2020thth Century Since Century Since 19451945

Key Terms and PeopleKey Terms and People

1. Iron Curtain: Imaginary line separating East 1. Iron Curtain: Imaginary line separating East (Communism) and West Europe (Democracy).(Communism) and West Europe (Democracy).

2. Satellite: Countries controlled by the Soviet Union in 2. Satellite: Countries controlled by the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe.Eastern Europe.

3. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization which was 3. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization which was led by the US who promised to protect each other if led by the US who promised to protect each other if attacked.attacked.

4. Warsaw Pact: Soviet led response to NATO (Eastern 4. Warsaw Pact: Soviet led response to NATO (Eastern Europe).Europe).

5. Containment: Contain Communism (Stop the 5. Containment: Contain Communism (Stop the spread).spread).

6. Cold War: War without actually fighting between the 6. Cold War: War without actually fighting between the US and the Soviet Union.US and the Soviet Union.

7. Nonaligned Nation: Countries not on a side.7. Nonaligned Nation: Countries not on a side.

Describe the government Describe the government set up by the allies in set up by the allies in Germany after WWII.Germany after WWII. Democratic: Let people in.Democratic: Let people in.

The Cold WarThe Cold War

What were the fundamental What were the fundamental differences between the two differences between the two competing superpowers in the Cold competing superpowers in the Cold War?War?

US: US: Democracy, free market.Democracy, free market. Soviet Union: Soviet Union: Communist, non-free market.Communist, non-free market.

What are the Truman Doctrine and What are the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan and how are they responses Marshall Plan and how are they responses to Soviet expansion?to Soviet expansion?

Truman: Truman: Economic and military program to Economic and military program to

resist Soviet aggression.resist Soviet aggression. Marshall Plan: Marshall Plan: Economic aid package to Economic aid package to

strengthen democratic strengthen democratic governments and lessen governments and lessen Communist appeal.Communist appeal.

What was the cause of the Berlin What was the cause of the Berlin Airlift? What was its effect on Airlift? What was its effect on Germany?Germany?

Soviets blockaded Berlin trying to Soviets blockaded Berlin trying to force allies out.force allies out.

Divided the Government.Divided the Government.

Why were NATO and Why were NATO and the Warsaw Pact the Warsaw Pact formed?formed? To protect each other.To protect each other.

What happened when countries What happened when countries wanted to be free of Soviet control? wanted to be free of Soviet control? Give 2 examplesGive 2 examples

Soviets would crush the revolt.Soviets would crush the revolt. Hungary: 1956Hungary: 1956 Czechoslovakia: 1968.Czechoslovakia: 1968.

How did the Cold War How did the Cold War lead to an arms race?lead to an arms race? Each side wanted to be more Each side wanted to be more

powerful to be able to defeat the powerful to be able to defeat the other.other.

Key Conflicts:Key Conflicts:

Korean War: Korean War: Korea was divided into Korea was divided into

Communist North and Democratic Communist North and Democratic South.South.

US tried to stop it.US tried to stop it.

Vietnam WarVietnam War

People: People: Ho Chi Minh (Communist) and Ho Chi Minh (Communist) and

Ngo Ding Diem (Non-Communist)Ngo Ding Diem (Non-Communist) Tried to prevent Vietnam from Tried to prevent Vietnam from

Communism.Communism.

Arab States and Israel:Arab States and Israel:

Conflicts: Conflicts: 7 Day War and Yom Kippur War.7 Day War and Yom Kippur War. People: People: General Abdel Nasser (Egypt), General Abdel Nasser (Egypt),

Menachem Begin (Israel), Anwar Menachem Begin (Israel), Anwar Sadat (Egypt)Sadat (Egypt)

US supported Israel, USSR US supported Israel, USSR supported Arabs.supported Arabs.

Iran and IraqIran and Iraq

Conflicts: Conflicts: Islamic Revolution in Iran, Iran-Iraq Islamic Revolution in Iran, Iran-Iraq

War.War. People: People: Shah of Iran and Ayatollah Khomeini.Shah of Iran and Ayatollah Khomeini. US supported anti-Communist Shah.US supported anti-Communist Shah. Soviets supported Iran in Iran-Iraq Soviets supported Iran in Iran-Iraq

war.war.

