SPONSORS:The Department of Environment, & Conservation:

- Parks & Natural Areas Division- Wildlife Division

- Salmonier Nature ParkThe Department of Tourism, Culture & Recreation:

- The Rooms Corporation, Provincial MuseumGros Morne Cooperating Association

Sir Wilfred Grenfell CollegeMemorial University

Gros Morne National ParkTerra Nova National Park

Quidi Vidi Brewing Company

FORAYSeptember 28-30, 2007Burry HeightsAvalon Peninsula

NEWFOUNDLAND& LABRADOR

REPORT of

LINNÆUS TERCENTENARY FORAYOFFICIAL PARTICIPANT OF THE

SWEDISH ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES’ INTERNATIONAL

LINNÆUS CELEBRATIONS

Andrus Voitk

Copies of this Report, the Reports for 2003 - 2006 and Annotated Cumulative Species List can be downloaded in pdf form from themushroom section of the Humber Natural History Society’s web page, <www.hnhs.ca/mushrooms/>.Please feel free to use or circulate this and any of the other documents.

Comments & questions —

All rights reserved© Andrus Voitk

CONTENTS

Faculty 1

Trails 1

Participants 2

Program 3

REPORT 4

Highlights 8

Species List 11

What do the data mean? 17

Ecoregions of NL Inside back cover

2008 Advance Notice Outside back cover

NOTE: Just as the foray tries to serve many interests, so also this Report tries to serveits many constituents. Some of the material may be too detailed, some too tedious andboring, much of it irreverent or irrelevant to many interest groups. The ecologist may beinterested in how many collections of a species came in. The park interpreter may wantto know what are the common mushrooms in her park. The foray participant may justwant a memento of what went on. The mycologist may wish to know what species fruiton the Avalon. And so on. If much of it is not pertinent to you, please ignore it. Youneed not feel bad for not reading it all. It is easier to write one report, including thingspertinent to faculty, participants, sponsors, biologists, other mycologists and mycophilesand so forth, than trying to write a separate Report for each group. Yes, I’m lazy!

Photographs by Roger Smith and Andrus VoitkEcoregion maps courtesy Department of Energy and Conservation

TRAILS

1. Salmonier Nature Park (provincial)Boreal forest. Boardwalk all the way.

2. Salmonier back to — Avalon Wildernessarea (provincial)Boreal forest, bogs. More remote, roughertrails but easily passable.

3. Butter Pot Provincial ParkBoreal forest. Good trails.

4. La Manche Provincial ParkBoreal forest. Good trails.

5. Castle Hill Historic Site (federal)Boreal forest, fields of lawn. Good walking,moderate hills to climb.

6. Not used

7. Deer Park (community)Relatively easy walk. Lush and moist protectedboreal forest with some southern plantlife.

8. Cape St. Mary’s Ecological Reserve(provincial)Flat walking over some heath. Coastal high-lands heath with dwarf trees.Area divided into segments with groupsresponsible for foraging their segment. Atleast 1 1/2 hr’s drive from Lavrock, each way.

9. Brother Brennan EnvironmentalEducation Centre (private)Boreal forest, trails, easy walking. Probablysignature trail for the Avalon Forest Ecoregion.

FACULTYGuestBritt Bunyard NAMAKare Liimatainen University of HelsinkiDave Malloch New Brunswick MuseumTuula Niskanen University of HelsinkiJorinde Nuytinck University of GhentRoger Smith University of New BrunswickVello Soots Mycological Soc of TorontoGreg Thorn Western UniversityLocalMichael Burzynski Gros Morne National ParkFaye Murrin Memorial UniversityAndrus Voitk Humber Natural History SocGary Warren Canadian Forestry Service

TRAIL LEADERS (in addition to the above)GuestBill RichardsNancy IronsidePat BurchellLocalJohn MaunderJudy MayMac PitcherMaria Voitk

CHEFSMushroomGene HerzbergVito TestaAare VoitkRoadkillRandy BattenMac PitcherRoger Zilkowsky

REGISTRARSJudy MayMaria Voitk

DOCUMENTATIONMichael BurzynskiBrad ButlerMelissa CreaseyClaudia HanelSusan KnightAnne MarceauMeherzad RomerRoger SmithKenny TuachAare Voitkand many others

1

It is a sad comment on our societybut I removed the e-mail addressesthat are usually found here. Many peo-ple find these a convenient way tostay in touch with some of the partici-pants they befriended at the foray.Unfortunately this practice is nolonger safe. This report will be distrib-uted electronically and posted on ourwebsite. Spammers send spiders orcrawl engines all over public sites andcopy any e-mail addresses found thereto add to their lists for future spamdistribution. Thus any address postedon our site will eventually attractspam.

Apparently if you put your address upas a graphic or image, most spiderswill not recognize it as a bona fide e-mail address and will not copy it. Withthe fast pace of technology, even thismay have only a limited time to work.

Therefore, if you lost somebody’s e-mail whom you wish to contact,please let me know and I’ll be pleasedto send it to you. My address is onthe obvious graphic below:

PARTICIPANTSReverse alphabetical order.

