The Artist's H A N D B O O K

Ray Smith

A Dorling Kindersley Book

LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, MELBOURNE, DELHI

Dorling Kindersley Limited Revised Edition

Editor Barbara Dixon

Art Editor Kelly Meyer

Project Art Editor Caroline Hill

Senior Editor Caroline H u n t

Senior Art Editor Mandy Earey

Managing Editors Maxine Lewis, Julie Oughton

Managing Art Editor Heather McCafry

Art Director Carole Ash

bategory Publishers Andrew Heritage, Jackie Douglas

Production Joanna Bull

DTP Designer Mike Grigoletti

Picture Research Anna Grapes

Picture Librarian Richard Dabb

Jacket Designer Nicky Powling

Jacket Editor Caroline Reed

Scientific Adviser Alun Foster

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this

book is complete and accurate. Whenever harmful substances are being used,

the reader is referred to the Health and Safety feature on pp.370-71. Neither

the author nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for personal

injury that may arise from handling any artists' materials. Readers are

strongly advised to seek medical attention if an accident occurs.

First published in 1987 by

Dorling Kindersley Limited

80 Strand, London WC2R ORL

A Penguin Company

Revised edition published in 2003

iopyright 0 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London

Text and illustrations copyright O 2003 Ray Smith

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior

written permission of the copyright owner.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 7513 6439 8

Colour reproduction by GRB, Italy

Printed and bound by Artes Graficas Toledo, S.A.U., Spain

Contents Introduction 6

MATERIALS 8 Pigments 9

Oils 30 Resins 34

Glues, Starches, and Gums 36 Waxes 37

Solvents 38 Additives 40

SUPPORTS AND GROUNDS 42 Rigid Supports 43

Flexible Supports 48 Grounds 58

P All-Purpose Pencil 71 Coloured Pencil 73

Soft Pastels 77 Oil Pastels 83

alk and Conte Crayon Charcoal 91

Silverpoint 97 Scraperboard 99 Pen and Ink 103

Brush and Ink 108

See our complete catalogue at www.dk.com

Other Drawing Techniques 114

PAINTING 118 Painting Equipment 119

Watercolour 126 Gouache 156 Tempera 160

Oil Paints 170 Acrylics 202

Encaustic 223 (4;~ .-

1 PRINTMAKING 229 i Relief Printing 230

Intaglio 238 Lithography 248 --

Screenprinting -256

\ DIGITAL MEDIA AND PHOTOGRAPHY 261

Digital ImagetManipulation 262 Photography 272

APPLIED TEC#NIQUES 277 Buon Fresco 278

"Dry Wall" Mural Techniques 282 Painted and Printed Laminates 288

Ceramic Tiles 294 Vitreous Enamelling 300

Stained Glass 304 LaserNVater-Jet Profiling 310

Vinyl and Linoleum 314 Mosaic 318

Planting 322 Light and Lighting 324

CONSERVATION AND FRAMING 327 Conservation 328 Varnishing 334

Technical Examination of Paintings 336 Framing 340

APPENDICES 344 Colour 345

Perspective 351 Transferring an Image 358

The Studio 362 Exhibiting Work 364

Public Art 366

Health and Safety 370 Glossary 372

Index 376 Acknowledgements 383

Index a trois couleurs 8 8 Abdera 3 5 1 absorbency, paper supports 5 0 accelerated perspective 3 5 7 acetlc a c ~ d , glass pa~nt lng 3 0 4 acids

e tch~ng 245 glass etchlng 3 0 6 handling 2 4 4

Ackling, Roger 115 acrylic gesso prlmer 178, 2 0 5 acryl~c med~ums, vltreous

enamelling 3 0 1 acrylic polymers 3 5 acrylics 202-22

airbrush techniques 214-16 canvas 205 cleaning 3 3 2 dark grounds 2 0 5 description 203 extruded techn~ques 221-2 flow improvers 2 0 4 gel med~um 2 0 4 gloss medium 2 0 4 grounds 205 in layers 2 1 3 internal walls 2 8 6 Iridescent colours 203 laminate palntlng 2 9 0 masking f luid 2 1 6 masks 215, 2 2 0 matt medium 2 0 4 med~ums 2 0 4 modelling paste 2 0 4 monochromatic studies 210-12 oil pastels with 8 6 opaque techniques 209, 210-13, 2 1 4 pigments 203 priming 205 PVA colours 203 retarders 2 0 4 r i g ~ d supports 205 scraped colour techn~ques 2 17-20 soften~ng edges 2 0 7 spray-gun techn~ques 214-16 stencils 220 , 2 2 2 supports 205 texture paste 2 0 4 transparent techniques 206-8, 2 1 4 varnish~ng 3 3 5 volat~le organic compounds 2 0 3 watercolour effects 2 0 6 wet-into-wet 2 0 6 woven techniques 2 2 2

additive colour mixing 3 4 5 add~tives 40-1 Adobe Photoshop 264 , 2 6 7 air compressors 1 2 4 airbrushes 1 2 4

acrylic techniques 214- c lean~ng 2 1 6

aircraft motifs acrylics 215

internal murals 2 8 7 printed laminates 2 9 1 scraperboard 1 0 1

Alberti, Leon Batt~sta 351 , 3 5 3 , 3 5 4

alcohols 3 9 Alhazan 3 5 2 Al~zarin Crimson 22, 1 7 4 alkyd resins 3 5

mediums 176 all-purpose penc~ls 71-2 alla prima

multllayering 1 9 6 oil paint~ng 195-6

Alternative Arts 283 aluminium panels 46-7

011 paint~ng 177 anamorphism 3 5 7 Anaxagoras 3 5 1 Anderton, Richard, Pelican 2 3 3 animal s tud~es

brush and ink 108, 113 chalk 9 0 charcoal 93, 9 5 digitally transformed 2 6 8 hel~orel~efs 2 3 3 oil painting 1 9 9 011 pastels 8 5 pen and Ink 107 scraperboard 1 0 2 watercolour 1 5 1 wood engraving 2 3 4

Anthraquinone Red 2 2 anthraquinones 1 5 anti-foam agents 4 1 anti-freeze 4 1 applied techniques 277-326 aquatint e tch~ng 244-5 architectural studies

011 pastel 8 6 s~lverpo~nt 9 8 watercolour 1 5 4

arnccio 2 8 0 Arylamide Yellow 10G 1 6 Arylamide Yellow GX 18 arylam~des, watercolours 1 2 9 Arylide Yellow RN 1 6 atmospheric perspective 3 5 7 Auerbach, Frank, JYM.1. 1 9 0 Aureolin 1 8 Azo Condensation, watercolours

129 Azo Condensat~on Red 2 2 Azo Condensation Yellow 1 8 azo pigments 13-14

new 14-15 azomethine complexes 1 5 Azometh~ne Yellow 1 6

backboards, canvas 330-1 back~ng boards, framing

3 4 3 Bacon, Roger 3 5 2 ballpo~nt pens 103 balsams 176 Bassano, Jacopo, Susanna and

the Elders 185 Beckmann, Max, A t Toilette

2 3 0

beeswax 3 7 encaustic palnt~ng 223-8 etching 2 4 1

Benz~midazolone Orange 2 0 Benz~m~dazolone Yellow 1 6 Berwick, Thomas 2 3 4

The Bactrian Camel 2 3 4 Beuys, Joseph 115 b ~ r d stud~es

brush and ink 113 charcoal 9 3 hel~orel~efs 2 3 3 laserlwater-jet profiling 3 1 1 mosaics 3 1 8 011 paint~ng 199 photography 273, 2 7 4 scraperboard 102

Bismuth Vanadate 1 6 b~stre, conte crayons 8 7 biting, etching 245 b~tumen, etching 2 4 1 blacks

pigments 2 8 watercolours 129

Blasius of Parma 3 5 2 blender brushes 122 b lend~ng colours, oil painting

187-9 blockboard supports 4 5 b lot t~ng paper effects,

watercolours 1 5 0 blown oils 3 1 blues .