Economic Issues in Economic Issues in Post War EraPost War Era 1. Developed Nation: countries with modern 1. Developed Nation: countries with modern

agriculture, industries, advanced technology (US, agriculture, industries, advanced technology (US, Japan, Russia, Western Europe).Japan, Russia, Western Europe).

2. Developing Nation: Nations without modern 2. Developing Nation: Nations without modern industrial economies and limited resources.industrial economies and limited resources.

3. Mixed Economy: Combination of Command and 3. Mixed Economy: Combination of Command and Market Economies.Market Economies.

4. European Union: European countries that joined 4. European Union: European countries that joined together to eliminate tariffs, make trade easier.together to eliminate tariffs, make trade easier.

5. Balance of Trade: How much you export compared 5. Balance of Trade: How much you export compared to how much you import.to how much you import.

6. OPEC: Organization of Petroleum and Exporting 6. OPEC: Organization of Petroleum and Exporting Countries.Countries.

Market Vs. Command Market Vs. Command EconomiesEconomies Capitalism: Capitalism: People own things, People People own things, People

(Businesses) make decisions, Goods (Businesses) make decisions, Goods and services are distributed by and services are distributed by Demand.Demand.

Communism: Communism: Government owns things, Government Government owns things, Government

makes decisions, Government makes decisions, Government distributes things.distributes things.

3 economic problems 3 economic problems developing nations in developing nations in Latin America face:Latin America face: 1. Too much debt.1. Too much debt. 2. Population Explosion.2. Population Explosion. 3. Relying on Cash Crops.3. Relying on Cash Crops.

List and Explain 5 List and Explain 5 obstacles to progress in obstacles to progress in Africa:Africa: 1. Population and Poverty: 1. Population and Poverty: Too many people and not enough food.Too many people and not enough food. 2. Land/Climate: 2. Land/Climate: Climate and land poor, difficult to grow crops.Climate and land poor, difficult to grow crops. 3. Economic Dependence: 3. Economic Dependence: Rely on others, too much debt.Rely on others, too much debt. 4. Economic Policies: 4. Economic Policies: Failed Socialism. Too many cash crops.Failed Socialism. Too many cash crops. 5. Political:5. Political: Dictators, military takeovers, ethnic Dictators, military takeovers, ethnic

conflicts.conflicts.

How has the worldwide demand for How has the worldwide demand for oil changed the balance of power in oil changed the balance of power in the Middle East?the Middle East?

Middle Eastern countries have $, Middle Eastern countries have $, buying power and control the buying power and control the world’s economy.world’s economy.

Chinese Communist Chinese Communist RevolutionRevolution 11. Mao Zedong: . Mao Zedong: Leader of the Communists in the 1930.Leader of the Communists in the 1930. 2. Deng Xiaoping: 2. Deng Xiaoping: Took over for Mao in 1976.Took over for Mao in 1976. 3. Cultural Revolution: 3. Cultural Revolution: Attempt to renew people’s loyalty to Communism and Attempt to renew people’s loyalty to Communism and

establish a more equitable society.establish a more equitable society. 4. Great Leap Forward: 4. Great Leap Forward: Mao wanted to increase agricultural and industrial Mao wanted to increase agricultural and industrial

output.output. 5. Tiananmen Square: 5. Tiananmen Square: Demonstrators occupied an area looking for rights and Demonstrators occupied an area looking for rights and

freedoms. Government sent in troops to break it up.freedoms. Government sent in troops to break it up.

Why were Mao and the Communists Why were Mao and the Communists victorious over Jiang and the victorious over Jiang and the Nationalists in China’s Civil War?Nationalists in China’s Civil War?

1. Mao won support of the 1. Mao won support of the peasant population of China by peasant population of China by promising to give the peasant promising to give the peasant population land.population land.

The Great Leap The Great Leap ForwardForward Goal: Goal: Increase farm and factory output.Increase farm and factory output. Methods: Methods: Communes (Farms) and production Communes (Farms) and production

quotas.quotas. Results: Results: Program fails, 2 years of hunger and Program fails, 2 years of hunger and

low production.low production.

Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution

Goals: Goals: Renew Communist loyalties.Renew Communist loyalties. Methods: Methods: Red Guards attack professors and other Red Guards attack professors and other

officials by following the Little Red Book.officials by following the Little Red Book. Results: Results: Economy slows, people afraid, lost Economy slows, people afraid, lost

generation.generation.

Four Modernizations: Four Modernizations: DengDeng 1. Farming methods modernized 1. Farming methods modernized

and mechanized.and mechanized. 2. Industry upgraded and 2. Industry upgraded and

expanded.expanded. 3. Science and technology 3. Science and technology

promoted and developed.promoted and developed. 4. Defense systems and military 4. Defense systems and military

forces improved.forces improved.

What was the What was the significance of the significance of the Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Square uprising?uprising? Importance for communist Importance for communist

leaders to keep control.leaders to keep control. People in China had few rights.People in China had few rights.

Collapse of European ImperialismCollapse of European Imperialism

Why did Britain grant Why did Britain grant India independence?India independence? Because India’s control for it had Because India’s control for it had

weakened, and the policy of weakened, and the policy of passive resistance had made passive resistance had made Britain look bad.Britain look bad.

What are the 2 What are the 2 dominant ethnic dominant ethnic groups in India?groups in India? Muslim and Hindu.Muslim and Hindu.

How did Britain try to How did Britain try to solve the ethnic solve the ethnic division?division? British officials drew borders that British officials drew borders that

would create Hindu India and would create Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.Muslim Pakistan.

Why sort of Why sort of government does India government does India have?have? DemocracyDemocracy

Why does India follow Why does India follow a policy of a policy of nonalignment?nonalignment? It allowed India to accept help It allowed India to accept help

from both capitalist and socialist from both capitalist and socialist nations.nations.

Independent Nations in AfricaIndependent Nations in Africa

How did WWII increase How did WWII increase the desire for African the desire for African independence?independence? 1. Many Africans had fought in the 1. Many Africans had fought in the

war, and they resented returning war, and they resented returning home as second class citizens.home as second class citizens.

2. Many had migrated to cities and 2. Many had migrated to cities and were exposed to nationalist ideas.were exposed to nationalist ideas.

3. The Atlantic Charter had set forth 3. The Atlantic Charter had set forth the idea of self-determination for all the idea of self-determination for all nations.nations.

Who is Kwame Who is Kwame NkrumahNkrumah Led the independence movement Led the independence movement

in the Country of Ghana.in the Country of Ghana. Used Pan-Africanism to try to Used Pan-Africanism to try to

united Africans.united Africans.

Who is Jomo Kenyatta?Who is Jomo Kenyatta?

Led the independence movement Led the independence movement in Kenya.in Kenya.

Africa still has many Africa still has many economic links from economic links from colonialism. Describe:colonialism. Describe:

Trade patterns:Trade patterns:

Europeans had set up economies Europeans had set up economies that depended on the export of that depended on the export of raw materials and cash crops. raw materials and cash crops. Many African nations still rely on Many African nations still rely on trading those single products.trading those single products.

Exports:Exports:

African nations export a very African nations export a very select few products. When the select few products. When the prices of those products drop, prices of those products drop, there economies are devastated.there economies are devastated.

Manufactured GoodsManufactured Goods

African countries rely on African countries rely on importing manufactured goods importing manufactured goods from European countries.from European countries.

How did the borders drawn by How did the borders drawn by colonial powers eventually colonial powers eventually contribute to civil war in contribute to civil war in Africa?Africa? Because Europeans did not Because Europeans did not

regard African tribal lines at all, regard African tribal lines at all, they often had different tribes they often had different tribes fighting with each other for fighting with each other for control of land inside of a country.control of land inside of a country.

Give some examples of Give some examples of Apartheid in South Apartheid in South Africa:Africa: Black Africans and other Black Africans and other

nonwhites had to live in certain nonwhites had to live in certain zones.zones.

Separate trains, beaches, schools, Separate trains, beaches, schools, etc.etc.

