2010 APSA - AVRDC Workshop203.64.245.61/web_docs/proceedings/APSA-AVRDC_workshop 2010.pdf · 2010 ....

Proceedings17-18 May 2010

Shanhua, Taiwan

2010 APSA - AVRDCWorkshop

Proceedings of the 2010

APSA - AVRDC WORKSHOP

17-18 May 2010

AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center

Shanhua, Tainan

Taiwan

AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center is the leading international nonprofit research and development institute committed to alleviating poverty and malnutrition in the developing world through the increased production and consumption of nutritious, health-promoting vegetables.

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Email: [email protected]: www.avrdc.org

AVRDC Publication: 10-741ISBN 92-9058-183-2

Editor: Maureen MecozziPhotos: Chen Ming-che Minutes: Warwick Easdown

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Suggested citationAVRDC - The World Vegetable Center. 2010. Proceedings of the APSA-AVRDC Workshop. 17-18 May 2010. AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Taiwan. AVRDC Publication 10-741. 41 p.

Proceedings of the 2010 APSA - AVRDC WORKSHOP

CONTENTS

Executive Summary 5

Program 7

Minutes 9

Impressions 29

Participants - APSA 32

Participants - AVRDC 38

Acronyms 40

Appendix: CD ROM

5AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center

Executive summaryThe fourth joint workshop between AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) and the Asia and Pacific Seed Association (APSA) held on 17-18 May 2010 was a time to evaluate the status of the working relationship and chart a new course for future collaboration. Twenty-six APSA members, 28 AVRDC staff, and Victoria Henson Apollonio and Guat Hong Teh, observers from the CGIAR Central Advisory Service on Intellectual Property (CAS-IP), participated in the meeting at the Center’s Headquarters in Shanhua, Taiwan. Jackie Hughes, AVRDC’s Deputy Director General for Research and Anthony Tse of the Clover Seed Co. Ltd., welcomed seed company owners, managers and scientists from Thailand, Philippines, India, China, Taiwan, and Japan to discuss issues of mutual interest with AVRDC’s management and scientists.

Presentations and discussions were followed by a field tour. Twelve scientists presented the Center’s recent work in vegetable breeding, germplasm, biotechnology,

gene discovery, nutrition, and plant protection. Some highlights:

• Peter Hanson discussed the incorporation of marker-assisted selection (MAS) into the AVRDC tomato breeding program to develop tomatoes resistant to biotic stress. He noted a recent comparison of costs indicated MAS was slightly more expensive than conventional means, but can save a lot of effort in transplanting, provides much more information, and can improve the efficiency of selections.

• Andreas Ebert presented a review of the AVRDC genebank—the world’s largest public-sector collection of vegetable germplasm, with more than 57,000 accessions from 408 countries. He emphasized the need to collect data on abiotic stress from many locations, to give more full characterization to existing lines in the collection.

• Edwin Javier introduced genotype-environment analysis of AVRDC’s International Chili Pepper Nursery. The international nurseries provide a set of improved lines for evaluation in different countries and environments.

Proceedings of the 2010 APSA-AVRDC Workshop6

• Nutritionist Ray-yu Yang gave an overview of global nutritional status, and discussed the Center’s work in developing vegetable lines with improved nutritional qualities. Breeding for nutritional content has produced tomatoes with high levels of beta-carotene, providing 3 to 9 times the vitamin A of normal tomatoes, and heat-tolerant peppers with high carotenoid and very high vitamin C content.

• In her presentation on the development of tomato simple sequence repeat markers and their use in mapping bacterial wilt resistance, Jaw-fen Wang explained why the markers are becoming indispensable to plant pathologists: the markers are highly reproducible, inexpensive, and simple to handle; they can be used by small labs; and can differentiate homozygous and heterozygous lines.

All twelve presentations were followed by question-and-answer sessions.

On the field tour organized by the AVRDC Virology team, participants visited a preliminary yield trial of multiple TY tomato lines and the International Sweet and Chili Pepper Nurseries. An evaluation trial of leafy Brassicas and a cucumber yield

trial were also toured. Tomato differentials to Phytophthora infestans races were on display in the glasshouses, and participants received a begomovirus resistance screening demonstration in the virology screenhouse.

As always, the Center will ship seed from its collection at the request of any APSA member. APSA can help the Center’s genebank expand further by sharing lines with interesting horticultural characteristics with our Genetic Resources and Seed Unit. The Center encourages all APSA members to acknowledge the use of AVRDC germplasm in their catalogs.

High-quality vegetables that fetch good prices in domestic and export markets—and improve incomes and nutrition for small-scale farmers—begin with quality seed. Both AVRDC and APSA will seek to increase farmers’ access to improved vegetable seed in developing and developed countries alike by building on the strong partnership that has been forged during the past four years.


Program

Monday 17 May 2010Presentation Presenter

0830-0900 Registration

0900-0920 Introduction and AVRDC’s global research and development agenda

Jackie Hughes

0920-0930 Remarks Anthony Tse (for APSA)

Vegetable Breeding, Germplasm

Chair: Willy Co0930-1010 Application of molecular markers in tomato

breeding for resistance to biotic stressesPeter Hanson

1010-1040 Group photo and coffee break

1040-1120 Progress in breeding heat tolerant sweet pepper and pepper program update

Paul Gniffke

1120-1200 Plant genetic resources and vegetable breeding

Andreas Ebert

1200-1315 Lunch

1315-1345 Progress of AVRDC cucurbit breeding Narinder Dhillon (presented by Paul Gniffke)

1345-1400 AVRDC on-line seed catalogue Edwin Javier

1400-1430 Genotype-environment analysis of International Chili Pepper Nursery

Edwin Javier

1430-1500 General discussion: breeding

1500-1530 Coffee break

Biotechnology, Gene Discovery, Nutrition

Chair: Surinder Tikoo1530-1600 Vegetables: phytonutrients, health

benefits, and value additionRay-yu Yang

1600-1620 Development of tomato SSR markers from genomic sequences of BAC clones on chromosome 6 and their use in mapping bacterial wilt resistance

Jaw-fen Wang

1620-1650 AVRDC research on abiotic stress tolerance in tomato

Kadirvel Palchamy

1650-1700 Discussion: biotechnology, gene discovery, nutrition

1845-2030 Welcome dinner, AVRDC Cafeteria


Tuesday 18 May 2010Field tour

Coordinator: Lawrence Kenyon0820 Board bus in front of Administration Building

0830–0905 Field 60: Preliminary yield trial of multiple TY tomato lines (Peter Hanson)

0910–0940 Field 101: International Sweet and Chili Pepper Nurseries (Paul Gniffke)

0945–1005 Field 34: Leafy Brassica Evaluation Trial (Ruby Hsiao)

1010–1030 Refreshment Break (Tent and chairs near Field 46)

1035–1100 Field 46: Cucumber yield trial (Chung-cheng Lin)

1105–1125 Old Glasshouse: Tomato differentials to Phytophthora infestans races (Jaw-Fen Wang)

1130–1150 Virology screenhouse: Begomovirus resistance screening and symptoms of different cucurbit viruses (Wen-Shi Tsai)

1200-1300 Lunch

Plant Protection Presenter

Chair: Winnie Liu

1300-1330 Overview of AVRDC virology research Lawrence Kenyon

1330-1400 Developing insect and mite resistant vegetable varieties: status and opportunities at AVRDC

