2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

63
2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Transcript of 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

Page 1: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Page 2: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Prokaryotic Cells

• Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

• Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus.

• Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.

Page 3: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• One circular chromosome, not in a membrane

• No histones

• No organelles

• Peptidoglycan cell walls

• Binary fission

Prokaryote Eukaryote

• Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane

• Histones

• Organelles

• Polysaccharide cell walls

• Mitotic spindle

Page 4: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Average size: 0.2 -1.0 µm 2 - 8 µm

• Basic shapes:

Page 5: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Unusual shapes

• Star-shaped Stella

• Square Haloarcula

• Most bacteria are monomorphic

• A few are pleomorphic

Figure 4.5

Page 6: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli

• Clusters: staphylococci

• Chains: streptococci, streptobacilli

Arrangements

Page 7: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Outside cell wall

• Usually sticky

• A capsule is neatly organized

• A slime layer is unorganized & loose

• Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach

• Capsules prevent phagocytosis

Glycocalyx

Figure 4.6a, b

Page 8: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Outside cell wall

• Made of chains of flagellin

• Attached to a protein hook

• Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body

Flagella

Figure 4.8

Page 9: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Flagella Arrangement

Figure 4.7

Page 10: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Flagella arrangement flash animation

Page 11: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008Figure 4.8

Page 12: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Flagella structure flash animation

Page 13: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Rotate flagella to run or tumble

• Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)

• Flagella proteins are H antigens (e.g., E. coli O157:H7)

Motile Cells

Page 14: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Motile Cells

Figure 4.9

Page 15: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Endoflagella

• In spirochetes

• Anchored at one end of a cell

• Rotation causes cell to move

Axial Filaments

Figure 4.10a

Page 16: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Motility flash animation

Page 17: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Fimbriae allow attachment

• Pili are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another

Figure 4.11

Page 18: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Prevents osmotic lysis

• Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)

Cell Wall

Figure 4.6a, b

Page 19: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Polymer of disaccharideN-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

• Linked by polypeptides

Peptidoglycan

Figure 4.13a

Page 20: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008Figure 4.13b, c

Page 21: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Thick peptidoglycan

• Teichoic acids

• In acid-fast cells, contains mycolic acid

Gram-positive cell walls Gram-negative cell walls

• Thin peptidoglycan

• No teichoic acids

• Outer membrane

Page 22: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Teichoic acids:

• Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane

• Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan

• May regulate movement of cations

• Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation

Gram-Positive cell walls

Figure 4.13b

Page 23: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids.

• Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane.

• Protection from phagocytes, complement, antibiotics.

• O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7.

• Lipid A is an endotoxin.

• Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane

Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

Page 24: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

Figure 4.13c

Page 25: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell

• Gram-positive

• Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan

• CV-I crystals do not leave

• Gram-negative

• Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan

• CV-I washes out

Gram Stain Mechanism

Page 26: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Mycoplasmas

• Lack cell walls

• Sterols in plasma membrane

• Archaea

• Wall-less, or

• Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D amino acids)

Atypical Cell Walls

Page 27: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan.

• Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan.

• Protoplast is a wall-less cell.

• Spheroplast is a wall-less Gram-positive cell.

• L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes.

• Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to osmotic lysis.

Damage to Cell Walls

Page 28: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Plasma Membrane

Figure 4.14a

Page 29: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Plasma Membrane

• Phospholipid bilayer

• Peripheral proteins

• Integral proteins

• Transmembrane proteins

Figure 4.14b

Page 30: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Membrane is as viscous as olive oil.

• Proteins move to function

• Phospholipids rotate and move laterally

Fluid Mosaic Model

Figure 4.14b

Page 31: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules

• Enzymes for ATP production

• Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids

Plasma Membrane

Page 32: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents.

Plasma Membrane

Page 33: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Simple diffusion: Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

• Facilitative diffusion: Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.

Movement Across Membranes

Page 34: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Movement Across Membranes

Figure 4.17

Page 35: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Osmosis

• Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water.

• Osmotic pressure

• The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.

Movement Across Membranes

Figure 4.18a

Page 36: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008Figure 4.18c-e

Page 37: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Active transport of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP.

• Group translocation of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP.

Movement Across Membranes

Page 38: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Cytoplasm is the substance inside the plasma membrane

Cytoplasm

Figure 4.6a, b

Page 39: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Nuclear area (nucleoid)

Nuclear Area

Figure 4.6a, b

Page 40: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Ribosomes

Figure 4.6a

Page 41: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Ribosomes

Figure 4.19

Page 42: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Metachromatic granules (volutin)

• Polysaccharide granules

• Lipid inclusions

• Sulfur granules

• Carboxysomes

• Gas vacuoles

• Magnetosomes

Inclusions

•Phosphate reserves

•Energy reserves

•Energy reserves

•Energy reserves

•Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation

•Protein covered cylinders

•Iron oxide (destroys H2O2)

Page 43: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Resting cells

• Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals

• Bacillus, Clostridium

• Sporulation: Endospore formation

• Germination: Return to vegetative state

Endospores

Page 44: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008Figure 4.21a

Page 45: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Eukaryotic Cells

• Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

• Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus.

• Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.

Page 46: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008Figure 4.22a

Page 47: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Flagella and Cilia

Figure 4.23a, b

Page 48: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Microtubules

• Tubulin

• 9 pairs + 2 arrangements

Figure 4.23c

Page 49: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Cell wall

• Plants, algae, fungi

• Carbohydrates

• Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan

• Glycocalyx

• Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane

• Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane

Cell Wall

Page 50: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Phospholipid bilayer

• Peripheral proteins

• Integral proteins

• Transmembrane proteins

• Sterols

• Glycocalyx carbohydrates

Plasma Membrane

Page 51: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules

• Simple diffusion

• Facilitative diffusion

• Osmosis

• Active transport

• Endocytosis

• Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles

• Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

Plasma Membrane

Page 52: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Cytoplasm Substance inside plasma membrane and outside nucleus

• Cytosol Fluid portion of cytoplasm

• Cytoskeleton Microfilaments, intermediate

filaments, microtubules

• Cytoplasmic streaming Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells

Eukaryotic Cell

Page 53: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Membrane-bound:

• Nucleus Contains chromosomes

• ER Transport network

• Golgi complex Membrane formation and secretion

• Lysosome Digestive enzymes

• Vacuole Brings food into cells and provides support

• Mitochondrion Cellular respiration

• Chloroplast Photosynthesis

• Peroxisome Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2

Organelles

Page 54: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• Not membrane-bound:

• Ribosome Protein synthesis

• Centrosome Consists of protein fibers and centrioles

• Centriole Mitotic spindle formation

Eukaryotic Cell

Page 55: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Nucleus

Figure 4.24

Page 56: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Figure 4.25

Page 57: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

• 80S

• Membrane-bound Attached to ER

• Free In cytoplasm

• 70S

• In chloroplasts and mitochondria

Ribosomes

Page 58: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Golgi Complex

Figure 4.26

Page 59: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Lysosomes

Figure 4.22b

Page 60: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Vacuoles

Figure 4.22b

Page 61: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Mitochondrion

Figure 4.27

Page 62: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Chloroplast

Figure 4.28

Page 63: 2008 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2008

Endosymbiotic Theory

Figure 10.2