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B*0%£0A~VACA~VA~~rr~Donald F, Kilburg ill * j:§) II fO:K* *

Stress and Coping in JapaneseMiddle Childhood

Donald F. KILBURGill and Kazuo NISHIKAWA

Abstract

In spite of numerous popular reports of Japanese children's stress and coping,there have been very few systematic studies. This research explores stress andcoping in Japanese children during middle childhood. Several existing instru-ments (Jose, 1991) were modified and translated to measure daily and major life

event stress, coping strategies, and perception of parenting style in Japanesechildren of 4th through 6th grade. Data were analyzed in a 2 (sex) x 2 (age) x 2(perception of parental warmth: high/low) x 2 (perception of parental control:high/low) design. Everyday and major life event stress were considered in fourcontexts: education, family/home life, health/fitness, and peer relations.

Additionally, coping was considered along the lines of approach, avoidance,emotion-focused, and problem-focused groupings, in response to the scenario of:"kids teased or avoided you." Older children reported greater education-relatedstress. Girls reported greater health/fitness and peer relations stress. Olderchildren reported greater use of approach/problem-focused coping and avoidance/problem-focused coping. Girls reported greater use of approach/problem-focusedcoping. Children high in perceived parental warmth reported less use of avoidance

/problem-focused coping. Cross-cultural comparisons of stress showed a numberof single-item differences.

F,,~ 1mB*O)n~O)A r VA le~ LL:"~~I!IO)liJf~~

leJ:.7.>liJf~(H~~IeZU'o {iiJ'Ie Yamamoto

and Davis (1982) iJ' ~ c ~ -.,t: liJf~ c L L:"~Gn7.>< Gl'C'ct7.>o CO)g~XC'(iB*c7'j I)

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day life events) c i~tWJ tI:l*~ (major life

Department of Psychology, DePaul University, 2219 North Kenmore Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60614 USA

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A. 1:t,5.~(E: Everyday Life Event B~(8ts; ffi*., M: Major Life Event _tlJ ts ffi*.)1, %~/%lf!i1:t,5~Jj~ (Family/Home

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Table 1 Multivariate Analysis of Variance: Children's Major Life Event Stress

Source Hypothesis df Erro df F PSEX 3 103 1. 27 .289AGE 3 103 6. 94 .000SEXX AGE 3 103 5. 39 .002

Table2 Mean Stress Scores for Major Life Event Stress by Age

Education Family PeerAge N M SD M SD M SDYounger 51 ,33 .60 .83 .59 .79 .82Older 58 .75 .67 .69 .50 .59 .76

.9

.8

CD5 .7~~ ,6

1n .5I ~ I 1!!l!!m!!!H~ I context

~41Eleducation

~ .3 IIIiIIIfamily/home life

.2 ~peer relationsyounger older

Figure 1: Mean major life event stress by AGE. "Education": p=,QQ1.

-231-

Donald F. Kilburg III • [§JII fD~

Table 3 Multivariate Analysis of Variance: Children's Everyday Life Event Stress

Source Hypothesis df Erro df F PSEX 4 102 2.55 .044AGE 4 102 .96 .434AGE X SEX 4 102 .51 .728

Table 4 Mean Stress Scores for Everyday Life Event Stress by Sex

Education Family Health/Fit PeerSex N M SD M SD M SD M SDGirls 49 .87 .51 .77 .44 .86 .59 .95 .56Boys 60 .81 .61 .72 .38 .64 .51 .64 .63

1.0 i I

Cl> .9'-0oCJ)

~ .S, I .~?3 ~ Icontext-ffl

71 • II Ohealth/fitnessoID ~peer relationsCl>

s Eleducation

~ .6Ll ~I I LMlI IliliIlIfamily/homelifegirls boys

Figure 2 : Mean everyday Iife event stress by SEX. "Hea Ith/fitness": p<.05;" peerrelations": p<.01.