Srinivasan Ramasamy

1400-1420 Reactions of Phytophthora infestans isolates on tomato accessions with late blight resistance

Jaw-fen Wang

1420-1500 Coffee break

1500-1530 Discussion

1530-1600 General Wrap-up discussion Jackie Hughes

1830-2100 Farewell dinner, AVRDC Cafeteria


MinutesDAY 1Wednesday 17 May 2010

Introduction and AVRDC’s global research and development agendaJackie Hughes

You are all very welcome here. Mr. Anthony Tse will be making remarks on behalf of APSA as Dr. Jaswant Singh unfortunately was unable to attend. We also welcome Victoria Henson-Apollonio and Guat Hong Teh from the CGIAR Central Advisory Service for Intellectual Property as observers. We see this meeting as a wrap up of our work with APSA over the last four years and we look forward to continuing our relationship. There have been many changes in the Center since our last meeting. Our strengthened management team includes a new Director General, as well as a Director of Finance and Director of Human Resources. We also have a new Regional Director in Thailand, and our new Regional Director based in the United Arab Emirates is a shared position with the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) to manage our work in Central and West Asia and North Africa. Andreas Ebert is our new theme leader for Germplasm. The position of theme leader for Marketing is temporarily being filled by Jun Acedo following the departure of Katinka Weinberger. In July we will also add Anne-Lie Oberg to lead our Grants Office. Our new

Cucurbit breeder, Narinder Dhillon, has moved to Thailand where he will be based, and Ram Nair, a new legume breeder, will soon join us based in Hyderabad. Roland Schlafleitner will lead our molecular breeding program from August. Our new 2010-2012 Medium-Term Plan has been approved by the Board and the new 15-year Strategic Plan, which has a strong focus on public-private partnerships, is near completion. A lot of research is business as usual, but we have implemented a new enterprise management system to streamline our financial, HR, and project operations.

Remarks

Anthony Tse

This meeting marks the end of the first APSA-AVRDC core funding project and 20 members of APSA have signed up for the next project. We are not out to make money from farmers, but we want to help them produce more and safer vegetables from our seeds. They won’t buy from us if we do not provide superior seeds so our goals are not so different from those of the Center. The members of APSA have all benefited from the elite germplasm released by the Center, and that is why we have supported it with core funding. We can complement the work of the Center. There are many small niche markets in this business and small- and medium-sized companies are well-adapted to this market; they can fast-track technologies from the Center to farmers. We are well-positioned to know what the market needs today. We also introduce competition into


the market and this is important to farmers and consumers. It is our desire to keep key technologies in the public domain and not locked in by the large multinationals. We also can help the Center increase seed supplies in cost-effective ways. The APSA R&D group works with the Center to develop joint research projects in addition to core funding. We need better communication and understanding of each other. We can meet regularly with the Center and I am looking forward to these meetings, and I am sure we can come up with a plan for closer collaboration.

Vegetable breeding and germplasm

Application of molecular markers in tomato breeding for resistance to biotic stresses

Peter Hanson

The incorporation of Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) into our conventional breeding program for the lowland tropics has given us some good successes. Disease resistance is the easiest component to work with and a major part of our work. We also do a lot of selection for fruit set in high temperatures as well as nutrition, keeping quality and fruit types for the processing and fresh markets. Plant pathologists have developed means to screen for a wide range of fungal, bacterial, and virus diseases, and tomato has been intensively

studied with several thousand markers identified across all 12 chromosomes. It is getting cheaper and faster to use these markers in breeding work. Most markers we use are related to disease resistance, and MAS is used in the F2-F8 generations to characterize parental lines or in segregating populations. The use of MAS does not replace other breeding techniques, and choice of techniques depends on speed, reliability, and cost. One recent comparison of our costs showed that MAS was slightly more expensive than conventional means, but can save a lot of effort in transplanting, provides much more information, and can improve the efficiency of selections.

There is a wide diversity in tomato begomoviruses; there are more than 60 different types and they are becoming more diverse. They are a real problem for plant breeders. There are five Ty genes for resistance that have been identified in the wild relatives of tomato and pyramiding these into breeding lines provides the best protection. Last year’s preliminary trial in Taiwan tested which lines gave most resistance to local begomoviruses. Where there were at least two Ty genes present, there was little difference in yields. This year we have 42 F6 lines with post-transplanting exposure to the virus. The Ty-1 and Ty-3 genes on chromosome 6 appear to bring some problems with fruit puffiness and cracking, and we will need further work to reduce this problem.

We are working with Cornell University to combine resistance to both begomoviruses and their whitefly vectors using acyl sugar based insect resistance, which should provide more stable long-term resistance.


We now have some good lines, but there appears to be an association between susceptibility to fusarium wilt and use of the Ty-2 gene, and we are identifying the rare recombinants with resistance to both fusarium wilt and begomoviruses. There is also a linkage between Ty-3 and the Mi-1 gene for root knot nematode susceptibility that we are dealing with.

Other breeding issues we are focusing on include bacterial wilt resistance, tolerance to high temperatures during fruit set, improved drought tolerance, resistance to late blight and fusarium wilt, longer shelf life, and improving levels of lycopene in fruit.

Questions & Answers

Who was involved in developing the pathology protocols and are they written up for APSA members to use?

Most have been published; some were developed by AVRDC or modified by us and in 2007 we ran a training course for APSA staff in these protocols. APSA suggested it would be good to have a compendium of these protocols disseminated for wider use by members.

Are SNP markers are being used?

AVRDC is moving to SNPs, but we need to buy new equipment to use these markers..

Has the effectiveness of the Ty genes been tested in other locations outside Taiwan, such as India and Thailand?

Testing in Mali was unsuccessful. We would now like to test a small group of more advanced lines at multiple locations. APSA commented that such

collaborative testing was done for tospoviruses in the past and could also be done for begomovirues, and that they were willing to do the necessary field phenotyping studies.

Has AVRDC has tested the different Ty genes against different strains of viruses?

We have both the Thai and Taiwan viruses in Taiwan and most plants are infected by both.

Is there is any other linkage lag associated with these genes?

We saw a fair amount of cracking and puffiness in last year’s trials, but not this year. AVRDC has recently calculated the costs of disease screening more exactly and these may alter the relative economics between conventional and MAS approaches.

Progress in breeding heat tolerant sweet pepper and pepper program update

Paul Gniffke

Heat tolerance was introduced as a new topic for discussion with APSA, and a publication summarizing our past work on CMS in peppers, which had been featured in previous meetings with APSA, was distributed. Several pepper lines with good heat tolerance have been distributed in the international sweet pepper nurseries (ISPN). Some of our inbreds are as good as hybrid lines. Sweet peppers prefer moderate climatic conditions with an ideal temperature of 21° C and 7-9 degree day/night variation. Heat


stress increases respiration and fruit abortion. Sowing in Taiwan in January-February produces suitable field conditions to test for heat tolerance. Later plantings in April give average development temperatures of 26 ° C, but typhoons can destroy crops. The F1 lines tested performed as well or better than commercial checks but some had smaller fruit size. Elongated lines performed better than the main check. AVRDC is collaborating with a professor at the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) on the molecular basis of heat tolerance. Some hybrids are being submitted to the Taiwan Council of Agriculture (COA) for registration, as under high temperatures they yield up to four times higher than the commercial standard variety ‘Sunny.’

