CONTENTS

Introduction

Novel information on explosive properties Calculation of detonation properties Sensitivity of explosives to impact

Action of ultrasonic waves and laser pulse Action of irradiation Influence of high temperature

Increasing the strength of explosives by adding metals References

Chapter 1. Nitration and nitrating agents

Nitric acid Nitric and sulphuric acid

Effects of adding salts on nitration in sulphuric acid Nitric acid and trifluoromethane sulphonic acid Nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid Nitric acid and phosphoric acid Nitric acid and acetic anhydride Nitric acid with cerium ammonium nitrate or tallium nitrate

Nitronium cation (NO2 and its salts Dinitrogen pentoxide Dinitrogen tetroxide and nitrogen dioxide Dinitrogen tetroxide, nitric acid

Friedel-Crafts nitrating agents Solid superacid catalysts

Alkyl nitrates and boron trifluoride Nitric acid and mercury salts

Inorganic nitrate salts and trifluoroacetic acid Nitrous acid Nitrosyl chloride Nitrate esters in alkaline medium Aliphatic nitro compounds Nitroamines References

Chapter 2. Nitration of aromatic systems

Influence of substituents on nitration Ipso-nitration Aromatic radical cation Reversibility of aromatic nitration

X CONTENTS

Nitration under the influence of gamma radiation Indirect methods of introducing a nitro group

Substitution of sulphonic group Substitution of diazo group Substitution of halogen Substitution of t-butyl group

Introducing the nitro group by oxidation Oxidation of primary amino group Oxidation of oximes

Diffusion control in nitration Influence of a positively charged substituent Side reactions References

Chapter 3. Structures and physico-chemical properties of nitro compounds

Electronic spectra of the nitro groups Solvent effect Infra-red and raman spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance of nitro compounds

Proton magnetic resonance Nitrogen magnetic resonance Electron spin resonance ~icro-wave spectroscopy Magnetic and electric birefringance Optical rotatory dispersion

Hydrogen bond with the nitro groups Charge-transfer complexes (CT-complexes) or electron-donor-acceptor

complexes (EDA-Complexes) X-Ray structure

Thermochemistry Mass spectrography Electrochemical Properties

Galvanic cells Biological activity of nitro compounds References

Chapter 4. Reactivity of aromatic nitro compounds

Substitution (heterolytic and homolytic) Electrophilic substitution ~ucleophilic addition and substitution Nucleophilic displacement of nitro groups Jackson-Meisenheimer reaction and complexes

Practical significance and application of Jackson-Meisenheimer reaction Reaction potential map (RPM) Mycellar nucleophilic reactions Janovsky reaction Action of bases in nucleophilic reactions of nitro compounds Action of Grignard reagent on nitro compounds Reaction of aromatic nitro compounds with diazomethane

Mechanism of Richter reaction Nucleophilic substitution in gas phase Reactions of radical ions

Radical anions of nitro compounds Free radical reactions Action of aromatic nitro compound Reduction of aromatic nitro compo Formation of nitroso compounds

Reduction of aromatic ring Diazotiuation of amino nitro compo 1,3-Cycloaddition of nitro compoun Thermal stability of aromatic nitro corn

Free radicals Furoxanes References

Chapter 5. Photochemistry of 4 Aliphatic and alicyclic nitro

Photoconductivity of nitro compoun Photolysis References

Chapter 6. Nitro derivatives of ! Nitration of benzene to nitrobenzene

Nitrobenzene m-Dinitrobenzene $

Electrochemical properties Isomeric dinitrobenzenes sym-Trinitrobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetranitrobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetranitrobenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetranitrobenzene Pentanitrobenzene Hexanitrobenzene (HNB) Other high nitrated denvatives of be

Nitro derivatives of toluene Nitration of toluene to nitrotoluenes Mononitrotoluenes

Removal of phenolic by-products Periodic nitration Continuous nitration

i Industrial methods of mono-nitration

Soviet method (according to Chekali Bofors-Nobel-Chematur method of

mononitro products Dinitrotoluenes

Physical (including thermochemi Formation of dlnitrotoluenes f

Industrial methods of dinitration Modernized pilot-plant and ind Low temperature nitration of to1 Bofors-Nobel-Chematur methodo

CONTENTS

Mechanism of Richter reaction Nucleophilic substitution in gas phase Reactions of radical ions