2

Roger ZilkowskiGraham ZilkowskiTony WrightMarianna WrightMarian WissinkGary WarrenAnn WalshMaria VoitkAndrus VoitkAare VoitkKenny TuachGreg ThornVito TestaSue SullivanHelen SpencerBeth SpencerGeert SpanogeArjen SpanogeVello SootsRoger SmithMeherzad RomerBill RichardsMac PitcherLaura ParkJorinde NuytinckTuula NiskanenFaye MurrinAnita MoystKevin McAleeseJudy MayJohn MaunderAnne MarceauPhyllis MannHenry MannDave MallochEthel LuhtanenKare LiimatainenEugene KoczkurSusan KnightClara JenniexNancy IronsideGerald HusseyKaren HerzbergGene HerzbergPat HaywardClaudia HanelSarah GrahamJeri GrahamJamie GrahamAlan GanHeather EwingMelissa CreaseyNathalie Djan-ChékarAva Djan-ChékarMichael BurzynskiBrad ButlerPat BurchellBritt BunyardDiethard BohmeRandy BattenFredrik Alfer

Corner Brook NLCorner Brook NLToronto ONToronto ONSt John's NLCorner Brook NLSharbot Lake ONHumber Village NLHumber Village NLHumber Village NLCorner Brook NLLondon ONToronto ONHumber Village NLTorbay NLTorbay NLDrongen BelgiumDrongen BelgiumDon Mills ONFredericton NBCorner Brook NLFort Saskatchewan ABHolyrood NLHarbour Main NLDrongen BelgiumHelsinki FinlandSt John's NLGlouchester ONSt Johnʼs NLHumber Village NLPouch Cove NLRocky Harbour NLPasadena NLPasadena NLLittle Lepreau NBCalgary ABHelsinki FinlandScarborough ONSt John's NLHumber Village NLOrillia ONBonavista NLSt John's NLSt John's NLRigolet LabradorCorner Brook NLCorner Brook NLCorner Brook NLCorner Brook NLRichmond Hill ONBattersea ONCorner Brook NLWitless Bay NLWitless Bay NLRocky Harbour NLCorner Brook NLDon Mills ONGermantown WIConcord ONConception Bay S NLStockholm Sweden

3

FRIDAY, Sep 15, 2006

12:00 PM - 3:00 PMCape St Maryʼs Mycoblitz

4:00 PMWelcome receptionHosted by the people of Newfoundland and Labrador through theMinistry of Environment & Conservation, The Hon. Clyde Jackman,MHA, Minister.

7:00 PMMushroom ID Contest winners & other impor-tant stuff

7:45 PMCAROLUS LINNÆUS TERCENTENARYPANEL DISCUSSIONDave Malloch, Tuula Niskanen, JorindeNuytinck, Greg Thorn: Concepts around the species concept

SATURDAY, Sep 16, 2006

9:00 AMForays

5:00 PMQuidi Vidi Mushroom QuuQup andBBQ roadkill mooseburgers

7:00 PMFind of the day & Forager of the day awards &other important stuff

7:15 PM Britt Bunyard: Whatʼs eating you?8:15 PMAndrus Voitk: 4 yrs & 5 forays—what have we learned?

SUNDAY, Sep 17, 2006

8:40 AM Group photo on the grounds9:00 AM – OUTSIDEPick for the Pot with Judy May & Maria VoitkCorts in the woods with Kare LiimatainenBugs n Slugs in the woods with Britt Bunyard

9:00 AM – INSIDETables with Vello SootsLactarii with Jorinde NuytinckMicroscopy with Dave Malloch

10:00 AM – INSIDETables with Greg ThornCorts with Tuula Niskanen

11:00 AM – OUTSIDEFoto Phoray with Vello SootsCorts in the woods with Tuula Niskanen

11:00 AM – INSIDETables with Faye Murrin & Gary WarrenLactarii with Jorinde NuytinckMicroscopy with Greg Thorn

12:00 PM – INSIDETables with Dave MallochRussulae with Jorinde Nuytinck

2:00 PM CAROLUS LINNÆUS TERCENTENARYGUEST LECTUREBritt Bunyard: Evolution of fungi—600 million years in60 minutes

3:00 PMWrap-up & Thank you

PROGRAM

LINNÆUS TERCENTENARY FORAY

This year’s Foray was sponsored by its several kind part-ners: The Department of Environment, & Conser-vation, the Hon. Clyde Jackman, Minister (Parks &Natural Areas Division, Wildlife Division, SalmonierNature Park), The Department of Tourism, Culture &Recreation, the Hon. Tom Hedderson, Minister (The

Rooms Corporation, Provincial Museum) Gros MorneCooperating Association, Sir Wilfred Grenfell College,Memorial University, Gros Morne National Park, TerraNova National Park and Quidi Vidi Brewing Company.

The Foray started with a Faculty Foray, providing ourexperts an informal forum to meet our mushrooms, our

trails and each other. Weenjoyed our largest evernumber of participants:mushroom enthusiastsfrom Labrador, the GreatNorthern Peninsu-la,Central Newfoundland,the West Coast and theAvalon (yes, even StJohn’s) joined visitorsfrom Alberta, Belgium,Finland, USA, Ontarioand New Brunswick toforage the autumn woodsof the Avalon Peninsula for species to be identified withthe help of experts. Most were veterans of previous for-ays, with a little under one-quarter of the participants asnewcomers to our foray. Youth was again noticeable thisyear: four children and a significant number of students,with about 25% of participants in their thirties or less.