Comparisons across summer and autumn plantings show that some lines have no major differences in yield, but heat tolerant material has smaller fruit size in the summer with some also setting more fruit. We have found that heat tolerant lines have longer taproots and more fibrous roots, while heat susceptible lines have smaller root systems. There is a normal distribution in length x width in fruit size among selections but some crosses have pungency issues that have to be addressed. There may be linkages between fruit size, pungency, and heat tolerance.

We are also looking at pollen viability, as we suspect high temperatures cause abortion. We found that at high temperatures there is pollen germination, but only short pollen tube elongation. We are working on harvesting and storing pollen for later use in crossing blocks. Flowers have been selected pre-anthesis,

anthers extracted, and pollen dried and screened. The desiccant used has a large impact; magnesium chloride reduced RH to 20% very quickly while drying with calcium oxide or silica gel gives rapid desiccation to zero with reduced pollen viability. Magnesium chloride is the preferred desiccant. We are comparing storage temperatures to that of liquid nitrogen, and testing pollen viability on a monthly basis.

Questions & Answers

Is there is any work going on in powdery mildew resistance?

We see a lot of it in the field, but we not working on it now. The materials we released in the 1990s work well against it.

Does AVRDC uses CMS lines, and can you get blocky bell peppers from them? Are most of them maintenance lines?

AVRDC has screened more than 100 entries for maintainer vs. restorer lines, and we have identified several reasonable restorer lines. These don’t restore as well as if you use a hot pepper restorer. APSA said that CMS doesn’t work too well with sweet peppers and is better for hot peppers. AVRDC has identified some restorer lines that overcame the main limitation in the past.

What has been your experience of the heat tolerance of long vs. square bell peppers?

Long peppers stand up better, and this character may be derived from hot peppers. The shape doesn’t change with temperature, they just get relatively smaller. APSA commented that in India there is a need for long


types all year-round. Paul Gniffke noted that in the market the blocky bell is preferred over the long type. AVRDC has a high yielding elongated pepper for hot conditions, but it is not likely to be successful in the market.

Plant genetic resources and vegetable breeding

Andreas Ebert

The successful breeding of high yielding varieties has led to the replacement of traditional landraces. No single country is self-sufficient in germplasm for its crops. The Convention on Biological Diversity came into effect in 1993 and germplasm is now considered a national resource requiring written consent for sharing. The International Treaty on Multilateral Systems (MLS) includes 64 crops covering 80% of our plant-derived food. Its Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA) manages the global sharing of these materials and 1.1% of net sales go to create a $10 million benefit-sharing fund for conservation projects in developing countries. The CGIAR alone conducts 440,000 annual germplasm transfers under the MLS. Only a few vegetables belong to annex 1 of the MLS, and these account for about 30% of our genebank accessions. However, in Europe the SMTA has become the standard for sharing germplasm of all vegetable crops.

AVRDC has the world’s largest public sector vegetable germplasm collection, but we have reached maximum capacity and are now building a larger

long-term storage facility. Most of our seed is stored at low moisture levels, but onion, garlic, and shallot need to be maintained in field collections. AVRDC has more than 57,000 accessions of more than 400 species, which represents much more diversity than collections held at CGIAR centers. We have safety duplication of our collection in several countries, and have black box duplication arrangements in place with Svalbard and in Korea.

We screen accessions and distribute materials, including studies of disease resistance in cucurbits and levels of drought tolerance and carotenoids in tomatoes. AVRDC charges a shipping and processing fee for distribution of any lines: $30 for genebank accessions and $50 for breeding lines. In 2009 we sent out similar quantities of seed of breeding lines and genebank accessions. It has been difficult to send Solanaceous lines to India as they must be free of a mild virus disease common in Taiwan, but different ports of entry in India have different requirements. Changing requirements make it more difficult to send seeds to some locations in Europe and Central America.

Questions & Answers

Can we now identify a core collection of each of our crops? We would like a core collection of about 300 – 400 lines for key crops like tomato with a range of important traits like those for tolerance to abiotic stress.

Some work has been done to identify core collections for tomato, eggplant, and capsicum but these are based on 10-15% of the whole collection.


We need to have characterization of the germplasm to make a core collection. In tomato we have a good international core collection, but this could be enhanced. We want to collaborate with the private sector to do screening for specific traits.

We want to develop a program for assessing the collection, and we need the information disseminated. These are the programs we need between public and private sectors. Anthony Tse asked the APSA members if everyone was agreeable to this, and it was confirmed.

AVRDC needs to identify the lines that are needed. The feedback on the lines should be organized to identify the lines that should be included. We cannot just work on feedback from one location; we need data from many locations, and this could be made available worldwide. Victoria Henson-Apollonio said we should develop a set of characteristics we wanted feedback on, such as the temperature at which the plant was tested, and also develop standard testing procedures. In the past, most characterization at AVRDC was on disease or yield; little has been done on abiotic stress. We are getting more requests for drought and heat tolerance but we don’t have any evaluation of these characters in existing lines, so we need to know under what conditions each line was assessed. Victoria added that this would allow us to identify a lot of genotype x environment interactions for different locations around the world.

Progress of AVRDC cucurbit breeding

Narinder Dhillon (presented by Paul Gniffke)

The past work of AVRDC focused on cucumber with some work on squash and zucchini.In the future there will be less work on cucumber and more on pumpkin and bitter gourd. We are questioning the value of a continued concentration on cucumber due to the large private sector investment it already draws. Our future cucurbit work will be focused in Thailand, based on 137 accessions of bitter gourd and 524 accessions of pumpkin. Our cucumber work sought to increase the ratio of female to male flowers, and to select for non-bitter taste. It focused mainly on bi-colored South and Southeast Asian types and 174 F4 have been selected. Cucumber downy mildew is a big problem; we are selecting for field resistance. Downy mildew resistance can be obtained from hybrids and from wild relatives. Bitterness in cucumber is controlled by a single recessive gene. Gynoeciousity is important for pickling types and for early harvest. Spraying with silver nitrate stimulates male flower production. We are developing high yielding, gynoecious non-bitter lines and now have over 100 F4 lines to test for later distribution.

We are increasing our work on pumpkin, Cucurbita moschata, which provides edible fruit, flowers, and stems, with the aim of improving its nutritional quality and resistance to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). We are using a variety called ‘Nigerian local’ for backcrossing into more palatable types as it has resistance to four virus diseases. We now have


31 F4 and 50 F5 papaya-shaped lines available. We are doing only limited work on temperate-adapted C. maxima. We have multiple F4 lines of C. pepo (summer squash) and crosses with C. moschata allow transfer of virus resistance from ‘Nigerian local’ into this species.

Work on bitter gourd will be our second major focus. It has a high market price and we will focus on improving the quality and yield of types valued in the Taiwan market as well as the characterization of its medicinal value to protect against Type 2 diabetes. We have 137 accessions from the AVRDC genebank and 25 commercial hybrids in trials. Important production constraints being addressed are powdery mildew, ZYMV, gummy stem blight, and fruit flies. We aim to build up elite germplasm based on field selection for disease resistance with scope to improve nutrition.

