Athens

The candidature enjoys excellent support from the different levels of government and

the parliamentary opposition parties, expressed in declarations and guarantees. 96.4% of the city population support the bid and the cultural and business communities as well as other areas of society provide support and expertise. The sports concept is based on two main competition areas. These are located 15 and 25 minutes respectively from the Olympic Village and, along with most of the other competition venues are linked with the ring road system. In total, 39 competition sites are planned, of which 29 already exist. Some of the venue plans (e.g. The Faliron Sports Complex), and other sports related questions should be elaborated in more detail in close cooperation with the sports authorities. An existing stadium will be updated to host the 1997 World Athletics Championships and would be used as an 80,000 seat Olympic Stadium. A tunnel connects separate warm-up venues to the Olympic Stadium. The marathon would start on the historic site of Marathon and finish in the original marble 1896 Olympic Panathenaic Stadium, providing a unique ambience and a site of historic significance. An excellent Olympic sports centre, 15 minutes from the Olympic Village, will provide very good conditions for athletes in the 4 aquatic disciplines, as well as tennis, track cycling, athletics, basketball and artistic gymnastics. Basketball will be held in two existing halls 15 and 25 minutes respectively from the Olympic Village. Both venues, with their ample support areas such as warm up zones and medical facilities, have been used for top-level basketball competitions and offer 15,000 and 18,000 seats respectively. The 5,000 seat velodrome is an excellent facility offering a high quality track and good support facilities for athletes, coaches and officials. The facility has hosted a number of World Cup events. The 4 aquatic disciplines will be hosted in two adjacent pools. Swimming, synchronised swimming and water polo finals will be held in the 10,000 seat outdoor pool. Water polo preliminaries and diving will be held in the 4,500 seat indoor pool. The 1991 European Championships were hosted in this venue which, in addition to offering excellent competition conditions, has good on-site warm up and training facilities. Artistic gymnastics will take place in the 15,000 seat Olympic sports hall. A contemporary facility, it provides very good conditions for competitors and media and the sight lines for spectators are excellent. A well conceived multi-purpose complex, 25 minutes from the Olympic Village, would provide 6 halls and host 7 sports. Fencing (8,000 seats) and taekwondo (10,000 seats) would share one venue, while judo (8,000 seats) and handball (8,000 seats) another. Wrestling (8,000 seats), volleyball (2 halls with 10,000 and 15,000 seats respectively) and boxing (10,000 seats) each would have their own venue. The site offers good training and competition services, a good mix of other amenities such as catering, common areas and lounges for spectators and the media. It is proposed to hold the hockey competitions 25 minutes from the Olympic Village. Further study should be undertaken with regard to the stands, specifically with respect to the spectator sight lines of the first stadium, and the warm-up pitch.

Planning for the rowing and canoeing course is in the preliminary stages and will only be completed after the result of the environmental impact study is known. Weightlifting competitions would be held in a newly - constructed 5,000 seat venue 25 minutes from the Olympic Village. Athletes, spectators and media would enjoy good conditions due to the thorough planning for the competition, warm-up areas and general facilities. After the Games the venue would leave a legacy for weightlifting, a very popular sport in Greece. The Olympic Village is to be situated on 83 hectares of land. Forming part of a future city housing project, it is located 30 minutes from the city centre. The buildings are to be 4-5 storeys high. Consultation with athletes and sports officials has ensured that the restaurants, transportation services - which include an internal non-polluting transport system - training facilities adjacent to the residential zone, common area facility designs and room plans, will provide high quality services and living conditions. The Commission was informed that Greek law makes provision for the necessary expropriation of approximately 40 hectares of land for the construction of the Olympic Village. Government efforts in the transport and energy sectors have shown positive results in alleviating the serious air pollution problems. A considerable reduction in air pollution levels by 2004 is forecast given the implementation of further control measures. This reduction is fundamental since, according to available statistics, there is a significant possibility of high temperatures (approximately 40°C) that could lead to high pollution levels during the period of the Games. The proposed environmental programme is tied in with government land-use and infrastructure plans. It also aims at creating environment - friendly venues focusing on solar and energy-saving technologies and construction materials. However, for a successful realisation of the programme, it would be crucial to improve co-operation and consultation, in particular between the OCOG and NGOs . Venues planned at sensitive locations such as the Faliron coastal zone and the rowing and canoeing venue need to undergo further environmental studies. Impact assessments will have to be carried out. All technology infrastructure and services required for the Games should be completed on time and be of high quality. This is supported by the investment of the European Community Support Framework II (ECSF II) in the infrastructure of the public sector and the training of employees in the management of information technology. Between 1996 and 2000 this investment will total US$ 6 billion. Accommodation for the Olympic Family and sponsors will be provided in the 6,076 existing 4-5 star hotel rooms, as well as in 2,000, 5 star quality rooms on cruise ships at the two coastal areas. The government is committed to spending US$ 200 million in subsidies to upgrade existing hotels in Athens so that quality can match quantity. 2,000 of the media will be housed in 4 and 5 star hotel rooms; 4,000 in 3 star hotel rooms; 6,000 in 2 star hotel rooms and 2,500 in media villages located within 20-25 minutes of two of the competition sites. Judges and referees will be accommodated in 4 and 5 star hotel rooms located, where possible, within 20-25 minutes of their respective sports venues. Athens presently has significant problems with airport access and transportation within the city. However, major projects are proposed and already underway to alleviate this

situation. Construction has begun on a new international airport 30 km from the city centre, which is scheduled for completion in 2000. Extensive additions and improvements to the metro system are well underway, with US$ 1.5 billion already allocated for the completion of this project in 2000. Significant road improvements are underway, including two major new roads which have been approved and budgeted. One will link the new airport with the city centre and the other will complete the city ring road. Transportation during the Games will be facilitated through the use of dedicated lanes and restrictions in the use of private vehicles. The present plan for media transportation provides challenges due to their accommodation in dispersed hotels. The main media centre will be situated in one of the two Olympic areas within walking distance of the Olympic Stadium. The IBC and MPC are in two separate buildings, within walking distance of each other. Six existing buildings will be renovated to house the MPC. The International Exhibition Centre, currently under construction, will house the IBC with working space rental cost of between US$ 500-550 per m2. A dedicated shuttle bus service and a car pool will be provided for the convenience of the media to and from the main media centre, and the venues. The candidature offers a creative education programme with extensive opportunities for young people to participate in the activities of the International Olympic Academy in Olympia and the youth camp, which would be organised in a beautiful and convenient location 25 minutes from the Olympic Village. The many cultural events and the Olympic torch relay, connecting many historic and symbolic sites in Greece, the birth place of the Olympic Games, would greatly enhance the overall Olympic festival.

The OCOG and non-OCOG budgets are well pre p a red and appear to be feasible. On the re venue side of the OCOG budget, it will take great efforts to achieve the US$ 285 million budgeted for local sponsorship and official suppliers. The Commission was advised that these figures include anticipated contributions from the international Greek community. The US$ 235 million budgeted for lottery income is guaranteed by the relevant authorities. The budgeted amount of US$ 200 million for ticket sales should be re c o n s i d e red with regard to the relatively high average ticket price (US$ 40). The estimated cost of capital investments, in particular the US$ 144.9 million for the Faliron coastal zone, appears to be on the low side. The bid committee has provided detailed and extensive guarantees, including financial ones, covering all aspects related to the staging of the Games.

Buenos Aires

The candidature enjoys the full support of the different levels of government, the

respective main opposition parties, the NOC and the other sports authorities. 86.8% of the population is aware of the candidature and a representative city poll shows that 70.8% of those are in favour of the Olympic Games. The general sports concept offers excellent opportunities for the organisation of the Games. The vast majority of the competition sites and all other facilities are located in the green Olympic Corridor area on the border between the city and the Rio de la Plata. The travel time for athletes from the Olympic Village to their respective competition sites within this Olympic Corridor varies between 5 and 30 minutes by an “Olympic Avenue” reserved exclusively for Olympic traffic. This concept is unique. Its potential should be fully exploited in close co-operation between all experts concerned and the sports authorities in particular. The already existing 60,000 seat River Plate Stadium, built for the 1978 Football World Cup, would be converted into a 65,000 seat Olympic Stadium, situated within the Olympic Corridor. A project to establish a warm-up track and field adjacent to the stadium is under way. The rowing and canoeing course is located on an alleviating channel in Tigre, 40 minutes from the Olympic Village. Its realisation poses several technical challenges (control of current, tide, sedimentation and pollution) which need further study. The bid committee has another option on a course to be built within walking distance from the Olympic Village. If the serious environmental concerns related to this site can be resolved, this venue, in the Olympic Corridor, would offer very good conditions for the athletes as well as excellent exposure and a great legacy for these two sports. The plan to stage the mountain biking event in Mar del Plata, more than 4 hours away from Buenos Aires, should be reconsidered. Equestrian events will take place in three existing venues within walking distance of each other. They provide beautiful facilities and surroundings for the participants, spectators and media. Stables for more than 1,000 horses and other amenities make these venues excellent for Olympic competition. The athletes for the sport of archery will enjoy the same amenities that this site offers with their own training and competition venue, seating approximately 5,000. Football would enjoy favourable conditions for both male and female competitors, with men’s finals to be held in the Boca Juniors Stadium, seating approximately 38,000, and women’s finals to be held at the Velez Sarsfield Stadium, seating approximately 37,000, both located within the city. Both stadiums offer very good conditions although the capacity for the men’s final may be insufficient. Tennis players would benefit from an excellent facility on the grounds of an established lawn tennis club within the Olympic Corridor 15 minutes from the Olympic Village. This venue offers an overall seating capacity of approximately 24,000 including a centre court with 12,000 seats and on-site training courts. There are an additional 25 training courts available within the Olympic Corridor. The judo and artistic gymnastics competitions would share an historic venue within the

