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Vol, XXXINo;22' .

-

,T AUgUS1,16-31. 1983\-> Re , . 1

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: 8 e !

Literacy among rural

women is being encour-

aged under the various

programmes to help

them play a m~aningful

role in society.

Ruralwomen

Mahila mandals have

played a useful role in

inculcating a spirit

of self-respect and

initiative among rural

women.

ThOugh constituting half of . the rural population, rural women are yet to make

their rightful contribution to the amelioration of the rural society. Kept back

by centuries of socia! taboos_, they even today hm'e to attend to various chores

from attending to household work to helping their menfolk in the farms.

The opportunities for their education were limited, that is why main thrust of

our rural development programmes has been io raise the standard of l i f e of our

rural women.

J

t

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(India's Journal of rural development)

CONTENTS"

Vol. XXXI

No. 22

.August 16, 1983

Sravana 25, 1905' . . .~' ;, - " i

1

f

.'~ 'f.r.J:j}itiJriGI

. I

~ I.

. ~ . I.-" '. .

. THE RESUMPTION of'import'of fo.odgrajnsduring

. . the laSt two years has given rise to a. debate.

wh;ther we have really attained ~elf-~uffihiencyin

foodgrains proouction. SOlfle'of the criticJ feer that .

'.after r~aping the fruits of, Green' Revolutio~ we have

. r~ached a level of stagnation 'i'n f~0d prod~>ticn and

something'ctIastic needs to be dn :3~li88& 382406.

.'. l!ditor','R ld.nce: 615920 . .

e views expressed by the authors "lIonot necessarily reflect thevwsof the GoverQrqent-~itor . --

reduce the losses to the minimum.. The .jevel of

'losses .in storage at the domestic level is m~ch mOTe. '. - . - \.

than the losses incurred as a result of storage in

. public god~. If. the.fanllers !;ould be 'Ie~tended

. the fitcilitiesof paper. warehousing.in thenlral areas

'.at- ~ < -teasonable fee, :w~~coitIdshve"millions ~ftnnues

offbodgrairi; from destfuctio~.': ' .

. . ' . .... " .. '. .In tJ:iisissue we carry. a,higliIy informative article onstePping up. warehousmg {acJ'lities:in our rotal :ire~s.

It js h0Pe4o~ ,read~~sw i l l . find',it useful. I . . '.. " ',' ....,. I

rII

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....,

,

N. K. GANDlll

Consultant, National P~ductiviryCouncil, ~ew Delhi

'T HE ADVENTOF moden;t technolOgyin agricultural

productioI) has brought about a 6reakthrough in .

farm technology in India. This has necessitated the

optimum utilisation.of limited fesources and the occur-

rence of .uncertain' factor associated with the' tradi-

tional Indian agriculture. Wiili the development in_

fann technology and consequent increase in agricul-

.tural production, marketed surpluses increased and

the storage facilities created to meet the need for sub..

sistence ianning have' not- simultaneously adopted the

change br~ught about by -the commercialized .Imming_

Efficient storage plays a prominent role in not ouly

sustaining -and stimulating production but also mini-

mising.the jnter-teI)lporal 'and inter-spatial dispari-

ties_ Efficiency in storage eliminates wastes and

helps in conserving nationiU resources_' To enable

. us to share the gains of increased agricul\urai produc.

.tion and productivity, we ought to have an efficient.1'storage system whIch can prolong. the _shelf.lIfe of

our perishable' coinmodities' and can preserve food.

grains from spoilage. In a situafion, where/he agri-

cuituraI production has stagnated over a period of

time and the population is increasing at a_steady rate,it becomes imperativ~ to examine the complete.system

. of agricultural pro-duction: stortge and n;i~rketing_

Extent of losseS, " - ' ,

T.-HE'PRODUCTIONOF foodgrains in the counfry has

, 'observed a significant increase over the last 30

years.' It ;has reached a production level' of~133.t

million tonnes in 1981-82 as against 52 million tonnes

in 1950-51. . .'

The iIicrease. in production is likely to -maint'ainthis-pace in futu~e too due' to substantia! increase. in

irrigation facilities, enhanced -:useof fertilizers; availa-

- -bility of improved' quality seedS, credit facilities -etc. '

In spite of aU this, it has not been sufficient to feedour masses and we liad. to .resort to imports year

after year, Excepting four- years since 1960-61, we

have been iinportID.gfoodgrains varying from about

0.45 millionton;,es (0.35 percenuo total production)

in 1980'81 to 10.31 million tmines (14.26 percent

of total production) in 1965-66 -(see Table 1), Bet-- . -

-ween 1960-61 and 1981-82, the foodgrains imports

have 'averaged to a level of 3,7.8 million tonnes' per

annum.

. . ,T A B LE 1 : _ Y ea r wi se AvaiiabilityofFoodgrains ..

,Year Production Imports I mp or ts a s

pe rc tgnt -

_age of""

Pro duc tion

1960-61 82 -0. .3.49 4'-26

1961-62 82-7 3 :63 4-39

1962-63 80-2 4-54 - 5 -66

1963-64 80-6 6-25 7.75-

1964-65 8,9-4 7-

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To AVOIDTHJ;SELOSSES,one_can think.; of three -alternatives; The altern.ativesalong with their imp.licatious are given below: .

The existing system consists of _about 7(l percent -

foodgrains production being retained at the farm level -

for domestic consumption and seed purposek and the

balance"which consists of marketable surplus~s, moves, -

to consuming centres through various Government

agencies as well as private trade channels. The grains

retained at farm level are stored in indigenohsly-made. -.- I

storage structures such as K/uUhis, Bukharies, Bharo.

rozaS , etc. which can hardly protect the gfaiI)s from

-_insects, pests androdenlS_ - The stocks procured b ythe public agencies are stored in godowns pwned -by

these agencies or hired by them from private parties.

- Similarly stocks purchased by the traders 1"re either

kept in warehouses of public agencies .or in!their ewn

godowns. The grains stored at the farm'level suffer

the !Jlaxirnumlosses.' -:I _

IHowt o avoid loss~s

URUKSHETJl.A August 16; 1983

I

5

1

3i

I, 7.1~

- 6 -12

6-38

6.89

6.57

7.96

7 - 3 2

8-32

8-68

7-22 -

8 - 5 3

8-76

;

I!i

f

I. 146-7

2

207-9

10-11

9-81-9-05

9-77

9.31

11 -29

10-37-11-79

12-31

10.23

12-09

12 -42

----~_._-

\

Total

'1970-71

1971-72

1972,73

1973-74

1974-75

1975-76 -

1976-77

1977-78

1978-79

1979-80

1981l-81

1981-82

,I

. . .. . ISince _the65-70 ,percent of the foodgrains arere-

tained by the farmers; they should be- ttained in

_the' scientific storage practices to enable: them - tominimise the losses. Government of Iudia has al.

ready launch,d a Save Grain Campaign u~der w~icli .

the trainiug is imparted and demonstraiions artl

given. But 'conSidering'the number of fatmers and

their spread, ihe task is so huge that thd existence . , ' r

of a few 'agencies c,annot serve the purpose.

'- Other facto~s whichjnhi~it t~e farmer! io make'

use of 'scientific-methods ef preserving Ithe food-

,~ains incJurle the unsuitabiijty of storage struc--.t]Ires for: chemical treatment -of grains stored in -

them, 'non-availability of cheinicals ai '~ght -time,

lack of kn-"wloogeabout the use of such'chemicals. . , r'

,and socio-economic aud cultural enVironrent. -

i

. -

. .

3 _

5-39

5-44

5-28

5-30

5-88

4-76

4;86_

6-28

6-18

6.55

2

_7.70

7-72

7 :48

7-52

8-34

6-75

6-92

8'878 -'/7 _

. 9 - 2 8

Total Losses Losses@ 9 . 33 -% . due to .

In ef f iC ien t -

storage

@6-58%

- ,

. . -

.

-. P"

TABLE2 : Post~HarvestCosses of Foodgrain during 196()"61 to ;- '1981-82

Y ea r ...

