2006 Nobel Prize in Physics 諾貝爾物理獎通俗演講 初見宇宙種子、萬物之源 ...
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2006 Nobel Prize in Physics 諾貝爾物理獎通俗演講 初見宇宙種子、萬物之源
於宇宙太古照片中尋找萬物起源的蛛絲馬跡
Je-An Gu ( 顧哲安 )National Center for Theoretical Sciences (NCTS)
2006/11/28 @ CYCU* Many thanks to Prof. K-W. Ng ( 吳建宏 ) for providing many of the slides.
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2006 Nobel Prize in Physics (brief report)
History of 20th-Century Cosmology
Modern Cosmology (basics)
Story about COBE (Smoot’s view)
CONTENTS
Outlook
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(from: Nobelprize.org)
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Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)( relic photons of Hot Big Bang )
opaquetransparent
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Last Scattering Surface
a snap shot of early universe
( http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov )
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2006John MatherGeorge Smoot
1978Arno PenziasRobert Wilson
Plus many other observations
AT&T Bell
NASA
NASA
“泛黃” 宇宙太古照片(edited by Prof. Ng)
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Diffuse InfraRed Background Experiment (DIRBE)
Differential Microwave Radiometer
Far InfraRed Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS)
launched on Nov 18, 1989
(DMR)
(Cosmic Background Explorer)
(edited by Prof. Ng)
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Fig. 6. The first FIRAS result (Mather et al. 1990). Data had been accumulated during nine minutes in the direction of the northern galactic pole. The small squares show measurements with a conservative error estimate of 1%. The unit along the vertical axis is erg (cm s sr)1. The relation to SI units is 1 MJy sr 1 = 2.9979.107 erg (cm s sr) 1. The full line is a fit to the blackbody form.
( wavelength: 0.05 cm – 1 cm )
FIRAS(Mather)
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Fig. DMR results (Smoot et al. 1992, http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/ ) in galactic coordinates (horizontally longitude from + 180° to -180°, vertically latitude from +90° to -90°, centre approximately on the Milky Way centre. The data from the 53 GHz band (6 mm wavelength) showing the near uniformity of the CMB (top), the dipole (middle) and the quadrupole and higher anisotropies with the dipole subtracted (bottom). The relative sensitivities from top to bottom are 1, 100 and 100,000. The background from the Milky Way, not following a blackbody spectrum (visible as a horizontal red band in the bottom panel), hasnot been subtracted.
DMR(Smoot)
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Importance of COBE Observation
Found the seeds of the structures of our universe
Black-body nature of CMB
Support Hot Big Bang model
Cosmology: Science Fiction Experimental Science
(COBE: just a beginning)
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History of 20th-Century Cosmology
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One hundred years ago,
Evolution: Static ? Expanding ? Compositions:
? ?
Universe - Cosmic Structures: "ONE" Galaxy ? " " Galaxies ?
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1916 Einstein: General Relativity (basic framework for cosmology)
1917 Einstein: cosmology constant () (for static cosmo. model)
History of 20th-Century Cosmology
Albert Einstein
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1916 Einstein: General Relativity (basic framework for cosmology)
1917 Einstein: cosmology constant () (for static cosmo. model)
1924 Hubble: distance of Andromeda Nebula ~ 800,000 lyrs (outside our Milky Way galaxy) (galaxy)
History of 20th-Century Cosmology
Albert Einstein
Edwin Hubble
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One hundred years ago,
Evolution: Static ? Expanding ? Compositions:
? ?
Universe - Cosmic Structures: "ONE" Galaxy ? " " Galaxies ?
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1916 Einstein: General Relativity (basic framework for cosmology)
1917 Einstein: cosmology constant () – biggest blunder
1924 Hubble: distance of Andromeda Nebula ~ 800,000 lyrs (outside our Milky Way galaxy) (galaxy)
1910 Slipher (Lowell Observatory): redshift / blueshift of nebulae 1913 Andromeda: blueshift – 300 km/s 1913 – 1916 22 nebulae: redshift – 1000 km/s
History of 20th-Century Cosmology
1920s Hubble: measure distance of nebulae
1929 Hubble’s expansion law: v = H d (H: Hubble constant)
( http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov )
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1916 Einstein: General Relativity (basic framework for cosmology)
1917 Einstein: cosmology constant ()
1924 Hubble: distance of Andromeda Nebula ~ 800,000 lyrs (outside our Milky Way galaxy) (galaxy)
1910 Slipher (Lowell Observatory): redshift / blueshift of nebulae 1913 Andromeda: blueshift – 300 km/s 1913 – 1916 22 nebulae: redshift – 1000 km/s
1920s Hubble: measure distance of nebulae
1929 Hubble’s expansion law: v = H d (H: Hubble constant)
History of 20th-Century Cosmology
– biggest blunder
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1916 Einstein: General Relativity (basic framework for cosmology)
1917 Einstein: cosmology constant ()
1924 Hubble: distance of Andromeda Nebula ~ 800,000 lyrs (outside our Milky Way galaxy) (galaxy)
1910 Slipher (Lowell Observatory): redshift / blueshift of nebulae 1913 Andromeda: blueshift – 300 km/s 1913 – 1916 22 nebulae: redshift – 1000 km/s
1920s Hubble: measure distance of nebulae
1929 Hubble’s expansion law: v = H d (H: Hubble constant)
1927 – 1933 Lemaitre (priest @ Belgium): (prototype of Big Bang) “Hypothesis of Primordial Atom” (quantum)
History of 20th-Century Cosmology
– biggest blunder
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One hundred years ago,
Evolution: Static ? Expanding ? Compositions:
? ?