Olympic Corridor, 15 minutes from the Olympic Village. Both sports would enjoy a 15,000 seat fully renovated and well-equipped facility offering good conditions and an attractive setting for athletes, spectators and the media. Triathlon athletes would compete at an attractive location within the Olympic Corridor offering well-designed courses with good spectator access and viewing capacity of 35,000. Beach volleyball will be located 10 minutes from the Olympic Village on the waterfront in an existing and extensive recreational park. This attractive venue, seating 15,000, offers excellent services and amenities for athletes, spectators and the media. Two competition courts and 5 on-site training courts will provide good conditions for the athletes and a legacy for this sport. The yachting venue is in an excellent location, five minutes from the Olympic Village and medium to strong winds can be expected. There is good race visibility from the shore. The existing building for organisation and media could be expanded to meet Olympic requirements. The Olympic Village will be located on 19 hectares on the banks of the Rio de la Plata offering a quiet environment for the athletes close to the city centre. The buildings will be predominately 4 storeys high. The Commission notes, however, that three towers, partly used for residences, will have 30 storeys. The number of restaurants located inside the residential zone, an internal non-polluting electric train system and the overall room designs offer comfortable, environmentally friendly convenient facilities for the athletes. Overall, the Buenos Aires sports plan will have low impact on the natural environment. The Commission took note of the confidence of the candidature committee that the environmental concerns raised by NGOs over the use of Palermo Park could be overcome if properly addressed. The proposed environmental programme is realistic and could leave a good legacy for the city. To achieve this, however, strong government and OCOG coordination is necessary and NGO involvement is essential. The water pollution problems which exist for yachting and the proposed rowing/canoeing venue could be alleviated if the planned government sewage clean-up programme is implemented. According to the available statistics, during the proposed period of the Olympic Games from 23rd September to 10th October, there is a possibility of rain during some days and/or temperatures of approximately 10°C. The candidature committee has indicated that accommodation capacity in Buenos Aires would have to be expanded in order to host the Olympic Games. A city plan exists which would increase hotel capacity by 50-70%. Fourteen hotels are now under construction and four will be completed in 1997. One of the projects, already approved by the government, will provide for 1,600 additional 3-5 star hotel rooms. The Olympic Family and 3,000 members of the media will be housed in the 7,200 available 4 and 5 star hotel rooms. The balance of the media will be housed in 2,100, 3 star hotel rooms, 1,400, 2 star hotel rooms, 500 one star hotel rooms and 1,800 in other types of accommodation such as apartments. Approximately 80% of existing and future planned hotels are within 15 minutes of the

Olympic Corridor. In addition, Buenos Aires has some experience with cruise ships and, with improvements to the harbour areas, could make available to the sponsors, the media and spectators approximately 10,000 rooms on cruise ships. The judges and referees will be housed in a village with 3-4 star equivalent rooms up to a maximum of 30 minutes from their sport venues. The plans for the judges and referees village are in concept form and more specific details are under review. Buenos Aires has a good internal transportation infrastructure for a city of its size. Improvements to both roads and rail systems are ongoing. The Olympic Corridor concept and the exclusive use of the proposed Olympic Avenue would facilitate transportation for the Olympic Family. The international airport needs major improvements in both facilities and equipment. The infrastructure for telecommunications is good and existing communication systems are advanced. The required improvements to stage the Olympic Games involve upgrading of existing capacity and implementing the different systems needed for planning and operations. The IBC and MPC will be situated in a very good location within walking distance of the Olympic Stadium and other major sports venues. The total floor space is approximately 102,000 m2. IBC floor rental space will be US$ 449 per m2. Dedicated transportation will be provided to meet requirements to and from media accommodations and the main media centre as well as between various venues. The cultural programme contains a strong environmental element. It provides for a torch relay to pass through all countries in South America and the Antarctica as well as involving volunteers from other South American countries in the organisation of the Games. The educational programme aimed at promoting Olympic values among school children would enhance the efforts already made by the NOC. Generally, both the OCOG and non-OCOG budgets appear to be conservative. However, some of the estimates for the construction and/or the refurbishing of sports facilities such as the shooting venue (US$ 2.6 million) and the velodrome (US$ 7.4 million) appear to be on the low side. Some of the items on the operations side, in particular the operation costs of the Olympic Village (US$ 38 million) might have to be increased. All financial commitments undertaken by the OCOG are guaranteed by a special law unanimously approved in December 1996 by both Chambers of the National Congress. The major issues related to the staging of the Games are properly covered by relevant guarantees. The candidature committee and the NOC have already signed a contract which settles the essentials of a marketing agreement between a future OCOG and the NOC.

Cape Town

Having just recently overcome the apartheid system, South Africa now finds itself in a

transition period with its relevant social, political, and economic implications. In presenting the candidature, the bid committee wishes to contribute to the “task of national recovery (which) continues far into the future”. It estimates the Olympic Games would increase employment by “90,000 person years” thus easing the “need for jobs, housing and general educational and social advancement which is so pressing”. (Source: candidature file). Furthermore, the candidature and political authorities believe that the Games will help integrate the different communities, thereby unifying the South African nation through sport. The government fully supports the candidature and its aims. The extent of public support for the candidature is difficult to assess. There have been several newspaper surveys. The results are inconclusive. Opponents to the candidature who expressed that they are not against the Olympic Games themselves or hosting the Olympic Games in South Africa, consider a candidature for 2004 as premature, indicating that other priorities should prevail. The general concept for the organisation of the Games is very well thought out making particular use of the expertise of the business community. There is, in several areas, impressive depth of analysis and planning which even could be improved more by closer cooperation with sports experts. The general sports concept includes competition sites in 22 locations. Some of these sites as well as a number of training sites have been located in areas selected to help development. Most of them are within 30 minutes of the single Olympic Village which is in the Olympic Park, along with the Olympic Stadium and 6 additional competition sites. The 75,000 seat Olympic Stadium would be constructed within walking distance of the Olympic Village, thus enabling the athletes to proceed directly from the Village to the Opening and Closing Ceremonies. The rowing and canoeing course would be within the Olympic Village, well oriented with regard to the prevailing winds. The material extracted from the course would be used for the construction of the Olympic Stadium and the Olympic Village which would reduce the overall cost and be an environmentally satisfactory way of utilising the quarry. The two sports would have a very good facility, receive excellent exposure and it would leave a great legacy. However, the proposed location of the venue integrated in the Olympic Village raises certain concerns such as security, noise, access and accreditation which require further consideration. The Cape Town Exhibition Centre, 15 minutes from the Olympic Village, has two halls with 15,000 and 10,000 seats respectively. Artistic gymnastics, indoor volleyball preliminaries, handball and basketball finals will be held in this venue. The plans include onsite warm-up areas and the necessary amenities for good conditions for the athletes. Indoor volleyball finals are to be held in the Metro Entertainment Centre. However, the

Commission has been informed that consideration is being given to move the finals to the Cape Town Convention Centre, the site for weightlifting and wrestling 10 minutes from the Olympic Village. The construction of this site is dependent on a casino license for which tendering is underway. The Commission was informed that the terms in the tender should ensure that the casino will not detract from the Olympic atmosphere and that good conditions for the Olympic competitions would be provided. Further details need to be elaborated. Boxing will take place in a new 10,000 seat facility, 25 minutes from the Olympic Village which will provide a very good legacy for the youth of one of Cape Town’s developing areas. The plans for the venue including the warm-up areas, services and amenities and ease of access will provide good conditions for the athletes, media and spectators. Yachting will be held at a coastal area 50 minutes from the Olympic Village. The location offers strong, steady winds. The Navy Base will collaborate, lending organisational experience. The conditions for the athletes will be very good and enhanced if the issue of athletes having to cross the public zone from the changing rooms to go to the boats can be solved. The access for spectators needs to be considered. Track cycling will take place at an existing track of international standard. There are plans to cover the 6,000 seat spectator stands in time to host the 1997 Junior Track World Championships. The velodrome is within 15 minutes of the Olympic Village. The road races will be held in an attractive, technically good course for Olympic athletes located 20 minutes from the Olympic Village. Hockey will take place at a recently constructed very good facility which will be extended with an extra stadium to meet the requirements for the competitions. The Olympic Village will be on 45 hectares within walking distance of the Olympic Stadium and 6 competition venues. The building units are of two types: 1,500 units in two to three storey buildings and 400 single storey dwellings. The revised plans for the Olympic Village are good generally, including an internal non-polluting transportation system and well located restaurants. Further study involving the athletes and sports officials, is required to ensure living conditions are consistent for athletes. The implications of the location of the rowing venue should be reviewed. The proposed environmental programme sets ambitious goals and covers a wide range of issues. The programme would involve a high degree of public participation and close co-operation b e t ween OCOG, NGOs and community organisations would be essential. The establishment of a national park is proposed. Environmental aspects are integrated in the venue plans. The location of some venues in underprivileged areas would bring in environmental infrastructure such as sewage and waste management. The effectiveness of this strategy to achieve environmental goals is disputed by some environment and community based organisations. Preliminary environmental studies have been carried out, indicating that some projects need further assessment. There are concerns over species and habitat protection and, at the rowing venue, the impact on important groundwater re s o u rces needs to be thoroughly researched .

