2010 09 14 Suburbanisation in Budapest

SOCIO-SPATIAL AND ECONOMICTRANSFORMATION OFSOUTH-WESTERN BUDAPEST AGGLOMERATION

Jnos B. KocsisCDSS, BME, Budapest

www.szoc.bme.hu [email protected]

SUBURBANISATION IN BUDAPEST

METROPOLITAN AREA

15/09/2010EUKN Conference Budapest

Major trends in Urbanisation in

Budapest


Continuing

Urban sprawl

Segragation of social classes

Demographic changes

Imprint of globalisaton

Overlapping processes of general urbanisation and local

trends

Changes in the Urban Core

Inner areas steadily lost ground until mid-1990s

Economic transformation

Environmental issues

Crime and deprivation

Lack of renovation

Lack of capital

After the mid-1990s

Gentrification of certain inner areas

Increasing influx of people parallel to continuing outflux

Stabilisation in number of population dynamic equilibrium


Changes in the Agglomeration Belt:

Transformation of the Fringes

Parallel suburbanisation and upgrading of the core

Shift of numerous economic activities towards the periphery

Move from a centralised to a more balancend, polycentric

spatial structure but the centre retains most of its functions


General trends


Process Characteristics

Gen

eral

Po

rces

ses

Functional Transformation Disappearance of traditional functions of the urban core,

emerging new functions

Reurbanisation Gentrification and economic upturn of certain central

areas

Expansion of Urban Way of Living Spreading of the urban way of living in non-urban

settlements

Suburbanisation Migration of the better-off from central to peripheral

territories

Polycentric Developments Emergence of sub-centres within and without the city

proper

Economic Agglomeration Appearance and strengthening of economic activities in

areas far from the centre, including production, services, commerce and logistic.

Demographic Changes Shrinking size of families, single family households, later

age marriage, ageing

Scenarios of

suburban

transformation(Source: Alain Bertraud, 2002: Note on Transportation and Urban Spatial Structure. ABCDE Conference, Washington)


Local features


Sp

ecif

ic P

ro

cess

es

Suburbanisation of the Poor Migration of low status groups from central areas to

the outer agglomeration or even farther

Migration to the Outskirts Migration of low and lower middle status strata from the countryside to the outskirts of small town or rural

characteristics

Lag in Infrastructure Low quality of traffic connection between the core and

the outskirts and between sub-centres; low level of

motorisation

New Estates (Re-)Migration of young married couples to central areas

outside the core proper

Isolation, Un-Coordination Troubles and lack of coordination between the

municipalities and different spheres

Brief History of Fringes


Two parallel processes in urban sprawl since end of 19th

century:

Suburbanisation of the upper and middle classes migration

from central to peripherial areas

Migration of the lower classes ot the outskirts migration from

countryside to urban periphery

Spatial segregation of target areas

Due to administrative constraints the above trends were

mostly limited to the official area of Budapest, although

extended in 1950

Socio-economic State of the

Agglomeration Belt during Socialism


Rough DemographicTransformation relocation of the minority

population and influx of refugees after the SecondWorld War

Planned Economy centralisation between 1948 and 1989

Containment of the development of Budapest both in terms of

economy and population low rate of developments (if at all and

only in certain towns) and no economic development in the

agglomeration belt

Influx of lower class people seeking work in the capital but not

allowed to move in

Appearence of weekend cottages and allotments (garden plots)

Map of Budapest Agglomeration, 2005 15/09/2010EUKN Conference Budapest

Population Change after 1990

Population of 1990 1995 2001 2005

Budapest 2,016,000 1,906,000 1,775,000 1,680,000

Agglomeration Belt 567,000 599,000 672,000 724,000

Total 2,583,000 2,505,000 2,447,000 2,404,000


Migration rate to 1000, 1990-2004


Agglomeration and Suburbanisation

since 1990

Rapid infrastructural development of agglomeration

Beginning of middle class suburbanisation: 1980s, followed

by the lower classes some ten years later

Outflux of lower strata also to: cottages, allotments and

remote areas

Changing nature of settlements in economic and social

terms

Differencebetween newcomers and original populace,

appearence of new lifestyles, urban way of life


Population Change between 2001 and 2007


Social segregation of the

Agglomeration Belt


North-West: Upper Classes

North-East: Middle Classes

South: Lower Classes

But only on general level, with high local variety

Education and mobility rates in 1998, per cent (source: survey Csandi-Csizmady)