1

960'61

961-62

962-61

963-64

964-65

1965-66

966-67

967'68

968-69

969-70

,

While- the production has maintained an upward -

end; the_facilities-for storage, processing Rna mar-

eting have not kept 'pace -with it. -Proper _ storage

nd handling of foodgrains is of utmost _ importance.view of the -substantial losses of food arising from,

efective methods of storing the -sanie. The U. -N.

Developm~nt Projects' Action stated thail- in India

ver 10 million tonnes of grains are lost each year

rough spoilage by pests and moisture, and that theseosses were so stupendous that they could- make up _

r the entire annual world shortage. _

A CCORDJ1olGTOthe Commonwealth Secretariat, it was

estimate'llthat the post-harvest losses vary from 10

_over 25 percent. _ The storage losses comprise more

hen two-third of the total -in most of the countries.

n general, it is said that 10 to 15 percent of the food-

rains are -lost during _storage in tropical and -sub-

opical countries. According to a report on 10sse1;-

f foodgrains in India by Birl;I Institute of Economic -

esearch, at least 10 percent of the foodgrains areost every year in'storage alone. ,-

~ Whereas -Panse Committee estimated_a p'ercentage

oss of 9.33 in foodgrains during all post-harvest

tages. The .losses during_storage are reported to be

t 6.58 percent level. Even at this level, India has

ost 146.6 million tonnes of foodgrains due to stor-

ge alone since 1961. The total post-harvest losses

ccount for 207.9 millii:mtonnes dnring the period

Table 2). As -against this: country imported 83_16

million tonnes of foodgrains during -the same period

which is about 56 percent of the losses occurring dur-

ng_storage alone. Hence if we can avert G O percent

f the storage losses, the country -will not only- be

ble to wipe out deficit but will become a net expor-

er. This underlies the need and -the importance for

n. appropriate storage system which can reduce the

osses.-

"

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,

2

Faodgrainsbe procured:from the farmers and stored

by public agencies in scientific storage strUctures.This system has its in-built limitation because it is

only 30-40 percent of' the foodgraJns praducti~n

which is, the marketable surplus and is disposed off

by 'the farmers immediately after harvest and isavailable' far procurement by 'public' agencies. Even

the storage' 'capacity available with' these agencies

is na~sufficient to stock the marketable surplus .of

'the farmers, a"large proponion.of which is concern-

c.j by the traders and .findsits storage in unscientificstarage structures tao. . .

The system is also plagued by the inability of .our

tailwaysystem to handle, . large-scale foodgrains

"f transportation during the' season. According to the'

Sixth Five Year Plan to, the Food Corporation ofIndia and 'other' public agencies are required to

handle only th" marketable surpluses... The. stor-

age capacity available With them, for alI kinds of

materials at the start of this plan was 138.78 lakh

tonnes. It was envisaged 'to add 86.60 lakh tonnes

of storage capacity in Sixth. Plan. Besides' this, '

,cooperative sector had about 47 'lill lonnes of

. capacity for rn.eeting their ag"icultural' input storing,

requirements. 'They have 'also planned to create

- about 35 lakh tonnes of 'additional storage 'capaclty

duri~g th~ Sixth Plan periad.

3

In view 6f high foodgrains losses in on-the-farm-.

storage and 'Drganised sector bypassing the rural

areas, there is an urgent need to create facilities

in rural are.as which .can meet the' economic requi-

rements of the farmers .alld ca'n reduce the unwant-

ed losses too.

THIS S~STEM' will not oclym a k ; more food avml-able fof' human consumption hut will, ah;o offer

t1)e following advantages :' ,

1. It will demonstrate the, utility of scientific stor-

age techniques to' the farmers. '

2. It will save them from the clutches of the money- '

. lende.rsby extending credit fa,ilities against'hypothe-

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" - eeCommand area

'developnlent:

achievements andperspectivyR. S. SAKSENA and D. TRIPATHY'

hectarc, the actual yield was around 1.7 tannes only.

The principal reasons for this shortfall werc :( a) in-

adequate irrigation or over-irrigation due to absence

of prbper distribution system; (bj heavy- waterlogging.

conditions in thf; qbsencc of proper drainage systems

leading to increase in water table in the command areas

and soil salinity in large areas; (c) some areas included'

in the culturable command areas not getting water 'for

irrigation; and (d) inadequate use.of strategic agricu1-, 'tural inputs in the absence of proper' ,water' control

structures,

The C.A.D, pro'gramme'

. '

. ,

IRRIGATION WATER is a vital need for agriculturalproduction where rainfall is deficient to meet thewater requirements of crops, When p~operly utilised,

it helps.in stabilising food and agriculturalprcduclionand their prices. Since about 43 per cent of the

national income is ~erived from agriculture in India,

stabilization, of its production illld price plays, a vitalrole in stabilising the general price leveL' '

, .

Upto 1979-80, the total irrigatio'n potential created'

in Indiawas 56,6 million hectares ami tlie total utiliza. "

tion was 52.6 millkm hectares leaving a gap of 4 millionhectares, Various Committees and Commissions imd

expert bodies from time to time have expressed grave

concern about the under-utilization of irrigation paten:

tial created with hea,:,y investments.

Tlie Planning Commission pOints out: "the return

from the, investment both in terms of yield as well as,

finance are very disappointing". The principal reasons

for these 'are delay in COmpletionof projects and undcr-

utiiization of. the potentia!' already created. 'Again,

the latter was due to (a) delay in construction, of field

channels and water courses and levelling arid 'shaping

of lands; and (b) deficiency in carial systems, .

So far as (a) is ooncerned, it was a product of the

past decision of the Government, i,e. leaving theresponsibility of the, construction of field channels a~d

water courses below the outlet of 30-40 hectares capa-

city to the .cultivators in the command, Due to

various constraints, the cultivators in the command

could not construCt the field channels and water courses

and could not level their land' to make them' suitable

fat getting water from the canal supplied for irrigatbnpurposes.

On the other hand,' irrigation, wherevor availabledid not yield'the desired results, Le., increased produc-

Hon as .enYlsaged in th e ~irrigation prograrinpes. A sagainst. potential, of 4 to 5 tbnnes' of foodgrains per

*The vi~wS"expressed are-;ntirely those of th e authors and not-

"ofthe"~i?istryof Irrigation to which"they belong.

KuiWKSHE'TRA August 16, 1983

THE COMMAN D AR EA DE VE LOPMENT PR OGR AMME

was introduced during the Fifth Plan as a centrally

spOnsored scheme. By J 980-81, 76 major and medium

projects covering an ultimate irrigati&npctential of 15

million hectares in 16 State~ and one Union Territory' ,

are benefitting from the C.A.D., Programme, Fortyfive

C.A.D, Authorities 'had been set up by 1980-81 covet-'

ing 71 irrigation projects; 5"pmjects falling in the

States of Assam, Manipur and Tamil Nadu are not

,'~overed by the CAD. AuthoriJies.

The principal objective of the programme was to

iricrease the utilization of the irrigation potential below

the 'outlet command thereby increasing prcductivity per

unit of land and water. This was to be achieved

.throllgh an. integrated system of eff.edive water distri-

bution and efficie"nt soil-crop-water managem"ent prac-

tices. As the principal prerequisites of an effectiv'i'"water distribution system, emphasis was to re giver! tothe construction of field channels and land levelling,

wherever nece'Ssary, after takinK into account. the SQil

characteristics. It was also to lay ,emphasis on the

construction of prop~r drains and recycling of drain

water to theco"romand area wl)erever necessary a n d ; -

feasible. To, be specific, theprograinme broadly

covers the following: '

L On farm development works comprising (a) field.,'

,irrigation channels, (b) field drains, (c) land level-

ling/shaping operations and (d) consolidation of

land holdings/realignment cf f,e1d boundaries wher-, ." ~. .ever nec~ssa(y,

4, Introduction of rotational system of water distri-bution within the outlet command, (warabandi).

3. Adoption of suitable cropping ,pattern and roster-

ing system of irrigation,

4. Strengthening of agricultural e lftension service,. 0-

5. ,Provision of adequate drai;;age network in the

c6ifmand areas' and modernization of existing irriga-. ,

, tlOn system,' .

6. Devei~pment of ground water for copjunctive use,

7, ' Arr'ang.ment, and supply of agricultural' inputs

":Jndextension services ,including short-te-rm credits.