According to the available statistics for weather conditions for the proposed period of the Olympic Games from 17th September to 3rd October, there is a probability of wind affecting some outdoor sports as well as temperatures of 10°C on some days. All levels of authority in the country are aware of and concerned about the serious crime situation the country is facing. However, through co-operation involving all responsible parties, significant plans and a detailed strategy have been developed in order to reduce crime and increase the level of safety and security. The full implementation of these plans over the coming years will be a challenge. The accommodation plan for Cape Town is based on the great potential the city development plan offers. It anticipates a 45% growth in hotel capacity by 2004. By way of example, one hotel chain alone will add 830 rooms by mid 1998. The Olympic Family will be housed in approximately 5,000 existing and future 4 and 5 star quality hotel rooms. The judges’ and referees’ village will be in an existing housing area for visiting parliamentarians and 80% of the rooms would be single occupancy. The media village, housing all media in 13,655 rooms, will be within 5 minutes from the IBC/MPC. All sponsors would be housed in either 4-5 star rooms on cruise ships in the harbour area very close to the Olympic Family hotel or in 4 and 5 star hotel rooms within the city. Cape Town has a good basic transportation infrastructure and the transportation plans are thorough and detailed. They demonstrate an impressive awareness of Olympic needs. However, many improvements are required, in particular to the airport and rail system. Implementation of the plan and improvements will require an expenditure of US$ 366 million over the next 7 years. The potential traffic congestion problem in the harbour and central business district, needs to be addressed. The main Media Centre is located approximately 15 minutes from the Olympic Stadium. Both the IBC and MPC will be housed in renovated railway repair buildings. The total floor space is approximately 100,000 m2. Rental charges will be USD$ 45 per m2 for the MPC and USD$ 500 per m2 for the IBC. A dedicated shuttle bus service linking the main Media Centre and the sports venues will be provided. The cultural and education plans of the Cape Town candidature are extensive. The torch relay, travelling throughout Africa, complements the bid committee’s desire to involve the entire African continent. Many varied cultural groups have been consulted in the planning and a great number of traditional art forms will be highlighted in the programme. The youth education programme “A Journey to Light the Sky” is very creative. The student ambassadors are enthusiastic and good promoters of the Olympic message. Cape Town’s financial plan demonstrates professional involvement and an in-depth approach. It provides ample reserves for contingencies in both the OCOG and non-OCOG budgets, thus demonstrating a basically conservative approach. Three revenue items , namely, local sponsorship (US $114 million) , ticket sales (US$ 183 million) and the coin programme (US$ 20 million), appear to be on the high side

and a fourth, lotteries (US$ 35 million) will require change in legislation. The implications of the plan to provide tickets to previously disadvantaged communities should be clarified. Expenditure estimates seem to be reasonable, however capital investment costs are quite low although apparently commensurate with current local construction costs. Although the non-OCOG budget basically takes into account only Olympic-related capital investments, it also includes visitor accommodations totalling US$ 453 million which, in many cases, will take place with or without the Games. The guarantees provided by the bid committee are, in general, detailed and precise. Due to the political changes, the country has to put in place new pieces of legislation. This has not yet been completed in all areas and might thus provide an opportunity for the Parliament to take some Olympic needs into consideration.

Istanbul

The bid is inspired by the desire to increase the involvement of Turkish young people in

sport and Olympism. The NOC fully supports and runs the bid. The Commission was presented with a city poll showing different target groups in support of he bid with figures of up to 96.2%. In many areas the realisation of the candidature committee’s projects depend on the Turkish Olympic Law. This law is unique in the world and has been approved by all political parties in 1992. It ensures the future of the Turkish Olympic Movement and its many exemplary sports and education programmes. With regard to the organisation, legal and financial requirements of the Olympic Games, the detailed implementation of this general law would need further clarification. The sports concept provides one main Olympic area with 16 sites and 8 additional areas. All, except the yachting venue, are located on the European side of the city. The main area, the Olympic Park, would be situated within 5 minutes of the single Olympic Village and includes an 80,000 seat Olympic Stadium for which a tender for design and construction is underway. Twelve of the other competition venues are within 60 minutes of the Olympic Village and seven are over 60 minutes away. 22 of the 34 competition sites will be new facilities leaving a strong legacy for sport. Only general plans for these sites have been provided at this time. They need to be further developed and the candidature indicated this will be done should the city be awarded the Games. The venues for boxing, taekwondo, fencing, table tennis, gymnastics and the other sports in the Olympic Park, will benefit from an excellent location and new facilities. Detailed plans have yet to be developed. Basketball would be held in two new venues 20 minutes from the Olympic Village. The main basketball arena will seat 17,500 and will provide good conditions for athletes, spectators and the media. The temporary expansion of the second arena from 1,500 to 8,000 seats seems to be ambitious. The proposed 15,000 seat stadium for wrestling would provide a solid foundation for the continued development of this very popular national sport. Judo will also take place at this site. Boxing with 10,000 seats is another of the sports that would enjoy favourable conditions in the proposed new Olympic Park. As with all other facilities in this area, more detailed plans are required. Mountain biking will take place in a natural setting 50 minutes from the Olympic Village offering many possibilities to select a technically challenging course. The location in a densely forested natural park gives rise to some environmental concerns. Tennis, archery and equestrian events will be organised at a sports and country club in a beautiful setting approximately 90 minutes from the Olympic Village. The existing hotel facilities could offer day accommodations. The facility provides restaurant and other amenities for all participants and spectators. However, road access to and within the site would have to be significantly improved for Olympic needs.

The indoor volleyball events will be held in two 15,000 seat venues, 25 minutes from the Olympic Village. One of the venues exists today and has hosted many international events in a variety of sports. The second will be located on the same site. The plans for the second venue are in a preliminary stage and could offer good conditions for the volleyball athletes. Yachting will be held in a location 50 minutes from the Olympic Village. It is also accessible by boat avoiding possible traffic congestion. The Laser European championships were held there in 1994. It offers the sailors reliable winds and a competition in full view of the city. The match races could be held in a bay providing a natural amphitheatre setting. The Olympic Village is planned in an ecologically sustainable city development. It would cover over 70 hectares. The buildings would be 10-20 storeys high. The Commission was presented with a conceptual outline which would have to be significantly elaborated with athletes and sports experts concerning such issues as the location of restaurants, internal transportation and the location of a subway station inside the village zone. The implications of the close connection of the Village with the judges’ and media villages, should be carefully considered with regard to the interests of the athletes. The environmental programme addresses important issues for Istanbul, especially in air and water quality, waste management and public transport services. The programme seeks to introduce environmental management practices and detailed measures in construction and public services. Information campaigns would aim at increased public environmental awareness. Private sector initiatives in recycling and soil conservation constitute important complementary efforts. However, the implementation of the programme depends on a financial plan and sufficient political endorsement. Istanbul has approximately 11,000 existing four and five star hotel rooms and an additional 6,000 either under construction or in the planning phase thus meeting the needs of the Olympic Family and sponsors. The world’s major hotel chains have invested in existing hotels and are part of the construction projects for the new hotels. The concentration of hotels in the city centre raises certain transportation concerns. A village concept, adjacent to the Olympic Village, is planned for 90% of the media and 75% of judges and referees. The balance of the media, judges and referees will be housed in 2, 3 and 4 star hotels within 10- 15 minutes of the sports venues. Further study and clarification are required to ensure the separation of the media from the judges and referees, as well as the provision of all necessary common services. The existing airport is inadequate for Olympic needs but tenders have been announced for the construction of a new international terminal to be completed in 2000. The many existing transportation problems in the city pose a major challenge to the organisation of the Games. The city is addressing these problems with plans for a new metro system, road improvements, expanded use of water transport and more efficient use of buses and minibuses. There is determination to carry out these improvements but detailed planning will be necessary to meet the challenges of an Olympic transportation system. In particular, an adequate shuttle system must be implemented around the venues in the Olympic Park in order to facilitate access by athletes, media and spectators. The venues are located away from the most congested areas but are not convenient for many of the hotel accommodations for spectators and media. The solution of transport problems

is made more challenging by the projected extraordinary growth of the city, more than twice that of the rest of the country. Both the IBC and MPC will be installed in the Istanbul World Trade Centre complex 20 minutes from the Olympic Stadium. The MPC will be accommodated in one of the existing exhibition buildings and the IBC in a new building with rent for basic working space of US$ 5-10 per m2 per day. This complex is located 20 minutes from the media village and within minutes of the international airport. The candidature presents an extensive Olympic education programme which has been designed and already implemented in cooperation with the existing Turkish NOC education programmes. This programme promotes, in particular, the positive values of sport and Olympism thus contributing significantly to the improvement of health and social behaviour of youth. Serious study has gone into the preparation of the candidature’s financial plans. Based on local conditions, they appear, in general, to be conservative. However, the construction costs (US$ 557.7 million or 36.3% of the total budget) which are vital to this bid, appear to be on the low side. Furthermore, the involvement of the government through the implementation of the Turkish Olympic Law is essential since US$ 475 million or 30.5% of total revenue is dependent on this source.