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-232-

Table 5 Selected Life Events, Stress Intensity, and Stress Occurrence by Control

Low (N=55) High (N=54)

B::zfs.:Q)~~CV7. ~ i- 7. Ui!l1!,rrtIJ

Event Stress Intensity % Experiencing Stress Intensity % Experiencing

M SD M SD

"you got a grade that was less .67 .77 "82 .48 .69 "59than you expected" (ELE # 22)

"you got a bad grade on your .35 .67 '36 .56 .74 '59report card" (MLE # 27)

* =Significant differenceat p<. 05, .• = significant difference at P <.01

Table 6 Selected Life Events, Stress Intensity, and Stress Occurrence by Warmth

Low (N=55) High (N=54)

Event Stress Intensity % Experiencing Stress Intensity % Experiencing

M SD M SDyou had to do something be-

cause you're a boy/girl. but you .53 .69 "66 .33 .64 "39did not want to do it" (ELE#37)

"you got a bad grade on your .58 .76 '62 .31 .64 '33report card" (MLE # 27)

* * = Significant difference at p<.Ol

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Table 7 Multivariate Analysis of Variance: Coping as a Function of Sex and Age

Source Hypothesis df Erro df F P

SEX 4 102 3,04 ,021

AGE 4 102 5.48 .000

SEX X AGE 4 102 1. 59 .181

Table 8 Mean Coping Scores by Age

App./Emo. App'/Pro. Avo./Emo. Avo./Pro.

Age N M SD M SD M SD M SD

Younger 51 .73 .37 .53 .43 .43 .32 .43 .26

Older 58 .75 .40 ,76 .38 .55 .35 .59 .27

.81 i

.7<D'-ooCJ) 6OJ .c'5..oo .5CJ)

~'u .4

~ .3younger

coping strategy

~ approach! emotion

§ approach/problem

mIiI acoidance/ emotionDIlJ]a\Oidance/problem

older

Figure 3 : Mean coping scores by AGE. "Approach/problem": p<.Ol;"Avoidance/problem": p<.Ol.

-234-

a:Ljs:O)IJl!.j[O)A r VA cxiM:1itIJ

Sex

Table9 Mean Coping Scores by Sex

App. /Emo. App. /Pro. Ava. /Emo. Ava. /Pro.

N M SD M SD M SD M SD

49 .81 .43 .79 .44 .55 .35 .53 .26

60 .69 .34 .55 .38 .45 .33 .50 .29GirlsBoys

.9

.8Q)•....a0C/)OJ .7c'5. coping strategyao .6C/) ~approach/ emotion~

~ approach/problem'0 .5

~ .4IIlIIIIacoldance/ernotlon[]]![]]a\Oidance/problem

male

Figure4: Mean coping scores by SEX. "Approach/problem": p<.001.

Table 10 Selected Coping Strategies by Sex

Girls (N =49) Boys (N=60)

Coping Strategy M SD M SD"I talked to someone in order to feel better." (CISCS# 11, '1. 10 .69 '.80 .63emotional social support)"I asked someone to give me help to solve the problem." ".76 . 63 ".45 . 53(CISCS#12, instrumental social support)

"I got into a fight." (CISCS# 8, aggression) .67 .63 .70 .70

"I smoked cigarettes or drank alcohol in order to feel .04 .20 .07 .26better." (CISCS # 1, drug use)"I blamed my self for the problem." (CISCS#18, self-

".74 . 64 ".43 . 50blame)

* =Significant difference at p<.05, * * =Significant difference at p<.Ol

Table 11 Multivariate Analysis of Variance: Coping as a Function of Warmth and Control

Source Hypothesis df Erro df F P

WARMTH 4 102 3.29 .014

CONTROL 4 102 2.31 .063

WARMTHX 4 102 .28 .887CONTROL

-235-

Avo. /Pro.

M SD

Donald F. Kilburg ill • jf§JII fD7::

Sex

Table 12 Mean Coping Scores by Warmth

App. /Emo. App. /Pro. Avo. /Emo.

N M SD M SD M SD

LowHigh

55 . 72 .42 . 69 .42 . 51 . 36

54 . 77 . 35 . 62 . 43 . 49 . 33

.58 .29

.45 .24

.8i I

~ .7

fAOJ.8. .6o()

enfA'0 .5

~ .4High

coping strategy~approadvemotion

t3 approach/problem

tmIIm.oidancejemotion

rnnnm.oidancejproblem

Figure 5: Mean coping scores by WA RMTH. "Avoidance/problem": p<.05.

Low

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