Inorganic plgments 11 pigments 24-6 watercolours 129

board, scraperboard 9 9 boat studies

chalk 8 9 digital images 264-5 oil painting 178 watercolour 137, 151, 152 , 153

Boccacio, De Claris Mulieribus 8

body colour techniques, acryl~cs 2 0 9

bo~led 011s 3 1 bonding, stained glass 3 0 8 Bonnard, Pierre, Landscape

1 8 1 Botticelli 2 7 8 Bouts, D ~ e r ~ c , The Annunciat~on

2 0 0 brick walls, rendering 2 8 4 Br~ggs, Emma, Number 1 3 2 1 brights 120-1 bristle brushes 119, 1 2 0

011 painting 187 Brominated Anthranthrone 2 2 Brom~nated Phthalocyanine 2 4 browns, pigments 2 8 Brunelleschi, Filippo 2 5 3 brush and Ink 108-13 brushes

brush and ink 1 1 0 c lean~ng 1 2 2 cutting down old 1 4 8 different effects 1 2 1 encaustic palntlng 2 2 4 manufacture 119

oil paint~ng 1x1 Oriental 1 2 2 paint~ng 119-22 shapes 120-1 sizes 1 2 1 special purpose 1 2 2 synthetic 120, 1 2 1 tempera 163 watercolour 131 , 148

buon fresco 278-81 mortar 2 7 9 plgments 2 7 9 plastering 2 8 0 techn~ques 280-1

bur~ns 2 3 8 Burnt Sienna 2 8

tempera 1 6 2 watercolours 129

Burnt Umber 28 watercolours 129

C Cadmium Orange, watercolours

128 Cadmium Red 2 2

watercolours 128, 1 3 0 Cadmium Yellow

pigments 1 8 watercolours 128

calcined f l int rendering 2 8 2 camera lucida 3 6 1 camera obscura 3 6 0 cameras 272-3 Canada balsam 3 2 candelilla wax 3 7 candles, wax res~sts 1 5 2 canvas 52-4

acrylics 205, 2 0 8 back protection 5 7 backboards 330-1 conservation 330-1 de-acldfy~ng 5 6 deterioration problems 330-1 glue-sizing 5 7 lining 3 3 1 oil painting 1 8 0 p r~ming 56-7 removing bulges 5 3 removing surface deformation 3 3 0 repairing small holes 3 3 0 stretching 55-6

carbohydrates 3 6 carmine, pigments 1 2 carnauba wax 3 7 casein 3 6 cellulose paste, vitreous

enamelling 3 0 1 ceramic tiles 294-9

colouring 295 decorat~ng 295-9 f ir ing 2 9 9 glazing 2 9 7 impressed relief designs 2 9 4 manufacture 2 9 4 onglaze colours 2 9 9 printing 2 9 9 shrinkage 295 - underglaze colours 2 9 7

I N D E X 1 W

Cerulean Blue 2 6 watercolours 129, 1 3 0

chalk 87-90 charcoal 91-6

attached to a cane 9 4 flxatlves 9 2 frottage 9 5 line techniques 93-4 manufacture 9 1 paper stumps 9 6 pencils 9 2 supports 9 2 types of 9 2

Charcoal Grey, watercolours 129

Chardin, Jean-Bapt~ste-Simeon, Self-Portrait with Spectacles 6 2

Chevreul, Michel-Eugene 348-50

chiaroscuro 1 8 5 Chinese White, watercolours

129 chroma 3 4 9 chromium oxide 295 Chromium Tltanate 2 4 cinnabar, pigments 11 Claude glass 3 6 0 Claude Lorralne 3 6 0 cleanlng, conservation 332-3 cloths, wiping 125 clove oil 3 3 coalescing agents 4 1 Cobalt Blue 2 4

tempera 1 6 2 watercolours 129

Cobalt Chromite Blue 2 4 Cobalt Green 2 6

wa tek jou rs 1 3 0 cobalt oxide 295 Cobalt S l l lcge Blue 24 ' Cobalt V io let24 Cobalt ~ i n t shca te 2 4 cobbles, mosaics 3 2 1 collage, vitreous enamels 3 0 3 collagraph 2 3 6 colour 345-50

additive mixing 3 4 5 Chevreul's theor~es 348-50 complementary 347, 3 4 9 different grounds and 3 5 0 lsolatlng 3 5 0 light 345-6 perception 3 4 6 plgments 10, 1 3 subtractive mixing 3 4 6 testing 3 4 7

Colour Index 1 0 colour mixing, watercolours

132-5 colour washes, pencil with 6 9 colour wheels, watercolours

1 3 2 coloured grounds, 011 palntlng

182-6, 196 t coloured penclls 73-6

character of 73-4 technlques 74-8

complementary colours 347, 3 4 9

composite panel supports 4 5 compressed charcoal 9 2 compressors, air 1 2 4 computers

dlgltal Images 261-71 palntlng wlth 264-9 TV Images 2 6 6

~unservat~on 327-39 cleanlng 332-3 technical examination 336-9 varnishing 334-5

Constable, John 126 conte crayons 87-90 contours, softening in 011

painting 1 8 8 contracts, public art 3 6 7 cooked olllresin varnishes 175 cooked oils, oil colours 175 Copaiba balsam 3 2 , 176 copper oxide 295 copper plates

engraving 2 3 8 etchlng 2 3 8

copper supports 4 7 Correggio, Venus with Mercury

and Cupid 3 3 8 Cotman, John Sell 127

Greta Bridge 153 Mountain Scene i n Wales 147

Cotman, Miles E. A Calm 137 Cotton, Alan, Provence - The

village of Lacoste 1 9 2 cotton canvas 53-4 counter perspectlve 3 5 7 cover coats, vitreous enamell ir~g