The Foray opened with a reception by the Department ofEnvironment & Conservation. Pictures of Cape St Mary’sand other memorabilia were presented to our out ofprovince guest faculty members on behalf of the people ofNewfoundland and Labrador via the Department ofEnvironment & Conservation. All registrants received a

4

REPORT

From empty to full (and identified) in 48 hrs

Foraging the Cape’s barrens

Gannet Rock

Amanita wellsii

The new sport of tuckdiving

handsome registration package from the Department.

2007 is the 300th birthday of Carl Linnæus, the greatSwedish scientist, who conceived of the phylogeneticorder for classifying organisms and the binominal systemfor naming them. This event was celebrated worldwideand our foray was an official participant of the internation-al events overseen by the Swedish Academy of Sciences.To note this, the First Secretary of the Swedish Embassy,Mr Fredrik Alfer, was our guest of honour at the foray. Aglass plate depicting the gannets of Cape St. Mary’s andthe Linnæus tercentenary logo, commissioned fromaward-winning Newfoundland glass artist Urve Manuel,was presented to Mr Alfer. In return, he presented all par-ticipants with a colour booklet describing the life and con-tributions of Carl Linnnæus, as well as some Swedishcookbooks for the chefs.

Small teams, under expert leadership, went forth intoselected trails, foraging for mushrooms. As last year,mushrooms were a bit scarce but again a very interestingvariety of species was collected by the foraging teams.The weather was pleasantly sunny throughout, except forour main foraging day, when it was pleasantly rainy. As

before, foragers were very diligent about the use of col-lecting slips—virtually no specimen came in without a slip,duly filled out. Specimens were sorted with attempt toidentify at least to genus. These were then submitted tothe experts’ approval and authenticated specimens taken

5

Joy = silver vessels laden with cod tongues

Presentation of commemorative plate to the King’s man

That little thing? Don’t be ridiculous!

Honour those fallen on the Foto Phoray

More tuckdiving

to the exhibition hall. Our experts did yeoman’s work,using microscopes, chemicals, tomes of books and eachother for consultation to pin a name on an elusive, peskylittle mushroom, backed with voucher photographs andspecimens. The latter part of the process was carried outby the biggest data base team it has been our fortune tohave. We have always enjoyed good support from all lev-els of government and this year’s support allowed us toengage more young people in the database work thanever before. How hard did the volunteer expert and database team work? Well, staying up until 1:30 AM seemedto be routine and some reported seeing folks still workingat 3:00 AM one night. No matter, all were up and at it for8:00 AM breakfast the next morning, in good spirits. Thisis the sort of thing people do willingly, so long as it is forfree and nobody threatens to pay them for it.

Predictably, the Quidi Vidi QuuQup was a huge success.Five different wild mushrooms were prepared under theeyes of Chef-in-Chief Gene Herzberg, while RoadkillRoastmeister Mac Pitcher oversaw the Kill Krew cookingup his prepared mooseburgers. Beer was again kindlysupplied by Quidi Vidi Breweries. As last year, everyscrap of solid and liquid was consumed.

Friday evening we celebrated the birthday boy, CarlLinnæus, with a panel discussion devoted to thespecies concept. Apparently there have been somechanges since Linnæus proposed his concept. Theresultant exposition by our learned panel proved quiteheavy going but we did our level best to grasp the con-cepts presented. Linnæus would have chuckled.Saturday we had a dissertation on mycophagousinsects, followed by a review of what our data has toldus after the first five forays. Another Linnæan lecture,this time on the evolution of fungi, closed the scientificprogram for this year.

Sunday was devoted to giving participants access toour faculty and our mushrooms in small groups. Small

w o r k s h o p sa r o u n dm i c r o s c o p y,small groups ofmushrooms oroverview of ourdisplay tableswere led by the faculty. Those wishing fresh air had theoption of outdoor sessions devoted to photography, iden-tification of small groups of mushrooms or the picking ofedibles. This proved a very popular format that we plan tocontinue in future forays. Starting at noon on Friday allowsus to use Sunday for small group didactic sessions with-out losing collecting time. Although an early Friday start isproblematic for working people, judging by the commentswe received in feed-back, people felt this was a worth-while trade-off.

The end result: 1,124 (!) collections processed, 276 mush-room species identified, 106 new to our forays, bringingour cumulative species list to 670. A lot of work!

Advice for the Quidi Vidi QuuQup: you caneat any mushroom once!

Quidi Vidi & mooseburgers: some eat & drink, some take pictures

The Pick-for-the-pot crew sort their finds

6

The species concept panel in full swing; Linnæus would have chuckled.

Participants of the 2007 foray, including photoshopped missing persons

Tables with Faye

Corts with Tuula Lactarii with Jorinde

Tables with Vello

7

As in past years, these are some of events that werehighlights for me that I should like to share with you. Ihope you had highlights of your own… Top of the listmust be the cheerful, courteous and helpful attitude ofthe participants. Everybody was always in a good moodand pitched in, wherever help was needed. There was apalpable spirit of camaraderie in the air that made it apleasure to take part. Thank you.