Lille

The bid enjoys the strong support of the population of Lille and of the region of the

Nord Pas de Calais, as confirmed in a city poll (86%). The city government of Lille, as well as 25 other communities involved in the candidature, the respective sports organisations and the regional business community are very supportive. One of the aims of the candidature is to promote and redevelop the region. To achieve this, while 13 of the sports are within 15 minutes of the city centre, the general sports concept is spread out creating complications for the organisation of the Games. There will be a main Olympic Village, two sub-villages, as well as some additional day accommodations. The main Olympic Village, the MPC, IBC and the media villages are located within the city of Lille itself. The 65,000 seat Olympic Stadium would be reconstructed from an existing 17,000 seat stadium by adding 18,000 permanent and 30,000 temporary seats. For Opening and Closing Ceremonies, the total number of spectators would be increased to 72,000 by a further addition of 7,000 temporary seats at field level. Rowing/canoeing, triathlon and beach volleyball competitions will take place to the northwest of Lille up to 70 minutes from the main Olympic Village, in the region of Pas de Calais. Road cycling and mountain biking will be held to the south-east, 100 minutes from the main Olympic Village. The athletes competing in these sports will be accommodated at a sub Olympic Village. Cycling athletes would benefit from Lille’s rich cycling tradition. The venue for the road events is part of an existing course for a race on the current international calendar. Several outdoor competitions such as rowing, canoeing, archery and shooting could be negatively affected by the wind conditions in the area. Basketball would enjoy excellent conditions in one of its two new proposed venues which will be a stunning architecturally designed stadium with a 20,000 seat capacity, 15 minutes from the Olympic Village. The plan to spread the equestrian competitions over three sites should be reconsidered, particularly since dressage could take place at the 3 day event site. The conditions for fencing would be very good. The existing Zenith Arena with 6,000 seats is 5 minutes from the main Olympic Village providing both the competitive venue and an additional 16 training pistes. The hockey athletes would enjoy good conditions with two competition stadiums (19,000 and 5,000 seats respectively) located within 10 minutes of the main Olympic Village with good access for athletes, spectators and the media and excellent spectator sight lines. For aquatics, two separate stadiums would be used. Swimming and synchronised swimming would be held in a venue to be constructed. The water polo and diving venue requires substantial alterations. Both facilities are within 10 minutes of the main Olympic Village.

The alterations to the pool are not scheduled to be completed before December 2003, thus making pre-Olympic competitions less likely. Both pools provide legacies for sport in densely populated areas of Lille. Table tennis will be held in a 10,000 seat newly-constructed sports complex 15 minutes from the main Olympic Village. The existing plans for the competition venue, the training areas, and other logistical requirements should be further developed. The exact location of the beach volleyball venue, proposed during the Commission’s visit, differs slightly from the one in the candidature file. The venue with two courts (10,000 and 5,000 seats respectively), both of which are temporary and are approximately 70 minutes from the Olympic Village, requires day accommodations. The location and financing of the day accommodation have to be clarified. Yachting would enjoy very good conditions with reliable strong winds. A well-equipped marina, to be built regardless of the Games, will require some modifications for Olympic competition. The race courses are visible from land and participants will have easy access. A sub-village will be provided. The Olympic Village will be constructed on a reclaimed railroad yard in a densely populated area less than 10 minutes from the city centre. It will cover an area of 30 hectares. A non-polluting internal transport system will be provided. The Village comprises buildings between 4 and 8 storeys high. However, approximately 4,000 beds will be in modular housing and the Commission could not clearly evaluate how equal living conditions will be provided in the permanent and modular houses. Since a subway line crosses the Olympic Village site and a highway is adjacent to it, it would be difficult to provide quiet living conditions for the athletes. Therefore, the Commission considers the successful implementation of the Olympic Village plan to be a challenge. The candidature has an enviable environmental programme targeting all areas influenced by the Olympics. It includes popular environmental measures which aim at increased green space and improved quality of life. The bid documents offer a detailed overview of the existing environmental situation and the measures to be taken. There is active involvement of the environmental non-governmental organisations. The World Resources Institute endorses the proposals, some of which have pilot projects already in place. Some agricultural land will be consumed by construction. Full impact assessments have yet to be conducted for all new venues and the Olympic Village. The accommodation plan is decentralised and presents a real challenge. 645 existing and 10,150 of the future planned 3-4 star hotel, village and cruise ship rooms are within 60 minutes of the city centre. 1,994 of the existing one and two star hotel rooms are also available in the city. The additional approximate 10,000 rooms required for the Olympic Family and media as well as spectators are located in Paris, Brussels, the south of England and other areas over 60 minutes from Lille. The judges and referees will be housed in 800, 2 star equivalent rooms in residences in the city. 7,200 rooms will be provided for the media in 2 and 3 star hotels, some of which will be over 60 minutes from the city. 600 rooms for the media will be provided on boats in the canals and cruise ships docked 60 to 90 minutes away. 7,200 rooms will be provided for the media in the well-located media villages.

Access by air to the region would be primarily by the international airports in Brussels, Paris and London, respectively 35 minutes, 50 minutes and 90 minutes from Lille by high speed train (TGV). In addition, charter flights may use the Lille-Lesquin airport, less than 15 minutes from the city centre. There is an elaborate regional transportation system in place with good roads and a high speed train network which provide excellent connections to major European cities. While the candidature committee has prepared a detailed and comprehensive plan, transportation during the Games will be a challenge due to the use of multiple airports for access, the distance to many of the venues and the demands on the city infrastructure of the buses and cars required to move the Olympic Family. In particular, the narrow streets in the old part of the city will pose problems in the implementation of the proposed shuttle bus system. To meet these challenges, the candidature proposes the extensive use of high speed and regular trains, public transport, motorways and large feeder car parks. Taking into account that Lille and its region have been chosen by the European Union for one of 6 pilot projects in information technology, the Games could benefit from innovative ideas such as an Olympic chip-card incorporating, in addition to its basic function as a ticket, other information such as reservations for transportation and accommodation. The existing Exhibition Hall will be converted for the MPC, and an annex to be built next to this hall will be converted for the use of the IBC. This main press centre is located less than 15 minutes from the Olympic Stadium. The rent for the basic working space for the IBC will be US$ 450 per m2 and MPC US$ 80 per m2. Dedicated shuttle bus transportation will be available to the main media centre from media village/hotels and also to the sports venues. A project to provide transportation between the sports venues needs further clarification. The candidature appears to be financially sound due to a conservative OCOG budget and to commitments by the different levels of government totalling approximately US$ 1.8 billion for investments or 68% of the total non-OCOG budget. The OCOG must be especially strong and capable if it is to ensure and oversee the commitments made by the many entities that will be involved in the construction and upgrading of sports facilities, the Olympic Village and the main media centre. The figures budgeted on the revenue side for ticket sales (US$ 253.1 million) and licensing (US$ 40.4 million) appear to be ambitious but could be achieved through a sophisticated sales operation. The budget for ticket sales should be reconsidered given the relatively high average price of US$ 42 per ticket. The coin programme, budgeted at US$ 15.4 million, is in the early stages of discussion. The joint marketing agreement with the NOC is under negotiation. The regulations for customs and immigration formalities should be further clarified (e.g. the removal of taxes on certain products, the ability of certain professionals to perform their Olympic functions and free movement of necessary goods).

