2010-2011. Enlightenment #1 Who was the first to argue the sun, not the Earth was at the center of...

GLOBAL I STUDY GUIDE

2010-2011

Enlightenment #1

Who was the first to argue the sun, not the Earth was at the center of the universe?Nikolas Copernicus

Enlightenment #2

What is an example of how one law could explain all behavior in the universe?

Sir Isaac Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation

Enlightenment #3

What is Francis Bacon’s contribution to the scientific revolution?The Scientific Method

Enlightenment #4

What is the scientific method?A systematic way to learn about the natural

world. Observations and experimentation lead to specific principles.

Ask a questionsDo background researchDevelop a hypothesisExperimentAnalyze the dataShare results

Enlightenment #5

What is rationalism?A system of belief where reason is the chief

source of human knowledge

Enlightenment #6

Which Enlightenment philosopher believed people were born with a blank mind, or “tabula rasa”, and were molded by their experiences in life?John Locke

Enlightenment #7

What did Enlightenment philosophers, especially Isaac Newton, compare the universe to?A giant machine that was governed by

natural laws that humans could figure out

Enlightenment #8

What is Jean Jacques Rousseau’s concept of the social contract?It is an argument against the divine right of

rulers. All members of a society agree to be governed by the general will of the whole – what is going to be best for the whole society, not necessarily the individual

Enlightenment #9

What document were Baron de Montesquieu ideas about separation of powers used in?The United States Constitution

Enlightenment #10

Which composer was known as a child prodigy?Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Enlightenment #11

How did the Ptolemaic system organize the universe?Geocentric – Earth at the center with all

other heavenly bodies orbiting it

Enlightenment #12

What discoveries did Galileo make regarding the solar system?Using his telescope, Galileo observed

mountains on the moon, sun spots, moons orbiting Jupiter, and that planetary objects are made from matter similar to that found on Earth

Enlightenment #13

Who is considered the “Father of Modern Rationalism”?Rene Descartes

Enlightenment #14

What does laissez faire mean?“hands off”; used by Adam Smith in his

study of economics, The Wealth of Nations, to mean the government should keep their hands out of economic affairs

Enlightenment #15

What are natural rights?Rights that all people are born with because

they are human. People form governments to protect those

natural rightsGovernments that fail to do so, or abuse

their power, must be overthrown by the people

Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness (property)

Enlightenment #16

What were the three duties of government according to Adam SmithProtect citizens from invasion (Army)Defend citizens from injustice (Police)Maintain public works such as roads,

canals, bridges, etc.

Enlightenment #17

What was the artistic style developed during the 1730’s that emphasized grace?Rococo

French Revolution #1

What did King Louis XVI do to try and stop France from collapsing financially?Called a meeting of the Estates General for

the first time in 175 years. This was France’s parliament and was made up of representatives from all three estates of society


Why did the mob storm the Bastille?It was a symbol of royal authority and

oppression. They also believed many of the inmates of the prison were political prisoners who were wrongfully jailed. Finally, the Bastille also contained an armory, so the rebel mob wanted the stores of powder and ammo.


Which estates were exempt from paying the taille (tax)?The First Estate (Clergy)The Second Estate (Nobility)


Did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen include women?No – the Declaration of the Rights of

Woman and the Female Citizen was written by Olympe de Gouges in response.


What is the Tennis Court Oath?An oath taken by the members of the newly

formed National Assembly, formerly representatives of the 3rd Estate at the Estates General, to continue meeting until they had produced a new constitution for France.


What event forced Louis XVI to accept the National Assembly’s decrees and return to Paris with his family as prisoners?The Women’s March on Versailles


Who had lawmaking power according to the Constitution of 1791?An elected legislative assembly would have

lawmaking power, with the king serving as head of state. This form of government is called a limited monarchy

Voting requirements: male, 25 or older, own a certain amount of property


Who seized political power from the Legislative Assembly?The Paris Commune took power after losses

in battle to Austria and continued economic woes.