Territory No mature Secondary

School

Diploma

Graduate First

generation

intellectuals

within

intellectuals

Commuters

North-West 52.8 29.0 18.3 52.6 25.8

North-East 71.9 21.9 6.2 76.7 44.7

South 67.6 23.0 9.4 72.2 30.9

Economic transformation of the

agglomeration Economic suburbanisation began in mid-1990s

First logistics, then commercial and office developments

Most important areas: M0 motorway (beltway) and radialmotorways

Economic weight of the capital slowly lessens within the entirearea from 81 % in 2000 to 77.5 % in 2004

General bad quality of traffic connection among settlementswithin the agglomeration effects:

Synergies underused

Fostering the outward migration of business activities following theCEOs

Emerging subcentres (edge cities???)


Increasing momentum of the fringes


Year 1994 1999 2000 2002 2004 2006

Ratio, per

cent

17.3 19.2 18.8 20.9 22.5 21.0

Share of Pest County within the GDP of the Central Hungarian Region (Budapest + Pest County)

Business and economic activity in the Budapest

Agglomeration, at the end of 2006

15/09/2010

Number of

enterprises per

thousand inhabitants

Registered

unemployment

Income, thousand HUF

per tax payer per head

Budapest 206 1.9 2 139 974

Northern Sector 129 1.9 1 818 835

Eastern Sector 122 2.3 1 865 823

South-Eastern Sector 99 2.2 1 532 650

Southern Sector 125 1.9 1 759 779

South-Western Sector 174 1.8 2 186 982

North-Western Sector 155 2.1 1 979 879

Agglomeration, total 183 2.0 2 050 926

EUKN Conference Budapest

Per capita taxed income in 2006


Registered enterprises per 1000 habitants


Economic transformation of the area

Economic deindustrialisation: service sector makes up 76 % of the GDP of the Central Region, industry 18.5 % (latter moving gradually to the agglomeration)

Headquarters of a quarter of the major firms of the region is now located in the agglomeration belt

Well-off areas of the agglomeration rather attract lower status workers than emit

Commuting still play a major role in southern and eastern zones


Population change in the South-

Western areas


Area

Population

1990 2001 2005 20071 growth, 1990-2007, %

Trkblint 9 459 11 280 12 265 12 651 33.7

Budars Micro-Region

101 745 124 783 146 852 152 900 50.2

1 Tovbbgrgetett adat.

On average, per one thousand

Natural Growth Net migration

Trkblint South-Western Sector

Trkblint South-Western Sector

1990-1994 -1.1 -0.4 13.3 12.8

1995-1999 -2.4 -0.7 21.1 20.3

2000-2004 0.2 1.2 23.9 21.0

1990-2004 -1.0 0.1 19.7 18.2

Transformation of the social character


Housing Stock Built homes

Year

Number With sewerage %

Number With sewerage, %

with four or more rooms %

1990 3151 10 48 52 25

1996 3401 51 49 86 37

2000 3646 63 105 98 72

2006 4442 65.4 108.5 no data 69.1

In row 2006 the numbers about built homes give an average between 2001 and 2006

Spatial patterns of segregation


Secondary School

Diploma

Graduated

Tkrhegy 22% 39%

falu 25% 11%

MV- s jtelep

31% 12%

Total 28% 14%

Major issues - infrastructure Soft infrastructure

Social infrastructure (kindergardens, schools, etc)

Services

Hard infrastructure

Connection to the centre and among settlements

Inner infrastructure, especially in allotment areas


Socio-economic questions Influx

New estates, gated communities and homeowners associations

Transformation of allotment areas (Pistly, Annahegy)

Commuters

Source of higher class commuters to the central areas

Target of socially mixed people from central and surrounding areas

Economic transformation

Arrival of major companies and firms

Strengthening local activities and outflux of smaller enterprises



New headquarters of Telenor mobile phone

company in Trkblint

Budars - Trkblint Biatorbgy

New Sub-centre?


15/09/2010

Thank you for

your attention

EUKN Conference Budapest

Sources:

Csandi, G. Csizmady, A. Kocsis, J.B. Kszeghy, L. Tomay, K.: Vros Tervez Trsadalom (City Planner Society); Budapest, Sk, 2010; pp. 229-325

Data fromHungarian Central Statistical Office


2010 09 14 Suburbanisation in Budapest

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