Rio de Janeiro

One of the aims of the candidature is to contribute to overcoming social and

environmental problems in the city. The candidature committee is willing to serve as a catalyst for the efforts of non-governmental organisations in these areas. The people of Rio de Janeiro enthusiastically support the candidature and its aims, which is also reflected in a city poll with 84% in favour. The various levels of government as well as important sections of their respective opposition parties and representatives from different areas of society including the NOC and the other sports authorities have given their full support. The general sports concept contains a concentration of virtually all sports in five Olympic areas within the city limits. One of these, located on Fundão Island, includes the single Olympic Village, six sports venues and the IBC and MPC. From the Olympic Village the farthest competition venue is 45 minutes away. The implementation of this concept re q u i res more detailed planning of some of the proposed venues, such as the Olympic Stadium, baseball, basketball, cycling, hockey, tennis, and boxing, as well as closer co-operation with experts from the sport s authorities in the country. The 80,000 seat Olympic Stadium would be constructed within walking distance of the Olympic Village, thus enabling the athletes to proceed directly from the Village to the Opening and Closing Ceremonies. Rowing and canoeing competitions would be centrally located within the city in beautiful surroundings. An excellent location with good technical conditions, the existing venue offers good exposure for the sport and the athletes. However, the water quality is poor and needs to be significantly improved. Taekwondo, table tennis, fencing, weightlifting, judo and wrestling will be held at a well located Convention Centre 30 minutes from the Olympic Village. The Convention Centre is well equipped to handle media requests, spectator services and transportation requirements. Although there are certain questions about the distribution of space, technical layout and operational design, the site has great potential to offer good conditions for the athletes. Seating capacity varies: fencing 2,600, table tennis 7-8,000, judo 8,500, weightlifting 5,000, wrestling 6,000, and taekwondo 8,500. The candidature offers unique opportunities for male and female football players to live in the Olympic Village by organising the entire tournament in 4 stadiums within the metropolitan area. Both finals will be held in the renowned, refurbished and upgraded Maracanã Stadium with a spectator capacity of 100,000. Seven sports (athletics, handball finals, aquatics, hockey, baseball, softball, and artistic gymnastics) will take place in an Olympic area adjacent to the Olympic Village on the Guanabara Bay. Athletes in all four aquatic disciplines will compete in a new 15,000 seat aquatic outdoor stadium with an additional 5,000 seat pool for waterpolo preliminaries. The facility would leave a legacy for sport to students and the swimming community. The venues for hockey and baseball, sports which are practically unknown in the country,

will be further elaborated in co-operation with experts. Artistic gymnastics and handball finals will be in a new venue seating 15,000. Athletes would benefit from the fact that 10 training halls for artistic gymnastics are within walking distance of the Olympic Village. Triathlon and beach volleyball would both be held at the famous Copacabana beach 25 minutes from the Olympic Village. The beach volleyball venue has hosted many international events and will provide two excellent competition courts seating 10,000 and 6,000 respectively with six training courts on the site. The triathlon courses would be situated in beautiful surroundings which could offer expanded spectator opportunities if plans are further developed. The Olympic Village will be built on 80 hectares of land on the Guanabara Bay as part of the “General Plan for the University of Brazil” on Fundão Island. The Village is within walking distance of the Olympic Stadium and less than 10 minutes from five other sports venues. Buildings in the Village will be 5-10 storeys high. The restaurant plans in the residential zone and a convenient non-polluting, electric internal transport system will provide favourable living conditions for the athletes. The contrast between living conditions within the Olympic Village and the nearby underprivileged housing areas (favelas) could have both positive and negative implications and should be addressed. The proposed OCOG environmental programme concentrates mainly on Olympic venues, public spaces and awareness campaigns. In addition, a joint programme between NGOs and the candidature focuses on air and water issues, city greenery, non-polluting public transport, sanitation and recycling. The city faces huge challenges in the fields of water supply, waste management, sanitation and sewage treatment. The plan to clean up Guanabara Bay is of vital importance to the Games. The proposed environmental programmes are wide-ranging and ambitious and depend upon good co-operation between the parties involved and require in-depth study, especially for the venues. The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro will provide technical assistance to OCOG. The successful implementation of the environmental and social agendas would leave a positive legacy for the city after the Games. Over the last several years, the city has made great efforts to reduce crime and increase security and has made significant progress in this respect. Nevertheless, the city still faces a difficult situation in these areas. The Commission was informed that the Rio ‘92 Conference was organised without incident. 7,300 of the existing and future available 12,000, 4-5 star hotel rooms will be used by the Olympic Family, some members of the media (500) and the sponsors. 3,000 of the available 5,000, 3 star hotel rooms will be used for other members of the media. A media village will provide 5,200 rooms located within 30 minutes of the main media centre. The balance of the media will be housed in 4,800 bed and breakfast type rooms in the region of the media village. The judges and re f e rees will be housed in two villages using 900 apartment hotel rooms which are strategically located less than 25 minutes from the various sports venues. Rio de Janeiro presently has significant transportation problems due to its population, its

challenging topography and its lack of adequate infrastructure. These issues are being addressed in a very positive way by major airport, road, rail and metro improvements with an overall budget of US$ 4.2 billion. While the venue concept is well conceived with regard to transportation and extensive planning has been done, especially with respect to the needs of the Olympic Family, more detailed traffic plans need to be developed with respect to certain areas of the city and to deal with spectator needs. A successful transportation programme can be achieved if all proposed projects are completed, if the public responds to the need to change from private to public transport and if significant traffic restrictions, dedicated lanes and other traffic strategies are successfully implemented. The technological preparation and operation of the Games would strongly depend on fulfilling the relatively comprehensive planned improvements to both infrastructure and systems. According to the candidature file, the effect on the local telecommunications system will be substantial, modernising all networks and bringing the quality of services up to international standards. Since some improvements are scheduled to be completed only by the end of 2003, the timing to test the capacity and functioning of the systems together with test competitions for the sports is rather demanding. Both the IBC and MPC are located on Fundão Island. The MPC will be housed in an existing building and the IBC will be accommodated in a new building conveniently located within walking distance of the MPC. Shared common space will be provided in a n ew building within walking distance of both the IBC and MPC. The total floor space of the main media centre is 100,000 m2. The rent for the basic working space in the IBC will be US$ 700 per m2, and US$ 30 per m2 for the MPC. A dedicated t r a n s p o rtation service will be provided for the media between the accommodation, IBC/MPC, and to and from the venues. Media transportation between the venues is under consideration. The figures in the OCOG expenditure budget for operations, seem to be reasonable. The high revenue projections in the OCOG budget for local sponsorship (US$ 464 million) even if it may include official suppliers give rise to serious concern. The estimations for capital investment in the OCOG and non-OCOG budgets seem to be low for sports venues like the Olympic Stadium (US$ 83 million) and for the Olympic Village and the villages for the media, judges and referees (US$ 393 million). However, the Commission also notes that the various levels of government have committed themselves to a non-interest bearing loan of up to US$ 720 million based on OCOG needs.

Rome

The candidature enjoys support from the different levels of government and their

respective major opposition parties. The NOC and the other sports authorities fully support the candidature and actually run it. The support of the population was shown in different polls, with the latest city poll before the Commission’s visit indicating 81% in favour of the bid and 97% aware of it. The candidature plans are excellent, prepared in a professional manner with collaboration between many experts and the national sports authorities. The country has a rich experience in organising major sports events. The general sports concept presents the majority of sports in three Olympic areas, one of which contains the Olympic Village. Twenty-eight of the 38 sites are well-located in relation to the existing road infrastructure, in particular the ring road within a maximum of 30 minutes from the Olympic Village. This is consistent with the city’s overall suburban development plan. Some of the sites are in historic locations. The existing 85,000 seat stadium used for the 1987 Athletics World Championships and the 1990 Football World Cup would be the Olympic Stadium. Warm-up and training tracks are available adjacent. Basketball, volleyball, handball and artistic gymnastics will be held in a venue completely rebuilt from an older, open-air venue leaving a legacy for sport. Located 25 minutes from the Olympic Village, the facility will seat 17,900 and provides warm-up facilities. In addition, the volleyball athletes will benefit from a second newly-constructed 10,500 seat facility within 5 minutes of the Olympic Village. Rowing and canoeing athletes would enjoy very good conditions in a new venue which is 20 minutes from the Olympic Village. The venue is easily accessible from the ring road and offers good possibilities for post-Olympic use. Road cycling and mountain biking competitions would have well-designed and challenging courses. The road course would traverse historic landmarks. The existing velodrome, 20 minutes from the Olympic Village, will be completely remodelled into an excellent cycling facility with 16,000 seats and good sight lines for the media and spectators. The equestrian jumping events will be held in the historic Villa Borghese Park, providing a wonderful ambience in a traditional equestrian location. It should be ensured that the impact of an Olympic event would not interfere with the protected nature of the area. Football players would enjoy very good conditions for their competitions. All of the men’s matches will be played in stadiums used for the 1990 Football World Cup. The women’s competitions will be played in stadiums 25 to 90 minutes maximum from the Olympic Village thus enabling the competitors to stay in the Olympic Village. Both men’s and women’s finals would be held in the Olympic Stadium. Tennis would take place in an excellent 10 court facility 25 minutes from the Olympic