Radical anions of nitro compounds Free radical reactions Action of aromatic nitro compounds on polymerization Reduction of aromatic nitro compounds Formation of nitroso compoundi

Reduction of aromatic ring Diazotization of amino nitro compounds 1,3-Cycloaddition of nitro compounds Thermal stability of aromatic nitro compounds

Free radicals Furoxanes References

Chapter 5. Photochemistry of nitro compounds

Aliphatic and alicyclic nitro compounds Photoconductivity of nitro compounds

Photolysis References

Chapter 6. Nitro derivatives of benzene, toluene and other aromatics 138

Nitration of benzene to nitrobenzene Nitrobenzene m-Dinitrobenzene Electrochemical properties Isomeric dinitrobenzenes sym-Trinitrobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetranitrobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetranitrobenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetranitrobenzene Pentanitrobenzene Hexanitrobenzene (HNB) Other high nitrated derivatives of benzene obtained by the method of Nielsen

Nitro derivatives of toluene Nitration of toluene to nitrotoluenes Mononitrotoluenes

Industrial methods of mono-nitration of benzene and toluene Removal of phenolic by-products Periodic nitration Continuous nitration

Soviet method (according to Chekalin, Passet and Ioffe) Bofors-Nobel-Chematur method of nitrating benzene and toluene to

mononitro products Dinitrotoluenes

Physical (including thermochemical and explosive) properties Formation of dinitrotoluenes from mononitrotoluenes

Industrial methods of dinitration of benzene and toluene Modernized pilot-plant and industrial production of DNT Low temperature nitration of toluene to DNT Bofors-Nobel-Chematur method of manufacture of DNT

xii CONTENTS

Biazzi S. A, , Vevey continuous method Trinitrotoluene

Physical (including thermochemical and explosive) properties Chemical properties of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Reaction with sodium sulphite Oxidation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Methylation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Unsymmetrical isomers of trinitrotoluene and by-products of nitration of toluene Tetranitromethane White compound

Impurities of TNT Sulphitation of crude TNT ('sellite' process) By-products formed in the course of purification of TNT with sodium sulphite Utilization of dinitrosulphonic acids formed in sellite process

Pentanitrotoluene TNT Manufacture

Bofors-Chematur continuous method Low temperature process for TNT manufacture Manufacture of TNT in the U.S.A. during World War I1 One-stage Nitration of toluene Two-stage process of nitration Three-stage process Direct nitration process Purification of crude TNT Soda-ash process Ammoniacal sellite process Alkaline sellite method

Safety of manufacture and handling of aromatic nitro compounds, particularly of benzene and toluene

Environmental problems of TNT manufacture Other nitroaromatics

Nitro derivatives of hydrocarbons Nitro derivatives of halogenohydrocarbons Nitrophenols Picric acid Salts of picric acid 2,4-Dinitroresorcinol Purification Styphnic acid Tetranitrodian Picric acid ethers Hexanitrodiphenylamine (hexyl) Picramic acid Other aromatic nitro compounds with amino groups

References Appendix 1 Derivatives of halogeno-benzene Appendix 2 Analysis of nitrating acids Appendix 3

Chapter 7. Heat resistant explosives

Nitro derivatives of benzene Nitro derivatives of diphenyl

Nitro derivatives of bibenzyl and stilbc Nitro derivatives of bibenzyl Nitro derivatives of stilbene

Nitro derivatives of aromatic aza pent Nona Potential heat resistant explosives

Resistance to irradiation References Appendix

Chapter 8. Aliphatic nitro corn 1 Mononitro alkanes Other methods of introducing the nitro

Oxidation of amines Reaction of alkyl halides with sodi Nitromercuration of alkenes Formation of nitroalkanes from nitra

Chemical properties of nitroalkanes Nitronic acids Polar solvents favour the aci-form Activating influence of the nitro gr

Nitromethane Nitroethane, 1-nitropropane and 2-ni Arylnitroalkanes Nitrocycloalkanes Esters of nitroalcohol and unsa Industrial methods of nitrating

German method of nitration Method of Commercial Solv Distillation Hazards of the nitration of alkanes

1,2-Dinitroethane 2,2-Dinitropropane Nitroalkenes

Methods of preparation of nitroalke Recent reactions of formation of ni 4 Chemical properties of nitroalkanes 1 Addition reactions Isomerization 1 'Reduction of the double bond 1 Polymerization