Interracial marriages banned.Interracial marriages banned.

What was the purpose What was the purpose of the ANC?of the ANC? Opposed apartheid, by using civil Opposed apartheid, by using civil

disobedience and boycotts. disobedience and boycotts. Led by Nelson Mandela.Led by Nelson Mandela.

Conflict and Change in Conflict and Change in the Middle Eastthe Middle East 1. Palestinian Liberation Organization: led by Arafat, 1. Palestinian Liberation Organization: led by Arafat,

wanted to gain Palestine back for the Palestinians.wanted to gain Palestine back for the Palestinians. 2. Yasir Arafat: Leader of the PLO.2. Yasir Arafat: Leader of the PLO. 3. Camp David Accord: Peace agreement between 3. Camp David Accord: Peace agreement between

Israel (Begin) and Egypt (Sadat).Israel (Begin) and Egypt (Sadat). 4. Ayatollah Khomeini: Leader of the Iranian 4. Ayatollah Khomeini: Leader of the Iranian

Revolution.Revolution. 5. Saddam Hussein: Leader of Iraq.5. Saddam Hussein: Leader of Iraq. 6. Persian Gulf War: War between Iraq and a coalition 6. Persian Gulf War: War between Iraq and a coalition

after Iraq invaded Kuwait.after Iraq invaded Kuwait. 7. Islamic Fundamentalism: Reform by people who 7. Islamic Fundamentalism: Reform by people who

opposed westernization and wanted to apply Islamic opposed westernization and wanted to apply Islamic principles to the problems in their nation.principles to the problems in their nation.

8. Balfour Declaration: Support for Zionism by the 8. Balfour Declaration: Support for Zionism by the British after WWIBritish after WWI

What impact has geography had on What impact has geography had on the culture and history of the the culture and history of the Middle East?Middle East?

Oil brought power to those Oil brought power to those countries in the Middle East which countries in the Middle East which had oil. Has also led to war.had oil. Has also led to war.

Limited water supply, because of Limited water supply, because of the deserts, has led to limited the deserts, has led to limited water supply and arguments over water supply and arguments over water rights.water rights.

How has diversity in the How has diversity in the Middle East affected its Middle East affected its recent history?recent history? It has led to many wars between It has led to many wars between

those that are Jewish (Israel) and those that are Jewish (Israel) and those that are Arab (Islamic).those that are Arab (Islamic).

Look at the map on page 310. What Look at the map on page 310. What countries border Israel? What effect does countries border Israel? What effect does Israel’s location have on its relationship Israel’s location have on its relationship with its neighbors?with its neighbors?

Countries on Israel’s border: Countries on Israel’s border: Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon.Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon.

Have led to wars between the two Have led to wars between the two sides and conflict and violence.sides and conflict and violence.

How was the Iranian Revolution an How was the Iranian Revolution an example of an Islamic example of an Islamic Fundamentalism revolution?Fundamentalism revolution?

1. The Iranian government was hostile 1. The Iranian government was hostile to the west. Western books, music and to the west. Western books, music and movies banned.movies banned.

2. The government required strict 2. The government required strict adherence to Muslim religious tradition.adherence to Muslim religious tradition.

3. Many rights were taken away from 3. Many rights were taken away from government.government.

4. Iran encouraged Muslims in other 4. Iran encouraged Muslims in other countries to work to overthrown secular countries to work to overthrown secular governments and establish Islamic governments and establish Islamic republics.republics.

What was the primary What was the primary cause of the Persian Gulf cause of the Persian Gulf War?War? Iraq invaded Kuwait and seized its Iraq invaded Kuwait and seized its

oil fields, and the US saw it as an oil fields, and the US saw it as an threat to Saudi Arabia and to the threat to Saudi Arabia and to the flow of oil.flow of oil.

What factors have What factors have contributed to conflict in contributed to conflict in the Middle East?the Middle East? 1. Creation of the state of Israel.1. Creation of the state of Israel. 2. Growing influence of Islamic 2. Growing influence of Islamic

Fundamentalism.Fundamentalism. 3 Aggressive actions of leaders 3 Aggressive actions of leaders

like Saddam Hussein.like Saddam Hussein.