Village with an overall capacity of 25,000 seats including a centre court with 12,000 seats. Located within walking distance of the Olympic Stadium, the site is used currently for international competitions. The two aquatic complexes offer good facilities for the athletes. Water polo and swimming will be held in the existing outdoor swimming stadium which hosted the 1994 World Championships. This pool is 25 minutes from the Olympic Village and provides 15,000 seats. Synchronised swimming and diving will be held in a new aquatic complex with 2 pools, seating 5,000 each, located 5 minutes from the Olympic Village. The new facility will provide a sports legacy to the inhabitants east of Rome, particularly the large student population. The archery venue is a temporary one. The plan to make it available only 60 days prior to the Olympic Games would leave no opportunity for a test competition unless reconsideration is given to opening and developing one of the training fields. The triathlon course is located in a beautiful setting within the city, providing excellent access and viewing for approximately 50,000 spectators. It is located 20 minutes from the Olympic Village. The water quality for the swimming course needs to be improved. The Olympic Village will be located on a University campus using buildings to be constructed by the University before 2004. It will occupy 80 hectares surrounded by wide open land with easy access to the ring road connecting it to major venues. The Olympic Village is an environmental pilot project, using the most advanced measures in implementing environmentally friendly housing. Transport within the Village will be by non-polluting vehicles. The buildings are 5 storeys high and each room has a bathroom and air conditioning. Athletes, NOC specialists and architects collaborated in the development of the high quality and comprehensive village plan. The environmental programme enjoys wide support, including the main Italian environmental NGOs. The programme targets air pollution and the improvements of construction practices. Both public and private sectors are involved in a drive to improve environmental quality of services and public spaces, especially in the transport and energy sectors, and in park-lands. The effects of environmental and public transport investments for the Jubilee celebrations in 2000 and the Olympic Games in 2004, would constitute a positive legacy for the city. Environmental impact studies have been carried out at a preliminary stage. The management role of the OCOG in the implementation of the environment programme should be more clearly defined. Rome and the surrounding region offer excellent accommodation choices for all participants and spectators. The Olympic Family and sponsors will be housed in 6,800 of the existing 15,440, 4 and 5 star hotel rooms. The Via Veneto concept is a creative yet challenging approach to accommodating the Olympic Family and many of the sponsors. The one kilometre city-centre street would be transformed into a convenient and secured area offering seven 5 star hotels and a full range of restaurant and other services to its inhabitants. The media will be housed in two villages, both within 20 minutes of the Olympic Stadium. The judges and referees will be housed in 3 star hotels within approximately 15 minutes of their respective sports.

Traffic is a major problem in Rome and extensive planning is being done to meet the transportation challenges of the Olympic Games. The city proposes comprehensive improvements to be made to its transportation infrastructure for the Jubilee celebration in the year 2000 and additional infrastructure improvements to be made by 2004. The location of the competition venues and other Olympic sites have been planned in order not to increase the transportation impact on the city centre. The success of the transportation plans and the indicated travelling times will depend upon the completion of the infrastructure improvements, especially the additions to the ring road, the ability to significantly change transport use patterns in the city from private to public and the implementation of significant road closures and traffic restrictions during the Games. The MPC and IBC will be built in two different locations, 5 and 10 minutes respectively from the Olympic Stadium. Bicycles as well as cars are provided for the media to go back and forth between the two centres. In addition, a dedicated transportation system will be provided for the convenience of media to and from the media centre, to and between the sports venues and the media accommodations. Basic working space costs will be US$ 150 per m2 in the MPC and US$ 800 per m2 in the IBC. The US$ 1.520 billion OCOG budget and US$ 2.096 billion non-OCOG budget are planned in a professional manner with very thorough and detailed plans. On the re venue side of the OCOG budget, the figures for local sponsorship and official suppliers (US$ 275 million), the lottery (US$ 161 million) and ticket sales (US$ 238 million), appear to be high. The Commission was presented with comprehensive studies of the local market which served as the basis for these projected revenues. The budgeted figures for capital investments, in particular in sports facilities, which are all in the non-OCOG budget, appear to be on the low side. The guarantees are well elaborated and cover practically all aspects of the Games in a satisfactory manner.

San Juan

The candidature enjoys a very high degree of public support which is confirmed by

different city polls and surveys varying from 80% to 94% even though a considerable number of these supporters express some economic and social reservations. The City and sports authorities fully support the candidature. Puerto Rico is a Commonwealth of the United States of America. The NOC of Puerto Rico is recognised by the IOC. Puerto Rico enjoys a certain degree of autonomy over its internal affairs. Its external affairs, defence, federal security forces, immigration, customs regulations, currency and other matters are governed by the laws of the USA. Therefore the candidature, according to the requirements of the Olympic Charter and in particular the Host City Contract, needs various guarantees from the relevant US authorities. Of these, the guarantee from the US President only addresses the respect of the Olympic Charter and the access to the host city of all accredited persons. In the areas where Puerto Rico is legally autonomous, it is planned to establish a “San Juan 2004 Olympic Act” which would partly facilitate the organisation from a legal point of view. The recently re-elected Governor of Puerto Rico will call another referendum in 1998 regarding the status of Puerto Rico with the aim of fully joining the USA as its 51st State. Should this referendum be successful, the decision would need acceptance by the US Congress based on further negotiation on the details of this transition. Therefore the implication on Olympic matters cannot be evaluated at this time. The sports concept is spread out with 33 competition sites at 24 different locations. Twenty two of the sites would be within 35 minutes of the Olympic Village and the remaining 11 approximately 60 to 90 minutes. There would be a central Olympic Village in the city with accommodation possibilities for all athletes, with a sub-village for rowing and canoeing if required, and a day-village for yachting athletes. During the Commission’s visit, changes and improvements were offered without changing the overall concept in equestrian, rowing and canoeing and certain other areas such as accommodation, transportation and the Olympic programme. However, further study is still required in these areas. The 70,000 seat Olympic Stadium would be constructed 10 minutes from the Olympic Village. After the Games the capacity would be reduced to 30,000 and the stadium used for baseball. The plans for the refurbishment of an existing equestrian venue are in a preliminary stage. Further consideration will have to be given to the magnitude of the reconstruction and its environmental impact. Two facilities for basketball, 10 minutes and 65 minutes respectively from the Olympic Village, are already under construction. The venues would provide good conditions for athletes, media and spectators with a capacity of 18,000 and 9,000 respectively. The primary venue provides excellent access for spectators as it is located in the centre of the city and will also host the handball finals. Artistic and rhythmic gymnastics are planned in a 15,000 seat coliseum, 25 minutes from

the Olympic Village. The substantial upgrading of this facility, while somewhat complicated due to limited space, will leave an important legacy after the Games. San Juan hosted the recent World Qualifier event for Atlanta. As baseball is the most popular sport in Puerto Rico, athletes in this sport will enjoy very favourable competition conditions in two existing baseball stadiums seating 15,000 and 9,000 respectively. Good training fields are also available near the Olympic Village. Taekwondo and badminton would share a facility seating 6,300, 25 minutes from the Olympic Village. Athletes in both sports would benefit from numerous training halls situated within the Olympic Village. The football competitions will take place in 4 stadiums, 2 to be built and 2 currently used for baseball. This solution poses a major challenge due to the technical difficulties created by the conversion of the existing stadiums from baseball to football. Further detailed planning is required to ensure that the technical requirements of football are met in the new stadiums. The candidature indicated, that due to scheduling problems, it is considering moving the finals from the proposed Olympic Stadium to one of the other stadiums mentioned above. Yachting would be held at an excellent venue offering reliable, medium to strong winds. Situated approximately 60 minutes from the Olympic Village, the venue is easily accessed by good highways and day facilities will be made available to the athletes. Match races could be held within view of the marina and nearby hills that surround the bay offering good spectator opportunities. The main Olympic Village will be located 8 minutes from the city centre. It is part of an urban renewal project and its 21 buildings will mostly be 4-7 storeys high, although two 15 storey buildings may be used. The existing plans, which offer air-conditioned rooms for athletes and non-polluting vehicles, could be improved by utilising the experience of athletes and sports officials. Certain aspects, such as the restaurant located outside the residential zone and inadequate transport pick up space outside the main village entrance, should be reconsidered. There are stringent US planning and environmental protection regulations and standards in force, and in some areas Puerto Rican laws are even more stringent. A joint government private sector greening programme is envisaged, focusing on tree-planting . The environmental programme of the candidature focuses on awareness campaigns and measures to minimise impact. While the candidature has good access to public and private sector expertise and resources, much of this potential has yet to be utilised. NGOs, while they are not opposed to the bid, maintain certain reservations. Environmental impact studies are available for the urban train system and the Olympic Stadium. The total impact on the environment is difficult to assess due to the lack of accurate information. Further studies would be required. According to the available statistics, during the proposed period of the Games from 15th to 27th August, there is a possibility of some days with high temperatures (approximately 34°C) combined with high humidity (70%). The Olympic Family and sponsors will be housed in the 5,585 existing and 1,288 planned 4-5 star hotel rooms. Overall, 40 projects are planned for the next five years, with an investment of US$ 735.4 million, twelve of which are currently under construction and a

further eighteen have been approved for construction. The 15,000 media personnel will be totally housed in 3, 4 and 5 star quality rooms on cruise ships. The judges and referees will be housed in 1,440 rooms in the expanded residential facilities of the University. Out of necessity, the accommodation plan of San Juan is creative and utilises a quantity of alternative accommodation. San Juan has a good transportation infrastructure for its current needs but will need to make many major improvements to cope with an Olympic Games. Significant improvements consisting of an airport expansion, a heavy rail system, a light rail connection, new roads and improved motorways and access roads are underway or proposed and, if completed, should provide an adequate transport system. Both MPC and IBC will be located in a new convention and exhibition centre which is to be built approximately 10 minutes from the Olympic Stadium, and within walking distance from the media village. Facilities will cover a space of 100,000 m2. For the IBC basic floor space rental cost is US$ 700 per m2. A dedicated transportation system, including a car pool, will be provided to transport media from the main media centre to and from various venues. A project to provide transportation between venues is under consideration . The candidature offers a very good concept for the cultural programme. The torch relay will offer innovative technological elements by using the torch to transmit a frequency that will simultaneously light torches on five continents. Furthermore, an exhibition of pieces of art created by athlete artists, which was already started on the occasion of the Centennial Games, combines artistic and athletic talents. The pre-financing of OCOG would be significantly facilitated through the co-operation of the Government Development Bank for Puerto Rico which will assist in obtaining a US$ 300 million bank credit line. On the revenue side of the OCOG budget, the figures for local sponsorship and official suppliers (US$ 275 million) will only be achievable if the US market is properly exploited. The figure of US$ 188 million included in the OCOG budget for the construction of the Olympic Stadium seems to be reasonable. However, other figures such as US$ 11.75 million for the Ciudad Deportiva Roberto Clemente football venue and US$ 9.5 million for the Parque Equestre equestrian venue appear to be on the low side.