Nitroacetylenes Polynitro aliphatic compounds Nitration of hydrocarbons

Substitution of halogen Electrolytic methods

Addition reaction . . Michael addition Diels-Alder addition

Oxidative dimerization i

a, o-Dinitroalkanes gem-Dinitroalkanes I

Trinitromethane (nitroform) derivativd Properties of nitroform Manufacture of nitroform

CONTENTS

ucts of nitration of toluene

with sodium sulphite

compounds, particularly of

Nitro derivatives of bibenzyl and stilbene Nitro derivatives of bibenzyl Nitro derivatives of stilbene

Nitro derivatives of aromatic aza pentalenes Nona Potential heat resistant explosives

Resistance to irradiation References Appendix

Chapter 8. Aliphatic nitro compounds

Mononitro alkanes Other methods of introducing the nitro group into saturated compounds

Oxidation of amines Reaction of alkyl halides with sodium nitrite Nitromercuration of alkenes Formation of nitroalkanes from nitrate esters

Chemical properties of nitroalkanes Nitronic acids Polar solvents favour the aci-form Activating influence of the nitro group

Nitromethane Nitroethane, 1-nitropropane and 2-nitropropane Arylnitroalkanes Nitrocycloalkanes Esters of nitroalcohol and unsaturated acids Industrial methods of nitrating alkanes

German method of nitration of lower alkanes Method of Commercial Solvents Corporation, Inc. Distillation Hazards of the nitration of alkanes

1,2-Dinitroethane 2,2-Dinitropropane Nitroalkenes

Methods of preparation of nitroalkenes Recent reactions of formation of nitroalkenes Chemical properties of nitroalkanes Addition reactions Isomerization

'Reduction of the double bond Polymerization

Nitroacetylenes Polynitro aliphatic compounds Nitration of hydrocarbons

Substitution of halogen Electrolytic methods

Addition reaction Michael addition Diels-Alder addition

Oxidative dimerization a, w-Dinitroalkanes

gem-Dinitroalkanes Trinitromethane (nitroform) derivatives

Properties of nitroform Manufacture of nitroform

X ~ V CONTENTS

Tetranitromethane (TNM) Physical and physico-chemical properties of TNM Chemical properties Nucleophilic substitution Nitrosation of tertiary amines gem-Dinitromethylation Nitration Radical reactions Ionic polymerization Metalorganic compounds Explosive properties Toxicity Preparation of TNM

Hexanitroethane (HNE) Nitrocarboxylic acids Nitrodiazomethanes Nitro derivatives of urea

N, N-bis(P,P,p)-trinitroethyl urea Nitroso compounds

Nitro-nitroso alkanes ('Pseudonitroles') 'Hexanitrozobenzene' Nitroenamines

References Appendix References

Chapter 9. Difluoroamino compounds

Direct fluorination of non-aromatic compounds Direct fluorination of NH, and NH groups in aliphatic compounds Difluoroamine (difluorimide) NHFl Other non-aromatic difluoroamines

Fluorination of nitroaromatic amines 1-Difluoroamino-2,4-dinitrobenzene Other difluoramino nitroaromatics

Fluorination through the addition of tetrafluorohydrazine Tetrafluorohydrazine NF2-NF, Reactivity of tetraflu~roh~drazine

Explosive properties of difluoroaminoalkanes and alkenes ~heore tka ias~ec t s of properties of NF, compounds Thermochemistry

References

Chapter 10. Esters

Nitrate esters (0-nitro compounds) Structure Dipole moments Spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance Electron attracting properties of nitrate esters and charge-transfer complexes Hydrolysisof nitrate esters Reduction of nitrate esters Conversion of nitrate esters into nitroalkanes

Formation of nitrate esters Gas-chromatography of alkylnitratcs Alkenes as a source of nitrate esters Nitrate esters as explosives Biological action of nitrate esters

Glycerol trinitrate (nitroglycerine) Setting point Vapour pressure Absorption spectra Chemical properties and stability Sensitivity to impact Burning of nitroglycerine Explosion and Detonation of nitro

Glycerol dinitrates ('dinitroglycerine Glycerol-nitrolactate dinitrate Glycerol 2,4-dinitrophenylether an Hexanitrodiphenylglycerol rnononl Mixed esters of glycerol

Glycol nitrates Ethylene glycol mononitrate Ethylene glycol dinitrate Diethylene glycoldinitrate Triethylene glycoldinitrate Butine-2-diol-1,4 dinitrate