Who were the sans-culottes?They were members of the Paris Commune

whose name means “without breeches” in reference to the fancy clothes worn by the nobility. They were trying to cast themselves as representatives of the common man despite the fact most were neighborhood elites.


Who was the infamous and ruthless head of the Committee of Public Safety?Maximilian Robespierre


What was the primary duty of the Committee of Public Safety?To defend France from all enemies, foreign

and domestic


Why did the National Convention pursue a policy of de-Christianization?They wanted to create a new democratic

republic of virtue. They wanted to strip Christians of their devotion to their faith and turn it towards being good citizens of France.


What French government did Napoleon overthrow to establish his consulate?The Directory


What was the most important of the seven legal codes established by Napoleon?The Civil (Napoleonic) Code because it

preserved the gains of the French Revolution: equality under the law, religious toleration, the right to choose your profession, end to serfdom and feudalism


Under Napoleon, how did someone get promoted?Based on merit – do a good job, prove you

are capable and trustworthy, and advance


What were two major reasons for the collapse of Napoleon’s Grand Empire?Great Britain’s continued domination of the

seasFeelings of nationalism in conquered

territories. Nationalism is the unique cultural identity of a people and their pride in this identity.


What did Napoleon’s armies spread as they amassed territory for his empire?Nationalism:

○ Because they were hated as oppressors○ Because they were an example of how

powerful a united country could beThe ideals of the French Revolution


What military tactic contributed significantly to Napoleon’s reputation as revolutionizing warfare?Divide and conquer!


How did the Russians defeat Napoleon?By retreating deeper and deeper into

Russian territory, burning crops and useful supplies as they went. Eventually Napoleon’s supply lines were overextended and his troops trapped by the harsh Russian winter. When 40,000 of the original 600,000 troops made it back to Poland they were attacked by others in their weakened state.


Who was the commander who defeated Napoleon in his final battle?The Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon

at Waterloo, Belgium.

Age of Revolution #1

What was Montesquieu’s idea that influenced America’s founding fathers?Separation of powers – federal government

divided into a legislative, judicial, and executive branch


What amendment to the U.S. Constitution gives women the right to vote?19th Amendment


What document protects rights and promotes toleration in America?The Bill of Rights


What effect did Napoleon’s overthrowing of the monarchies in Spain and Portugal have on their colonial empires in Latin America?It weakened their ability to govern their

colonial possessions and enabled the native population to rebel against their colonial rule.


Where did the mestizos rank in the social order of Latin America?They were the largest and lowest social

class and held positions as servants or laborers


How were the Creoles and the 3rd Estate in France similar?Both were the revolutionary group. Like

members of the 3rd Estate they studied the ideas of the Enlightenment and wanted to put them into practice. Creoles were also treated like 2nd class citizens, much like the “commoners” in France.


What two men are known for liberating Peru, among several other Latin American nations?Jose de San MartinSimon Bolivar


What inspired village priest Miguel Hidalgo to rebel against Spanish rule in Mexico?His studies of the French Revolution


What does the phrase, “Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” refer to?Natural rights!


When did John Lock believe a government could and should be overthrown?When it fails in its duty to defend its citizens

natural rights or abuses its power


What is the 1st American Constitution?Articles of Confederation


Who did San Martin and Bolivar lead revolts against in South America?The Spanish and Portuguese


What goal did the American Revolution achieve?Independence from Great Britain and self

rule (they got to govern themselves!)


What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence?To state the moral and political ideology

behind their separation from Great Britain, as well as to detail a list of complaints against King George III that justified their desire for independence


What does Thomas Paine argue the colonists should to in his pamphlet Common Sense?Make a complete and total separation from

Great Britain

Industrial Revolution #1

What industry was the first to be impacted by industrialization?Textiles (cloth)


What invention was crucial to Britain’s industrial revolution?The steam engine


What made it possible for factories to be built away from rivers?The steam engine


Why were early factories in America often located in New England?Because it is home to many rivers!