To me, the Panel Discussion on the Species Conceptprovided a special kind of highlight. I had been advisedthat such a discussion is likely to soar to a level beyondthe reach of many in the audience, not versed in theacademic background required to take it all in. Stubborn,I persisted. Well, from your comments to me later, I nowknow that I should have listened to my advisor. I wastouched by the courtesy shown to me as organizer andour panelists: after the coffee-break, everybody returnedfor the second half, including all of those, who told methey lacked the background training to fully appreciatethe material presented. Later, many more told me thatthe panel discussion was often at the limit or beyond alay audience but several went on to reassure me thatthey are fairly certain that they suffered no irreversibleharm from being exposed to this discussion—some feltthey may even have come to appreciate the difficultiesaround naming a species in mycology and the helpgenetic studies may bring to this problem. The com-ments made it was clear I had erred with the program-ming, yet not a single comment was offered as a com-plaint; people were appreciative of the attempt.

Two ladies have separately told me that they found itrefreshing to find among the faculty some young ladies

instead of old men. Well, I don’t know whom they meantby old! While we try to be neither sexist nor ageist, Imust admit that Jorinde and Tuula were indeed a delight-ful addition to our faculty. Perhaps they wish to return?They would surely be welcome.

While on the subject of faculty, I have never seen a fac-ulty work harder or longer hours. Working to 1:00 AMwas routine and one night some were still keying thingsout behind their microscopes at 3:00 AM. Yet all werebright and cheerful at breakfast, ready to go at it again. Iam quite certain that our highest species list ever wasdue to this, certainly not an exceptional mushroom year.But as you see, it was exceptional! It’s not the mush-rooms, it’s the people. A real highlight.

Never mind, on to the mushrooms. The find of the foraymust surely be Ascocoryne (Sarcoleotia) turficola. Thisjelly fungus is hitherto known only from the Orient andEurope, where it is considered rare; we have beenunable to find any report of it in North America. Yet, thisyear it has been found in Newfoundland from June toOctober, from the west coast of the Northern Peninsulato the Avalon. Britt Bunyard is busy gathering the data onit in order to report this in the mycological literature.

Other highlights consisted of some epiphanic moments,giving me an insight into some of our mushrooms. Firstof these started before the foray, the Section Deliciosi ofLactarius. Jorinde’s DNA work on our past specimenstold us 1) that neither L. deliciosus nor L. deterrimusgrow here and 2) that we have only two species, L. thyi-nos and L. “deterrimus”; hitherto the latter has beencalled erroneously L. deterrimus and, thus, is going with-out a proper name. It has not been renamed because atthe moment it is not clear, whether we are dealing withone or more species, so for now it keeps the misappliedname L. “deterrimus”. Well, on this basis we devised atable-key to differentiate between them, to be tested atthe foray. While we did not have many specimens so latein the season, our experience suggested it was quiteeasy to distinguish between the two with this table.

Next discovery is the differentiation between Suillus lar-icinus and Suillus serotinus. We have collected a mush-room we have identified as S. laricinus at almost everyforay, including this one. However, this time Greg decid-ed to study it a little closer. According to the books, thecut flesh of S. laricinus turns blue-green on exposure toair. Our mushrooms may have gone through a blue-green phase but went on to turn gray-violet that eventu-ally darkened. This reaction is typical of a close look-alike, S. serotinus, a much less common mushroom inmost places. Well, on reviewing our past collections,where some idea of flesh discolouration is seen on pho-tographs, it looks gray-violet, not blue-green. This makes

HIGHLIGHTSMYCOLOGICAL & OTHERWISE

The rare but ubiquitous Ascocoryne turficola, resting in its home ofred bog Sphagnum. On many the stem has a dark violet colour.

8

one suspect that perhaps all that grows in our provinceis S. serotinus, not S. laricinus. Now that we have seenthe light, we have something to look at a little closer infuture forays.

Next is the matter of the common Tamarack Jack orSuillus grevillei, a mushroom we see in large quantitiesevery year. Ours is usually red-brown, whereas in north-ern Europe the same mushroom is yellow. The yellow

one was named S. grevillei and Peck, an Americanmycologist, named the dark red-brown one found here S.clintonianus (no, not that Clinton but the same for whomthe lily genus Clintonia is named). Totally uncharacteristi-cally, we in North America have elected to eschew theAmerican name, treating both as synonyms, whereas thegood folks in northern Europe treat them as separatespecies. I suspect that DNA studies will eventually showthat both are synonymous, differentiated only by a smalltypo in the genetic code area controlling dark red pig-ment, no more a species than an albino (flavino for a yel-low one?). Until such studies are done, it seems morecorrect to recognize them as two distinct species. Wehave collected both on every foray, the yellow one con-siderably less common than the red-brown. Again, allhave not been photographed or preserved, making retro-spective “corrections” difficult. But henceforth ourTamarack Jack will be called S. clintonianus, reservingS. grevillei for its less common yellow counterpart. Trivia:both are sold in markets in Russia, the dark S. clintoni-anus commanding a higher price than its golden cousin(impeccable source: Tuula).