Questions & Answers

Does ‘Nigerian local’ have an AVRDC accession number?

Selections were obtained from the University of Wisconsin, France, and Switzerland.

Is there any resistant material for ZYMV?

AVRDC mainly focuses on resistance to mildews rather than viruses.

Is there any standard process for doing a Britz test in bitter gourd?

Bitterness is due to alkaloids and we can use standard tests, but testing is less simple for other sources of bitterness such as antidiabetes

compounds. We have to be careful that we don’t throw out the antidiabetes compounds with the bitterness.

We suggest that the cucumber collection be better characterized for wider use.

The cucurbit program has identified some valuable lines including a fruit fly resistant line of C.maxima, which could be used in APSA breeding programs.

AVRDC on-line seed catalog

Edwin Javier

AVRDC’s online seed catalogs facilitate the global sharing of germplasm. The initial focus is on field-ready tomato and pepper. These are lines that have undergone widespread testing. We have had international nurseries for vegetable soybean, pepper, tomato, and leafy vegetables. The catalogs provide basic information on peppers and tomato; information on vegetable soybean will be added in the future.

Questions & Answers

How do we access the catalog on the web? Can we do a query by traits and pull out the appropriate lines, like the database on the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) website? It is hard to get 20-30 lines from the AVRDC database. It needs to be query-based and it should be more user-friendly, as it is currently difficult to sort through your collection online.


It was agreed that a database query system would be more useful.

What sort of quantities are you offering for sale?

We supply only small quantities for research purposes.

Genotype-environment analysis of International Chili Pepper Nursery

Edwin Javier

The international nurseries provide a set of improved lines evaluated in different countries, and we have recently used seven test entries and three international checks that have multiple disease resistance in many environments. Participants can select lines for further testing. This is used to check for genotype x environment interactions. A good average performance across many sites indicates broad adaptation, but where there is inconsistent performance across locations we cannot make broad recommendations. Analysis of the interactions helps to determine the adaptability and stability of each entry and to guide the overall breeding program. For the International Chili Pepper Nursery (ICPN) we use two check varieties, and the most recent results tested performance over nine environments. Days to 50% maturity varied widely across sites, but the relative performance rankings were the same for all sites. Fruit width varied by site, showing that some lines were adapted to all environments while others performed better in good or poor environments. There

is no single measure of adaptability and stability; we have to look at a variety of environments. If there are genotype x environment interactions then we select the best performers for different conditions. With better environmental data, we can identify the environmental factors responsible for the interactions, and know the genotypes and environmental groups with similar interaction patterns.

Questions & Answers

Last year AVRDC had nine analyzable responses from the 15th ICPN. In 2005-06, approximately 90 sets were sent out and AVRDC received 25 replies, but only 9 or 10 were useable. In some cases the results were unreplicated, or they only provided the means. Basically, a quarter of recipients gave a response, but only a tenth gave us anything useful. Under the new MTA each breeding line costs $50, but if a cooperator receives a packet of 15 lines, then they will pay the same shipping fee. These new charging arrangements may make collaboration more effective in the future. Regression coefficients and mean variables are also important to collect.

It was observed that many APSA members had received the ICPN materials but never responded. What could AVRDC do to make it easier to get good feedback? A new ICPN is made available each year with a brochure on how to randomize and what measurements to take. For India, bulk quantities are now sent to AVRDC’s regional office in Hyderabad and it is subdivided into trial sets for redistribution to local seed companies to reduce costs. Payment can now be


made in rupees. AVRDC seeks APSA’s advice on how to improve these nurseries. If we put in a temperature recorder would it help?

APSA admitted there was a problem of poor responses and said that AVRDC should list all the characteristics to be collected and provide a deadline for delivery of data based on the country. It would be useful to have measures to use for standard ripeness comparisons as well as harvest times that might be more appropriate for particular markets.

General discussion: breeding

Why is cucumber being left out of future work as the program only started two years ago and it is a big crop?

AVRDC noted that many people and companies are already working on cucumber. APSA replied that there are more people working on tomato and sweet pepper, and there was a need for AVRDC to develop a strong cucurbit collection. There are a number of traits of interest to APSA, such as cold tolerance for Korea or Japan, and downy mildew resistance. A comprehensive collection could help address these diverse needs. Before APSA members do any breeding they need to have the germplasm, so a well-characterized collection should be the first priority. AVRDC has to add to what the private sector is doing; the Center has to breed to overcome bottlenecks, but there are many other cucurbits to focus on. AVRDC has many clients in addition to the private sector and our donors want us to have a quick impact. We do listen to APSA,

but we cannot do everything. APSA then commented that both watermelon and muskmelon are economically important and not well-handled by the public sector; they could be a focus of collaboration between AVRDC and APSA.

Is there is an international tomato nursery?

The use of international nurseries has been more actively pursued by the pepper breeding group, and although the lines offered via the AVRDC website are not the most recent, they are good lines. He questioned the economics of wide international testing of unknown germplasm and suggested that it could be more valuable to identify a small group of cooperators to test a limited amount of new materials in selected environments. The tomato industry is also highly segmented into different types, making it difficult to test suitable lines across a wide number of cooperators and sites.

APSA suggested that AVRDC should do more work on anthracnose resistance in peppers. AVRDC is doing work on a lot of traits in tomato and also needs to be active in the discovery of new traits in pepper and cucumber. Are there anthracnose resistant lines in the ICPN?

Last year’s ICPN had some lines with resistance based on C. baccatum, but there are no good fruit shapes with these crosses. If this source of resistance is not working for APSA members, then the new lines won’t work well either. AVRDC is exploring molecular tools to see if the major sources of resistance have been brought across from C chilense. The Center has been working on anthracnose for many years and


has recently found a new ecotype in Taiwan. More work is needed on variations within the pathogen species. APSA asked if AVRDC worked with Seoul University on this area. The work of the university has now been ransferred to a private group and they are now less open to sharing with us. Many farmers in Indonesia will not grow peppers due to problems with anthracnose. AVRDC has tested lines that have resistance in Taiwan and is trying to cross these into the dominant types in Indonesia. Although these lines did not look as good as the commercial varieties, there was low disease incidence. The problem of breeding for diseases resistance faces many unknowns and is worse for geminiviruses, which are not present in Taiwan. APSA commented that the initial stages of testing need to be done in Taiwan but further testing needs to be done with international cooperators.

What are the mandate crops you will be working on in India?

The new legume breeder will focus on mungbean and vegetable soybean, although much of the work on vegetable soybean will be in popularizing existing lines. Now is the time to discuss the needs for legume breeding for India. APSA replied that if there are good lines seed companies will take them to the market as they already have substantial sales of open-pollinated peas and beans bred by the public sector.

Biotechnology, Gene Discovery, Nutrition

APSA introduced this session by commenting on the importance of developing markers for quality traits. Although single-nucleotide polymorphism sequences (SNPs) are expensive, if we don’t focus on them only the big private companies will be doing breeding work in the future. Today using SNPs gets closest to the genes and AVRDC needs to be moving toward their use. SNPs are currently only being used in tomato. In other crops we are lagging behind.