3 0 1 Cox, David 127 Cozens, John Robert 126

I n the Canton o f Unterwalden 127

crayons, lithography 249, 2 5 1 see also conte crayons

Cremnitz White, 011 colours 1 7 4 cropping, d ig~ta l images 2 6 6 cross hatching

pencils 6 8 soft pastels 8 0

cross-sections, paintings 3 3 7 curvilinear perspectlve 356-7 cut-outs, vlnyl 314-17 cutters, scraperboard 9 9

dammar 34, 176, 3 3 4 Dayy's Grey, watercolours 129 de Maria, Walter 115 Degas, Edgar 2 4 8 del Monte, Guido Ubaldo 3 5 4 Delacroix, Eugene 2 4 8 Dennis, Ray, Playing God 2 4 0 Desargues, G~rard 3 5 4 Desmet, Anne London Gardens - diptych 235

deterloratlon conservation 328-9 varnish 3 3 4

Dlaryllde Yellow 1 8 diarylides, watercolours 129 digital artwork, screenprinting

2 5 9 digital cameras 272-3 digital media 261-71

prlntmaklng 2 6 3 digital process, printed

laminates 2 9 3 diluents, 011 colours 1 7 5 Dioxazine Violet 2 4

watercolours 129 dioxazlnes 15 dioxopyrroIopyrroles

1 5 d ~ p pens 103 dippers 125

direct painting, oil p a l n t ~ t ~ g 1 9 5-6

d~vls~onism 1 9 1 Dongling, Wang, Tiger 108 double-glazing, stained glass in

3 0 9 Dragon's Blood, pigments 1 2 drapery, tempera 166 drawing 62-107

all-purpose pencils 71-2 brush and ~ n k 108-13 coloured pencils 73-6 digital 267-9 laminates 290-3 011 pastels 83-6 pen and ink 103-7 pencils 63-76 photograph~c references 2 7 4 scraperboard 99-102 silverpoint 97-8 soft pastels 77-82 water-soluble pencils 7 4 with colour wash 6 9 with erasers 7 0

drawings framing 3 4 2 laserlwater-jet profiling 3 1 1 photographing 2 7 6 storage 3 6 3

driers 40-1 dry wall mural techniques

282-7 dry-brush technlques

brush and ink drawing 113 watercolours 136

drypolnt 2 4 0 Ducclo, The Annunciation

3 3 6 Dijrer, Albrecht 126, 359, 3 5 9

Lake i n the Woods 126 dusters, oil painting 1 8 9 dustlng, buon fresco 2 8 0

E earth plgments 11

tempera 1 6 2 watercolours 129

easels 3 6 3 Bchoppe 2 4 0 efflorescence, mural painting

2 8 4 egg tempera 160-8

building up in stages 1 6 8 character 1 6 1-3 cleanlng 3 3 2 flesh tones 1 6 6 grinding pigments 163 grounds 1 6 2 mlxlng colours 1 6 4 monochromatic underpainting 167 palntlng drapery 166 pigments 162 preparing paints 1 6 4 technlques 164-8

Elliott, Susan and Maggie Clyde, Reunion Conservation Mural, Brixton 2 8 4

emulsion grounds 6 1 emulsions, egg tempera

164-8 enamel colours, glass painting

3 0 4 enamelling see vltreous

enamelling

encaustic palnting 223-8 cleaning paintings 3 3 2 equipment 224-5 h~story 223 materials 224-5 techniques 225-8 traditional effects 225

encaustic t ~ l e s 2 9 6 engraving 238-40 epidiascope 3 6 1 episcope 3 6 1 epoxy reslns 3 5 equipment see tools erasers 6 5

drawing with 7 0 essential oils 32-3

vitreous enamelling 3 0 1 esters 3 9 etching 241-5

aquatint 244-5 glass 306-7 hard ground 241-2 soft ground 2 4 3

Euclid 3 5 1 examination of paintings 336-9 exhlbitlng work 364-5 extenders 4 1

oil colours 1 7 2 extruded-palnt techniques,

acryllcs 221-2

F fan blenders 1 2 2

oil palntlng 189 fat-over-lean 197 ferric chloride 245 ferrules, brushes 119 fibre optics 3 2 6 fibre-tipped pens 103 figure studles

acrylics 212, 217, 2 2 0 brush and ink 111, 117 charcoal 9 6 coloured pencil 7 6 engraving 2 4 0 etching 2 4 3 gouache 156 linocuts 2 3 6 lithography 2 5 1 oil painting 184-5, 186, 191, 328 , 3 3 6 pen and ink 103, 105, 106, 107 pencil 67 , 70, 7 1 scraperboard 1 0 1 tempera 166, 167 watercolour 1 4 4 woodcuts 2 3 0

f~ lbe r t brushes 119, 1 2 0 watercolours 1 3 1

filling, restoration 3 3 3 f ~ l m scanners 2 6 2 f i lm stencils, screenprinting

257 flrework motifs 2 1 1 flring

ceramic tiles 2 9 9 glass palnting 3 0 6 vitreous enamels 3 0 2

fish motifs acryllcs 206, 209, 213 ceramic tiles 2 9 8 dlgltally transformed 2 6 9 encaustic painting 227 pen and ink 1 0 6 scraperboard 1 0 2

flxat~ves charcoal 9 2 external mural painting 283 pastels 7 7

Flake White 2 8 011 colours 1 7 4

flat brushes 120 watercolours 1 3 1

Flavanthrone Yellow 1 8 Flavin, Dan 3 2 4

Monument for I/: Tatlin 3 2 4 flex~ble supports, oil painting

180 flexography 247 flint, mosaics 3 2 1 flocculation, watercolours 130 flocked papers, pastels 7 8 floors

cut-outs for 3 1 2 stud~os 3 6 3 vinyl and linoleum 3 1 6

flow improvers, acryltcs 204 flower studies

brush and ink 113 chalk 9 0 coloured pencil 7 5 watercolour 1 3 4

Fourier-transform ~nfra-red m~crospectrophotometry 337

Fra Angelico 2 7 8 Nol i Me Tangere 2 7 8

f ram~ng 340-3 history 3 4 0

framing dev~ces, transferring images 359-60

freezing action, photography 275

French Ultramar~ne tempera 162 watercolours 129, 130

fresco secco 282-7 frottage, charcoal 95

G Gainsborough, Thomas,

Landscape with Cattle a t a Watering Place 9 0

Gallacc~o, Anya, Repens 117 galleries

exhibiting work 364-5 large-scale drawing 114-15

Gamble, Ben, Ways o f Escape 255

Gamboge, pigments 12 gas chromatography, mass

spectrometry 3 3 7 gel medium, acrylics 2 0 4 gesso grounds 58-60

incising 178 modifying 1 7 8 oil painting 177 sealers 177 tempera 162

Ghirlandalo, Portrait o f a Young Woman 168

Gilbert and George, The Scream o f Reason 2 6 1

Gill, Eric 2 3 4 gillot pens 104 G~otto 278, 352, 357 Girtin, Thomas 126 glass

acid etch~ng 306-7 framing 342

mosaic 3 1 9 oil painting on 179

glass fibre supports 4 7 glazes

encaustlc palnting 226 011 paint~ng 193, 198-9

glazing, ceramic tiles 297 gloss medium, acrylics 204 glue size

applying 57, 5 9 preparing 58-9

glues 3 6 tempera emuls~ons 169

glycol ethers 3 9 goose quills 1 0 4 gouache 156-9

character of 157 manufacture 156 techniques 157-9

gouges, scraperboard 99, 1 0 0 Goya 248

Los Caprichos, (Plate 32) 243 graded washes 1 3 9 granulation, watercolours 130 graphic telescope, transferring