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I

8. 'Development of necessary infrastructure in the

shape of roads, markets and warehousing facilities

within the command area. .

Pattern of Central. Assistance

DURING.THE P.ERIOD 1974-79, Go,,';,rriment of India

provided centraL assistance to the State Govern-

ments on.matching basis for the' establishment 6f

C.A.D .. organisations both at the State and project.Ievel; for carrying out soil and topographiCal surveys,

planning, design and supervision of on-farm develop-

mcnt (OFD) works; crop com,pensation to farmers who

have to forego a rabi crop during the execution of OFD.

works, equity capital suppprt. for. establishing land

development corporati-:ms, Farmers .ServiceS0cieties,

.etc. It also met 100 per cenC expenditure incurred ..

fot providing subsidies to small and marginal farmers

for execution of OFD works. and groundwater deve-

lopment as per pattern. applicable. in SFD,A/MYAL

Schemes. Goverinnent of jndia also provided loansto the State Governments for construction of field

channels and for purposes of equipment and machinery

for land and .groundwater development in the command

areas.. It participated,in the setting up of Special Loan'

Account (S.L.A.) with Agricultural Refinance and

'Development Corporation (ARDC, now NABARD)

for financing ineligible farmers; alongwith the .Statc

Governments and. the ARDC in ~he ration 0(2: .1: 1.

. Pattern "of Central assistance has b~cn changed dUJ:_

ing Sixth Five-Ycar.PIa!, (from 197;J-80) in aCCord-.

ance with the directive of National Development

Council's decision of providing central assistance. to

the States on ma1thing basis. The revi~d financing

pattern eff.;{,tive since 1979-80 envisages:

1. Grallts to. St~te Gover1lmeilts 0)" matchillgb aSi s : '" .

(a) for establishment of C~D. Authorities bOth

at the State and Proi.cct level; _

(b) for carrying out soil and topographical sur-

. veys, planning,. design and -Supervision ofOPD w orK S ; .

(c) for preparation. and' enforcement of turnschedule (warabandi) OJI outlct c.ommand

ba~is;

(d) subsidy to' small ~nd marginal farmcrsa.

.per approved pattern for groundwater deve-

lopm~nt, field drains, land levcllhag and

shaping;

(e) for construct jon of field channels, 25 per

cent of c,:st?;

(f) for conducting adaptivc trials, training . pro-

grammes and establishment of de~nstra-.

tion .farm and training centres;'.(g) crop compensation to f;rmers who lose a

. crop during' rabi for ~xecution- of OFD

workS.

2. Loans to Slate Govemmelits 011 matJ;hing

b asis :

(a) for "taking up construction of field channels;

, 25 per cent of cost;

(br for purchase of cquipment and machineryfor' land an~ groundy;ater development;

(c) fOLpJ:oviding equitY' support 'to .land deve-

-lopment .corporations, farmers' service'socie-tie.s etc,; .. .

(d) participation in creation of special loan fund

. for financing. the' ineligible farmers for' the

.the execution of OFD works' on matching'

basis .with the State Governments.

Since April 1982, the pattern of financing is as

feHows::-: . . ,'tt ~~~;4. Grant,s .. ;

(i) Half of the cost of all establiShment .required

for project prcparation, planning, implementation,

supervision and monitoring of CADp in the States/

Union Territories, including esiablishment of-cAD

- Authorities 'iJ1d Training Centres. . .

Gii) Half cif the cost of expenditure incurred for

topographical, soil and other surveys required for

preparation of CAD project reports, desigriing and

planning of. work of field . channels, Jinjng of field

.ch,annels, bnd levelling and shaping, reali~ent of

field drains, farm roads and warabandi efc.

(iii) Half of the cost' of design, planning and en-

forcement of warabandi system in outlet commandS

. including rostering of irrigation channels.. .

.(Iv) Half of the crop cotnpens'ation to be paid to

fajmers {or 2/3rd value of standing crops/rabi crops

. _to be foregone for doing Iqnd leveiling fn unavoid-

able cases.

(v) Half of the cost incurred for Adaptive .trials,.

Demonstration and Training on the schemes to be -

gOt pre-approved from Government of India. '

(vi) Half of the cost for giving' subsidy to be ad-

justed against loans' to small .and marginal farmers,

coop'cratives and community \vorks -on the IRDp.pattern in vogue'= - 'on the. f o l low ing ,~orks;

(a) Groundwater developments structures for.

con jll;nctive use. '

(b) FieLj channels inclu

truction of new field channels to carry irrigation.water from Government outlet to individual farm

holdings. The construction of field - channels

would inClude n~cessaTY-' and ,reql~red control and

, .

KURVKSHETRA August 16, 1983

,-

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. 'other structures and lining including laying O f

underground pipelines or overhead troughs on

pillars or arches, in satidy soil reaches or. he'avy ,

filling reaches,

(vili), Half of the cost of systematic evaluation

studies of on-going' CAD projects to ascertaiU the

merits and deficienciesof their implementation to

be entrusted to independent agencies (not privateconsultancy firms) like State Planning or Evalua-

tion DireCtorates" Institutes, already existng in

the States, if any, towards either getting up a new

Directorate of strengthening existing ones, . b'

B, Loans to the State Goyernments On "wtching'

basis i,e, 50 , 50,

1. Construction .of field 'channels ~25 percent of

cost). )F~~l-

2, Purchase of equipment and, machinery for land

and, groundwater development. "-

3. Providing equity support to Land Development

Corpor~tions, Farmers' Service Societies etc.

4, Creatioil/of the Special Loan Account for financ-

ing ineligible fan~ers for the exicution of' on-fami,development. .

Physical achievemeIlts

As A ,CONSEQUENCE OF the' implementation of the

CAD Programme 5,75 million hectares of culti-

vated land tas got the facilil}' of getting irrigationwater tIirough field channels by March, 1983. The

cumulative achievement in respect of, levelling andshaping of undulating 'land 'in the' command area -is

1.28 million hectares', UPtOMarch, 1983. This has

made the land more suitable for receiving flow i~iga-

gation water from the system,' Topogl'i'phical and soil

urveys arc essential prerequisites .for field' channels .

construction and land levellings, These surveys have

been conducted in the areas before construction of field

channels and levelling and...shapingof lands,

Fully lined field channels,heldinimnimising losses

in channel ~onveyance, But the costs of construction

of fully lined channels' are very high, A decision

was therefore taken that earthen channels wonld be

constructed and depending upon the quality of thesoil, linirig work would be taken up upto 20 per cent

of the length of the earthen channels. The initi.a-

'~tive taken ,by the comm.nd area authorities have initia-'

ted.in 0.84 million hectares of area getting facility of

, lined channels,

Irrigation projects should have a network o( pro-

per drainage systemto'maintain desired level of waterrequired by crpps in .the-field: The nmnber and size

of drains per umt of area will depend upon the .topo-:

graphy of' the land: , 'The provision for the main

drains' was,'the responsibility .of the earlier irrigationprojects. Development of. proper field drains con-

nected to the main drains comes under the purview ofCAD Programme, It is heartening to note that the '

steps taken under the programme have resulted in

'the provision of field drains in 0,83 million hectares

of cultivated land.

Data on cumulative achievements under various

items 'are presented in the Table 1 below, The in-terstate variations in achievements in respect of various

'items appear to 'be very wide., It is observed that

'Uttar Pradesh accounts fat 44 percent of the totalfield chann~ls and 42 per cent of the field drains. _

Similarly, Karnatak" and Maharashtra, each account,

for 35 per cent of total achievementsunder land level-

ling: Variations-in r;,spect of other physical items

are also obs~rved.

,

I,

-

(000 h a l t 1

+ +Fiekf* Lining ofdl~ains Field Channels '

14.33 0.93 ~ /-1.230'37 16'Hl1 .66

.4 .43 2-20

.3.67 0'04

6.67 71'79

1 .25-63 12.79

386'35 22 2

4,66 196 '97 '35 '00, . 4 -971.22 0.51

348 .36 510.420'07 I '27

832'42 840'52

+Field Land - WarabandiChannel Levelling

406.65 159.45 116-244'70

548.94 '1'19 30 '28

394-17 70 -19 55'22. 7--45 13 -73 .4'00

18.77 10.58 24 .88'727.51 -458.52 1'24

0.28 0.80 . 4-00207.59 29 '15 .13'72519.33 462 '43 ' 26'02

59.75 1 -45261 '11 61'51 ' 40.00

54.402519.36 7.56 101'50'o 12'12' 2'91

5742.13 1279-47 417'40

.' .