Nitrate esters of monohydroxylic alcoh Methyl nitrate Ethyl nitrate n-Propyl nitrate iso-Propyl nitrate

Polyhydroxylic alcohol esters Butane-1,2,3-trio1 trinitrate Erythritol tetranitrate Pentitol pentanitrates D-Mannitol pentanitrate D-Mannitol hexanitrate Dulcitol D- or L-galactitol hexanitrate

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) 1 ~hermod~namic and the Explosive properties Nitration of pentaerythritol

Mixed pentaerithritoland glycerol este Methods of preparation of PETriN and Nitrite esteis (0-~i t roso~orn~ounds) Esters of oxy-acids of chlorine

Geminal diperchlorates References Appendix N-Oxides

Chapter 11. Production of nitra

Nitroglycerine (NG) Hercules tubular process Biazzi process i Controlof the nitration

Formation of nitrate esters Gas-chromatography of alkyl nitrates Alkenes as asource of nitrate esters Nitrate esters as explosives Biological action of nitrate esters

Glycerol trinitrate (nitroglycerine) Setting point Vapour pressure Absorption spectra Chemical properties and stability Sensitivity to i m ~ a c t Burning of nitroglycerine Explosion and Detonation of nitroglycerine

Glycerol dinitrates ('dinitroglycerine') and derivatives Glycerol-nitrolactate dinitrate Glycerol 2,4-dinitrophenylether and trinitrophenylether dinitrates Hexanitrodiphenylglycerol mononitrate Mixed esters of glycerol

Glycol nitrates Ethylene glycol mononitrate Ethylene glycol dinitrate Diethylene glycol dinitrate Triethylene glycol dinitrate Butine-2-diol-1,4 dinitrate

Nitrate esters of monohydroxylic alcohols Methyl nitrate Ethyl nitrate n-Propyl nitrate iso-Propyl nitrate

Polyhydroxylic alcohol esters Butane-1,2,3-triol trinitrate Erythritol tetranitrate Pentitol pentanitrates D-Mannitol pentanitrate D-Mannitol hexanitrate Dulcitol D- or L-galactitol hexanitrate and D-sorbitol hexanitrate

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) Thermodynamic properties and thermal decomposition of PETN Explosive properties Nitration of pentaerythritol

Mixed pentaerythritol and glycerol esters Methodsof preparation of PETriN and PEDN Nitrite esters (0-Nitroso Compounds) Esters of oxy-acids of chlorine

Geminal diperchlorates References Appendix N-Oxides

CONTENTS

Chapter 11. Production of nitrate esters

Nitroglycerine (NG) Hercules tubular process Biazzi process Control of the nitration

xvi CONTENTS

Separation of NG from the spent acid Alkaline washing of NG Technical data of Biazzi method Safety measures Injector nitration process Safety problems

Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DGDN) Triethylene glycol dinitrate Manufacture of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN)

Purification of PETN References

Chapter 12. Carbohydrate nitrates

Cellulose and cellulose nitrates (nitrocellulose) Cellulose for nitration Structure of cellulose polymer and determination of molecular weight Pyrolysis of nitrocellulose Thermochemical properties of nitrocellulose Mixed esters: nitrates and sulphates Stabilization of nitrocellulose Knecht compound Manufacture of nitrocellulose Semi-continuous method of Bofors-Nobel-Chematur Drying of nitrocellulose Safety in the manufacture of nitrocellulose

Starch nitrates (nitrostarch) Nitrates of various carbohydrates Polyvinyl nitrate Nitro-derivatives of lignin References

Chapter 13. N-Nitro compounds (N-nitramines and N-nitramides)

Structure and chemical properties Preparation of nitramines

Formation ofdinitramines from nitroguanidine N-Nitroenamines Aliphatic nitramines and nitramides Ethylene dinitramine (EDNA, Haleite)

Physical and chemical properties Explosive properties

Nitroguanidine Reactions of nitroguanidine Specification according to Meyer

Nitroaminoguanidine Nitrodiethanolamine dinitrate

Preparation Dinitrodi-(P-hydroxyethy1)-oxamide dinitrate (NENO) Aromatic nitramines Tetryl Heterocyclic nitramines

Cyclonite (Hexogen, RDX)

Structure Spectroscopy of cyclonite Chemical properties Thermal decomposition Preparation of cyclonite preparation of cyc~onite from h e x a d Explosive properties of cyclonite Manufacture of cyclonite (RDX) a d Specification for cyclonite (Hexogen) Disposal ofwaste cyclonite Toxic properties of cyclonite