Universe - Cosmic Structures: "ONE" Galaxy ? " " Galaxies ?
NOT YET (stay tuned)
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(Hot) Big Bang Static Universe
Gamow Hoyle
(1950: create the name “Big Bang”)
1948 Hoyle ; Bondi & Gold: Model of static universe
Weakness:SingularityBeginning? Before Big Bang?Physics of early universe?
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Issue Origin and Abundance of Elements
1930s Bethe & others: Sun heated by nuclear fusion
1940s Gamow, Alpher, Herman: model of cooking elements based on Big Bang (Alpher, Bethe and Gamow, Physical Review)
1938 Weizsacher: Stars NOT hot enough to cook up elements There must be a very-high-temperature “fire ball”.
1940s Alpher & Gamow: temperature of Universe ~ 5K (CMB) (Unfortunately, there was NO technique of detecting CMB.) (forgotten)
History of 20th-Century Cosmology
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(Hot) Big Bang Static Universe
Age of Universe
Abundance of Elements
MatterDistribution
Temperatureof Universe
The profile of the present universe: not good enough.How about the look/photo of the early universe?
1.8109 years (too small) 1~21010 years (Baade)
H: ¾ , He: ¼ (heavier < 1%)Uniform distribution
(made by stars)(nonuniform distribution)
The earlier, the denser. constant in time
~ 5K(1960s 3.5K)
(1990s 2.73K)
(NA)
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1950s Ryle: radio nebulae – the further, the denser
1964 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson: CMB – mercy stroke 3.5 K “noise” / microwave background (wavelength: 7.35 cm) isotropy ; black body radiation
1960s (early) quasars (high redshift, even up to 3 or 4) -- indicating high-energy environment in the earlier time
Before mid-1960s Static Universe: dying
Winning of Big Bang
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Winning of Big Bang
AT&T Bell
Robert Wilson
Arno Penzias
(noise from “white insulator” ?)
( http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov )
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1964 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson: CMB – mercy stroke 3.5 K “noise” / microwave background (wavelength: 7.35 cm) isotropy ; black body radiation
Winning of Big Bang
May 21, 1965, Friday
Signals Imply a 'Big Bang' UniverseBy WALTER SULLIVAN Scientists at the Bell Telephone Laboratories have observed what a group at Princeton University believes may be remnants of an explosion that gave birth to the universe.
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One hundred years ago,
Evolution: Static ? Expanding ? Compositions:
? ?
Universe - Cosmic Structures: "ONE" Galaxy ? " " Galaxies ?
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1960s (late) T/T ~ 1/10 ? (If yes, easy to find.)
1980s regarding the origin of the density fluctuations (seeds) models: Inflation vs. Topological Defect
1980s Balloon exp’t , U-2 exp’t (e.g. Smoot): no T/T found Sensitivity of T/T : 104
Baryon dominated: T/T ~ 104
Dark Matter dominated: T/T down to <105
History of 20th-Century Cosmology
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Before COBE (1965-1990)
David Wilkinson @ Princeton George Smoot @ Berkeley
In Proceedings of the Workshop on Particle Astrophysics: Forefront Experimental Issues, December 1988, Berkeley, California
History of 20th-Century Cosmology(provided by Prof. K.W. Ng)
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1989/11/18 COBE launched (sensitivity: T/T < 105 )
1990 Jan. 1st Announcement (no T/T discovered) FIRAS (Mather): black body nature DMR (Smoot): dipole
History of 20th-Century Cosmology
Baryon dominated: T/T ~ 104
Dark Matter dominated: T/T down to <105
1992/4/23 (Wed.) Announcement: T/T discovered (l=1~20)
Supporting Big Bang !!
<1992 no T/T discovery announced (down to 105 ) (disappointment) (crisis of Big Bang?)
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COBE Discovery of T/T
1992/4/23 (Wed.) Announcement: T/T discovered (l=1~20)
Supporting Big Bang !!