State

, TABLE1: Cumulativ~ Achievements 'under CAD Programme

(at the end of Marth 1983) -

Andhra Pradesh.AssamBiharGoaGujarat

HaryanaJammu & KashmirKarnatakaKeraIaMadhya PradeshMaharaslitraManipurOrissaRajasthan

Tamil NaduUttar Pradesh'Vest Bengal

lTotal,-.,-'-';'ur;p;:;;t~o~D"ece='m;;;;::be:r;C1;;9;Q8'2.-~---------~--_::::':-=-:':""---~~=::"_---"=-2'."---- ";J'J'S'2

.+For the 'year 1982-83"

Note: -The above data are provisional.

.KURUKSHETRA August 16 1983

. - '-, ' 9

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.TABLE2 : P~rcentage o( Command Area' covered under Field

. Channels

' 1 - RRIGATION MANAGERS are responsible tor makingthe irrigation water available \0 all potential users

according to. the requirement of crops under the plan-,

. ned cropping schedule. _They have to. ensure tlrat n opotential. user .group (grouped ~ccording.. to land.

situation~ land holding size: or social stratificatio~) is

discriminated aga.inst in_ their, attempt to get 1vaterfrom the irrigation system. IntrqductioI)- and, e:nf9rc.c~.

.ment of turn scheduling of .water In. the outlet com-

mands wiIigo a long. way in achieving this objective.

It. is' not proper to Compare the rhysical. achieve- _

ments as between the. States. as the variations. in. the

requirements of various items may.be very large. The

achievements 'a,re to be related to the .requirements.

If f~r exa~ple one goes by the necessity'of field chan-

nels, itis seen (Table 2) the States like Guja,at, Kar.

nataka Maharashtra and Utlar Pradesh have. provided

a 'sub~tantial portion of their command areas pnderfield channels' Raja~th;n, Jammu. and KaShmir,

Bihar Orissa Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradeshhave .'been m'aking concerted ~fforts f~r' construction

o j .field channels, .

1. Andhra- Pradesh t463 ,30

2. Assam 25,40

3. Bihar 2393.64

4. Goa 14 ,40 .

5: Gujarat 578.10

6. Haryana 443.87 ,

7. Jammu & Kas~1ii 44'68

. 8. Karnatak~ 1362.78

9. Kerala 134,83

10. Madhy", r'cadesh 805,46

1i. Maharashtra 1203.80

~1.' Manipuf 24.00

13. Orissa 443.zJ

14. Rajasthan 1450,00

15. Tamil Nadu 5 4 6 . 2 2

16. Uttar Pradesh - 2922.00

17. ~V.:st B,mJ;al 909'.OJJ

Total: : 14765.06

*(r~unded off figures):

. Warabandi has forma!1y been iIi practice for quite

a long period in the Northern States of Haryana, Pun-

jab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh with minor variactiotis and ,in the form of 'shejpali' or-"bloc", systems.

in the Stat~s of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Ie essen-

tially, is an intervention by the Government to ensure

water. to the largest number of beneficiaries in an out-

. let .command. In Tamil Nadu ana otheeStates"the

beneficiaries themselves have..this system of rotational

water distribution on 1/2 to 4. days basis for ,paddy.

crop~ and a longer -iIiterval fer .othei crops,

. . ,

A complete Warabandi will, however, mean supply-.

ing of ,vater to .the. cultivators' iIi appropriate quanti .

ties' at appropriate times in accordance 'with crop

needs as also equitable distribution. of water among

the beneficiaries with due -adjustment, 0 / - in turns, of

conveyance losses. and travel'time requirements upto

individual holdings in farm. distribution . Such an ex-

ercise has been .successfully carried .out in some areas

of the States of Andhra Pradesh, .Gujaratand Mahara-

shtra in the recent past. These new experiments onWarabandi which took iIito consideration .the water

availability, the croppiIig patterns, the crop water re-

quirements, the soil cond,itions, and the farm distribu-

. tion efficiencies have evoked keen interest in the. users

as well as suppliers of water.. These pilot warabandi

projec[s have created confidence in the hearts of tail.

enders, weaker ones, and the '~~sma1Jand marginal

farmers, about dependability ot water sup~ly. The

results of these trials are highly encouraging. and, indi-

cative of substantial benefit .and this inn(wation has

provided the farmers with an oppor[unityto use their_

shares .of ~ater m o r e efficiently aiming at higlE~r re:'turn. iIi'terms of crop yields per unit of area and water

applied, The farmers hitherto not adapted to nightirrigati~n have resorted to 24 hours a da( ..iL:rigation.

r

this system is commonly known as, 'WarahandP.

'W.arabandi'. is one of the.mostimportaht items of the

CPU) Prograntine, '

'Wara' means turn and 'bal1dr me~ns .fixation and

the term 'warabandi' means fixation of turns, The

term can, however, be more comprehensively di,fined

as a' planned. system of equitable distribution of lurnsspecifying the day, the time and the. duration of sup-

- ply to each jrrigator in proportion to his area in the

outlet command, The irrigation schedule is worked

. out. in advance and is well publicised among the water- '

users. Assured and timely supply of~water and equity

. in .distribution are lhe essentiaICharacteristics of wara- .

oandi. Water"is p;.ovid~d to all c~tivators in an out-,

let once iIi each, rotation, the rotational iIiterval de~

..pendiIig upon the. watering interval required by the

crops for the ~oils on which' they are .grown.

60

2

42

. 5T

6

~.25

4 3

28

18

23

.39

13

18

10

8 6

(000, hal

ecA covered

under field-'

Channels inpe; cen/*

Warahand;

CCAS'ale/U,r,

'H, ' 1: .

.'" " KURtlKSHETRA August 16, 1983

. . ~

,

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They. have gone for suitable crops with sound mana-

gement practices and use of inputs and have started

pre-planning of their agricultural activities in ,.jew of

reliability of water supply.

The continuous emphasis,for enforceme"'t of War~-

bandi, by the Government of India, .has brought forthsubstaritial achievement in its introduction and,enforce-

ment. An area of about 4.17 hikh' hectares ,wasbrO~ght under Warabandi during 1982c83,duc to the

efforts made in the 'Productivity Year'

Benefits

THE BENEFITS' OF the programme could be. asses-

sed by folloWing 'with and Without' principles.

The direct gross benefits of the programme ,'are the

additional output produced over arid above the output

produced without the pnigramme, the lat~er serving.

as a controL .

The analysis of the yield data of principal crops in

.the sele

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Data oil additional benefits of the CAD that accrue

to the farmers in each of the command areas in India

are Il'"t available. ."Stepsare being taken at present to

get.these data through specific studies to be undertaken

by specialized iristitutions. Till such' data 'are avail-

able, one has to rely on whatever data.available through

~d-hoc. studies und~rtaken In anyco;Umand (or come.

mands) where CAD Programme is being executed.'. One such study was undertaken in the Command

area of Andhra Pradesh. It provides' the information

on expenditure and returns per bectare. of crop area

.under different' crops both in the ar~as where .land

development has taken place and where jt has not

been in operation.

The net additional benefit per hectare of paddy culti.

vation in the project areas varies from Rs. 501 in

Pochampad to Rs. 857 in Tungabhadra. In case of .

maize the net allditional benefit appears to be very

high i.e. Rs. 1987, for .Pochainpad .Project. It is alsoseen that the net additional benefit in case' of.another

. cereal crop, iowar, is as high as that of paddy. .The

net additional benefit of bajra cultivation in.the project

area appears to be negligible. .

So far as cash .crops are concerned, data are available

. for two crops' I.e. cotton and chillies. It is observed

that both the project areas and in" the areas where

OFD work 'was not taken, cotton cultivation leads'

to loss. It. is not possible to conclude anything with-

. out looking into the data on agroclimatic conditions,

input use, crop management practices etc., regarding

the suitability of this c~op in the project command

areas.

