2004Dr.Hamda Qotba1

Proposal writing

By Dr. Hamda Qotba ,B.Med.Sc, M.D, ABCM

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What are the main components?

• Title• Introduction

• Rationale• Aim• Objectives

• Methodology• Results • Discussion • Recommendations

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Stages of research process

• Selecting a problem

• Formulate hypothesis

• Reviewing the literature

• Constructing research design

• Analysis of data

• Generating conclusions

• Writing proposal

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Basic guidelines

• Priority health problems

• Simple, low cost, yield practical results

• Influence policy, improve services, improvement of community health

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How and what to select?• Relevance• Avoidance of duplication• Feasibility• Political acceptability• Applicability• Interest • Theoretical and practical value• Time frame

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Title

• Subject of study

• Where?

• When? Title

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Introduction • Define the nature of the problem• Demographic background

• Geographic sitting• Community size• Related health services

• Information related to the study (literature review)

• Rationale (purpose to carry out the study)• Aim (General)• Objectives

• SMART

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Methodology

• Detailed like cook book• Achieve the objective• Follow Islamic teaching and moral

ethics

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Methodology contents• Character of sample

population• Study type • Sample size

determination• Sampling technique • Case definition

• Selection and exclusion criteria

• Tools and source of data collection

• Validity and reliability• Statistical methods

• Package and tests

• Pilot study• When, where, and how?

• Limitations

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study design

results and conclusion

data analysis

data collection

pilot study

study sample study variables

study question

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Research question (FINER)• Feasible

–Adequate number of subject, money

• Interesting• Novel

–To confirm or refute findings

• Ethical• Relevant

–To clinical or health policy, future research

•Comparison•Risk factor•Association

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Study design • Case series

• Define a problem

• Survey• Describe a population

• Case- Control• Compare cases to controls

• Cohort • Follow exposed subject

• Randomized Clinical trial• Expose and follow

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Subjects

Population of interest

Study sample

• Inclusion criteria• Main characteristics of the population

• Exclusion criteria• Individuals that complicate the study

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Sampling strategies • Random sampling

• Every individual has the same chance of being

chosen

• Systematic sampling

• Every Nth individual is chosen

• Stratified sampling

• Population divided into subgroups (strata) and

each subgroup randomly sampled

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• Cluster sampling• Population divided into subgroups

and some of subgroup randomly selected then sampled

• Convenience sampling• You take what you can get

Sampling strategies

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How to select appropriate statistical test

• Type of variables• Quantitative (blood pres.)• Qualitative (gender)

• Type of research question• Association• Comparison• Risk factor

• Data structure • Independent• Paired• matched

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• Types of variables•Quantitative

»Continuous (age, blood pres.)»Discrete( number of brothers, years)

•Qualitative »Categorical ( blood groups, gender) »Ordinal (educational level, stage of disease)

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Body of research question Association of 2 variable(dep, indep)

Spearman Correlation linear Regression

QuantitativeQuantitative

2 out come T test

3+out come ANOVAcategoricalQuantitative

Log. regressionQuantitativecategorical

chi-squarecategoricalcategorical

Test Types of variable

Dependent independent

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Comparing (difference) variables

chi-square

Kruskal wallis

ANOVA

McNemarchi-square*

Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney

Paired T testT testQuantitative

Ordinal

Categorical

Number of independent variable

2 groups paired data >2groups

Variable

* When 1 of the cells have <5 in expected fischer exact

When 1 of the cells have <5 in observed yats correction

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Looking for Risk Factor

Linear, log regressionquantitativequantitative

ANOVAcategoricalquantitative

Multiple log. Regression

categoricalcategorical

Test Types of variables

Dependent several indepen.