Hawking: “the most important discovery”Smoot in 1992: Seeing a dust on a skating rink Seeing the oldest, largest structures Cosmo-Archeologist
Smoot in “Wrinkles in Time”:“我們在時間的組織中發現的皺紋是這永恆追尋過程中的一部份,而這個發現也是人類邁入宇宙學黃金年代的重要一步。忽然之間,一幅巨大拼圖的碎片開始合併了,暴脹理論愈形成立,而黑暗物質也呼之欲出了。我們對大爆炸理論的信念又重新點燃了,在漆黑的夜空、元素的組成和宇宙膨脹現象之外,這種萬物創始時留下的餘暉成了另一個我們所知構成今日宇宙之方法。宇宙的創造力就是它最強而有力的力量,他隨著時間創造出星球和星雲之類的結構,到最終,創造了我們。皺紋就是這創造力的核心,它能從一片均勻中創造出結構來。”
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Modern Cosmology
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Avishai Dekel, SSI2003
Accelerating !?(Dark Energy)
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One hundred years ago,
Evolution: Static ? Expanding ? Compositions:
? ?
Universe - Cosmic Structures: "ONE" Galaxy ? " " Galaxies ?
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Rocky Kolb, SSI 2003
?
?= 0.22
= 0.73
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Anti-gravity
Extra Gravity
Energy ?or Geometry? Matter ?
Particle ?or Field?
QCDInteraction
Dark Energy73%
Baryon5%
Nonbaryonic Dark Matter22%
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The 95% of the energy in our universe is beyond our understanding !!
What we understand contributes only
5% !!
Known? Unknown!
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Great Achievement !!
20th Century
~ End of Physics !? BUT
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Only 5% !!
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Present your understanding when you understand;
recognize your not understandingwhen you don't understand;
that's the true meaning of understanding.
- By Confucius
5%
95%
知之為知之,不知為不知,是知也。
-論語為政篇
Known? Unknown!5% 95%
(Analects of Confucius)
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Known? Unknown!
Great Puzzles
New Revolution !!?
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Story about COBE
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1974 – satellite observatory
1986/1/28 Challenger (space shuttle) explosion (7 dead)1986/4/18 Titan 34Ds (rocket) explosion1986/5/4 Delta rocket failure
Story about COBE
1976 COBE proposal
Original plan: launch in late 1988, carried by space shuttle
Accidents!!!
Later plan: launch in 1989, carried by Delta rocket (1/2 smaller),
(one more accident)1989/10/17 Earthquake (7.1) hit north California (60 dead)
1989/11/18 COBE launched (sensitivity: T/T < 105 )
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1989/11/18 COBE launched (sensitivity: T/T < 105 )
<1992 no T/T discovery announced (down to 105 ) (disappointment)(crisis of Big Bang?)
1990 Jan. 1st Announcement (no T/T discovered) FIRAS (Mather): black body nature DMR (Smoot): dipole
History of 20th-Century Cosmology
1992/4/23 (Wed.) Announcement: T/T discovered (l=1~20)
Supporting Big Bang !!
1991 Mar. Found T/T : quadrupole1991 Oct. Found T/T distribution in the sky (l=1~20)
1991 Nov.–Dec. Exp’t @ South Pole (Smoot broke down.) -- pinning down the noise from the Milky Way
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Outlook
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2006John MatherGeorge Smoot
1978Arno PenziasRobert Wilson
Plus many other observations
AT&T Bell
NASA
NASA
“泛黃” 宇宙太古照片 (CMB Milestones)(edited by Prof. Ng)
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Post-COBE
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CTl
CTEl
NASA WMAP Data & Cosmological Parameters 2002
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Balloon-borne bolometer
AMiBACBIDASIVSACAPMAPBoomerangMaxipolBICEPQUAD
Interferometer
Radiometer
Bolometer
Timbie 02
Mauna LoaChileSouth PoleTenerifePrincetonSouth PoleNew MexicoSouth PoleSouth Pole
NASA WMAP launched in 6/20011st year data 2/20033rd year data 3/20060.2o l<1000
AMiBA at Mauna LoaTaiwan, Australia, USA
Ongoing CMB Experiments (edited by Prof. Ng)
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SPOrt aboard the International Space Station 7o l<20
ESA Planck 20070.2o l<1000
NASA Inflation Probe(Beyond Einstein Program)
Large-format radiometer arrays
Large-format bolometer arrays: South Pole Telescope Atacama Cosmology Telescope Polarbear
Future CMB Space Missions & Experiments(edited by Prof. Ng)
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2006John MatherGeorge Smoot
1978Arno PenziasRobert Wilson
Plus many other observations
AT&T Bell
NASA
NASA
“泛黃” 宇宙太古照片 (CMB Milestones)(edited by Prof. Ng)
Winning of Big Bang model
Cosmology: Experimental Science
Cosmology Precision Cosmology
?