Cultivation of chillies in.the command areas Of right"

bank canal of Nagarjunsagar where CFD works have'

not een taken up leads'to loss of Rs. 1727 per hectare

whereas in the CAD ProjeCt areas th~ net benefit per

hectare of chillies cultivation is~about Rs. 2000. It

_ is hoped that data on the farin budgets of different ,

holding size group of farinersfrom different commands

will provide better insight into the benefits of the CAD

Programme in future.' .

CAD and water revolution

I.T WAS H~ART-ENIl{G. to note'that ir:igatio~ and farm'

teclinology were gtven the top pnonty mthe New

20-Point Programme announced by the Prime .Minis-. . . .

.ter. Irrigation management was to playa very impor-

tant rQle in increasing the production and productivity

in the. "productivity year" and thereafter. Consistent.

with .the efforts of.the CAD authorities, the achieve-

" menis under field channels for better utilisation' of

irrigation potential during 1982~83 was 11.33 lakh

hectares as against atarget of the 9 Inkh hectares .fixed

by the Planning COInrnission.Similarly . fOr moreequitable distribution and effective utilisation of water,

warabandi was executed in 4.17. laKh hectares of orrea.

As thought by many. CAD J:'rogramme is not an

. engineering solution to the. problem of effective water

'utiliiation. It is a~ integrated approach to effective

water uti1ization through engineering improvements'

and adoption of higher technology through appropriate

organizational restructuring withthe involvement of the

'beneficiarycultivators. Inadequate appreciation of the

above had wrongly led many to the belief that CADoffers an engineering solution to the problem. The con-

fusion, it is felt, a~isesdue to improper identification of

different aspects of the programme at various stages

" of development. . The confusion lies in distinguishinl';

the necessary.conditions from the sufficient conditions.

The construction of field channels and land levelling

and shapi~g are the Decessarycoriditions to supply

water, field'drains, warabandi, extension and organiza-

" tion required for. effective supply of inputs, marketing

of the products etc. are the sufficient"conditions for

successful implementation of tlie programme.

The benefits of the CAD. Programme will increase

further as the farmers get used. to .the new system. thi~ugh greater involvement. .It holds out the pnssi_.

bility of a better future through .substantial increase in

agricultural productivity. Since the Indian economy

is sensitive to the agricultural productivity. stability

in its' growth will ensure stability in other sectors of

the economy.and pave way for better economic order.. . . , .

The revolution that "had a ~odest start in the Fifth '"

Five Year Plan has consolidated its position in the'productivity year'. It. is expected that ccncerted

efforts in the years ahead will help in 'water revolution'

.for higher productivity, more equitable distribution of

the benefits and better quality of life.

",

PLAN YOUR FAMILY

DELAY THE FIRST SPACE THE SECOND

, -, .

STOP THE THIRD",

'- --'-__ .:......:_.......;..,_...:.- -'---J ..'

12. KURUKSHE'fRA Agust 1'6, 198.3

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. ' . - c S p e c i iJ Ccom~nen(p/iln' ' f o r~checlUledcostes

. -. , . VIDYA RAO

Reader, Deplt. of Social Welfare AdminiStration, T.I.S.s., Bombay

s CHEDULED,.CASTEPOPULATIO!'i'constitutes about15 per cent of the total population in India; of

which 90 per Ce'ntreside in .the rural areas. With a

view to reducing the inequality between them and the

.rest of the population and to bring them on par with

the rest of the population, many S!rdl1'gieshave been

adopted by the Government. They have mainly been

resid\Jai in nature. . ,

In the absence of special directive to spend a certain

portion of the resources from the general sector prO-grammes, the implementing aut1).oritieshave generally

neglected to identify the scheme that directly benefit the

SCs and to quantify in financial and physic31terms the

.targets for.each of the general sector programmes. They .

have also heen under the ;impression iliat only'special

provisions need to be expended as the SCs are a con-,

stitutionaliy recognized special group.' Further the

so-called integrated approaches have been little more

than arithmatic total, of the sectoral scheme as far as

the SCs, are concerned. Tpe' tendency of the imple-

menting authoritie~ to concentrate on those S9> who

are ready to avail these benefits have left majority ofthe SCs falling below tlie poverty line'without' cover-

age. ThUs the government's efforts in the 'paSt have

contributed little to the development of the ,weaker

sections amo:ggthe SCs and has only perpetrated new

patterns of inequalities among' the SCs.. Despite. the

sizable expe!lditure for their social and' economia

development, their 'Position has not only ~emained un-

changed, but is also not' commensurate with' the

expenditure.

T

HERE HAS THEREFORE,been a seaoch' for alter-

'native approach (1) to ensure adequate flow offunds from geneail sector programmes (2) toremov"e'j .

reduce stigmatization'(3~to uplift the SCs falling below

KURUKSHETRA AugusU6, 1983

the poverty line. In the case of Schednled Tribes,

a new approach called the tribal sub-plan was intro-

duced in 1974 to reduce the gap in the levels of deve-

lopment between the tribal communities and others,'.,

.to reduce their isolation and to improve the quality.

of their life: The Tribal Sub-Plan was mainly an

area development approach. As the tribals are gene-

rally concentrated iIi certaiD geographic areas, it has

been relatively easy to achieve the change from resi~

dual mcdel to institutional mode1 within the- tribal

areas.. In these areas everysector has to allocate andspend money' specifically for the tribal beneficiaries.

Although .the Sub-Plan is yet to be evaluated; from

the experience gained so far, the major problem has

been the lack of appropriate manpower for implemen-

ting the-Sub-Plan.

Special component plan

AREA DEVELOPMENTAPPROACHwonld not be suit;'

. able m the case of the SCs because they are'

geographically scattered.and are not found to be resia-o. mg in geographically remote inaccessible area~.. They' .

usually live in isolated pockets or specifically demar-

.eated areas within the large settlements.. .To reduce stigma anq/or' segregation, the program-

mes for promoting the welfare of .tbe SCs are univer-

salIzed. That is, every department and every sector

. within the divisible' pool of d~velopmcnt programme

is requiTed to set apart a certain portion' of funds

from their normal budgets specifically for the SCs. In

this way, ''liO additional fnnds are required. The

diversion of these funds for other weaker sections 'Orpurposes is disallowed and these' funds are non-Iapsa-

bIe; iil the sense, the unspent ~alance can b e carried

13

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over from year to ,year but they have to be used only

to promote the welfare of the SCs. By this method

of institutionalizing the norms for spending the Spe-

cial Component Plan (SCP) strives' to achieve func-

tional efficiency. The SCp, ensUres adequate flow of

funds and strives to remove stigmatization simultane-

ously. The, SCP also strives in this way to reduce'

the chances of the SO; being treated as "special

groups' in the negative sense. By the favourable

treatment of the unequals in a favourably unequal

, _ manner, the SCP expects to guarantee freedom and

equality within the democratic framework. Thus,

this strategy is based on the principles of. positive

discrimination.

TheSCP was introduced in 1979-80 by the Gov-

ernment of India with a' View to reaching at least 50

. , percent of the SCs falling beneath the poverty, line.

For this, the SCP espouses a sectoral and target-

group approaches' in combinatjon. Within each of'the sectors, resources and benefits are guaranteed in

finanl:ial and physical terms. Among the SCs, the

landless labourers, rural artisans, marginalismali far-

mers, the educated unemployed youtb, the handicap-

. ped and others failling below the poverty line

are to receive pre(erential.-treatIr!ent over 't h e rest.

Those programmes which lend themselves to quanti-

fication and the labour intensive programmes in the

. Social and Community 'Services, Agriculture and Alli-

ed services, Water and Power Development and

Transport and Communication sectors ;"e given hig-, 'her illlocations so that the' benefits can directly reach

, the target groups. In this' manner, while being in-'

elusive of the SCs as a group, the SCP is sele.etive of

the' poorer 'Ieft~outs among the SCs.