What two forces (using the forces What two forces (using the forces shaping the Middle East Chart) are shaping the Middle East Chart) are the greatest advantage to the the greatest advantage to the Middle East?Middle East?

1. Natural Resources: Supplies 1. Natural Resources: Supplies them with a great deal of money them with a great deal of money to build upon. (oil)to build upon. (oil)

2. Democracy in Israel and Turkey 2. Democracy in Israel and Turkey which could lead to future which could lead to future democracy in other areas.democracy in other areas.

Disadvantages?Disadvantages?

1. Too many religions fighting for 1. Too many religions fighting for control and leading to prejudice.control and leading to prejudice.

2. Anti-western feelings leading to 2. Anti-western feelings leading to fighting between the west and fighting between the west and these countries.these countries.

Collapse of Communism in the Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

1. Détente: Lessening of tensions 1. Détente: Lessening of tensions between the US and Soviet Union between the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War.during the Cold War.

2. Mikhail Gorbachev: Leader of 2. Mikhail Gorbachev: Leader of the Soviet Union who helped end the Soviet Union who helped end Communism.Communism.

What event brought What event brought détente to an end?détente to an end? The Soviet invasion of The Soviet invasion of

Afghanistan in 1979.Afghanistan in 1979.

Describe PerestroikaDescribe Perestroika

Freedom economically for the Freedom economically for the businesses of the Soviet Union.businesses of the Soviet Union.

Stimulate economic growth and Stimulate economic growth and make industry more efficient.make industry more efficient.

Allow for free market reforms.Allow for free market reforms.

Describe GlasnostDescribe Glasnost

Openness, ended censorship and Openness, ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss the encouraged people to discuss the problems in the Soviet Union.problems in the Soviet Union.

How did Gorbachev’s How did Gorbachev’s policies lead to the policies lead to the breakup of the Soviet breakup of the Soviet Union?Union? 1. As Gorbachev eased political 1. As Gorbachev eased political

restrictions, people began to restrictions, people began to voice nationalist sentiments.voice nationalist sentiments.

2. Because it was a multinational 2. Because it was a multinational state, people in the non-Russian state, people in the non-Russian republics opposed Russian republics opposed Russian domination.domination.

3. That led to them declaring their 3. That led to them declaring their independence.independence.

What effect did What effect did Gorbachev’s reforms Gorbachev’s reforms have on Eastern Europe?have on Eastern Europe? 1. It sparked demand for 1. It sparked demand for

democracy and national democracy and national independence.independence.

2. Poland, East Germany, 2. Poland, East Germany, Romania and Bulgaria broke away Romania and Bulgaria broke away from Soviet control.from Soviet control.

3. There were attempts to make a 3. There were attempts to make a transition from a command to a transition from a command to a market economy.market economy.

Who led the movement Who led the movement for Polish for Polish independence?independence? Lech Walesa who led Solidarity, Lech Walesa who led Solidarity,

which was an independent trade which was an independent trade union which called for political union which called for political change in Poland.change in Poland.

Why is the fall of the Why is the fall of the Berlin Wall considered a Berlin Wall considered a significant event?significant event? This led to East and West This led to East and West

Germany being reunited.Germany being reunited. The Berlin Wall was a symbol of The Berlin Wall was a symbol of

communism as it divided East and communism as it divided East and West Berlin.West Berlin.

Give examples of how the fall of the Give examples of how the fall of the Soviet Union led to the rise of ethnic Soviet Union led to the rise of ethnic tensions throughout Eastern Europe.tensions throughout Eastern Europe.

1. Czechoslovakia split into 2 separate 1. Czechoslovakia split into 2 separate countries: Czech Republic and Slovakia.countries: Czech Republic and Slovakia.

2. In the Balkan peninsula, Yugoslavia 2. In the Balkan peninsula, Yugoslavia was split apart into many different was split apart into many different countries.countries.

3. Russia has had to fight a “Civil War” 3. Russia has had to fight a “Civil War” with the people of Chechnya who have with the people of Chechnya who have Muslim culture very different than Muslim culture very different than Russia.Russia.