We owe thanks to Nancy Ironside and Tony Wright forcontributing to an epiphanic moment regarding jellybabies. We have hitherto recognized two species, theyellowheaded Leotia lubrica and greenheaded L.viscosa; both have yellow stems. Books also describeone that is a dusky green overall, L. atrovirens. I won-dered why we have never seen the last one and on fur-ther reading found that some authors consider it to be ofvariable colour both to the degree and distribution ofgreenness. Resolved to look for it a little closer, I wastold by Nancy that the latest is that the in-between colourwas due to a parasite and to ask for more details fromTony, who knew the full story. Indeed, Tony told me, thevarious dusky green ones have been shown to be theresult of colonization of L. lubrica by a fungal parasite,Hypomyces leotiicola. Apparently at least one NorthAmerican foray has already reported it on its species listbut if we pay close attention to the TWO “i”-s in thespecies epithet, we could be the first foray to report it,spelled correctly.

Fine, so far, so good. Instead of looking for theelusive L. atrovirens, all we have to do is toreport all the in-between collections as a com-bination of L. lubrica and H. leotiicola, payingparticular heed to get the two “i”-s. So we did.However, piqued by this introduction, Tony andGreg pursued the matter further after the foray.As you might suspect, the final jury is not yetin on this one. People have compared thegenetic make-up of species in this genus. Doyou think they found two species or three?Yep, you’re right: four. Furthermore, they feltthat cap colour was not always a reliable guideto species. [Comment: a large spectrum of capcolours can be described as green or yellow;because the authors did not specify how they

Two yellow Suillus grevillei photographed at our 2004 foray, alongside a young S.clintonianus. Because they were considered synonymous, collections were oftenmixed, adding to the difficulty of retrospective “correction”.

A mushroom identified as Fuscoboletinus laricinus in 2006. Themuch less common F. serotinus was distinguished from F. laricinusbecause after turning blue, its flesh continues to a violet-gray andeventually a dark red-brown. Note the violet gray discolouration ofthe flesh above the tube layer and the upper stalk and some red-brown stains elsewhere. The cap of F. serotinus is said to be coveredwith a lot of dark brown gluten, unlike its lighter relative. In otherviews a dark glutenous cap of this specimen was apparent.

9

elected to record one colour or the other, it is difficult toknow how the determination of species was done. It mayturn out that with some strict guidelines, cap colour, asused morphologically thus far, is quite reliable.] Theseworkers went on to conclude that genetically there was aspecies fitting with L. atrovirens. Great, so we can goback and call all our in-between finds L. atrovirens?Guess again. This species can be distinguished from theothers by the presence of gel in the outer layer of thestem. We didn’t check for this, so we can’t call ours any-thing but the two species we have used in the past,knowing that some may hide one, possibly two otherspecies within them.

How do we handle handle these problems? We suspectwe have misidentified some species in the past.Unfortunately, we do not have sufficient information torevise these retroactively with accuracy. Arbitrary renam-ing may introduce more artifact into our list than was

there previously. While the photograph of “F. laricinus”seems reasonably clear, not every collection was pho-tographed, many were not cut to expose the flesh andthose that were did not always show a colour reaction.As the S. grevillei picture shows, collections thought tobe the same were often photographed, dried and storedtogether. After a lot of consultation, we elected to leavepast identifications but to change to an annotated list:add to our Cumulative List an Appendix of numberedremarks about species that might hide other species orcontain other identification problems.

There you have it. On the 300th birthday of Linnæus westill have difficulty with the species concept. These prob-lems provide puzzles, which some of us find so interest-ing that we consider them highlights. Go figure! Thetheme of artifactual data will be explored further in thisyear’s data analysis. But first, the list.

Collage to show some of the spectrum of green in the Leotiae. A - Classical L. viscosa, bright green cap, yellow stem. B - Classical L. lubrica,yellow cap and stem. C-H - progressive olive-green tones on yellow background; different light and exposure makes direct comparison seemmore difficult than it is. F is a light version of H. Note the seemingly two species on G. Or are they? Would they be likely to grow like this?Cap colour dark and not as bright as in A. Mushrooms similar to those in C-H have been labelled L. atrovirens by some. H - similar to “classi-cal” depiction of L. atrovirens in most texts. At better magnification and resolution, H can be seen to be clearly parasitized by a small fungus,Hypomyces leotiicola. Does the parasite alter the content of the outside stem layer to gel or is that intrinsic to the species? We don’t know.

10

SpeciesNameAleurodiscus amorphusAmanita bisporigeraAmanita flavoconiaAmanita fulvaAmanita muscariaAmanita porphyriaAmanita wellsiiApiosporina morbosaArmillaria ostoyaeArmillaria sinapinaArrhenia sphagnicolaAscocoryne cylichniumAscocoryne turficolaBankera violascensBisporella citrinaCalocera carneaCalocera viscosaCamarophyllus pratensisCantharellula umbonataCantharellus cibariusCatathelasma ventricosaChalciporus piperatusCheilymenia fimicolaChlorociboria aeruginascensChroogomphus rutilansCladosporium herbarumClavaria falcataClavulina cinereaClavulina cristataClavulina rugosaCollybia cookeiCollybia tuberosaCoprinus ephemeroidesCoprinus stercoreusCortinarius acutusCortinarius alboviolaceusCortinarius angelesianusCortinarius anomalusCortinarius armeniacusCortinarius armillatusCortinarius atrocaeruleusCortinarius batailleiCortinarius brunneusCortinarius callisteusCortinarius camphoratusCortinarius casimiriCortinarius cinnamomeus