Explosives with cyclonite as amaineomw Octogen

Structure and physical properties Solubility ofoctogen Chemical properties Thermal decomposition Thermochemical and explosive properl Preparation of octogen Specification for octogen

Explosives with octogen as amaincompo BSX (I ,7-Diacetoxy-2,4,6-trinitro-2,4,6 Dingu and Sorguyl N-Nitro-0-Nitro compounds References Appendix

Chapter 14. Explosive polymers

C-Nitro polymers Nitropolystyrene and its derivatives Nitroindene polymer

Polynitro alkanes Nitroethylene polymer

Polyurethanes withaliphatic C- andN-ni Preparation

C-Nitro polymers frommonomers witha Nitroallyl acetate polymer Ethyl nitroacrylate Nitroethyl acrylate Nitroethyl methacrylate Trinitroethyl acrylate Dinitropropyl acrylate (DNPA)

Polyesters of dinitrocarboxylic acids and Polymer with 0-nitro groups

Polyvinyl nitrate (PVN) Properties of PVN Explosive properties Preparation of polyvinyl nitrate Practical use of polyvinyl nitrate Modifications of polyvinyl nitrate

Hydrazine and difluoroamine polymers N-Nitro polymers Plastic bonded explosives References

CONTENTS

Structure Spectroscopy of cyclonite Chemical properties Thermal decomposition Preparation of cyclonite Preparationof cyclonite from hexamine dinitrate acetic anhydride Explosive properties of cyclonite Manufacture of cyclonite (RDX) according to Mario Biazzi S.A. (Vevey) Specification for cyclonite (Hexogen) Disposal of waste cyclonite Toxic properties of cyclonite

Explosives with cyclonite as a main component Octogen

Structure and physical properties Solubility of octogen Chemical properties Thermal decomposition Thermochemical and explosive properties Preparation of octogen Specification for octogen

Explosives with octogen as a main component BSX (1,7-Diacetoxy-2,4,6-trinitro-2.4,6-triazaheptane) Dingu and Sorguyl N-Nitro-0-Nitro compounds References Appendix

Chapter 14. Explosive polymers

C-Nitro polymers Nitropolystyrene and its derivatives Nitroindene polymer

Polynitro alkanes Nitroethylene polymer

Polyurethanes with aliphatic C- and N-nitro groups Preparation

C-Nitro polymers from monomers with a vinyl group Nitroallyl acetate polymer Ethyl nitroacrylate Nitroethyl acrylate Nitroethyl methacrylate Trinitroethvl acrvlate ~ i n i t r o ~ r o b ~ l a&late (DNPA)

Polyesters of dinitrocarboxylic acids and dinitrodiols polymer with 0-nitro groups

Polyvinyl nitrate (PVN) Properties of PVN Explosive properties Preparation of polyvinyl nitrate Practical use of polyvinyl nitrate Modifications of polyvinyl nitrate

Hydrazine and difluoroamine polymers N-Nitro polymers Plastic bonded explosives References

xvii

372 373 373 374 376 377 378 379 380 381 381 381 3 82 383 387 387 388 390 391 393 394 395 396 397 397 402

xviii CONTENTS

Chapter 15. Recovery of spent acids

General problems of spent acids from the nitration of alcohols Spent acids from nitration of glycerine Stabilization of spent acid Denitration of spent acid Re-use of spent acid from the nitration of glycerine Spent acid of PETN Spent acid from cyclonite (RDX) manufacture Spent acid from nitrocellulose Spent acid from T N T Spent acid from mononitration of toluene

Environmental problems of denitration References

Chapter 16. Salts of nitric acid and of oxy-acids of chlorine

Ammonium nitrate Hygroscopicity of ammonium nitrate Chemical and explosive properties

Hydrazine nitrates Hydrazine mononitrate Hydrazine dinitrate Hydrazine nitrate complexes ('Hydrazinates')

Methylamine nitrate Tetramethylammonium nitrate Guanidine nitrate Nitrates of aromatic amines Ammonium chlorate Ammonium perchlorate

Crystal structure and physical properties Thermal decomposition and burning of A P Thermal decomposition of irradiated ammonium perchlorate Influence of pressure on burning of A P Density and critical diameter Decomposition (at higher temperatures) and burning of ammonium perchlorate

with various additives Mechanism of low-temperature decomposition of A P Explosive properties of NH4C10, Manufacture of ammonium perchlorate Specification