images 3 6 1 graph~te 6 3 graphite sticks 6 5 gravers 2 3 4 greens

inorganic pigments 11 pigments 26 watercolours 129

greys, watercolours 129 grids, transferring images 358,

3 5 9 grinding pigments 163 grip coats, vitreous enamelling

3 0 1 grisaille 6 9 grounds 58-61

acryl~cs 2 0 5 coloured 182-6 imprimatura 182 011 painting 177-86 pastels 7 8 tempera 1 6 2 toned grounds 182 white grounds 1 8 1

grout, mosalcs 3 2 0 gum arabic 3 6

glass painting 3 0 4 tempera emulsions 169 watercolours 1 4 6

gum tragacanth 3 6 gums 3 6

vitreous enamelling 3 0 0 gypsum plaster 286

hake brushes 122 half-tone effects, brush and Ink

drawing 113 half-tones, screenprinting 259 Hall, Basil 3 6 1 hard ground etchlng 241-2 hard resins 3 4 hardboard supports 4 5 heat

paintings 3 2 9 studios 3 6 2

hellorel~ef 233 Heron, Patrick, Tate Gallery St.

Ives Window 3 0 9 Hackney, David, A Bigger

Splash 202

Hodgkin, Howard 3 4 0 Dinner a t Smith Square 3 4 0 Night and Day 1 7 1

hog hair brushes 119, 1 2 0 Holbein, Hans, the Younger 357 honeycomb a l u m ~ n ~ u m panels

4 6 hot-pressed paper supports 5 0 household palnts, as grounds 6 1 hues 3 4 9 hydrocarbon solvents 3 9 hydrochloric acid 245

icing nozzles, drawlng w ~ t h 2 2 1 impasto, 011 pa~ntlng 1 9 0 impressed relief designs,

ceramic tiles 2 9 4 imprimatura 182

m~d-tone 1 8 4 lndanthrone Blue 26 Indian ink 109 Indian Red

tempera 162 watercolours 129, 130

lndlan Red (bluer) 2 8 lndian Yellow

pigments 1 2 watercolours 128

ind~rect painting acrylics 213 encaustlc palnt~ng 227 oil painting 197-201

indirect transfer prlnt~ng, tiles 299

~nfra-red photography 3 3 9 infra-red reflectography 339 Ingres, Jean Auguste

Dominique 2 4 8 ink droppers 1 0 4 ink-jet printing, paper supports

5 1 inks 1 0 4

brush and ink 108-13 diluted 104 lithography 249 pen and ink 103-7 screenprinting 257

inorgan~c pigments 11 Intaglio printing

engraving 238-40 etch~ng 241-5 flexography 247

intonaco 280 iridescent colours, acrylics 203 Iron oxides 295 isoindollnes 15 lso~ndolinone Yellow 1 8 Ivory Black 2 8

tempera 162 watercolours 129

Japanese brushes, watercolours 1 3 1

John, Gwen, Girl in a Mulberry Dress 194

K e ~ m mineral paints 282-3 ketones 3 9 Kew~m, Adolph 282 Klee, Paul, W1 (In Mernoriarni

180

knlfe-blade cutters, scraperboard 99, 1""

knives painting 1 2 4 palette 124

la~dlwove, paper supports 50-1 laminates, palnted and printed

288-91 Lamp Black 28, 1 0 9 landscape art

mower draw~ng 117 planting 322-3

landscape studies chalk 89, 9 0 encaustic painting 2 2 8 011 paintings 181, 183, 192. 194, 195, 3 2 8 oil pastel 8 6 sllverpoint 9 8 soft pastel 80, 8 2 tempera 165 watercolour 126-7, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 15 153, 154 wood engraving 235 woodcuts 233

lapis lazuli, pigments 11 large-scale work

ceramic tile panels 2 9 8 drawing 114-15, 116 gallery drawings 114-16 Internal murals 286-7 laminates 289 natural materials 1 1

laser cutting 310-13 layers

acrylics 213 encaustic painting 227 oil painting 196

LeWitt, Sol 1 1 4 lead~ng up, stained glass 3( leaf studies

acrylics 2 0 8 chalk 8 7 coloured pencil 7 4 oil paints 1 8 9 pencil 6 8 planting 3 2 3 screenprinting 2 5 8 s l u m ~ i n a nlass 3 0 9 , - - vinyl cu t -ou t~ 3 1 6

Leger, Ferdinand 3 5 0 Lely, Slr Peter, James II when

Duke of York 185 lemon oil 3 3 Lemon Yellow, watercolours

129 Leonardo da Vinci 350, 353,

355, 356-7, 3 6 0 A Small Oak Branch with a Spray o f Dyer's Greenweed 87

light deteriorat~on of paintings 3 2 8 studios 3 6 2

light art 324-6 light boxes 3 5 8 Light Green Oxide 2 6 Light Red, watercolours 129,

130 Light Red (yellower) 2 8 lightfastness

deterioration of paintings 3 2 8 oil colours 1 7 4 pigments 10, 13

111le techn~ques all-purpose pencils 7 1 brush and ink drawing 111, 112 charcoal 93-4 engraving 239 lithography 250 oil pastels 8 5 pen and ink 105-7 pencil 66-7 scraperboard 100, 1 0 1 silverpo~nt 9 8 soft pastels 7 9

linear perspective 354-7 linen canvas 52-3, 5 4 lining canvases 3 3 1 linocuts 236 linoleum 314-17

linocuts 236 lhnseed oil, oil colours 174, 175 lithography 248-55

mezzotint form 2 5 1 photolithography 2 5 5 preparing the stone 252-3 p r ~ n t ~ n g 252-3 processing plates 2 5 4 transfer l~thography 252

local communities, involving 369 Long, Richard 115-16

River Avon M u d Arc 116 Rock Drawing 1 1 6 White Water Circle 116

Lorenzettl, Ambroglio 278 lozenge-shaped cutters,

scraperboard 99, 1 0 0

~adder%ke, p~gments 12 Manet, Edouard 248 Manganese Blue 2 6

watercoloum 130 manganesg d ~ o x ~ d e 295 Manganese V~olet 2 4 Manners, Robert, Signs and