Seville

The candidature enjoys the support of the different levels of government, including the

major respective opposition parties and of the NOC and the other Spanish sports authorities. The population of Seville is very strongly in favour of the candidature as confirmed in a city poll (92,3%). Seville hosted a successful World Expo in 1992. The exhibition area and the entire Cartuja Island offer excellent potential for Olympic Games if properly developed. The sports concept is a compact one offering two main areas, La Cartuja Island and Seville Este Olympic Complex. These main areas, as well as most of the other competition sites, are situated within 15 minutes of the Olympic Village. Yachting competitions and the sub-village will be located in the area of Cadiz 75 minutes by train from Seville. While the concept has potential, the overall sports programme as well as the specific plans for certain sports venues require greater detail and participation from sports experts. The 70,000 seat Olympic Stadium will be situated on La Cartuja Island approximately 10 minutes from the Olympic Village. The rowing and canoeing course is an existing facility, used for high-level competitions, within the city, 10 minutes from the Olympic Village. With only light winds and good space for training, the site offers good conditions for the athletes. Triathlon will be hosted in the same venue. The proposed basketball venue would be held in a well located, new 15,000 seat stadium 10 minutes from the Olympic Village. More detailed planning is required. All equestrian competitions except the 3 day endurance event would take place in one 30,000 seat venue. This site, in a traditional equestrian club, offers good ambience and is within 5 minutes of the Olympic Village. Football would enjoy favourable conditions with two existing stadiums in the city with 70,000 and 47,000 capacity respectively. All matches in the final 5 days of competition will be held in Seville. Six sports (fencing, judo, wrestling, taekwondo, table tennis and weightlifting) will be organised at the existing conference and exhibition centre 15 minutes from the Olympic Village. This modern and attractive Convention Centre could provide separate access for athletes, the media and spectators, but detailed plans are required. All six sports could provide good competition and training facilities, with adequate seating capacity varying from 3,600 to 6,000. The infrastructure within the Convention Centre offers catering and other amenities for all participants. All 4 aquatic disciplines would be held in one excellent new facility on Cartuja Island, 10 minutes from the Olympic Village. The individual facilities for the four disciplines are independent but connected to a large training centre. The new facility would offer 15,000 seats for swimming and synchronised swimming and 12,000 for water polo and diving.

Artistic gymnastics and the finals for indoor volleyball share one facility 10 minutes from the Olympic Village with a seating capacity of 15,000. The warm-up area is adjacent. Rhythmic gymnastics shares a 10,000 seat facility with one of the preliminary venues for indoor volleyball 15 minutes from the Olympic Village. The training hall is adjacent and will be connected by a tunnel. The plan to have a third indoor volleyball venue more than 60 minutes away from Seville should be reconsidered with regard to the overall compact concept of the Games. The yachting events would enjoy favourable conditions due to a large marina, medium to strong winds and a sub-village adjacent to the marina. The races would be held within view of the public. The Olympic Village will be constructed as a planned urban development in the south of the city forming part of a future city housing project. It will consist of buildings 5-6 storeys high and will be located 15 minutes from the city centre. Air conditioning will be provided. A sub-village and day accommodation will be provided for yachting and canoe slalom athletes respectively. The revised village plans meet NOC and athletes needs in general, including adequate service centres and non-polluting vehicles, but continued consultation with the sports authorities should be considered in further detailed planning. The implications of the close proximity of the Village to the judges’ and referees’ village should be carefully considered with regard to the interests of the athletes. The environmental programme addresses important issues affecting the Games as well as local concerns of water pollution, energy production, and transportation. The architectural approach incorporates energy-saving features, including bio-climatic cooling systems. The co-ordination of environmental issues with other issues such as transportation needs to be improved. There is positive potential which could be better utilised with an appropriate management system. Environmental impact studies will need to be carried out for the majority of the sports venues. According to the available statistics, the weather conditions for the period of the Games from 27th August to 12th September promise warm and sunny days with a possibility of high temperatures reaching approximately 40°C. 4,762 of the existing 4,879 4-5 star hotel rooms will be used for the Olympic Family, including 50% of sponsor requirements and approximately 435 for the media. All of the 2-3 star hotel rooms in the city will be occupied by the media. The balance of the media will be housed in a proposed media village and apartments. Plans for both the media and referees’ and judges’ villages, adjacent to the Olympic Village, require greater detail and clarification. The balance of the sponsor requirements will be met by cruise ships docked very close to La Cartuja Island. Spectators will have to be accommodated in apartments in the city and hotels in the surrounding region 60 to 90 minutes from the city centre. For a city of its size, Seville has an excellent transportation infrastructure built for Expo ‘92. However, the concentration of most Olympic sites in a small area, when coupled with the need to make use of facilities which are some distance from Seville, presents

challenges which are much different and more complex than those of Expo ‘92 and have to be studied in greater detail. As a consequence of the investments of Expo ‘92 the present technology infrastructure is well developed with adequate capacity offering good potential for the future. Three buildings will be provided for the use of the media. The first building, an existing one, will house the MPC, and the second, presently being constructed, will house all common services for the IBC and MPC. The third building to be constructed, will house the IBC. These buildings are strategically situated on Cartuja Island at one single location, within walking distance from the Olympic Stadium. Dedicated shuttle bus and car pool services are provided to transport the media. The OCOG budget on the expenditure side seems reasonable. However, there are some reservations regarding the relatively low construction costs, for example, the new swimming complex (US $7.1 million) , the extensive upgrading for the artistic gymnastics venue (US$ 12 million) and the Olympic Stadium (US$ 96 million). On the revenue side, after having properly discounted TV and TOP revenues, the revised plans for local sponsorship, US$ 174 million in addition to the US$ 211 million for official suppliers give rise to serious concern. These concerns are alleviated by the fact that the different levels of government have delivered guarantees for the operational and investment budget of the candidature. Customs and immigration formalities relating to the easing of customs controls for the use of firearms, photographic and audio visual equipment and the availability of rooms in the yachting sub-village, require clarification.

St. Petersburg

The bid enjoys the full support of the different levels of government, expressed in

guarantees, as well as that of the NOC and the other national sports authorities. The organisation of the Games will be facilitated by Russian sports expertise, a significant asset . The candidature committee informed the Commission of the result of a survey showing that 74.2% of the population of St. Petersburg support the idea of having the Olympic Games in their city. Therefore the candidature committee feels very confident of achieving a favourable result in a referendum which, according to them, will be held should St. Petersburg be selected as one of the finalist cities. The country is still in a transition period which, as stated in the candidature committee’s bid document is “characterised by the collapse of totalitarian political structure and by complications in mastering the norms and traditions of an open society”. This situation affects in particular the economic, ecological and legal implications of the candidature. The sports concept for the Games is a concentrated one with 32 of the 38 competition sites located within 30 minutes of the single Olympic Village. The successful realisation of the estimated travelling time is based on the construction of a 40 km “western diameter highway” for which an economic feasibility study has been commissioned to a private company, to be followed by an ecological study. In order to be completed by 2004, construction of this highway must begin in 1997 or early 1998. According to the Russian government, it will “study the possibility of allocating funds for the construction of this highway” in its 1998 budget. An existing 60,000 seat stadium, less than 10 minutes from the Olympic Village, would be substantially remodelled into a 100,000 seat Olympic Stadium. The plan for the rowing and canoeing course is good, due in particular to the separated return channel and the possibility of post-Games use. The swimming part of the sport of triathlon will be held in the same location. The issue of water quality needs to be addressed for all three sports. The course profiles for both triathlon (running and cycling) and road cycling, should be more demanding for an Olympic competition. The venues proposed for the majority of indoor sports, including fencing, gymnastics, judo, wrestling, taekwondo, boxing, and swimming, are well thought out to meet the needs of the athletes, spectators and the media. In particular, very good conditions are proposed for basketball in an easily accessible 24,000 seat facility to be constructed 15 minutes from the Olympic Village. Beach volleyball is to be located at a scenic and historic site. However, access and space limitations pose major challenges. The Olympic Village is planned in an area near the Gulf of Finland about 30 minutes away from the city centre. It would cover an area of 29 hectares of which 7 need to be reclaimed from the Gulf. The plans for the Village in general, including the use of non-polluting vehicles are adequate. However, due to space restrictions, the athletes would be housed in 24 storey buildings. The plans to locate the restaurants outside the residential