The SCP clearly identifies and a~'sesses the socio-

cultural barriers to change and development, the spe-

, cial' needs of the poorer among the SCs, ,and their"

orgaiiisational potential. It is a preventive 'step in

tliat it aspires to prevent cornering of beoefits by the

beher-off among the SCs, to prevent further ,ieduc- -

, tion in the starus of the poorer SCs and any serioussocial disruption that may arise out of their feelingof deprivation. '

Ensuring perfect. implementation

TN PRACTICE, the SCP is' no mdre than a .program-

1.. me ,of monitoring and' coordination of sectoral .

programmes within the govef!}ment departments Since

the SCP is a c""scious effort to ensure that theSCs get their fair, share, the 'Outlays are carved out

of the diovisablepool of the developmen't budg~t. The

responsibility. of implementing these schemes will beshared' by the central, state and local governments ..

In addition, specific autonomous bodies like the Back- ,

waru Class Development Corporations have. also

14

b"een identified to carry out these programmes. P~o-

grammes of economic assistance, educational oppor-

runities, housing, health and 'other s-"cial services are

being extended to the SCs. SCP provides basic guide-

lines to identify the sectors and the schemes 'for mak-

ing the resources available. The ,administrative set-

up has. been designed to monitor and coordinate the

implementation of the 'welfare, programmes for ,theSCs. However;' much freedom for _operationalizing the

SCP has been, provided to the state governments ..

High Power Steering Communities at the ministerial

level in the state, SCP cells at the secretariat, divi-

sio"ualand' district levels have been set up in the

states to bring about functional. co-ordination among

the different tiers so'that right quantity of sources arc

made available at the right time and place. But the

membership 'composition of these coordinating bodies,

has been, left to the' stales and there are considerable

variations. It is not clear how the non-officials havebeen given the opportunity, to represent the' interests

of the SCs and. to participate in the SCPo , In some

states, the . social welfare committee of the Zilla

'.Parishad has been considered as the SCP cell at the

'district level. The powers and procedures for control

'and accountab,lity of these cells are ambiguous at

present.

ON THE monitoring side! a district officer, preferably

a social welfare officer (Class I) under the leader-

ship of the collector has been entrusted with the work.

He is, in charge of collecting 'progress' reports fromdifferent departments periodically and preparing a

consolidated report to be sent to tbe SCP Divisional

Cell for necessary action. Coordinathn and rational

alignment of various departmental programmes in the

district entails, a complex and elab0.rate process. c o . -

ordination would be impossible- without monitoring

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,

.Indebtedness \. .

To ciassily the -deht 'according to tJ;iepurpose. of

credit. .

4

among.tribals:T o examine the problems of repayments and 'over-dues.

a study To suggest policy measures to deal with the pfob-lem of indebtedness:

FAHIMUDDIN .

Giri Institute of De\'elopmcnt Studi~, Lucknow (D. P.)

'. '-Methodology

. ,

E ._ . - - - - - - - - _ _ : ! J

..To examine the structural changes in tribal 'credit

marke.! and assess the role of institutional agencies

in providing credit to different farm sizes.

Til~ PROBLEM 'oF indebtedness of the rural poor.

of the country has been cause of much cdncern

since decades. The natur~ of the problem assumes

serious dimensio'ns when reviewed -in' the' context of

tribal economy where agriculture as' the only source

of livelihood, is characterised by the traditional tech-

niques and practices: The credit procured even. for

economic .activities' like agriculture .becomcs debt be-

cause of the low yield of agriculture which further

compels the tribal people' to procure arid '\P,nt the

borrowings for unproductive' .uses: Th process o fcontinuous failure of repayment of loans, makes the.

tribal society to fall in the irap' of vicious circleof/ow

earnings,,poverty and indebtedness. Although due to "

the interve'!tion in the rural credit market by the'insti- '"

tutiona! 'agencies,-the RrofesS'ionalmoney.-lendersand

landlords who were the major sources of rural credit

n~be past , h~ve lost their _grip even in.tribal ~ono-my.

but the [position has not'improvedaPl1recia.bly'. The

purpose of .the present study is to assess the indebted-

ness in tribal community of Uinru Kalan Village,'KhatimaHock, district Nainital, ,Uttar Pradesh.

Objectives. of the"study

T . HE MAIN OBJpCTIVES of the study a~e etiu~erated, as under:' . .' P a tt er n o f Illdebiedlless.-The .extent and distribu.

tion" of. credit shows 'that magnitude 'oi iridebted-

ness .is very high in tribal econoniy as ~ixty

per cent of the total' households. arc under

debt. The position of landless agricultural

labourers,' margina! 'lUldsinall farmers is very dismal

"as lipto 66.67 per cent of their households are under'deht. . The percentage. of indebted medium and large

"farm size .households are lesser but the. average

amount. ofdeot. per indebted. h':lUsehold and per,'/ . .

.Findings of the_study

mHEm;IRU' KAlAN'village which is located 3 kms

1 .' away from the Khatima block, district Nainital,Uttar Pradesh was purpose!)' selected for this studyon account of the 'followingreasons ~ '

(ii) The agricultural development after mid.siXties

has' affected the tribal people of this area in particular

.and so their sOCia-economicconditions are belter-off

in' comparison to the tribal connminities living inotl)er P'~s or' Uttar, Pradesh. .

/Oii) The village is mostly inhabited by the Tharu

tribes which. is' the. largest tribal, caste in U.P.. 'The

sampling design of ~e study was stratified with Umru

KaIan' village' as''primary unit of sampling and tribal

households of the village as the ultimate 'unit of in-

vestigation, . 'Thus data were collected through the

petsonal interviews from" the fifty households by "a

prestructured questiOlmaire The year of.,the study

. was 1981c82. .'

(i). The village is located in that part of Nainital

.' district where land is plain and. prodnctive and this'

area is famous for paddy cultivation. .. '- - .

2

1

of credit.To estimate the extent, and distribution

in different,farm size groups.'

KURUKSHE!RA August 16,' 1983 . 1'5 '

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h6tis,ehold, is quite higher as is dear/orm .the following table:'

Distribution of Indebtedness of hou'je~olds

Farm Size Group Total'

No. ofi lOuseholds

Total No.

of indebtedh ouse ho ld s

P.erce nta ge Average AmOllil! of I!-ebt (M

o f h o u seh o ld s ~- -- -' -- -- -- -.under debt-' Per inaebted . Per house -

h oU se h o ld - h o ld

Landless 7 -S 71 -43 520 ,00 371 .43

Marginal (upto 1 ba.) . . 6 4 66.67 1000 .00 . 666.67

Smitll (1-~ ba.) 5 3 60 '00' 1368.00 . '8:1.0.80

Medium (2-10 ha.) 14 8 57 ,14 2668'75 1525110,.

!Mge (10,ha. 18 10 55,56 '7880 '00 4p7-18

and above)

TOTAL 50 30 ..60 110 3695'13 2217 .08

. The reasons for hign. indebtedneSs' of .agricultural

labour households are lower wages and'largeunem-

ployed days ina year which is further, a product of

the backward agriculture and undiversified economy,

The higher average 'amount of debt, per. iudebted

households and per household of medium and largefarmers, is the r~ult of the . existing agrarian and

credit system in which'land as a base, has enabled

the large. farmers t9 get the larger proportion of 'avail-

able credit.' Siuce the returus from agriculture are.

not sufficient to repay the loanS',,the problem o( iu-

.~ debtedness i~ .also serious iu large .farm P;r01lpS.. "

Financial lnstitutiolls.-!n a traditional tribal

'~ociety, with agriculture a; the oniy mC'ans of liveli~

'hood, the major sources of rural credit were profes-

sional money-lenders, landlords and relative;Cllm"'

friends: With the intervention of financial institutionsiu the niral' credit market,. the traditional sourcesI

?~m t~ hav~ losiug ground as is clear from the' fole

lowing table: "

. Percentage Share of Debt .of Di fferent 'Agencie 's

!Farm Size Group Percentage

sha re of .

fi nanci a l.institution

Per cen tag e

share of non "

. fi na nq aljllS titu tion s

'It appears froin this 'table that the share of

financial institutions, i.e. conun:ercial banks, regional

~ .!liral' ganks 'and cooperative 'societies' in ihe .total'

.credit was 82,90pel;. cent,'While the share of non-

financial iustitutions i.e: .professional mon~y-lenders,

landlords and relative-cum-friends was 17,10 per ,cent.