Perchlorate of metals Other perchlorate

Hydrazine perchlorate Hydrazine diperchlorate Salts of hydrazine perchlorate and chlorate complexes Nitrosyl perchlorate Hydroxylamine perchlorate Methylamine perchlorate Guanidine perchlorate Nitroguanidine perchlorate Fluoroammonium perchlorate Nitronium perchlorate

Perchloricacid and chlorine oxides Perchloric acid

Chlorine oxides rd

Introduction Burning of I E under reducedpressure Mercuric fulminate

Physical properties Chemical properties Chemical stability and behaviour at high Behaviour at low temperature Action of light Burning under reduced pressure Initiating properties of mercuricful Other saltsof fulminic acid Manufacture of mercuric fulminate Esters of fulminic acid

Hydrazoic acid, its derivatives andsalts Decomposition of azides Heterocyclics from azides Other reactions of azide anion andra Some organic azides 4 i Danger of handling azides Cyanic triazide i Explosive properties of hydrazoic acid I Ammonium azide

Physico-chemical and explosive properti4 Optical properties Slow decomposition of azides Fast decomposition and explosion

Lead azide Propertiesof lead azide Crystal structureof a-Pb(N,)t Spontaneous explosions of azides Sensitivity of lead azide Stability and reactivity of lead azide The manufacture of lead azide '4

Silver azide Cadmium azide Storage of azides Toxicity Destructionof lead azide Manufacture of sodium azides Sodium azide formation in l i q u i d a m q

Tetrazene (Tetracene) Tetrazole derivatives and theirsalts i Azotetrazole

Furoxane derivatives . Nitro derivativesof phenols {

Lead mononitroresorcinol (LMNR) ?

Lead 2,4-dinitroresorcinate Basic lead 4.6-dinitroresorcinol Lead styphnate Lead salts of nitronaphthols

rate

CONTENTS

Chlorine oxides References

Chapter 17. Primary explosives: initiators, initiating explosives (IE)

Introduction Burning of IE under reduced pressure Mercuric fulminate

Physical properties Chemical properties Chemical stability and behaviour at high temperature Behaviour at low temperature Action of light Burning under reduced pressure Initiating properties of mercuric fulminate Other salts of fulminic acid Manufacture of mercuric fulminate Esters of fulminic acid

Hydrazoicacid, its derivatives and salts Decomposition of azides Heterocyclics from azides Other reactions of azide anion and radical Some organic azides Danger of handling azides Cyanic triazide Explosive properties of hydrazoic acid Ammonium azide

Physico-chemical and explosive properties of metal azides Optical properties Slow decomposition of azides Fast decomposition and explosion

Lead azide Properties of lead azide Crystal structure of a-Pb(N,), Spontaneous explosions of azides Sensitivity of lead azide Stability and reactivity of lead azide The manufacture of lead azide

Silver azide Cadmium azide Storage of azides Toxicity Destruction of lead azide Manufacture of sodium azides Sodium azide formation in liquid ammonia

Tetrazene (Tetracene) Tetrazole derivatives and their salts Azotetrazole

Furoxane derivatives Nitro derivativesof phenols

Lead mononitroresorcinol (LMNR) Lead 2,4-dinitroresorcinate Basic lead 4,6-dinitroresorcinol Lead styphnate Lead salts of nitronaphthols

xix

XX CONTENTS

Complex salts 1,3,5-Triazido-2.4.6-trinitrobenzene Dinitrobenzenediazooxide (Dinitrodiazophenol, DDNP, DINOL) Salts of acetylene

Manufacture of primers Peroxides

Propione peroxide Superoxides

References Appendix

Chapter 18. Black powder ( g u n p o w d e r )

Modification of black powder Explosive properties Hygroscopicity of black powder Manufacture of black powder The use of black powder Pyrotechnics Accidents with black powder History of black powder

References

Chapter 19. Commercial (Min ing) Explos ives

Introduction Principles of composition of commercial explosives

Oxygen balance Hygroscopicity of mining explosives

' Stability of commercial explosives Physical changes Chemical changes

Rate of detonation and critical diameter "Gap test" (Transmission of detonation)

Gap test and temperature Channel effect Possible spiral way and detonation of mixed explosives Deflagration of explosives in coal-mines Evaluation of the strength of mining explosives Safety against methane and coal-dust