Symbols 2 9 6 mapping pens 103, 1 0 4 maquettes, laser profl l~ng 3 1 3 marble, mosalcs 3 1 9 marker pens 105 Mars Black 2 8 Mars colours

watercolours 129 tempera 162

Masacc~o 2 7 8 Trin~ty fresco 3 5 3

masklng f lu~d , watercolours 136, 1 5 1

masks, acryllcs 215, 216, 2 2 0 Master of the Mornauer Portra~t,

Portrait o f Alexander Mornauer 337

mastlc 3 4 materials 8-41

acryllcs 203-5 ceramlc t ~ l e s 294 chalk 7 8 charcoal 9 2 coloured penc~ls 7 3 conte crayons 7 8 decorating ceramlcs 2 9 5 draw~ng 63-5, 73, 77-8, 83, 87 , 91-2, 97, 99, 103-4 dlgltal med~a 262 encaust~c p a ~ n t ~ n g 224-5 engravlng 2 3 8 f ram~ng 3 4 1

glass paint~ng 3 0 4 Internal wall rendering 286 linocuts 236 lithography 2 4 8 mosalcs 319 oil pastels 7 8 pen and ink 103-4 photography 272-3 screenpr~nting 256-7 soft pastels 77-8 storage 363 varn~sh~ng 3 3 4 vlnyl cut-outs 3 1 4 v~treous enamell~ng 300-1 watercolour painting 128-30 wood engraving 234 woodcuts 2 3 1

Matisse, Henr~ Blue Nude 156 Reclining Nude w ~ t h Arm Behind Head 9 4

matt med~um, acrylics 204

mattlng, glass pa~nt ing 305

mattoirs 239 medium-dens~ty board

supports 4 6 med~ums

acryllcs 204 glass palnt~ng 3 0 4 011 colours 175-6 vitreous enamell~ng 3 0 0

mesh, screenprint~ng 256 metal-halide light 325 mezzotint engravlng 240 Michaelangelo, The Madonna

and Child with S a ~ n t John and Angels 166

microscop~c examinat~ons, conservation 336

mineral plgments 11 mitres, framing 3 4 1 mlxlng equipment 125 modelling paste,

acryllcs 204 monochromatic stud~es,

acryl~cs 210-12 mot)ochromatic underpainting

egg tempera 167 watercolours 1 5 4

monoprints 237 mops 1 2 0

watercolours 1 3 1 mortar, buon fresco 2 7 9 mosaics 318-21

f~x ing 3 2 0 materials 3 1 9 techniques 3 2 0

mouldings, framing 3 4 1 mount~ng board, f ram~ng

343 mud, drawing w ~ t h 115 multllayerlng

acrylics 213 encaustic painting 227 oil painting 1 9 6

murals buon fresco 278-81 dry wall techniques 282-7

Naphthol Carbamide 22 Naphthol Red 2 2 Naples Yellow 1 8

oil colours 1 7 4

Nash, Dav~d 117 Ash Dome 117, 322 Ray Smith 7 0 Sheep Spaces 1 17

natural mater~als, drawing w ~ t h 115-17

Nauman, Bruce 3 2 4 negative shapes, mask~ng

out 1 5 1 nibs 103, 106 N~ckel Azo Yellow 16, 26 Nickel Dioxine Yellow 16 Nickel D~ox~ne PY153 1 2 8 N~ckel Ttanate 1 8 Nickel Titanate Yellow,

watercolours 129 n i t r~c a c ~ d 245 n~trocellulose 3 5 Nolde, Emil, Glowing Evening

Sky with Steamer 143 non-classical pigments 1 4 nozzles, draw~ng with 22' nut 011 175

ochres, pigments 1 1 o ~ l charcoal 9 2 oil colours

blending 187 cooked oils 175 diluents 175 dry~ng time 1 7 2 extenders 172 glaz~ng 193 l~ghtfastness 174 linseed oil 1 7 5 making your own 174 mediums 175-6 mixing 193-4 nomenclature 1 7 4 nut oil 175 oil content 172 permanence 1 7 1 poppy oil 1 7 5 preparation 1 7 2 recommended palette 1, J safflower oil 1 7 5 stumbling 193 thickeners 172 toxicity 1 7 4 transparent p~gments 1 7 4 vehicles 175 water-soluble 177

011 grounds 6 1 011 painting 170-201

alla prima 195-6 blend~ng colours 187-9 brushes 119-22 brushwork 187-91 canvas 180 cleaning paintings 3 3 2 coloured grounds 182-6 dippers 125 equ~pment 119-25 fat-over-lean 197 flexible supports 180 glazes 198-9 high-key 1 9 4 history 170 impasto 190 indirect pa~nt ing 197-2ul low-key 1 9 4 mixing equipment 125 oil colours 172-4 opaque colours on coloured ground 186

overpainting in 197 painting kn~ves 124, 192 palette knives 1 2 4 palettes 125 permanence 1 7 1 po~nti l l ism 1 9 1 push-pull 1 9 0 recommended palette 173 rigid supports 177-9 s'graffito 1 9 1

' softening contours 188 st~pple effect 190 tonal gradations 1 8 8 transparent colours on coloured ground 186 underpainting 197, 199-200 varnishing pa~ntings 3 3 5 white grounds 1 8 1

oil pastels 83-6 oil-based paints, external

murals 285 011-soluble reslns 3 5 oils 30-3

essential oils 32-3 oleoresins 3 2 tempera emulsions 1 6 9 vegetable oils 30-3

oleoresins 32 , 1 7 6 onglaze colours, ceramic tiles

299 opacity, plgments 10 Opie, Jul~an 3 1 4

Ginny Housewife 277 Sti l l Life 3 1 4

opt~cal mixing, watercolours 135, 153

oranges, plgments 20 organlc p~gments 12-15 Oriental brushes 122 Oriental papers 1 1 0 out l~ne softening

acrylics 207 watercolours 1 4 8 011 paint~ng 1 8 8

overlaying 011 colours 193 gouache 157 tempera 166 watercolour washes 133-4

overpainting, 011 painting 197 Oxide of Chrom~um 2 6

watercolours 129 oxides, decorating ceramlcs 295

pads, palntlng 123 palnt rollers 123 painting 118-228

accessories 125 acryl~cs 202-22 brushes 119-22 buon fresco 2 8 1 computer 264-9 encaustic 223-8 equipment 119-25 external walls 282-3, 285 glass palnt~ng 304-5 gouache 156-9 internal walls 286-7 laminates 290-3 large scale 286-7, 289 oil palntlng 170-201 photographic references 275 tempera 160-71 watercolour pa~nting 126-55

painting knives 1 2 4 oil painting 1 9 2

painting pads 123 paintings

c lean~ng 332-3 conservation 328-39 framing 340-3, 3 4 2 heat 3 2 9 light deterioration 3 2 8 photograph~ng 2 7 6 relative humidity 3 2 9 restoration 332-3 storage 3 6 3

palnts acryl~cs 203-5 egg tempera 1 6 4 encaustic 225 glass palnt 3 0 4 gouache 158-9 K e ~ m 282-3 oil colours 172-4 watercolours 127-30

Palad~no, Mimmo 3 4 0 Ulysses 2 3 6

palette knives 1 2 4 palettes 125 pan colours, watercolours 1 2 8 panels, wooden 44 , 45, 177,