The large share of the finaricial'institutio;;" in the total

~redit implies that financial institutions' have been suc-

cessful in replacing the' traditional sources of rural

credit even, in the tribal economy. .But despite the

success of the financial iustitutionsin, the tribal c,redit

market,' the credit 'requirements of the mass of the

community, i.e. landless agricultural labourers, margi-

n~l and small farmers, are still met by the non-Man-

cial iustitntions:' The inadequate' access to. iustiw-tional credit is. ,. far more, critical deprivation

to niargin~l and small"cultivators than before since it

denies the' benefits of techuological change to them.2,

Thus, itseerus that although a bteakth~ough in the

traditional sources of credit hasheen. made by the'

instituti"nal agencies,bnt the mass of the tribal com-

munity is still in the grip of non-institutional soiirces.,

1..Landless

2. Marginal3. Small

4. MediunI

5. Large,

TOTAL

.16

"

45.00

51 :27

89.93

.87 .30

82 :90'

'.

.'

100.00

55.00

48;73

1 0 - Q 7

- 12,70

17 ,10.

Nature of Borrowings.'-The households borrow

, the money for different 'expenditure which ,is iudica-

tive Q!!J:teir potential.for repaylllent. The purpose of .

the loans. across different households has been exa- l

mined' in tIle following. tables :

,i

.' KURUKSHETRA August 16, 1?83

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Composit ion of Bank and NOD~BSnk~redit F low for Di f ferent Purposes

(Rs.)

- F i - m - ' n - , - S , - ' z - e -G-,'o-u''P''s-'',-.:---~---C--A-gr-'-.CI--A-/u~r

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fo medium ahd large farmers. The l~ck of assets

along with nnproductive uses also prevent the poor

to obtain in loans from institutional agenries,.. . .-

The shift from agriculture-based credit 'policy to'

diversified and differentiated credit policy)n 'the form

of Integrated Rural Development Programme of the

government, is an encouraging step in removing this.

dilemm~ .because of two counts :

(i) The. agricultural based. credit" policy benefits

those who are large landholders and deprives those'

.. who do not pperate land or !lave quite a. small

piece. '

.. (ii) . Al.ricultural development alone can oIlot bring

rural development and prosperity unless other eco-

nomie activities grow simultaneously in rural society .

The credit available for diversified. activities like

dairy, village industries e'le: will generate the addi-

.tional sources 'of income which lack i~ tribal societyand are mainly responsible for high degree of indeb-tedness. . '. ' .

REFERENCES

.' 1. For details see, Swamy, Dilip S., "I:aJldand Credit Reform..~in India", Part Two,

\

Social Sdentist, vol. 8, July, 1980, No. 12.- .

2.- Rao. V.G. and Malya Prakash, "Agricultura( Finance by Commercial Banks'" Ashish Publishing House, New Deihi.p. 21t., . '. -. . .

.-

3. Rajakutty, S.;"Small Fa,'!!ers :Problem 0 / Financing.: An Overview .The Eeonomic Tim .es, 'March. 3,1983, Ne\v Delhi._/.

4. Mishra,"G.P., in "DynamICS of Rural Development in Village India", Ashish Publishi':lg House .New Delhi, 1982,~. 49.

ments effectively are anticipated from the beginning

and are sorted out. Some of these bottlenecks are

likely to arise from multiple system of. control, role

ambiguity, role conflicts,' uneqUal status-po;itiolls,

.parochial' loyalties etc. - Within the liberal democratic

. framework, these problems' can be solv~d only to

some extent. From our pa'st' experi~nces .with regard'tO'the problems of cOordinat'ion in the Panchayati

~aj administration, IRDP, I('1)S' etc., it is clear that

. we should not expect too much from the SCPoas far

as the upliftment of ihC SCs is concerned. We must

.remember that the larger social forces will not allow

major changes ,,~ihin ,a short span of time. But smaller

changes go almost unnoticed. Hence, lhe SCP .should

aim 'at bringing 'aOO\ltincremenla! changes ste~dily and

continuously over a period of time. And, selling

apart 'funds without the necessary orga'lization can-.

not be expected to do more. -

.

' .

Problems of Coordination inPanchayati Raj, Indian. Journal

of Social Work, 'Vol. ~VI,.No. 2, pp, 75.86

Revised Draft-Special Compo .

nent Plan for' Sche4ulcd

Castes _ and ~ Neo-Buddhists-

Sixth Five -Year Plall 1980-85

an d An nu al PI(ln 1981-82,

(con/d, from p, 14) , '

to be governed b i - ihe status enjoyed by these depart~ments' on' the basis of their size, characteristics of

. their functions, their employees,. the: number and types

of Clients served, and the prestige they enjoy in the

community. Ther'efore, the system of organiZlltional '

stratification needs to be wel,l developed on the basis

of the consensus .. In the absence of that, the depart .monts which enjoy high prestige .will Fe more evasive

and will not comply with the requir,oordi-

nation. On the, other hand, entrusting the responsi-

bility. either on rotation basi~ o~ 'on some other eri-,

tena to the individuals/departments will perhaps

be more effective. A, mere district ,functionary .in

this sense enjoys lowprestioge and may not be effec-

tive due to no fault of his. - .

,A word of caution. ' \

,.

T..HE SCP is not a new scheme but is a new ~trategy ~

with somewhat different philosophy. .Th,s 'stra-

tegy espouses macro-level conception' of the total need.

of .the SCs as a group in the nation witli a view to .

eventually liquidate their needs and ensure their join-

,ing the mainstream of life. It reaffirms the, belief

that the SCs have a potential to contribiIte to the'

. society given an opportunity; such contribution from

ihem will, be more than worthwhile even' though we

. may not reap, the benefits immediatdy and in a tangi-

ble manner. The SCP is thus intended to bring about

. an orderly change i~ the Governmeflt's elitist poliCiesand to make 'them more egalitarian in nature.

It is imminent therefore that the major .bottleneckS

in operati6na1izing the coordin~fion between. depart-

, .. Government of India:

1978-1979

Government of .

, Maharashtra

-,

Murdia, R.

"

REFERENCES

Report . of the

for. . Scheduled

Scheduled 'Tribes ..

Commission.

Castes- and

18.Ia)Il.UKSHETRA August 1 .6 , 1983

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.,

,.

,

This feature is based all success stories viz. achievemellts gailled ill varioU3

. spheres of rural developlllellt by farmers, institutinns, experimenters and indivi-duals. There is hardly an . argument over the fact that dedication and zeal to

put in hard work can achieve anything. And olle achievement impires and shaw~Iheway to others/. '... . . .

. . 11. - ,. '.

. We hope our esteemed readers will send' us their. own experi~nces iii the

field so that" others can benefit by them to. usher in a better '/ife for our rural

people. (EDITOR) ... ... . ,

20-pt.programme helps the rural poor

"

MOST OF THE 43 .'families' living in village

Karari of Talwara block in HoShiarpur District

(Punjab) belong to the weaker section of the society.,

They make baskets and other bamboo articles to earn

a living.. A Gram Sewak visiting their village in-,

formed them that with the announcement of the New _

20_Point PrO'gramme,they. could benet}t from the'

ntegr",t~d Rural Development Programme (lRDP)

and. the National Rural Employment Programme

(NREPj. What they needed' moSt of all was funds!

o pnrchase ~awmaterials for the baskets: Soon each '

family was given.a loan of Rs. 1500/- by a nationali- ;se(l bank at Talwara. These backward families not

only repaid the whole amount iIi.10 months but also frebled their monthly' income..

They asked for yet .anbther loan. A sum of Rs.

3000/- was. given this time to each',amily through

he IRDP. (Qut of Rs. 3000/-, Rs. 1000/- was given

s subsidy) This loan also has been 'repaid' and the

mcome of each family which was only Rs. 100/- per

lOnth to begin with has become Rs. 500/- 'per month:

Lat,er, four' families took yet another loan from a'ank with the help.of which they have set up gerieral'

tores and tea shops, in 'addition to their regular

usjness' of basket weaving. _'

KURUKSHETRA August 16,'1983

/

Shri' Khushal Chand of Village Datarpur in the

same blOCkhas also benefited from the ZD-Pomt

Programme. He was earning' Rs.. 3/- per day onlytram his tonga (horse cart). He applied for a I~an

of Rs. 3,200/~ to purchase his own tonga and horse.