Unknown

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SpeciesNameCortinarius crassusCortinarius croceusCortinarius decipiensCortinarius disjungendusCortinarius everniusCortinarius flexipesCortinarius fulvo-ochrascensCortinarius gentilisCortinarius huronensisCortinarius illuminusCortinarius imbutusCortinarius ionophyllusCortinarius limoniusCortinarius luteo-ornatusCortinarius malachiusCortinarius malicoriusCortinarius mucifluusCortinarius mucosusCortinarius multiformisCortinarius obtususCortinarius ochrophyllusCortinarius quarciticusCortinarius rubellusCortinarius saginusCortinarius sanguineusCortinarius scaurusCortinarius semisanguineusCortinarius stillatitiusCortinarius subtortusCortinarius tortuosusCortinarius traganusCortinarius turmalisCortinarius vibratilisCraterellus tubaeformisCystoderma amianthinumCystoderma granulosumDacrymyces chrysospermusDasyscyphus virgineusEndogone pisiformisEntoloma carbonicolaEntoloma cetratumEntoloma subsepiaceumFomitopsis pinicolaFuscoboletinus palusterFuscoboletinus serotinusFuscoboletinus spectabilisGalerina calyptrata

Unknown

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12

SpeciesNameGalerina hypnorumGalerina leptocystisGalerina paludosaGalerina sphagnicolaGalerina sphagnorumGalerina tibiicystisGloeophyllum sepiariumGomphidius glutinosusGomphus floccosusGymnopilus bellulusGymnopilus junoniusGymnopilus penetransGymnopilus picreusGymnopus acervatusHapalopilus rutilansHebeloma crustuliniformehebeloma hiemaleHebeloma incarnatulumHebeloma vaccinumHelvella lacunosaHemimycena lacteaHenningsomyces candidusHirschioporus abietinusHyaloscypha albohyalinaHydnellum aurantiacumHydnellum caeruleumHydnellum suaveolensHydnum albomagnumHydnum repandumHydnum rufescensHydnum umbilicatumHygrocybe coccineaHygrocybe conicaHygrocybe laetaHygrocybe miniataHygrocybe psittacinaHygrocybe puniceaHygrocybe turunda var. sphagnophila

Hygrophorus monticolaHymenoscyphus calyculusHypholoma capnoidesHypholoma elongatumHypholoma marginatumHypholoma udumHypomyces hyalinusHypomyces leotiicolaInocybe napipes

Unknown

Salmonier-

Ava

Salmonier

Marystown

Jac

LaManch

e

Hawke

Hill

Gambo

Red

Deer

Park

CastleHill

CapeSt

Mary's

Butter-pot

Burry

Heights

BBEEC

TOT1 1

1 11 1 21 1 2

2 22 2

1 1 1 1 42 2

1 11 2 3

1 12 2

2 21 1 2 4

1 11 1

1 11 1 1 1 2 6

2 23 3

1 1 21 1

3 2 1 1 2 91 1

1 12 2

1 11 2 1 1 5

3 1 1 1 1 1 1 91 1 2

1 2 3 1 2 92 2

1 11 13 1 1 5

1 11 1

1 1 1 34 4

1 11 2 1 2 3 1 5 15

2 2 1 52 1 3

1 11 1

2 1 1 41 1

13

SpeciesNameInocybe petiginosaInocybe virgataIodophanus carneusJahnoporus hirtusLaccaria laccataLaccaria longipesLachnellula agassiziiLactarius affinis var. viridilactisLactarius aquifluusLactarius camphoratusLactarius chrysorrheusLactarius deceptivusLactarius deterrimusLactarius fumosusLactarius gerardiiLactarius glyciosmusLactarius hibbardaeLactarius hysginusLactarius lignyotusLactarius mucidusLactarius necatorLactarius rufusLactarius sphagnetiLactarius theiogalusLactarius thyinosLactarius trivialisLactarius turpisLactarius uvidusLactarius vellereusLactarius vinaceorufescensLeccinum aurantiacumLeccinum niveumLeccinum scabrumLeotia lubricaLeotia viscosaLepista nudaLeucogyrophana lichenicolaLichenomphalia umbelliferaLycogala epidendrumLycoperdon caudatumLycoperdon curtisiiLycoperdon perlatumLyophyllum connatumLyophyllum decastesLyophyllum fumosumMarasmius androsaceusMarasmius oreades