208, 3 2 9 paper stencils, screenprinting 357 paper stumps, charcoal 9 6 paper supports 48-51, 136

absorbency 5 0 acryllc washes 207 brush and ink drawing 110-11 characteristics 5 0 charcoal 9 2 flocked 7 8 hot-pressed 5 0 ink-jet pr~nt ing 5 1 laidlwove 50-1 manufacture 48-51 Oriental 1 1 0 pastels 7 8 pen and ink 1 0 4 pH neutral~ty 5 0 pigmented 5 1 resinimpregnated 2 8 9 screenpr~nting 2 5 7 stretching 5 1 weight 5 0 watercolours 136

paraffin wax 3 7 pastels

caring for 7 8 flxatlves 77 grounds 7 8 oil pastels 83-6 sizing 7 8 soft 77-82 supports 7 8

Paynes Grey, watercolours 129 pen and ink 103-7 pencils 63-76

all-purpose 71-2 charcoal 9 2 coloured pencils 73-6 hlstory 6 3 line techn~ques 66-7 manufacture 63-4 sharpening 6 5 supports for 6 5 tone techniques 68-70 types 64-5 water-soluble pencils 7 4 with colour wash 6 9

Perlnone Orange 2 0 Permanent Alizarin Crimsons,

watercolours 1 2 8 Permanent Crimson 2 0 Permanent Red FGR 2 2 Permanent Rose, watercolours

1 3 0 perspective 351-7

accelerated 3 5 7 anamorphism 3 5 7 atmospheric 3 5 7 counter 3 5 7 curvilinear 356-7 Greek and Roman 351-2 history 351-24 linear 354-7 revival 3 5 2

Perylene Red 20, 2 2 perylenes 1 5 pH neutral~ty, paper supports

5 0 phenolic resins 3 5 photopolymer printing 247 photographic screenprinting

2 5 9 photographic woodcut 233 photography 272-5

as reference 274-6 drawlngs 2 7 6 pa~ntings 2 7 6 styles 2 7 2 subjects 2 7 2

photolithography 255 Phthalocyanine Blue 2 4

watercolours 129 Phthalocyanine Green 2 6

watercolours 1 3 0 phthalocyan~nes 1 4

watercolours 129 Pierro della Francesca 2 7 8 pigmented paper supports 5 1 plgments 9-29

acrylics 2 0 3 buon fresco 2 7 9 characteristics 9, 12-13 charts 16-29 colour 1 0 deter~oration 328-9 dispersion 9, 1 3 external mural painting 282 , 2 8 3 grinding 163 lnorganlc 1 1 l~ghtfastness 10, 1 3 oil absorption 1 0 oil colours 173, 1 7 4 opacity 1 0 organic 12-15 permanence 10, 1 3 tempera 1 6 2 watercolours 128-30 wettlng 9, 1 3

plne oil 3 3 ~ ixe la t i na 2 6 6 planting, landscape art

322-3 plastering

buon fresco 2 8 0 external walls 2 8 4 internal walls 2 8 6

plasticizers 4 0 plates

engravlng 2 3 8 etching 2 4 1 lithography 248-9, 2 5 4 photol~thography 255 vitreous enamelling 3 0 1

plywood supports 4 5 woodcuts 2 3 2

pointillism 1 9 1 polyamlde resins 3 5 polyester fabric supports 54-5 polymer emulsions 3 5 polymer~zed 011s 3 1 polyurethanes 3 5 polyvinyl acetate resin (PVA) 3 5

PVA colours 2 0 3 polyvinyl chlor~de (PVC) 3 5 poppy 011 174 , 175 portrait studies

acrylics 2 0 7 chalk 8 8 charcoal 9 6 conte crayons 8 8 dig~tally separated 2 7 0 encaustic painting 223, 225 lithography 2 5 0 oil paint~ng 118, 179 , 185 , 190, 197, 198, 201, 327, 3 3 7 oil pastels 8 5 pen and ink 106 pencil 67, 69, 7 0 photograph~c references 275 silk-screen 2 5 9 silverpoint 9 8 soft pastel 8 1 tempera 168 watercolour 1 4 2 woodcuts 232

posterlzat~on, screenprinting 2 5 9 pouncing, buon fresco 2 8 0 Pozzo, Andrea 3 5 4

The Glory o f St. lgnatius 3 4 4 preservatives 4 0 press, deal~ng with 3 6 9 primary colours

additive mixing 3 4 5 watercolours 132-3

prlmers canvases 1 8 0 oil paintlng grounds 1 7 8

prlmlng acrylics 205 canvases 56-7

prlnting ceramic tiles 2 9 9 intaglio work 2 4 6 lithography 252-3 photollthography 255 rellef work 2 3 7 screenprinting 256-613 trichromatlc 347

pr~ntmaking 229-60 collagraph 2 3 6 d ig~ta l 2 6 3 engraving 238-40 etching 241-5 flexography 247 Intaglio 238-47 linocuts 2 3 6 lithography 248-55 monoprints 237 photopolymer 2 4 7 photographic woodcut 233 relief pr in t~ng 230-7 wood engraving 234-5 woodcuts 230-3

prlnts framing 3 4 2 storage 3 6 3

projecting Images 360-1 buon fresco 2 8 0

proteins 3 6 Prussian Blue 2 4 Ptolemy 3 5 1 publlc art 366-9 push-pull, oil palnting 1 9 0 PVA see polyvinyl acetate resins Pynacker, Adam, Landscape

with Sporfsmen and Game 3 2 8 Pyrrole Red 2 0 Pyrrole Red Light 2 0

qull l pens 103, 104, 106 quil l sables 1 2 2 Quinacr~done Magenta 20, 2 4 Quinacridone Maroon 2 0 Qulnacridone Orange 2 0 Quinacridone Red 20, 2 2 Quinacr~done (Rose),

watercolours 128 Quinacridone Violets,

watercolours 129 qulnacridones 15

Raphael 2 7 8 Altarpiece: The Crucified Christ m t h the Virgin Mary, Saints and Angels 1 7 0

Ravilious, E r ~ c 152, 2 3 4 Raw S~enna 2 8

tempera 1 6 2 watercolours 129 , 1 3 0

Raw Umber 2 8 tempera 1 6 2 watercolours 129

reds Inorganic pigments 11 pigments 20-3, 2 8 watercolours 1 2 8

reducing glass, transferr~ng images 3 6 0

reed brushes 119 reed pens 103 , 104 , 107 reference material, photography

274-6 registration, screenprinting 2 6 0 relative h u m ~ d ~ t y , palntlngs 3 2 9 rellef printmaking 230-7

collagraph 2 3 6 linocuts 2 3 6 monoprints 237 photographic woodcut 2 3 3 techniques 2 3 7 wood engraving 234-5 woodcuts 230-3

r e l ~ n ~ n g canvases 3 3 1 Rembrandt van Rijn, Study o f

a Seated Actor 103 rendering walls

external 2 8 4 for buon fresco 2 8 0 internal 2 8 6

repaints, removlng 3 3 3 resin-based grounds 6 1 res~n-impregnated paper 28Q resins 34-5

natural 3 4 oil colours 175-7 synthetic 3 5 tempera emulsions 169 varnish 3 3 4

resists glass etching 3 0 6 watercolours 1 5 2

restoration, paintings 332-3 retarders, acrylics 2 0 4 retouch~ng 3 3 3 Reynolds, Sir Joshua 3 6 0