What was the South like in the early 1800’s (American South)?Few cities with small populations compared

to the NorthLittle industry


Did industrialization result in more people living in urban areas?Yes!


Who was Francis Cabot Lowell?He built centralized a centralized factory in

New England where he hired mainly single women.


What happened to the population of cities in the Northeast in the early 1800’s?Population grew rapidly


How were business practices in the era of big business different from earlier in American history?Large startup costsHad assets in different areas of the countryHired professional managersMultiple phases of production under one

roofNew methods of management – the creation

of specialized departments

Industrial Revolution #10 How are horizontal and vertical

consolidation different? Give an example of each.Horizontal is bringing many firms in the

same industry together under a single managing group – Standard Oil

Vertical is owning all phases of the production process – U.S. Steel

Industrial Revolution #11 In what way did the Knights of Labor

and the American Federation of Labor differ?KOL wanted to form a union representing all

workers, skilled and unskilled. This included African Americans and women.○ AFL wanted to create a craft union – for only

skilled workers. Women and African Americans were not welcome.

Industrial Revolution #12 How did business leaders try to

eliminate competition?By forming monopolies, trusts, or like

Carnegie, owning all phases of production in order to offer a product at a price competitors couldn’t match

Industrial Revolution #13 What service did the growing immigrant

population provide American industry?Cheap labor!

Industrial Revolution #14 How did Congress try to limit the power

of monopolies and trusts in the late 1800’s?Passing the Sherman Anti Trust Act in 1890

Industrial Revolution #15 In what ways was American

communication revolutionized in the 1800’s?Samuel Morse invented the telegraphAlexander Graham Bell invented the

telephone

Industrial Revolution #16 What sparked the growth of American

industry in the 2nd half of the 1800’s?Investment and innovation

Industrial Revolution #17 How was John D. Rockefeller able to

gain control of much of the oil industry?By brining many firms together under the

same managing board, forming a trust.

Industrial Revolution #18 Why did children continue to work in

factories in the late 1800’s and into the early 1900’s?They were a source of cheap labor for

factory owners, and their families needed the income to survive.

Industrial Revolution #19 What is the Bessemer Process? What

industry did it revolutionize?It is a process that enabled the mass

production of steel – strong, light, flexible, steel.

Industrial Revolution #20 What were the benefits of expanding the

railroads, including the Transcontinental Railroad?Connecting more areas of the country;

opening new areas of the country to trade, investment, and development

Industrial Revolution #21 What were the two main tenets of

Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth?You are free to make as much money as

you want/canGive back all that is not necessary to take

care of your family and keep your business profitable

Industrial Revolution #22 What is Social Darwinism?

Darwin’s theory of evolution applied to society: Those who are most able will rise to positions of wealth and power, while those who lack the necessary abilities will stay in the lower levels of society as laborers

Industrial Revolution #23 Who did the government and the courts

support in early labor disputes?Owners and management

Industrial Revolution #24 What methods did early labor unions

use to try and achieve some gains?Strikes, violence, and boycotts

Industrial Revolution #25 What was a common feature of early

labor disputes?Violence!

Industrial Revolution #26 What effect did the mass production of

goods have on the price the consumers had to pay?Mass production made products available at

a LOWER price for consumers.

Industrial Revolution #27 Why were unions an inevitable side

effect of industrialization in the U.S.?You can only abuse people so much before

they stand up for themselves!

Industrial Revolution #28 What was the world’s leading industrial

nation in the late 1800’s?The United States

Industrial Revolution #29 What were the main areas early labor

unions sought to make gains in?Wages, conditions, and hours

Industrial Revolution #30 How did the government contribute to

the early struggles of the labor movement?They sided with owners and management –

even called in troops to break up strikesGovernment leaders subscribed to the

theory of Social Darwinism, so they did not think those at the lower levels of society deserved their help

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