Unknown

Salmonier-

Ava

Salmonier

Marystown

Jac

LaManch

e

Hawke

Hill

Gambo

Red

Deer

Park

CastleHill

CapeSt

Mary's

Butter-pot

Burry

Heights

BBEEC

TOT1 1

1 11 1

1 3 1 52 15 2 1 2 2 2 1 11 9 1 9 57

1 11 1 23 1 4

2 1 34 1 1 2 8

1 11 4 3 1 3 1 1 14

2 1 1 46 6

1 17 3 4 14

1 3 1 1 4 3 1 141 1 1 3

1 2 1 1 2 2 91 1

1 4 1 6 122 2

1 12 4 2 4 1 1 14

3 5 1 1 1 111 7 3 1 1 2 2 17

1 12 2

1 14 1 1 3 1 2 12

2 1 31 1 2 4

4 2 62 6 5 3 2 2 4 241 2 1 2 1 7

1 11 1

1 2 31 1

2 21 11 1

1 11 1 2

1 12 2

1 1

14

SpeciesNameMelanoleuca alboflavidaMelastiza chateriMycena adonisMycena borealisMycena epipterygiaMycena filopesMycena flavoalbaMycena galericulataMycena haematopusMycena leptocephalaMycena oregonensisMycena strobilinoidesMycena uraniaNeocudoniella radicellaNeolecta irregularisNolanea strictaPanaeolus foeniseciiPanellus stipticusPaxillus involutusPaxillus rubicundulusPerenniporia subacidaPhaeolus schweinitziiPholiota alnicolaPholiota astragalinaPholiota mixtaPholiota spumosaPleurocybella porrigensPluteus salicinusPodophacidium xanthomelumPostia stipticaPsathyrella piluliformisPseudohydnum gelatinosumPsilocybe semilanceataRhodocollybia maculataRhodocollybia maculata var. scorzonerea

Rickenella fibulaRozites caperatusRussula abietinaRussula adustaRussula aerugineaRussula claroflavaRussula cyanoxanthaRussula decoloransRussula delicaRussula emeticaRussula fragilisRussula heterophylla

Unknown

Salmonier-

Ava

Salmonier

Marystown

Jac

LaManch

e

Hawke

Hill

Gambo

Red

Deer

Park

CastleHill

CapeSt

Mary's

Butter-pot

Burry

Heights

BBEEC

TOT1 1

1 12 2 1 1 2 8

1 1 1 1 1 51 1 1 33 2 1 6

1 1 21 11 4 5

1 11 1

1 11 12 1 1 4

1 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 141 1

1 11 1

3 1 3 7 1 3 181 1 2

1 1 1 31 1 2

1 12 3 1 3 9

3 31 1

4 3 1 1 2 4 151 1 2

1 11 1

1 11 1 2

1 14 1 1 6

1 11 1

1 11 1

1 12 1 3

1 11 2 1 1 5

1 1 21 1

6 1 1 1 91 3 2 1 2 1 10

1 1

15

Unknown

Salmonier-

Ava

Salmonier

Marystown

Jac

LaManch

e

Hawke

Hill

Gambo

Red

Deer

Park

CastleHill

CapeSt

Mary's

Butter-pot

Burry

Heights

BBEEC

TOT1 1 2

2 1 1 1 1 61 9 6 1 1 4 1 1 24

1 13 1 4

1 11 1

1 11 11 2 1 6 10

1 12 3 2 3 1 1 6 1 19

1 1 2 2 8 1 152 2 4

1 1 22 2

4 41 4 53 1 3 2 9

1 11 1 3 3 8

1 11 1

1 1 1 2 51 1

2 1 31 1 2

1 2 1 41 1 2 1 1 61 1 2 2 6

1 11 3 1 5

2 1 31 1

1 11 2 3

1 11 1

2 2 8 1 131 3 1 5

SpeciesNameRussula laurocerasiRussula paludosaRussula peckiiRussula raoultiiRussula rosaceaRussula silvicolaScutellinia scutellataSpinellus fusigerStereum sanguinolentumStropharia alcisStropharia ambiguaSuillus cavipesSuillus clintonianusSuillus granulatusSuillus grevilleiSuillus intermediusSuillus luteusTephrocybe striipileaTricholoma acreTricholoma atrosquamosumTricholoma davisiaeTricholoma flavumTricholoma focaleTricholoma fulvumTricholoma fumosoluteumTricholoma intermediumTricholoma magnivelareTricholoma pessundatumTricholoma sejunctumTricholoma transmutansTricholoma vaccinumTricholoma virgatumTricholoma viridilutescensTricholomopsis decoraTricholomopsis rutilansTubaria confragosa

Tubaria minutalisTyromyces chioneusXerocomus gracilisXeromphalina campanella

16

In previous years the Report has attempted to inter-pret our data. Such interpretations assume robustdata. This year we shall discuss some areas ofpotential weakness in our data.

Mushrooms do not grow in isolation but are part ofa larger ecosystem. Therefore, any findings are sub-ject to influence by external forces, trees and plants,weather, drought, temperature, etc. An obviousexample is rain: everybody knows that there are lessmushrooms in a dry spell and more appear afterrainfall. There are other, less obvious examples. Forexample, our list from Labrador in 2005 has moresimilarities with the list from Gros Morne in 2003than Gros Morne in 2005. Why? Well, perhaps thisis an indication of Labrador’s more northerly loca-tion. Both Gros Morne and Labrador forays in 2005were held in the beginning of September; the 2003Gros Morne foray was held in the beginning ofOctober. Thus, in 2003 several late season specieswere collected. For the shorter summers ofLabrador, the beginning of September may alreadyhave been the time for late season species to fruit.

Ecosystem influence can be seen on the abovegraph. Dark blue indicates species found on theirtrail only, light blue those found on other trails aswell and the white line shows the precent of uniquespecies. Cape St Mary’s and Gambo Red Pine have

a significantly greater proportion of unique species.These two trails are in different ecoregions from therest. Adding them to a foray in the Avalon ForestEcoregion gives a false impression of the speciesgrowing there—a case of human behaviour intro-ducing error into the data.

