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Transcript of ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The 1890s CREATED EQUAL JONES WOOD ...
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The 1890s
CREATED EQUAL
JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ
CHAPTER 18Political and Cultural
Conflict in a Decade of Depression and War
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
“If we are not striving for equality, in heaven’s name for what are we living?”
John Hope, black professor at Roger Williams University, 1896
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE
1887 U.S. gains control over Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and Pogo Pogo, Samoa
1889 Oklahoma opened to white settlers
1890 Territory of Oklahoma established by Congress
Congress establishes Yosemite Valley as a national park
Massacre at Wounded Knee
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
First Pan-American Conference in Washington
National-American Woman Suffrage Association formed
1891 The Court of Private Land Claims
11 Italian prisoners lynched in New Orleans
1892 Sierra Club founded by John Muir
230 deaths of black men by lynching
First national convention of Populist party
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE
1893 Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History”
September 16, 100,000 people claimed 6.5 million acres in Oklahoma Territory
Immigration Restriction League launches campaign to impose literacy test on incoming aliens
Western Federation of Miners founded
National depression hits
Laws protecting women and ending child labor
1895 Encyclopedia Britannica first published
United States v. E.C. Knight
Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Company
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
National Association of Colored Women
McKinley wins Presidency over Bryan
1897 Peary returns from Arctic accompanied by 6 Eskimos
1898 Commodore Dewey sinks Spanish ships in Manila Bay
U.S. declares war on Spain
Hawaii annexed
Rough Riders and San Juan Hill
1899 U.S. fights war against Filipino rebels
White Man’s Union
1900 Between 1890 and 1900, 3 million immigrants entered the United States
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CONFLICT Overview
Frontiers at Home, Lost and FoundThe Search for AlliancesAmerican Imperialism
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
FRONTIERS AT HOME, LOST AND FOUND
Exceptionalism: the idea that its individualism and democratic values make the US unique among nations.Turner’s thesis: “The Significance of the Frontier in
American History”
The need to assimilate and Americanize certain groups of people and to tighten systems of legal discrimination against others
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Claiming and Managing the Land
1889: unoccupied lands opened to settlers, “Sooners”, and to oil developers
The government oversaw the land:Court of Private Land Claims, USDA, Weather Bureau,
Division of Road Inquiries, Division of Biological SurveyNational Parks are created
Yosemite, Mount Rainier, GlacierSierra Club founded by John Muir
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Indian Territory and the State of Oklahoma, 1885-1907
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Tyranny of Racial Categories
Factors in new obsession with raceColonization brings whites face to face with dark
skinned people“New Immigration” from eastern EuropeViolence along the US-Mexican borderResistance of African Americans and Indians to
authority of white people
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Establishing “racial” categories
Encyclopedia Britannica lists physical characteristics allegedly distinguishing the races
Democrats in the South impose voting restrictions on African AmericansLiteracy requirements, poll taxes, “grandfather clauses”
1896: Plessy v. Ferguson: separate but equalLynching:
1892: 230 black men lynched1891: 11 Italian prisoners lynched in New Orleans
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
New Roles for Schools
Schools separated into particular groups“Industrial Education Movement”: School as
vehicle for vocational training evoking different reactions from black leaders:Booker T. WashingtonW.E.B. DuBois and John Hope
Catholic Schools
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Connections Between Consciousness and Behavior
The “interior” frontierWilliam James, Principles of Psychology (1890)
and The Will to Believe (1897)Henry James-William’s brother and novelist
Encounters and clashes between European and American elites
Stephan Crane, The Red Badge of Courage (1894) reality and human psychology
Kate Chopin, The Awakening (1899) gender roles
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
THE SEARCH FOR ALLIANCES
Class ConflictRise and Demise of the PopulistsBarriers to a U.S. Workers’ Political
MovementChallenges to Traditional Gender
Roles
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Class ConflictThe Pension Act and The Sherman Silver Purchase
Act Strikes and violenceHomestead Plant
Armed workers battled with detectives from Pinkerton: 10 deadAmalgamated Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers union brokenWorkforce and wages reduced
Union organizing stymied by hatredProtestants vs. Roman Catholics, Irish vs. English,
Europeans vs. Mexicans and Chinese
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Class Conflict
1892: mine owners in Idaho form “protective assocation”: miners and and troops clashed
Populist party emerged as a national forceFirst national convention in 1892Depression of 1893
Coxey’s Army marched on Washington to petition Congress
United States v. E.C. Knight and Pollock v. Farmer’s Loand and Trust Company: big business favored
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Demise of the Populists
1896: William Jennings Bryan nominatedMcKinley outspends Bryan and uses slogan: “In
God we trust, in Bryan we bust”The Populist decline after election; and even with
intense class conflicts, no viable worker’s party emerges
Unlike movements in Europe, ethnic, racial, and religious prejudices play major role in preventing a socialist movement in U.S.
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Barriers to a U.S. Workers’ Political Movement
Large influx of immigrants—competition for jobsWhite Protestants won advantage in workplace —
exclusion based on racial and ethnic groundsMechanization and technological development impeded
across-industry alliancesGeographic mobility“Winner take all” principle
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Challenges to Traditional Gender Roles
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the NAWSAThe General Federation of Women’s ClubsNational Association of Colored WomenRamabai CirclesEmma Goldman: sexual liberation and rights
of workersCharlotte Perkins Gilman
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
AMERICAN IMPERALISM
Cultural Encounters with the ExoticInitial Imperialist VenturesThe Spanish-American-Cuban-
Filipino War of 1898Critics of Imperialism
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Cultural Encounters with the Exotic
Fascination in America for exotic artifacts and images
Robert Perry and Greenland Eskimos: Qisuk and son, Minik
Chicago’s Columbian ExpositionArtists: Frederic Edwin Church, John
Singer-Sargent, Eric Pape
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Initial Imperialist Ventures
Mahan: The Influence of Seapower in History, 1660-1763
US control over Pearl Harbor and Pago Pago1890: Washington DC hosts first Pan-
American Conference May 1, 1898: Dewey sinks Spanish ships in
Manila BayRoosevelt, Rough Riders, and San Juan HillCuba: The Platt AmendmentPhilippine Islands owned by U.S.
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Hawaii
1887: U.S. in Pearl HarborHawaiian sugar shipped duty free to StatesMcKinley Tariff of 1890
1893: planters and U.S. Marines depose Queen Liliuokalani
President Cleveland honors Hawaiians request not to be annexed
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War of 1898
1895: Cuban nationalists staged an uprising against Spanish
Publishers Hearts and Pulitzer engaged in “yellow journalism” stirring up war
April, 1898: McKinley asked Congress to declare war on SpainTeller Amendment
Dewey in the Philippines: Manila Bay, May 1st, 1898 and Manila taken in August
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
War of 1898 continued
July 7, 1898: Hawaiian’s granted U.S. citizenship rights and official U.S. territory in 1900
July: Roosevelt’s Rough Riders’ and Black regiments’ victorious charges
August 12, 1898: Spain signs armistice Platt Agreement: guarantees U.S. influence over Cuba Philippines bought for $20 million Filipino rebels fight with U.S. for 2 years until 1901 China open for trade; Boxer Rebellion quelled by Germans,
Japanese, British, French, and Americans
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Critics of Imperialism
Mark Hanna, New York financier labels Roosevelt a “madman” The Anti-Imperalist League
Mark Twain Samuel Gompers Andrew Carnegie
Sumner and Social Darwinism Immigrants back Imperialism to claim Americanness 1900: McKinley and Roosevelt take White House