Vegetables: phytonutrients, health benefits, and value addition

Ray-yu Yang

Many countries across the world must contend with both overweight and underweight members of the population. About 61% of deaths worldwide are due to cardiovascular disease, and 80% of chronic disease deaths occur in middle- and low-income countries. Low fruit and vegetable intake is a major health risk factor in most countries. There is a clear relationship between an average availability of less than 200 g of vegetables per person per day and the national mortality rate for children under five. Vegetables are a major source of vitamins and minerals as well as phytochemicals including carotenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, and organosulfur compounds, but there


are wide variations in the nutritional content of vegetables.Vegetables contain compounds that impact blood lipids and have important anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Breeding for nutritional content so far has produced tomatoes with high levels of beta-carotene, providing 3 to 9 times the vitamin A of normal tomatoes. Crosses with Solanum chilense can significantly increase a range of beneficial compounds in tomato. Paprika has very high vitamin C and breeding has increased carotenoid content as well as heat tolerance. Fat-burning peppers contain non-pungent capsinoids, which prepare the body for activity and can reduce fat accumulation. Leafy sweet potato is high in micronutrients and flavonoids. Moringa is high in micronutrients, has bioceutical actions, and can be used as a substitute for antibiotics in broiler production. AVRDC is working on leafy crucifers that are high in glucosinolates.

Questions & Answers

In the original food pyramid fruit was separated from vegetables, but now are viewed as interchangeable. Nutritionally they could be substitutable.

Is there are variations in Moringa species?

AVRDC compared four species of Moringa and found two with the highest nutritional value. We now focus on M. olifera, but the horticultural traits of the crop, such as how it is grown and harvested, have a bigger impact on food quality than genetics within this species.

Where does the high capsinoid pepper line come from?

It is found in a proprietary line, but the chemical is also present in all peppers, so it would be possible to recreate a similar line.

What main vegetables have anti-inflammatory properties?

Primarily Moringa. APSA asked if AVRDC would be screening for these properties and it was confirmed that the Center would pursue this approach.

Development of tomato SSR markers from genomic sequences of BAC clones on chromosome 6 and their use in mapping bacterial wilt resistance

Jaw-fen Wang

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are short DNA sequences and they are highly polymorphic. Their flanking regions are unique. SSR markers are highly reproducible, inexpensive, and simple to handle; they can be used by small labs, and can differentiate homozygous and heterozygous lines. It is possible to develop a large number of SSR markers from a simple library. A large number of SSR markers have been developed for tomato, and the aim is to develop an evenly distributed set of SSR markers for the key chromosomes of tomato. We now have 54 SSRs for chromosome 6 and we are currently using SSR markers for


mapping bacterial wilt resistance and two major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosome 6.

Questions & Answers

Is strain 4 used regularly in your field tests—the one that is resistant to control in other countries?

Several publications indicate this is a common strain identified by these markers and it is found in many places around the world. This QTL is an essential one for marking the major source of resistance. APSA asked what the polymorphism of this QTL was. About 20-30 of the 54 SSRs AVRDC has developed are polymorphic.

The Ph2 gene works well against bacterial wilt, so can you develop markers for this?

It is on chromosome 10 and we could go into fine mapping of Ph2.

Has anything been done on other major sources of resistance?

There are different sources of resistance in Japan and the Philippines and AVRDC will be working with these in the future.

AVRDC research on abiotic stress tolerance in tomato

Kadirvel Palchamy

AVRDC is doing work on heat, drought, and salinity tolerance and the Center is a leader in the field of breeding for

heat tolerance. The agronomic factors associated with heat tolerant tomatoes show clear differences. Studies on the effect of heat on pollen viability show little effect of heat. AVRDC is developing an integrated linkage map using SSR markers and SNPs to map the tolerance to heat in tomato, and on genes that control sucrose synthase as a predictor of heat tolerance.

There is a lack of well-established methods to study drought tolerance and the genetics associated with it. AVRDC is growing plants under the same soil conditions, looking especially at the relative days to wilting. Susceptible lines wilt within 11 days compared to 25 days in tolerant lines. Some tolerant lines also appear to have larger root systems, but there are not large differences in root architecture between tolerant and susceptible lines. We are also measuring chlorophyll content and now mapping this to key QTLs and the Dreb1 gene associated with drought tolerance with other species.

Our work on salt tolerance shows a progressive decrease in crop performance with higher salinity. Drought and salt tolerance has been found in the Solanum pimpinellifolium collection, and a reduced sodium accumulation in the leaves is associated with increased salt tolerance. We are now able to work out what the Dreb1a allele is associated with in providing increased salt tolerance. There is also a correlation between salt tolerance and drought tolerance.

Questions & Answers

At our last meeting some crosses with


S. chilense and S. pimpinellifolium were demonstrated.

AVRDC did not continue with this work as it was very difficult to make successful crosses.

How much overlap is there between drought and salt tolerance and what is the impact on fruit size?

There are some accessions that have both characters, but further work is needed in this area.

You are considering physiological traits like chlorophyll content, but you should also look at leaf stomatal count.

AVRDC has some experiments going on with correlations to root biomass and stomatal count.

What did you define as drought tolerant?

AVRDC did not use a clear definition, but looked at days to wilting as the major measure, and relative performance at low soil moisture content.

A practical measure is to look at, say, 50% of usual water requirement.

AVRDC is working on transpiration efficiency and other physiological measures of drought tolerance.

DAY 2 Tuesday 18 May 2010

Plant Pathology

Overview of AVRDC virology research

Lawrence Kenyon

There are four aspects to our work in virology:

1. Horizon scanning for viruses to assess their incidence, importance, and priority. We rely on published reports from a network of colleagues to hear about emerging problems. We also collaborate to develop diagnostic tools for these viruses, and have recently identified three new viruses in Mali and Taiwan as well as an emerging virus in yard-long bean in Indonesia, which appears to be the Indian strain of Mungbean yellow mosaic virus.

2. Virus identification, characterization, and diagnostics. Our recent work has focused on developing molecular characterizations for poleroviruses, and to develop species-specific diagnostic tools.

3. Screening germplasm for resistance. We are currently screening cucurbits for resistance to Papaya ring spot virus-Watermelon strain; 108 cucurbit lines have been screened and resistance found in wax gourd, pumpkin, squash, cucumber, and bitter gourd. We are also


screening tomatoes for resistance to begomoviruses, and currently are able to screen for 20 different viruses present in Taiwan. We work with international cooperators for screening for other viruses.

4. Integrated virus management. Tomato spotted wilt virus, transmitted by thrips, is now widespread in Asia; and Groundnut bud necrosis virus is becoming more important in capsicum and eggplant in India. There is an explosion of vector-transmitted tospoviruses across the world. The rapid movement of fresh produce through trade contributes their spread, and they can evolve very quickly. Environmental factors including increased agricultural intensification, monocropping, and climate change may exacerbate the problem. Only adults that acquire the virus as larvae can transmit it. Spraying is one control option, but better crop hygiene, providing extra protection for seedlings or barriers to reduce spread within crops, and the use of resistant varieties to control the problem provide a more integrated approach.

Questions & Answers

Have there been economic studies done to prioritize the diseases being worked on? You are now a world vegetable center, so there is a need to focus on diseases that have wider implications.

Tospoviruses are of major importance for farmers in many countries.

Which line you could not get from Honduras? Why was PY163 highlighted?