Because data is collected and filed by humanbeings, external variables due to human behaviourare introduced automatically into our data. TheHighlights section showed how identification is sub-ject to some error. Because we cannot record everypotential variable of every collection, retrospective“correction” could introduce even more errors—another potential source of error due to humanbehaviour. Scientific studies use rigorous collectingmethods in an effort to minimize the effect ofhuman behaviour. Such methodology is not appro-priate for the amateur foray. We have to learn to livewith both mushrooms and human beings, knowingthat whenever we interpret our results we interpretnot only the mushrooms but also ourselves.

This is not necessarily bad. While, as all marriedreaders know, it is difficult to predict the behaviourof any single individual, the behaviour of largegroups of individuals is predictable with amazingaccuracy. Therefore, external influences due tohuman behaviour introduced into our data should be

WHAT DO THE DATA MEAN?

17

relatively consistent and reproducible from foray toforay. This leaves mushrooms as the single mostimportant variable. Still, it is necessary to be awareof nonmycological influences on our data, beforetrying to interpret them.

As example, look at the Species Frequency curves.Each species is shown on the X axis and the numberof collections on the Y. You may remember thecurve with 2005 and 2006 data from last year’sReport. The huge increase in collections of commonspecies from 2005 to 2006 was attributed to a betterunderstanding that knowing frequency also con-tributes to our knowledge—a change due to alteredhuman behaviour, not mushrooms. Please note thatthe change continues: in 2007 even more collectionsof the common species are recorded. The common-est, Laccaria laccata, is now recorded 57 times. Thisincrease may not be due to an increase of Laccarialaccata. A few of us were intent on differentiatingthis species from its close relatives, so more werebrought in. Unfortunately, we lacked some requiredresources to separate closely related species, so allcame out as L. laccata—another example of humanbehaviour influencing results.

A similar interpretation can be placed on the largenumber of Amanita wellsii brought in. Compared to2006, there were far less mushrooms, including A.wellsii, at Cape St Mary’s. However, this year A.wellsii was introduced to the group as a special findand the signature mushroom for the Cape. As aresult, people focussed on this mushroom, and in theabsence of too many species competing for atten-tion, probably almost every A. wellsii growing onthe Cape was brought in! While the total number ofspecies fell 11%, the number of collections of A.wellsii rose 150%—a case of frequency exaggeratedby human behaviour. Similar results are known forbeautiful, colourful or unusual mushrooms—propor-tionately more of these are usually brought in than

their more dowdy relatives.

VSE (Visiting Subspecialist Effect) is a well-knownfactor of human behaviour influencing data. Thisyear we had a subspecialist for Cortinarius and onefor Russulaceae (Lactarius and Russula). Comparedto 2006 in the same region, the number ofCortinarius and Russulaceae species identified rose55%, while overall number of species identifiedrose 45%. Thus there was a 10% greater rise in thesubspecialists’ species than overall. A different lookat the data shows that 35% of the 85 more speciesidentified in 2007 came from the subspecialists’groups. The actual contribution of new speciesmade by the subspecialists is somewhat less,because not all new species in the subspecilaists’groups were identified by the subspecialists. By thesame token, the subspecialists identified newspecies outside their groups. Our data definitelyconfirm VSE, although much more detailed analy-ses would need to be made to determine the exactskew given to foray data by subspecialists.

Armed with this insight from our data of howhuman behaviour can influence them, we are in abetter position to judge the reliability of interpreta-tions of our data, as well as those of others, in thefuture.

18

We have now surveyed fourecoregions in our province. TheKilldevil forays, 2003-2005, sur-veyed the Western Newfound-land Forest Ecoregion. TheLabrador foray in 2005 sur-veyed the Forteau BarrensEcoregion. 2006 and 2007 sur-veyed two ecoregions, theEastern Hyper-Oceanic Bar-rens Ecoregion, represented byCape St Mary’s, and our small-est ecoregion, the AvalonForest Ecoregion. This is acoastal fog boreal forest or aconstantly cool and humidnorthern rain forest, character-ized by deep mossy forest floorand many lichens on the trees,including the signature oldman’s beard. Please note thatin order to look at Avalon Forestmycoflora, the Cape St Mary’sdata should be removed forboth years, as well as theGambo Red Pine data in 2007.Gambo is in the CentralNewfoundland Forest Eco-region that we shall survey in2008, a region of warm sandysoil, where some pine can befound; it lacks Empetrum.

FORAYFORAY20082008

Advance Notice!!!

Mark your calendars now!Mark your calendars now!Check back on our web site from time to time for more details as they develop:<http://www.hnhs.ca/mushrooms/>

NEWFOUNDLANDNEWFOUNDLAND& LABRADOR& LABRADOR

GUEST FACULTY*:

Ron ExeterKuulo KalameesGavin KernaghanUrmas KõljalgEd LickeyDave MallochRaymond McNeilRoger SmithGreg Thorn

* Tentative at time of Report.Changes, additions expected withtime.Central NewfoundlandCentral Newfoundland

Max Simm’s Camp**Max Simm’s Camp**

September 12-14, 2008September 12-14, 2008

** 48° 58’ 16” N and 55° 32’ 26” W puts you on the parking lot. Try it with Google Earth.