The loan was given by the Central' 'Bank of India

through the efforts of the Rural Development Agency.

.He was so anxious to retnrn the loan that he . used

to deposit Rs.. 15/ ~ to 25/- each day iIi the bank

instead of waiiing to pay' the mO:ltb1y'instalment. He

repaid the whole loan within 7 months instead of

. ZO months that were agreed upon. Now lie has a

net income of about Rs. 600/- per'. month, after

deducting the daily expenditure on the' horse and. tiletonga." . . . .'

Shri Harnam Das of village Siporian in the Tal..ara

b~ockis a blind man who ,nsed to beg for hisliveli-

hood.' The Gram Sewak told him that he could'

get a monthly pension as a handicapped person whodid n';,t have any other'somce . of Iivlihood. Shri

Harnam Das' was so relieved to reCeivedthe pension

of, Rs. 50/- JJCrI]i0nth and that he gave up lieging.

Then he got a loan. of Rs. 1500/- from the New Bank

of India, Hajipur.. Through this m6~ey he purehased

,~ macliine for weaving ropes. Now, after' pay~g th",

mstalments to the bank; heeatns about Rs. 00/-per month by'selling the rope that he prodnces. He

.has also. got married. He intends to acqnire. a

buffalo after repaying the' full amount of the pre6ent

I' )

1 I I -

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The Cobbler's dream

-Press' Informati()":i"Bur~au

, "

."

\

bank loa~. Basket weavers, horse cart drivers, blind

beggars imdnianJ more who subsist near'the poverty

line are, benefiting from lhe' new 'lO-Poinl Pro-

gramme.

- - - E ' j P ( J , J u l l u n d u r

Tap water for SikkiJ."11villages

FOR Panchayat Presideut Choda Lepcha and othersliving in tp.e Naga viliage in North Sikkiin, it.was the end of centuries old-ordeal, They did not

have to ,traverse long hilly terrain for several kilo-

, , metres to fetch drinking water any longer. They had

crystal clear water flowing from the taps in theirvillagp.

Naga is one of the 51 villages in, Sikkim whiCh

got tap water during the last financial year, The

achievement was '170 percent of the targ~t of provid~

iilg drinking water to 30 villages. This brings the

number of villages provided with drinking wate~'under

. the Minimum Needs Programme and the Accelerated

Rural Water Supply Scheme 'in Sikkim (0 165,

\

Sikkimes~girls filling their,posts'at a tap in Naga village in "

North Sikkim ..

The Government is determined 10 provide drinking

water -.to all the 400 problem villages of Sikkim, the,

Cindrella of the Hills, in the next t'Y0 years, During

the current financial year, it has been decided,to sup- '

, ply tap waler to' 40 villages under the Minimum Needs

Programme and' to another' 48. under the Accelerated

, Rural Water Supply Scheme. ' The Central Govern-

ment has sanctioned Rs. 2.27 crores for this purpose-

almost twice the amount of Rs. 1.23 crores allocated

by the Slate Govern~erit. " '

In addition to these efforts, a UNICEF-aided

scheme has .also been,started at Mangalbary in West

Sikkim to cover 30 villages with a toial population of

7,000 people. ' '. '

In the Andaman and Nicobar Islands also, five

, more villages have been provided .with,drinking water

facility bringing the total number of villages covered

under the Water Supply Programme to '11. The

'target for the year is 35 villages.

In the last fuiaucjal, year; 54,523 villages in the

country' were provided drinking water under the 20-

point Pr~gramme, which vias about 12,000 villagesi

more thail the fixed target of 42,342. ' Fifteen States

in the eouniry achieved 100' percent or above the

allotted quota.

MADAKATTI, an obscure village lying 55 kms. east 'of Bidar in Karnataka has a',popnlationof about.

2,400 'People of all communities, including backward

, , Manilhas and Kumbas live here. ,A middle school

located in the centre is the only outstariding building

in the village whi;:h is dotted by' huts, mostly dilapidat-

ed..

The narrow mud-road leading to this village bas

not'seen many vehicles. For long, Poverty-stalked this

bamlet as the people lived off mostly as coolies as tbey

did not have anytbing better to do.o . \

Kallappa w!)o is now 70, comes from a scheduled

caste. His living memory, running back to' tbe last.

half-a-cen'tury, recalls only painful images, of penury.

. A cobbler by birth, Kallappa's earning could not give

him means even for a modest liVing So he abandon-

ed' cobbler's work and took to the work ' O f a' coolie., (Yet bis daily earriing was Rs:. 2. Kallappa say~ that it '\

has been so far the last 15,years. His cobbler's instru-

, ments Were hopelessly worn ant. He could not buy

neW.instruments for want of money... It has all along

been one meal-a-day for him all these years,

One fine morning a year ago, Kallappa was surpris-

ed t.o see a' white-eollared babu coming to his door~

steps. The stranger ~ked so many questionS about

20,...\ r.

! KURUK,SHETRA AUguSl16, 1983

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,

Kallappa's livelihood. He told Kallappa that he was'

from the State Bank of India. Then, as he was leav-

ing,.he gave Kallappa a gnmd dream.

.Many an event took place thereafter.'" Kallappa

visited the Bhalki BrarlChof the State Bank. of India .

where he was offered a loan of Rs. 400/- to re-start

his traditional~cobbler's profespion. Kallappa rushed'to Bhalki to buy leather. and other equipments.' To

his surprise, his daily earning started goingu p . Verysoon Kallappa repaid the bank loan.

Now Kallappa's dream started taking new roots.

He ~anted to' expand his trade by increasing his out-

'put. . This needed: more money. The bank once

, ag'lin gave him capItal loan assistance of Rs. 1,000,!-.

Kallappa was now poised'' t o manufacture morechappalsa day; repair more slioes a day and. earn

more money. ,As if by magic, Kallappa had.'crossed

the povetty line.-Pre~sIn/ormation. Bureau

Assistance to small and marginal farmers

. A T the initiative of. the Prime Minister,' the Gov-, .. ernment have 'launched during 1983-84:' a

,mass,,,e programine for assisting the small and margi-

nalfarmers for increasing agricultural production.

This: is the biggest.single project ever taken up, in-volvmg a total' outlay of Rs. 150 crores in one year

to '1;Jeshared equally by the Centre and State.Govern-

ments. The allocation for each block is Rs. 5 lakhs

to be"'given as 'subsidies, on tl,e LR,D. 'pattern, on

wells and, pump-sets (Rs. 3,50 lakhs), plantation of

fuel and fruit trees (Rs. 0.5 lakhs), anll free distribu-

tion of minikits of seeds and fertilizers for pulses and'

oilse

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,.

. ,

,;' ; : -

. " .

I - " '.' .,

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raining in vari-

us arts and crafts

nd skills has

elped the rural

omen to earn

dditional income.

u'ral

women

The daily routine

f most of the

u ral women is

uite tough and

ncludes working

n the fields

besides doing

ousehold chores.

A number of development programmes have been devoted to the emancipation

and development of rural lVOmen and help them in improdng- their life not only

as indil'iduals but also as part oj the society they live. Variou s programmes

oj women and child welfa re, mahila mandals, art an d craft training centres,

adult education have been started lilith this end- in view. And these programmes

are slowly but steadily changing the shape of things in tlie cowttrysfde.

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(Li censed under U (DN)-54 to post without prepay-

ment at Civil Lines Post Office, Delhi). .

r

Regd. No. D(DN)/39

RN 702/57(I

\

A smlll family .is fasf b~co~in.ga "popular norm. in t h e , rural areas of ,tile coUntry . .

Rural WOlnend..

.~

Th e Sixth Plan pledges to. continue tlze work of Women uplift in, a greater way. The main

emphasis in Sixth Plan will remain. to be on the economic upliftment of rural women through.'

greater opportlmitiesfor .self and more employment. For this purpose three-fold strategy should

be adopted consistilig of' irflpartfng free education to all rural women; provide necessary training

skills for at least one fema:e member in the family and help them in setting up self-employ-

ment ventures and in getting reasonable wages or prices for their products .

.~.,'.T .

".PUBLISHED BY .'>THE~~,DiRECTOR, PUBLICATImi~~ DIVISION, NEW -:DELID-llOOOl,