPsThe reporting format of GeneSTAR MVPs has evolved from the original star-based system. The star system reported a result based on the number of favourable alleles present for a particular trait, with a maximum

Trait Definition Units MVP

Range*

Feed Efficiency Difference between an animal’s

actual and expected feed intake

based on its body weight and Min: -1.44

growth rate kgs/day Max: 1.08

Marbling1 Degree of intramuscular AUS-MEAT

fatness in the longissimus Marble Score Min: -1.00

dorsi (ribeye) muscle 0 – 9 Max: 1.11

Tenderness Force required to shear a

cooked steak after postmortem W-B Shear Min: -0.47

aging Force (kgs) Max: 0.86

of eight stars for each of the three traits reported. GeneSTAR MVPs incorporate information from many more markers, which may not all have equal effects and can affect multiple traits simultaneously.The MVP for a trait is predicted from the overall sum of allelic effects in the animal’s genotype for the entire 56-marker panel for that specific trait.

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an animal’s ability to perform for a particular trait. As such, they provide the background genetic profile information that can be employed to make breeding decisions or decisions about how the animal should be managed and what specific supply-chain endpoints will maximise the animal’s ultimate value.

GeneSTAR MVPs are powerful tools for making genetic improvement in both seedstock and commercial cow-calf operations through improved bull election. Additionally, by having GeneSTAR MVPs available on the cow herd, producers can make improvements in the reliability of their selection of replacement females.

GeneSTAR MVPs are also ideally suited to sorting animals based on their MVPs into feeding regimens to more consistently achieve end-product specifications more efficiently. Additionally, application of tenderness and marbling MVPs has high value within supply chains seeking to differentiate product based on eating quality.

GeneSTAR MVP Reliability ValueReliability value is the standard for assessing the accuracy and predictive power of the MVP for a trait. Reliability is based on the correlation between the MVP and the animal’s genetic breeding value if all information were known.

The reliability value is expressed as a percentage of the maximum accuracy attainable and is a useful indication of how much additional information may be added in the future as greater numbers of markers are added to the panels used to calculate the MVP.

GeneSTAR MVP Summary StatisticsA new inclusion to the GeneSTAR reporting and results system is the generation of breed-specific percentile ranks. Every animal tested in the GeneSTAR MVP system is benchmarked against all other animals tested for its respective breed and assigned a percentile ranking. Animals are ranked from 1 percent to 100 percent, with 1 percent being the best possible rank and 100 percent being the worst. A summary table is also included on the final page of the report showing maximum, minimum and average MVP and reliability values for each of the traits. A breakdown of how the MVPs for the group of animals tested are distributed across the breed is also provided in the form of a breed quartile summary table for each of the three traits.

For more information please contact Pfizer Animal Genetics on 1300 768 400 or visit our Website, www.pfizeranimalgenetics.com.au.

GeneSTAR MVP Range and % Reliability Described

MVP Range % Reliability

Feed Efficiency 2.52 30%(kgs)

Marbling 2.11 26%(0 – 9)

Tenderness 1.33 49%(kgs

PUREPrestasie | Performance


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Based on the example report below, here is anexample of how to use GeneSTAR MVP results.

GENESTAR® MVP™SELECTION EXAMPLE

Selection ExampleBased on the Genestar MVP report above, here is an example of how to use the MVP data.

Feed efficiency of two GeneSTAR tested bulls’ progeny in a commercial cow herd where bulls are randomly mated to average cows and all progeny are raised together until the end of the lot feeding phase.

Genetic potential based on GeneSTAR MVP for Feed

Efficiency (Net Feed Intake):Bull A: -0.33 (30% rank)Bull B: +0.27 (80% rank)Genetic Difference: 0.6kg of feed (Dry Matter) per day

Feeding Period: 150 DOF x 0.60 kg = 90 kg feedFeed Cost: $250/tonne x 90 kg = $22.50/hd

Difference between a low and high MVP:

Average working lifetime of bull is 5 years

25 weaners per bull per year from average dams

Value difference = $22.50 ÷ 2* x 125 feeder calves = $1,406.25

*Divided by two to account for sire influence only in the calf.

Selection Example adjusted for statistical analysis in independent evaluation

In the Beef CRC/AGBU validation of GeneSTAR MVPs utilising CRC 1 & II performance records, the following regression coefficients were agreed upon and will be used when integrating DNA marker information into EBVs.

Breed Group Temperate Tropical

Tenderness 0.24 0.87

Marbling 0.26 0.28

NFI 0.30 0.28

Based on this table, a regression coefficient of 0.28 would be used when predicting the phenotype of grass fed, Indicus-influenced animals for NFI.

Re-working the NFI example above using a 0.28 regression adjustment.

Difference between a low and high MVP: 25 weaners per bull per year from average dams

Value difference = $22.50 ÷ 2* x 125 feeder calves x 0.28** = $393.75

*Divided by two to account for sire influence only in the calf.

** Where 0.28 is the regression coefficient calculated for this population.

Footnote: This example applies to animals within the calibration populations used by Pfizer Animal Genetics, where the regression coefficient is by definition 1.00. In populations outside of this calibration population, some form of regression may need to be applied.


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“Bosberaad ”The “Bosberaad” was attended by 36 members and discussions were very open and to the point. Prof. Frikkie Neser presentation focused on the Breeding Goals for 2020 while Charmainé Alberts and Jeré Moller presented a presentation on marketing and branding of the breed/stud breeder respectively. This set the stage for the SWOT analysis which was facilitated by Peter Milton. In the last session Board members and Paul Lubout facilitated the formulation the resolutions that followed from the discussions in the previous sessions. It was also decided that small action committees would be appointed to address and formulate proposal for the AGM 2010 and that these would again be discussed at a work session at ALDAM before inclusion in the agenda for 2010 AGM.

The following resolutions were formulated:

1. Move the Society to a Franchise or a Franchise type (especially in regards marketing and service delivery) organization within the current legal Framework (Animal improvement Act 62 of 1998)

Committee: Johan du Plessis (Convenor), George Gibbens and Ben Badenhorst

2. Branding the Brangus

Committee: Helgard Truter (Convenor), Jeré Moller, Charmainé Alberts, Paul Lubout

3. Developing a Brangus Beef Production Manual for stud and Commercial Beef Cattle Producers.

Committee: Johan Blomerus (Convenor) Prof. Frikkie Neser, Dries Delport, Ferdi Naude and Paul Lubout

4. Training and Mentorship programmes for Brangus Breeders. These include new courses on marketing, Basic Cattle management, Stud management, Animal identification, Animal Health management and Animal Nutrition

Committee: Johan Blomerus and Paul Lubout

The only changes recommended to the breeding goals (lowering of ideal mature cow weight to 450 kg, clearer description of leg traits and breeding Brangus more smooth coated) were so minor that they have already been implemented.

The bottom line is that “CHANGE IS THE NAME OF THE GAME AND IT IS NOW BUSINESS UNUSUAL”. So put on your helmet as we are aiming for the stars but if we hit the moon we are winners anyway.

Bains Game Lodge, Bloemfontein3-4 March 2010

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2010 Brangus Journal

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Transcript of 2010 Brangus Journal