Suzanna Beckford 3 2 7 rlggers 1 2 0 r ~ g ~ d supports

acrylics 205, 2 0 8 oil palnt~ng 177-9

R~vera, Diego, The Making o f an Image 2 8 1

Rolinson, Esther, Supple Solfd 3 2 5

rollerball pens 103 rollers, paint 123 Rose Madder 2 2 Rouault, Georges 3 5 0 rough papers

brush and Ink work 111 charcoal work 9 5 oil pastels on 8 5 soft pastel work 7 8

roulette tools 2 3 9 round brushes 1 2 0

watercolours 1 3 1 rubbing, penclls 6 8 Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, Samson

and Delilah 1 8 4

S sable brushes 119, 1 2 0

watercolours 1 3 1 safflower 011, 011 colours 175 sandarac 3 4 sandblast~ng, glass palntlng

3 0 5 Sandby$Paul 126 sandpapkr, soft pastels

78, 8 2 watercolok effects 1 4 9

sanguine, got?te crayons 8 7 Sargent, John S~nger, Claude

Monet Pa~nt fng at the Edge o f a Wood 195

saturated colour 011 p a ~ n t ~ n g 1 9 4

saturat~on 3 4 9 scal~ng, wall draw~ngs 115 scanners 262, 267 scannlng electron microscope

(SEM) 3 3 6 Schnabel, Ju l~an 115 scorpers 235 scraperboard 99-102

011 pastels 8 4 scrapers 123, 2 3 8 scratchboard see scraperboard scratch~ng out, watercolours

147 screenpr~nt~ng 256-60

ceramlc t ~ l e s 2 9 9 d ~ g ~ t a l artwork 2 5 9 pr lnt~ng 2 6 0

t reg~strat~on 2 6 0

screens, screenpr~nt~ng 256-7

sc r~p t pens 104 , 107 scumbl~ng, 011 colours 193 sealers, gesso grounds 1 7 7 seascape stud~es

chalk 8 9 watercolour 137, 1 5 2

secondary colours, watercolours 1 3 2

Senefelder, Aloys 2 4 8 separations, d ~ g ~ t a l 269-71

sepia conte crayons 8 7 ink 109 pigments 1 2

Seurat, Georges-Pierre 248, 3 4 0 A Young Woman Powdering Herself 1 9 1

s'graffito acrylics 2 1 7 ceramlc tlles 295, 2 9 8 glass painting 3 0 5 oil painting 1 9 1 oil pastels 8 4 vltreous enamels 3 0 3

shading, pencils 6 8 sharpening tool, woodcut

2 3 1 shellac 3 4 Sherman, Cindy, Untftled #21

2 7 2 shrinkage, ceramic tiles 295 silicate primers 282 silk screen, glass etching

3 0 7 sllverpo~nt 97-8 slmultaneous contrast 3 4 8 single lens reflex (SLR) cameras

2 7 2-3 sinks, studios 3 6 3 size 58-60

pastels 7 8 slip-coated tiles 295 slumping glass 3 0 9 smalti 3 1 9 soft ground etching 2 4 3 soft pastels 77-82 soft resins 3 4 soft-halr brushes 119, 1 2 0

oil painting 187 softening edges

acryl~cs 2 0 7 watercolours 148 oil paint~ng 188

solder~ng, stained glass 3 0 8

solvents 38-9 cleaning paintings 3 3 3 varnish 3 3 4

spatulas 123 splke-lavender oil 3 3 spitstickers 235 sponges 123

watercolour washes 1 3 8 sponging out, watercolour5

146 spray guns 1 2 4

techniques, acrylics 214-16 cleaning 2 1 6

spray palntlng, glass palntlng 3 0 5

squirrel hair brushes 1 2 0 watercolours 1 3 1

stained glass 304-9 stains, glass painting 3 0 5 stand 011 3 1 starches 3 6 steel supports 4 7 stencilling brushes 1 2 2 stencils

acryllcs 220, 2 2 2 ceramic tiles 2 9 6 glass etching 3 0 6 screenprint~ng 2 5 7 vltreous enamels 3 0 3

stick ink 109

still l ~ f e studies gouache 158 oil painting 183, 186, 196 vinyl cut-outs 3 1 4 watercolour 133, 1 5 2

st~pple brushes 1 2 2 stipple effect

glass palntlng 3 0 5 011 palnt~ng 1 9 0

stipple engraving tools 2 3 9 stone, lithography 248-9 stopping-out varnish, glass

e tch~ng 3 0 6 storage 3 6 3 Strasbourg turpentine 32, 176 stretchers 55-6 stretching paper supports 5 1 striper brushes 1 2 0 Stubbs, George, Horse Attacked

by a Lfon 3 0 1 studios 362-3 stumps, charcoal 9 6 subtractive colour mlxlng 3 4 6 successive contrast 3 4 9 sun-bleached 011 3 1 sun-th~ckened oil 3 1 supports 42-57

acrylics 205 brush and Ink drawing 1 1 0 charcoal 9 2 coloured pencils 7 4 deteriorat~on 329-30 f lex~ble 48-57 011 painting 177-80 papers 1 3 6 pastels 7 8 pen and ink 1 0 4 pencils 6 5 preparing flexible 55-7 rlgid 43-7 scraperboard 9 9 sllverpo~nt 9 7 tempera 1 6 2

surfactants 4 1 sweetening 187 synthetic brushes 120, ~ L I

watercolours 1 3 1 synthet~c Inorganic pigments

11-15 synthetic resins, varn~sh

3 3 4

Tartrazine 1 2 8 technical pens 103, 1 0 4 television Images, transforming

2 6 6 tempera 160-71

brushes 163 building up in stages 1 6 8 egg tempera 161-8 emulsions 1 6 1 mixing colours 1 6 4 monochromatic underpa~nt~ng 167 other emulsions 169 preparing paints 1 6 4

terpene solvents 3 9 Terre Verte 2 6

p~gments 11 tempera 162 watercolours 129, 1 3 0

tertlary colours, watercolours 1 3 2

tesserae 3 1 9

texture effects, watercolours 149-52

texture paste, acrylics 2 0 4 textured papers

brush and ink work 111 charcoal work 9 5 oil pastels on 8 5 soft pastel work 7 8

thermoplast~c resins 3 5 thickeners 4 1

oil colours 1 7 2 th~o ind~go 15 thyme oil 3 3 tiles see ceramlc tiles;

mosalcs t lnt tools 235 tissues 125 T~tanium Whlte 2 8

tempera 162 watercolours 1 2 9

tone techn~ques charcoal 93, 95-6 coloured pencils 75-6 oil pa int~ng 1 8 8 penc~ l 68-70 soft pastels 7 9 uniform washes 137