PY163 showed the best resistance in Honduras, Mali, and India, but it has some poor characteristics. APSA thought it could still be valuable.

Is there a good screen for Groundnut bud necrosis virus in tomato that is a problem in India?

The virus is not stable in the lab and samples have to repeatedly obtained from the field.

What is the speed of spread of Capsicum chlorosis virus in South Asia?

It has spread through Thailand and a different strain is important in Australia. Recently we have picked it up in Taiwan and it is important in parts of India.

Developing insect and mite resistant vegetable varieties: status and opportunities at AVRDC

Srinivasan Ramasamy

Integrated pest management (IPM) starts with cultural control. Primitive physical or mechanical control is then applied, followed by biological control and then chemical control. Resistant plants are the most fundamental item in an IPM strategy and are easy for growers to adopt. AVRDC has worked on vegetable legumes for more than 20 years. Beanfly is a major pest that can destroy the crop completely.


More than 5000 mungbean accessions and 7000 soybean accessions were screened beginning in 1973, and resistant lines were finally developed in 1988; resistance is governed by complex factors, including higher trichome density, thinner leaves, lower moisture, and high phenols. Developing insect-resistant lines is a long-term effort. Bruchids are another important legume pest. Several hundred lines of Vigna were screened beginning in 1977. The resistance factor was identified as a cysteine-rich protein; ten random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers associated with it were developed. Studies on Helicoverpa in tomato began in AVRDC in 1980, and more than 6000 accessions of wild and cultivated tomato were studied to find resistance in Solanum habrochaites var. glabratum. Less hairy varieties are less attractive for egg laying. Trichomes that produce methyl ketones confer resistance to Helicoverpa, but resistance is negatively correlated to fruit size. Three lines with reduced fruit damage were released in 1989. Attempts were also made to get acyl sugars from S. pennellii, but back crossing did not maintain this resistance. These genes also cause low pollen set and low fruit size. Crosses with S. habrochaites var. typica were also tried to reduce egg laying and larval survival in conjunction with Cornell University, which identified genomic regions related to resistance. This resistance is associated with high concentration of glycoalkaloids; it was found to be polygenic and is very difficult to carry over to commercial lines.

In onion, we have done work against beet armyworm and thrips, while in sweet potato our screening of more

than 9000 lines found no resistance for sweet potato weevil. Insect resistance is complex, often polygenic, and associated with undesirable traits. Our work on developing insect-resistant lines is now needs-based; we cannot screen large numbers of lines without specific funding.

Our current work focuses on sucking insects and mites, including whiteflies on tomato; aphids on African nightshade, okra, pepper, and pumpkin; thrips on pepper; spider mites on tomato; and broad mite on pepper. We have found good resistance in tomato from interspecific crosses. We are screening for red spider mite resistance in tomato and some lines appear to have resistance. Those with acyl sugar based resistance offer some hope against both whitefly and spider mite.

An insect control solution through seed is the easiest to apply. It is possible to develop insect- resistant varieties but it takes a long time, involves diverse sources of expertise, steady funding, and good collaboration between public and private sectors.

Questions & Answers

Apart from the acyl sugar, are there any bioassays used?

AVRDC usually uses feeding bioassays to confirm the effect.

Is there any work going on in onion thrips?

AVRDC previously carried out research on onion thrips and developed standardized irrigation practices to keep the insects under control. Our work on barrier crops did not produce


good results. APSA commented that barrier crops of wheat and maize gave good control in Indian trials.

This was a very useful summary—but were any of the tomato lines tested for resistance to tospoviruses? Was leaf miner resistance found in these lines? The base is now set for complex mining of QTLs to remove these negative traits. Did any of these lines show restorer resistance?

Some of the S. pennellii lines did have resistance, and this is not just due to acyl sugars.

Reactions of Phytophthora infestans isolates on tomato accessions with late blight resistance

Jaw-fen Wang

Late blight is a severe disease in cool wet climates like those in East Africa. It is transmitted via sporangia, zoospores, or oospores in water and can remain in the soil for a long time. The species has a large genome size compared to other Phytophthora species. It originated in Mexico but new strains and races have developed and the disease has become more severe over time. We have been looking at the interaction of different races and their virulence in tomatoes. We need to have a common agreement on how to describe these variations in the organism. There are five race-specific resistance genes that have been identified in tomato, which all come from S. pimpinellifolium. The race naming convention used follows

that for potato late blight. It appears to be working well and needs to be more widely popularized. We have several lines with good resistance. In 2004-2005 we collected 194 isolates from across Taiwan. These were all US-11 types and we were able to use a single test to identify lines of tomato with good apparent resistance to the different local races. Two sources of resistance appear to be quite durable against these local P. infestans isolates.

Questions & Answers

Has AVRDC has looked at different virulence factors in the pathogen to account for different levels of resistance?

In the USA there is a group is working on the genomics of the pathogen and we are working with them.

Are the potato and tomato strains of the pathogen the same?

New emerging races of the pathogen may infect both crops, but it is not clear if this applies to all races. Much less work has been done on the disease in tomato as compared with potato.

Do the new strains still cause most damage under cool weather conditions? Is there any shift in the preferable climate?

The new strains of US-11 that now dominate in Taiwan can survive under higher temperatures up to 24° C and are more pathogenic. This is why they have out-competed the old populations of the pathogen in Taiwan. This change in races has not just occurred in Taiwan.


It makes sense to add some of these lines to the breeding program, but it is not necessarily practical to look for QTLs. However, mapping would still be valuable and it would be better to do it even if the lines only showed a small effect.

APSA members were reminded that resistance is no silver bullet. Some strains of the pathogen can knock out sources of resistance that we have not even tried to incorporate into tomato breeding lines yet. APSA replied that there were some lines available from Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) that incorporate the Ph-2 gene and appear to be giving good resistance, and that AVRDC should consider them.

General Discussion

How are we going to proceed on the issue of tospoviruses and tomato?

The tospovirus-thrips complex is a very big issue as there are at least seven thrips species involved and there is confusion regarding the taxonomy of thrips. Unless we have a clear taxonomy we cannot get good control. AVRDC gave a presentation on this at the last APSA meeting at Bangkok. We have ongoing work with Cornell on acyl sugars to provide resistance against red spider mite and whitefly, but this could be expanded to include aphids. We need additional funding to keep it going.

Could APSA help make this project go forward?

If APSA is ready to fund, then AVRDC can come up with an appropriately budgeted proposal. APSA said that

participation in-kind needed to be considered to make this possible, not just straight funding.

For international varietal testing, give the same set of lines to 20 companies and APSA will come back with data; if APSA doesn’t provide data, then nothing more will be given to us. It is not just about funding, but finding a better solution for the farmers. AVRDC should focus on basic research—distribute it to the companies that can get it into the market. We are ready to fund that.

AVRDC noted that if a lack of response/reporting meant no more research would be shared, then most APSA members would be excluded based on past response levels. The R&D done by AVRDC has diverse audiences. APSA needs basic research, but poor farmers also need complete technologies that do not just include seeds. AVRDC is seeking inputs from APSA to help shape our overall R&D program.

We need to identify the appropriate projects for farmers and the basic research needed. APSA is also working for farmers. The best vehicle for public research to reach farmers is to have us marketing seeds. If the farmers don’t make money, none of us will be here.