Theory of safety against methane and coal-dust Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixtures (AN-FO) Explosive working of metals Mining explosives used in various countries

Bulgaria Germany Great Britain Italy Novel mining explosives used in Poland Spain Sweden U.S.S.R. mining explosives Permitted in sulphur mines and oil fields Modern Japanese mining explosives

Belgium Water-gel (Slurry) explosives

History Cross-linking agents Surface active and emulsifying agents Oxygen carriers Aluminium Alkylamine nitrates Gas bubbles Permitted slurries Slurries with high explosives Composition of slurries with nitroglyce

Nonel detonating fuse References Appendix Methods of determining the ability of e

Chapter 20. The manufacture of I Planetary mixers Cartridging AN-FO References

Chapter 21. Liquid explosives I Liquid oxygen explosives (Oxyliquits, LO Liquid rocket propellants-propergoles

Mono- and bipropellants Cryogenic and storable components Hypergolic systems Novel trends in liquid rocket fuel

Oxidizers Oxygen difluoride (OF1) Nitrogen fluorides Multicomponent fuel

Polymerization of hypergolic fuel Analysis References

Chapter 22. Smokeless powder

Stability of smokeless powder Free radicals in the change of diphenyla Stabilizers

Kinetics of decomposition Electric susceptibility of single base po Erosiveness of smokeless powder

Manufacture of powder Single base powder Double base powder Traditional double base powder Rocket double base powder i

1

CONTENTS

Belgium Water-gel (Slurry) explosives

History Cross-linking agents Surface active and emulsifying agents Oxygen carriers Aluminium Alkylamine nitrates Gas bubbles Permitted slurries Slurries with high explosives Composition of slurries with nitroglycerine based explosives

None1 detonating fuse References Appendix Methods of determining the ability of explosives to deflagrate

Chapter 20. The manufacture of commercial (mining) explosives

Planetary mixers Cartridging AN-FO References

Chapter 21. Liquid explosives

Liquid oxygen explosives (Oxyliquits, LOX) Liquid rocket propellants-propergoles

Mono- and bipropellants Cryogenic and storable components Hypergolic systems Novel trends in liquid rocket fuel

Oxidizers Oxygen difluoride (OF,) Nitrogen fluorides Multicomponent fuel

Polymerization of hypergolic fuel Analysis References

Chapter 22. Smokeless powder

Stability of smokeless powder Free radicals in the change of diphenylamine Stabilizers

Kinetics of decomposition Electric susceptibility of single base powder Erosiveness of smokeless powder

Manufacture of powder Single base powder Double base powder Traditional double base powder Rocket double base powder

xxi

545 546 546 548 548 548 548 549 552 552 552 553 554 554 557 557

xvii CONTENTS

Cast propellants Method of manufacture

Slurry-cast propellants (Plastisol propellants) Screw-extrusion process

Classical extrusion method Higher energy smokeless propellants References

Chapter 23. Composite propellants

Introduction Polyurethane binders Polybutadiene binders with carboxylic function Hydroxyterminated polybutadiene binder (HTPB) Curing butadiene polymers Poly (vinyl chloride) plastisol propellants (PVC) High energy composite propellants with HMX (Octogene) Role of ingredients on properties of composite propellants

Metals Catalysts

Burning composite propellants containing ammonium perchlorate Modifications of composite propellants Mechanical properties Manufacture of composite propellants Shapes of the propellant grains Explosive properties of composite propellants References

Chapter 24. Problems of safety in the manufacture and handling of explosives

Manufacture Static electricity Foreign bodies in mixing machines Constructions of explosive factories Detection of hidden explosives in luggage Tagging of commercial explosives General description of safety References

Chapter 25. Toxicity of explosives

Aromatic nitro compounds m-Dinitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Aliphatic nitro compounds 2-Nitropropane Tetranitromethane

Nitrate esters Methyl nitrate Nitroglycerine

Nitrocellulose Nitramines

Nitroguanidine Cyclonite (RDX, Hexogene) Octogene (HMX)

References

Subject Index

Contents of previous volumes, L

CONTENTS

Nitrocellulose Nitramines

Nitroguanidine Cyclonite (RDX, Hexogene) Octogene (HMX)

References

Subject Index

Contents of previous volumes, I, 11,111

xxiii

629 629 629 629 629 630

63 1

649