toned grounds, oil painting 182

toned paper all-purpose penc~ l work 7 2 chalk draw~ng 88-90 conte draw~ng 88-90 gouache work 158-9 soft pastel work 78 , 8 2 watercolours 1 5 4

tools digital media 2 6 2 drypo~nt 2 4 0 easels 3 6 3 encaustic paint~ng 224-5 engraving 2 3 9 lithography 248-9 painting 119-25 pens 103 011 painting 119-25 photography 272-3 scraperboards 9 9 screenprinting 256-7 watercolour painting 1 3 1 wood engraving 234-5 woodcuts 2 3 1 see also materials

toothbrushes, spattering with 1 5 1

tortillon, charcoal 9 6 Toulouse-Lautrec 2 4 8

Aux Ambassadeurs 2 5 1 toxicity, 011 colours 1 7 4 traclng 3 5 8 tracing frames 3 5 9 transfer lithography 2 5 2 transferring images 358-61

camera luc~da 3 6 1 camera obscura 3 6 0 eplscope 3 6 1 framing devices 359-60 graphic telescope 3 6 1 grids 3 5 8 light boxes 3 5 8 portable grids 3 5 9 projecting 360-1 tracing 3 5 8 tracing frames 3 5 9

transparent o ~ l glazes 198-9

I N D E X 1 transparent techniques, acryllcs

206-8, 210-13, 214 tree studies

acryljcs 210 ceramlc tiles 298 encaustic painting 226 gouache 159 oil pastels 8 4 pencll 6 9 watercolour 1 4 8

trichromat~c printing 3 4 7 trullisatio 2 8 0 tube colours, watercolours 1 2 8 Turner, J.M.W. 126

Weathercote Cave 147 turpentine 011 3 3 Turrell, Elizabeth, W is for War

302 ~ ~-

Turrell, James 324

Uccello, Paolo 278, 353 ultra-violet analysis 3 3 9 ultra-vlolet light 3 2 8 Ultramarine, p~gments 11 Ultramarine Blue 26 Ultramarine Violet 2 4

watercolours 1 2 9 umbers, pigments 11 underglaze colours, ceramic

tiles 297 underglaze printing, ceramic

tiles 299 underpalnting, oil painting 197,

199-200 unsaturated polyester resins 3 5

Van Eyck, Jan 1 7 0 Portrait o f Giovanni Arnolfini and h ~ s Wife Giovanna Cenami 3 3 9

Van Gogh, Vincent 340 , 359 View from the Wheat F~elds 107

Vandyke Brown, pigments 1 1 . .

van~shing points, establishing 3 5 6

varnishes cleaning plctures 332-3 cooked oillresin 175 dammar 176 solvent 176

varnishing 334-5 stopping-out 242, 306 techn~ques 3 3 5

varn~shing brushes 122 vegetable oils 30-3 vehicles, 011 colours 175 Velazquez, Diego, Las Meninas

4 2 The Toilet o f Venus 186

Venetian Red 2 8 tempera 162 watercolours 129

Venice turpentine 32, 176 ventilation, studlos 362 Vermeer, Johannes, The Girl

with the Red Hat 118 vermilion, pigments 11 Viator 3 5 4 viewers, transferring Images

359-60 vine charcoal 9 2

vinyl 314-17 vlolets

pigments 2 4 watercolours 1 2 9

Viridlan 2 6 tempera 1 6 2 watercolours 129

vitreous enamelling 300-3 medium 3 0 0 plates 3 0 1 techniques 302-3

vltreous mosaic 3 1 9 volatile organic compounds

(VOCs) 203

walls buon fresco 278-81 cut-outs for 3 1 1 drawing 114-15 external 282-7 fresco secco 282-7 Internal 286-7 painted and pr~nted laminates 288-91 stud~os 363

walnut oil, 174, 175 Warhol, Andy, Marilyn

259 warping, wooden panels

3 2 9 wash brushes 1 2 0 washes

bleeding 139 bleeding water into 140 complex outlines 1 4 1 damp paper 1 3 8 dark to light 139 dry paper 1 3 8 graded 139, 142 light to dark 139 multicolour 140 overlaying 133-4 un~form tone washes 137-8 wet-into-wet technlques 1 4 2

wash~ng off, watercolours 145 water, drawing with 115 water slide transfer 2 9 9 water studies

acrylics 202 coloured pencil 7 6 encaustic paint~ng 227 photographic references 2 7 5 watercolour 149, 1 5 1

water-jet cutting 310-13 water-soluble oil colours 177 water-soluble penc~ls 74, 7 6 water-tension breakers, acryl~cs

2 0 4 watercolour paintlng 126-55

blotting paper effects 150 brushes 119-22, 131, 1 4 8 colour mixing 132-5 dry-brush techniques 136 flocculation 130 graded washes 139 granulatton 1 3 0 high-key colours 153 hlstory 126-7 low-key colours 153 masking fluid 136, 1 5 1 mixing techn~ques 155 monochromatic underpa~nting 154

multicolour washes 140 oil pastels with 8 6 on toned paper 1 5 4 optical mixing 135, 153 overlaying washes 133-4 paints 127-30 pan colours 1 2 8 papers 136 pigments 128-30 primary colours 132-3 pr int~ng a texture 1 5 0 sandpaper effects 1 4 9 scratching out 147 secondary colours 132 softening edges 148 sponging out 146 techniques 127, 136-55 tertlary colours 132 texture effects 149-52 tube colours 128 uniform washes 137-8 wash techniques 137-41 wash~ng off 145 watercolour effects with acryllcs 206 wax resists 152 wet-into-wet techniques 136, 142-4

wax pencils 71-2 wax resists, watercolours

152 waxes 37

encaustic pa~nting 223-8 Webb, Boyd, Lagoon 273 weight, paper supports 50 wet paper

acryllcs on 207 pen and ink work 106 water-soluble pencil work 7 6 watercolour work 136, 138, 139, 142-4

wet-into-wet techn~ques 136 acrylics 206 oil paint~ng 190 watercolours 142-4

wetting agents 4 1 Whale, George, Evolution o f a

Mark 263 Whlte, John 352, 353 white grounds 1 8 1 whites

Inorganic pigments 11 pigments 2 8 watercolours 129

Wilton Diptych 160 . wiping out, watercolours

146 wood blocks

wood engraving 2 3 4 woodcuts 2 3 1

wood engraving 234-5 wood supports 43-8

acrylics 2 0 8 deterioration 329 man-made 4 5 oil painting 177

woodcuts 230-3 materials 2 3 1 plywood 232 sharpening tools 241 techniques 232-3 tools 2 3 1 wood for 2 3 1

woven techniques, acrylics 222

writers 120

X x-ray analysis 3 3 8

Yellow Ochre 28 tempera 162 watercolours 129, 1 3 0

yellows pigments 11, 16-19, 2 8 watercolours 1 2 8

zinc plates, etching 2 3 8 Zlnc White 2 8

watercolours 129