The private sector is the best means for getting improved seeds out to farmers, but AVRDC has many other technologies that we are developing and is trying to harmonize APSA’s needs with our overall R&D portfolio. AVRDC is looking at multilocational testing and seed sales. We are trying to find the best way forward for all of us.


The private sector is just one of AVRDC’s clients. APSA was asked how many institutions in the world are still producing open pollinated tomato varieties. AVRDC targets a different type of farmer who is really looking at open pollinated lines. APSA members are looking at using most of these lines to produce hybrids.

APSA replied that there are four different seed customers segments: the low price, high volume sales of open pollinted varieties; higher priced, but still low volume sales that include some hybrids; higher priced hybrids that include complex traits; and the highest priced organic seed sector that will pay any amount of money. One APSA company in India said they sell about 100 t of open pollinated cauliflower seed each year. They serve both the poorest farmers while also working with breeder’s seed from research institutions. Another company commented that 80% of the seed sold in India is open-pollinated.

APSA was asked how many new open pollinated varieties are being produced in the world.

The reply was “very few.” It was noted that all the tomatoes AVRDC produces are open pollinated lines.

APSA asked how many papers has AVRDC produced on the genetic gain in yields in open pollinated tomatoes over time. It was observed that today open pollinated lines can yield 80-100 t/ha yield in the field with or without stakes, but if we partition this yield, what has contributed to it? Since the 1970s there have been improvements to open pollinated lines, the introduction of hybrids, and the introduction of new production technologies from the public and

private sectors. No hybrid tomatoes were known in India before 1972, but their introduction and the use of improved agronomy helped produce yields of 50-60 t/ha back then. By 2010 improved agronomy, disease resistant strains (some developed with the use of molecular markers) and better tolerance to abiotic stresses have led to field yields of up to 130 t/ha. Has AVRDC done any studies of the yields of open pollinated varieties over the last 30 years to find out how much yield has been increased and why? How much have we gained and where do we go next? Is AVRDC doing this for other vegetables?

AVRDC replied that yield is not the only factor to consider. Improved open pollinated lines have meant that tomato can be grown throughout the year, not just in one season. This is a major gain. The question is where do we go for the next big gain?

The links between AVRDC and the private sector are very important. Historically AVRDC was set up to pass on new technologies such as seed lines through the national agricultural research and extension systems (NARES) and then the NARES would release them, but that didn’t always happen. The private sector is more motivated to do so, but its business agenda is not always the same as AVRDC’s agenda to serve small farmers. Hybrids have some value above just their market value, but AVRDC also wants to address those communities that want to save their own seed. APSA benefits from AVRDC’s work and APSA’s support has provided payback for decades. AVRDC introgresses new traits into new materials and APSA can do the backcrossing to fine-tune those to the needs of particular markets. It takes


effort to keep that pipeline flowing, and one part of that is through AVRDC’s international nurseries. Is it worth it for AVRDC to send out the International Chili Pepper Nursery each year for decent information? AVRDC would welcome voluntary collaboration to receive good solid data back. AVRDC sends out a lot of seed to private companies but rarely hears back. APSA has many testing locations; AVRDC doesn’t have the resources to test lines widely.

APSA admitted the problem and has promised to provide AVRDC with better information. If there are good open pollinated varieties, there is a market for them, as APSA cannot sell hybrids to everyone. A lack of effective plant variety rights has limited the private commitment to developing open pollinated varieties in the past.

APSA was reminded of the importance of attribution of AVRDC materials in commercial seed catalogs. AVRDC does not have an inherent right to exist and one way it justifies its existence to donors is by showing that it has a big impact. This has been an issue for years. APSA replied that there have been major improvements in tomato and pepper; it recognizes that AVRDC is doing a tremendous job. APSA was reminded to remind company management to provide AVRDC with attribution and data.

Many colleagues do not send AVRDC data. However, when they do, it has a big impact on the Center’s core donors. If APSA members can tell AVRDC which lines sell, AVRDC can pass that fact onto donors—it does have impact.

APSA replied that members must

push their company management to do this, and asked that this point be clearly noted in the minutes so that it could be presented to management for implementation.

The current staffing and facilities in the AVRDC genebank cannot make the progress necessary to be a useful resource for AVRDC breeders or for private breeders. AVRDC needs APSA’s collaboration for seed increase and trait-based screening to get more information about the germplasm. This will make it more useful to APSA members. This could be an important area for collaboration in the near future.

APSA acknowledged that it has had problems in the past and its reporting has been bad, but wants to move ahead and put in some mechanisms so that APSA and AVRDC better complement each other. This is a very valuable partnership, but what APSA can offer in-kind may be even more important than direct funding.

Wrap-up discussion

Jackie Hughes

This meeting has been different from our prior conferences. It has been open and productive. We thank you for sharing your experiences and for coming here. I want to thank you all for staying with us for these three years, and those companies that haven’t have missed out on the information we have shared this week. We are a very small institution with a budget of only $18 million and we work with a huge number of partners,


but you are very important partners. Victoria Henson-Apollonio commented to me that she has never sat in a meeting where an international center and the private sector were able to discuss so freely and collaborate. We are small and you give us a lot of great ideas. If we don’t do what you ask, it is because we don’t have enough resources to do so. We have restricted and core funding and we have some very good partners—including our host government and a few others including APSA. All of our work is for alleviating poverty. We have only a small reserve and if all our money disappeared we could only operate for 30 to 40 days. You are a key target group for us and our work is needs-driven, but we have to balance your needs with those of others. All our work is multidisciplinary and we need to keep everything in balance. We need all our partners, and we treasure the relationship with APSA. We had a useful side meeting at the APSA congress in Bangkok and I would like to continue this in the future, including a role in the APSA

Kaohsiung Congress later this year. Thanks for working with us to help us achieve our mission of alleviating poverty.

Anthony Tse

From APSA’s side, the feeling is mutual. I hope we can work out mechanisms for closer work in the future.


Impressions


Participants - APSA

Name Address

Prasad, Vinnakota

S.R. Krishna

Advanta India ltd.Site No. 15, Rajco Developers, Bashetti Halli Po, Doddaballapur-561203, Bangaluru, India

Tel: [email protected]

Tikoo, Surinder K. Advanta India ltd.D-18, Hill View Residency, Baner, Pune 411045, India

Tel: [email protected]

Co, Willy U. Allied Botanical Corp.No. 15, 21st Avenue, Tagumpay, Cubao 1109, Quezon City, Philippines

Tel: 63-2-9110836Fax: [email protected]

Alibuyog, Crisanto Allied Botanical Corp.No. 15, 21st Avenue, Tagumpay, Cubao 1109, Quezon City, Philippines

Tel: 63-2-4376606-08/9110836Fax: 63-2-9110159

[email protected]

Kantrong, Sumitra Chia Tai Co., Ltd.70 Moo 6 Petkasem Road, Omnoi, Samutsakorn, 74130 Thailand

Tel: 66-2-810303266-2-8103038

[email protected]


Name Address

Mekiyanon, Supat Chia Tai Co., Ltd.70 Moo 6 Petkasem Road, Omnoi, Samutsakorn, 74130 Thailand

Tel: 66-2-810303266-2-8103038

[email protected]

