©2000 Timothy G. Standish Luke 13:20, 21 20And again he said, Whereunto shall I liken the kingdom...

©2000 Timothy G. Standish

Luke 13:20, 21

20 And again he said, Whereunto shall I liken the kingdom of God?

21 It is like leaven, which a woman took and hid in three measures of meal, till the whole was leavened.


Kingdom Kingdom FungiFungi

Timothy G. Standish, Ph. D.


Fungi In The Scheme Of LifeFungi In The Scheme Of Life

PlantaeFungi

Monera

Animalia

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Protista


Why Fungi Are ImportantWhy Fungi Are Important Important as decomposers Spoil food Produce antibiotics Produce substances used as drugs (“magic” mushrooms, ethanol

etc.) Cause disease in plants Cause disease in animals (Athlete’s foot, yeast infections etc.) Poison humans and animals (afflotoxin, toadstools etc.) Important food source Produce important fuels and industrial chemicals (i.e., ethanol)


Fungal CharacteristicsFungal Characteristics Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Absorb nutrients - may be saprobes (absorb from

dead material), parasites, or mutualistic symbionts (with algae make lichen).

Secrete powerful hydrolytic enzymes Cell walls contain chitin, an amino sugar

polysaccharide also found in arthropod exoskeletons Lack flagella


Vegetative body consists of mycelia made up of networks of hyphae

Hyphae - Long threads of cells designed to maximize surface area and also transport nutrients

Fungus-like protists:– Lack this body structure– Lack cell walls of chitin

The Body Plan of FungiThe Body Plan of Fungi


HyphaeHyphae Hyphae are designed to increase the surface area of fungi

and thus facilitate absorption May grow fast, up to 1 km per day, as they spread

throughout a food source Haustoria - Specialized structures budding off hyphae of

parasitic fungi which penetrate host cells to absorb nutrients May be coenocytic, having no septa between cells, or septa

may be present with pores through which cytoplasm can flow moving nutrients through out the fungus


HyphaeHyphae

Septa

Coenocytic

Pores


Classification of FungiClassification of Fungi Lichens represent a mutualistic (?) relationship between fungi and

algae Classification of fungi is based on lifecycle, specifically

reproductive structures Three major phyla, all end with mycota: Zygomycota - Zyg = yolk - Zygote forming fungi, the black bread

molds Ascomycota - Asc = sack - Truffles, yeasts, many plant pathogens Basidiomycota - Basidium = club - Mushrooms


ZygomycotaZygomycota Zygomycota - Zyg = yolk - Zygote forming fungi, the black

bread molds etc. About 600 described species Mostly terrestrial Mycrorrhizae - Zygomycetes that form a mutualistic relationship

with tree roots increasing root surface area and thus water and mineral uptake while benefiting from sugar sent down from leaves

Hyphae are coenocytic, septa are only found in reproductive cells


AscomycotaAscomycota Ascomycota - Asc = sack - Truffles, yeasts, many plant pathogens Over 60,000 described species Some associate with algae to form lichen Some, including truffles, form mycrorrhizae Some live on mesophyll cells producing toxins to protect leaves

from insects Hyphae have septa Important marine saprobes Important tool for studying genetic recombination


BasidiomycotaBasidiomycota Basidiomycota - Basidium = club - Mushrooms About 25,000 described species Important decomposers of wood because of their ability to

hydrolyze lignin Some form mycrorrhizae including half the mushroom formers Few are strictly plant parasites, but of those that are, the smuts

and rusts are especially bad Form long-lived dikaryotic mycelia Asexual reproduction is uncommon


LichensLichens Lichens - Mutualism (?) between fungi and algae Over 25,000 species described Ascomycetes are usually the fungal component, although some

basidiomycetes lichens are known Filaments green algae usually make up the algal component, although some

use cyanobacteria Scientific names are the names of the fungus Hyphae account for most mass Fungus provides moist environment protection and minerals Algae provide fixed carbon Cyanobacteria may provide fixed nitrogen


Deuteromycota Imperfect Deuteromycota Imperfect FungiFungi

Deuteromycota - Deuter = second - The imperfect fungi

These organisms exhibit all the characteristics of fungi, but have not been observed reproducing sexually

As classification is based on sexual reproduction, Deutoeromycetes cannot be definitively placed in any phylum


Chytridiomycota:Chytridiomycota:Protists or Fungi?Protists or Fungi?

Chytrids have flagellated zoospores and thus do not fit perfectly with the fungi

Other characteristics are very fungus-like:– Cell walls with chitin

– Unicellular or coenocytic hyphae

– Enzymes common to fungi which are lacked by fungus-like protists

©2000 Timothy G. Standish Luke 13:20, 21 20And again he said, Whereunto shall I liken the kingdom...

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Transcript of ©2000 Timothy G. Standish Luke 13:20, 21 20And again he said, Whereunto shall I liken the kingdom...