zone should be reviewed. The city “guarantees the assignment of appropriate lots for the construction of the Olympic Village”, and the conclusion of “proper contracts for the construction of Olympic Village venues which will foresee the dates of putting them into commission”. (Source: candidature file). There are ambitious government initiated plans for improving the environmental situation such as waste management, drinking water quality and preservation of the historic centre. The Olympic Games would accelerate the implementation of these plans with a non-OCOG budget of US$ 1.46 billion and an additional city action programme with US$ 14 million. These projects include the rehabilitation of waste land and residential sites for venue and recreational post-use. However, there are currently no details available for venues and other Games related facilities. The western diameter highway is still in the early planning stages. An evaluation of the environmental impact is not yet possible. The Commission is somewhat concerned that this highway, to be built regardless of the Olympic Games, might be negatively associated with the Games, bearing in mind St. Petersburg is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Of the 21,100 rooms required for the Olympic Family approximately 7,000 3 to 5 star hotel rooms are in place today. Part of the balance needed is under construction, while others are in the early planning stages. Investors have been found for two of the 23 planned new hotels. Media villages are planned to accommodate 8,100 individuals within walking distance of the media centre and the balance of the media will be accommodated in 3 to 4 star hotels to be constructed. The stated accommodation plan is ambitious, but if realised would be adequate to meet the needs of the Olympic Family. The organisation of the Games would benefit from the major improvements in the infrastructure of the city projected for its 300th anniversary in 2003. This is particularly true of the transportation plan for which extensive improvements are planned for all existing infrastructures, especially the airport, railway and metro systems, and roads with an overall budget of more than US$ 3 billion. An essential element of this transportation plan is the construction of the western diameter highway. Both the IBC and MPC (222,800 m2) and the Media Village are to be located at a downtown business centre 10 minutes from the Olympic Stadium. The IBC and MPC would be built by a joint stock company owned by both the city and private individuals. The company needs to raise US$ 347 million to finance this project. The candidature committee commits itself to delivering rent for basic working space of US$ 750 per m2 for the IBC and US$125 per m2 for the MPC. A dedicated shuttle bus service will be operated between the main media centre and the sports venues. A similar service between the sports venues should be considered. The rich cultural programme of the Games in 2004 will be an extension of the 300th anniversary celebrations which will highlight the city as an historic and cultural landmark. The Games are to be financed by OCOG and non-OCOG budgets totalling approximately US$ 9.6 billion. The realisation of this substantial budget is dependent on the support and

involvement of the government in guaranteeing and subsidising both the OCOG and non- OCOG budgets. One third of the revenues included in the OCOG budget are based on the estimated receipt of US$ 705.4 million from the disposal of assets. The candidature explains that to achieve this figure OCOG would involve itself, through the establishment of joint stock companies which would include the government and the private sector, in the hotel, restaurant, and construction businesses. The Commission has serious concerns about this extremely high estimate and the proposed method of achieving it. The Commission also notes that in the OCOG budget the TV income of US$ 700 million has not been discounted to 1996 figures, and that some projected revenues do not correspond to the latest cash flow projections. On the expenditure side the Commission has further concerns about the projected costs for the construction, remodelling, and alterations of the sports venues, which appear to be low for some such as the Olympic Stadium, with a projected cost of US$ 66.56 million, and high for others like the estimated cost of US$ 125 million for the rowing and canoeing venue. There will be a good relationship between the NOC and the future OCOG which should facilitate a joint marketing agreement. The marketing plan is basically realistic although the coin programme, budgeted at US$ 40 million seems to be ambitious.

Stockholm

The candidature has been prepared by a very skillful and efficient team of experts

supported by the NOC and the other national sports authorities. The candidature has the support of 80% of the Swedish Parliament and 72% of the City Council. At the time of the Commission’s visit, according to an opinion poll, 32% of the city population supported the bid with 52% opposed. There are opponents to the candidature who have expressed mainly ecological and economic concerns. The candidature committee is confident of improving this situation by launching an extensive, nation-wide information campaign. The sports concept is very concentrated. Most of the sites, the IBC/MPC and the media village are located within 20 minutes of the single Olympic Village. From two alternatives, the 70,000 seat model “Victoria” has been chosen as the Olympic Stadium. The design for the stadium and its location within walking distance of the Olympic Village are excellent. The Commission has noted that some of the expressed ecological concerns of the bid are related to this location and are due to uncertain environmental conditions. The rowing and canoeing athletes would enjoy very good conditions in beautiful surroundings with low side winds. The venue is on an existing stretch of water well-located less than 15 minutes from the city centre and less than 20 minutes from the Olympic Village. Existing environmental concerns can be solved using temporary installations. The Globe Arena Complex which will host the sports of volleyball (14,000 seats), basketball (14,000 seats), gymnastics (12,750 seats), and handball (14,000 seats) is located 5 minutes from the Olympic Village and would offer very favourable conditions as shown during the hosting of previous world class events. The adjacent training and warm-up areas, the access and sight lines for spectators and the technological installations are very good. The Commission is of the opinion that the bid committee can resolve the scheduling problem which is a result of hosting four sports in one venue. The 1912 Olympic Stadium provides an historic and attractive ambience for the equestrian events as it did for the 1990 World Equestrian Championships. All of the proposed football venues offer good conditions for an Olympic tournament although the capacity of the 37,285 seat Rasunda stadium to be used for both men’s and women’s finals is on the low side. The plans for tennis would add a new outdoor facility next to the existing indoor venue. Detailed plans will have to be further elaborated. Seven sports (judo, cycling, wrestling, fencing, taekwondo, boxing, and weightlifting) will be hosted at an international exhibition centre 10 minutes from the Olympic Village. This well established facility meets all catering, parking and public transportation needs as well as the competition and warm-up requirements of each sport. All 4 aquatic disciplines will take place in a facility constructed for the 1999 World Police and Fireman Games requiring only minor alterations for 2004. This facility is

excellent for its modern design and the number of available pools for both training and competition, and is located 5 minutes from the Olympic Village. The triathlon venue is excellent, with exceptionally clean water, and technically demanding courses. It is beautifully located in the historic centre of the city. The Olympic Village is designed as an ecologically sustainable model for the city. It covers an area of 50 hectares. The buildings in the residential zone are 4-7 storeys high. The location and the quality of the buildings offer good potential for an Olympic Village which should be fully exploited in close co-ordination with athletes and sports officials. Transportation within the village would be by non-polluting vehicles. Even if the plan to lease some of the apartments to tenants prior to the Games, by means of a sub-lease to the city, seems legally manageable, it should be reconsidered to avoid potential adverse public opinion. The implementation of the bid’s projects would have a relatively low environmental impact due to the efforts undertaken to balance both positive and negative elements and to the way it is tied into the city’s environmental plan. The bid offers a good overview of the environmental conditions and challenges. The city will allocate US$ 100 million from its budget to overcome these. Relations with the environmental NGOs and governmental organisations could be improved by greater sharing of information and more open attitudes . The accommodation needs for the Olympic Games for all participants and spectators can be fully met by the city’s and region’s vast network of 107,916 existing and 8,600 future planned rooms in hotels, cruise ships, hostels, family homes and media villages. The selected Olympic Family hotels, the media village and media campus are well located for ease of access and are in close proximity to the Olympic events. More than 90 hotels have individually guaranteed the price and availability requirements of the Host City Contract. The media will be accommodated in 1,500 luxury class , 1,500 middle class, and 500 standard class hotel rooms. In addition, a 3,400 room media village within 10 minutes of the media centre and 6,600 rooms on a media campus, 20 minutes from the media centre will be available. A dedicated shuttle bus service will operate between the media village, media campus and main media centre 24 hours a day. Stockholm has an extensive and reliable public transport system and a good plan for future additions and improvements to its transportation infrastructure. The sports venues are generally well placed for transportation purposes although the overall effectiveness of the plan is dependent upon the completion of the south portion of the ring road. Proposed additions to other portions of the ring road, while not connected with the Olympic project, might be negatively associated with the Games. The city and the country have very high technological standards and capabilities. The required improvements necessary to host the Games are mainly upgrading of existing infrastructure and implementing the necessary systems needed for planning and operating the Games. An existing city bus terminal and an office building are to be converted to the IBC and MPC respectively. The two buildings are located within walking distance of each other and are to be connected by a bridge. They are well located less than 10 minutes from the Olympic Stadium and the Media Village.

All health institutions in Sweden are well staffed with excellent equipment. Swedish sport enjoys an advanced anti-doping programme. The US$ 1.6 billion OCOG budget, as well as the US$ 866 million non-OCOG budget, are transparent. There is a good balance between capital investments and operational costs, although some of the figures for sports facilities appear to be on the low side. On the revenue side, the budgeted amounts for local sponsorship (US$ 178 million) the coin programme (US$ 25 million) and ticket sales (US$ 111 million) seem to be ambitious but within reach. The guarantees provided by the bid committee in general, including the financial ones, are very precise and of high quality. According to a legal opinion provided by the candidature committee, the overall financial guarantees of the government include the construction guarantee for the Olympic Village.