Ratanopas, Boonthip Chia Tai Co., Ltd.299-301 Songsawad Road, Samphantawong District, Bangkok 10100, Thailand

Tel: 66-2-233819166-2-2371540

[email protected]

Buaboocha, Jarunee Chia Tai Co., Ltd.299-301 Songsawad Road, Samphantawong District, Bangkok 10100, Thailand

Tel: 66-2-233819166-2-2371540

[email protected]

Tse, Anthony Bernard Clover Seed Co., Ltd.Little Hong Kong Village, Lots 91-104 Shouson Hill, Hong Kong

852-28736306852-28736429

[email protected]

Liu, Winnie Wing Yee Clover Seed Co., Ltd.Little Hong Kong Village,Lots 91-104 Shouson Hill, Hong Kong

852-28736306852-28736429

[email protected]


Name Address

Leung, Ruby Pui Chi Clover Seed Co., Ltd.Little Hong Kong Village, Lots 91-104 Shouson Hill, Hong Kong852-28736306852-28736429

[email protected]

Milerue, Nongluck East-West Seed Co., Ltd.Hortigenetics Research (SE Asia) Ltd., 7 Moo 9 T. Maefack Mai A, Sansai, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand

66-53-848610; 66835797972

[email protected]

Deshpande, Arvind Ananthrao

JK Agri Genetics Limited1-10-177, 4th Floor, Varun Towers, Begumpet, Hyderabad-500016 (AP), India

91-40-2776508591-40-27764943

[email protected]

Wu, Wendy Known-You Seed Co., Ltd.26 Chung-Cheng 2nd Rd, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

886-7-2241106886-7-2227299

[email protected]

Liao, Yves Known-You Seed Co., Ltd.26 Chung-Cheng 2nd Rd, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

886-7-3710988, ext 332

886-7-3710175

[email protected]


Name Address

Lee, Candy Known-You Seed Co., Ltd.26 Chung-Cheng 2nd Rd, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

86-7-3710988, ext 332

886-7-3710175

[email protected]

Enya, Junichiro Mikado Kyowa Seed Co., Ltd.R&D Division, 2789-1 Simo-Otaki, Otaki, Isumi, chiba 298-0202, Japan

81-470-82241381-470-822414

[email protected]

Shimano, Yuko Mikado Kyowa Seed Co., Ltd.R&D Division, 2789-1 Simo-Otaki, Otaki, Isumi, chiba 298-0202, Japan

81-470-82241381-470-822414

[email protected]

Sharma, Nateshan Hulkunte

Namdhari Seeds Pvt. Ltd.Uragahalli, Bidadi Post, Ramanagaram Dist., Bidadi-562109, Bangalore, India

91-9845471271/7291-80-28602168

[email protected]


Name Address

Murao, Kazunori Sakata Seed Corp.Kimitsu Research Station, 358 Uchikoshi, Sodegaua, Chiba 299-0217, Japan

81-43875268181-438757276

[email protected]

Singh, Narendra Syngenta Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd.No. 1 Harbourfront Avenue, #03-03 Keppel Bay tower, Singapore 098632

65-333640065-5182522

[email protected]

Syngenta Seeds Ltd.90, Tower A, Cyber World Tower, 25th Floor, Ratchadapisek Road, Huai Khwang, Bangkok 10310, Thailand

Tanaka, Kazuyuki Takii Co & Ltd.1360 Hari, Konan, Shiga, Japan

81-74871127181-748721285

[email protected]

Shukla, Ghanshyam Tokita Seed India Private Limited360, 13th A Main, 80 Feet Road, Sector-A, New Town, Yelahanka, Bangalore-560064, India

91-80-2846025491-80-28460749

[email protected]


Name Address

Chandranna, Nagaraja Vibha Seeds - India“Inspire” Plot No.-21, Sector-1, HUDA Techno Enclave, Hi-Tec City Madhapur Road, Hyderabad-500081, A.P., India

91-40-3041570091-40-30415781

[email protected]

Umashankar, Ponnusamy Vibha Seeds - India“Inspire” Plot No.-21, Sector-1, HUDA Techno Enclave, Hi-Tec City Madhapur Road, Hyderabad-500081, A.P., India

91-40-3041670091-40-304157891

[email protected]


Madhusudan BhattaraiAgricultural Economist [email protected]

Chen Chien-huaPrincipal Research [email protected]

Chen Huei-meiAssociate [email protected]

Warwick EasdownDonor Relations and [email protected]

Andreas EbertGenebank [email protected]

Paul GniffkePlant [email protected]

Peter HansonPlant [email protected]

Ho Fang-IPrincipal Research [email protected]

Hsiao Yun-yinAssistant [email protected]

Jackie HughesDeputy Director General – [email protected]

Edwin JavierInternational Variety Development [email protected]

Lawrence KenyonPlant [email protected]

Lee Jung-SupSeconded [email protected]

Teresa LiangManagement [email protected]

Lin Shih-wen (Susan) Principal Research [email protected]

Lin Yi-lin Research [email protected]

Lin Chih-hungPrincipal Research [email protected]

Participants - AVRDC


Lin Chung-chengPrincipal Research [email protected]

Kartini (Iin) LutherAssistant to the [email protected]

Kadirvel Palchamy Postdoctoral FellowMolecular Breeding/[email protected]

R. [email protected]

Sheu Zong-mingPrincipal Research [email protected]

Shueh Sheue-chin (Jin)Principal Research [email protected]

Rachael SymondsPostdoctoral [email protected]

Tan Chee-weePrincipal Research [email protected]

Wen-shi TsaiAssociate [email protected]

Jaw-fen WangPlant [email protected]

Ray-yu [email protected]

Consultants

CGIAR Central Advisory Service on Intellectual Property (CAS-IP)

Victoria Henson-ApollonioSenior Scientist & Project [email protected]

Guat Hong TehIP [email protected]


APSA The Asia & Pacific Seed AssociationAVRDC AVRDC – The World Vegetable CenterCMS Cytoplasmic Male SterilityCOA Council of AgricultureGRSU Genetic Resources and Seed UnitICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry AreasICPN International Chili Pepper NurseryIPM Integrated Pest Management IPR Intellectual property rightsIRRI International Rice Research InstituteISPN International Sweet Pepper NurseryMAS Marker assisted selectionMLS International Treaty on Multilateral SystemsMTA Material Transfer AgreementsNARES National Agricultural Research and Extension ServicesNARS National Agricultural Research ServicesQTL Qualitative trait locusSMTA Standard Material Transfer AgreementRAPD Random amplified polymorphic DNA SNP Single-nucleotide polymorphism sequencesSSR Simple sequence repeatsTARI Taiwan Agricultural Research InstituteZYMV Zucchini yellow mosaic virus

Acronyms

www.avrdc.orgAVRDC – The World Vegetable CenterHeadquartersPO Box 42Shanhua, Tainan 74119Taiwan

T +886 (0) 6 583-7801F +886 (0) 6 583-0009E [email protected]

2010 APSA - AVRDC Workshop203.64.245.61/web_docs/proceedings/APSA-AVRDC_workshop 2010.pdf · 2010 ....

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Transcript of 2010 APSA - AVRDC Workshop203.64.245.61/web_docs/proceedings/APSA-AVRDC_workshop 2010.pdf · 2010 ....