20 Land Use and Livelihoods 20.1 Introduction - Rio Tinto · Simandou SEIA Volume III Port Chapter...

Simandou SEIA Volume III Port Chapter 20: Land Use and Livelihoods

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20 Land Use and Livelihoods 20.1 Introduction This chapter considers the Simandou Port’s impacts on land use and livelihoods during construction and operation (1). Potential impacts include: physical displacement due to land occupation; physical displacement due to quality of life factors; economic displacement related to land-based livelihoods; economic displacement related to fisheries-based livelihoods; disruption to access routes; availability of food; and availability of community water supplies. Following an assessment of the significance of these impacts, the chapter considers how the port will mitigate negative impacts as well as enhance positive impacts through the Simandou Project Social Management Framework (SMF). A residual impact ranking is then assigned to each potential impact. Further details of the chapter structure are as follows: Section 20.2 provides a description of the approach used for the assessment, including a description of

how the study area has been defined and the criteria used to assess impacts;

Section 20.3 cross-references relevant baseline information from Chapter 16: Socio-Economic and Community Baseline and also describes existing land use, fisheries and fishing activities, and potentially affected settlements in the local study area;

Section 20.4 presents the assessment of impacts from the port in the absence of further actions to

mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts; Section 20.5 describes the SMF and associated mitigation measures for impacts on land use and

livelihoods, and then assesses the residual impacts after mitigation; and Section 20.6 provides a summary of findings. The assessment in this chapter draws extensively on baseline information presented in Chapter 16: Socio-Economic and Community Baseline. For a more detailed understanding of potential socio-economic and community impacts associated with the port, the reader should also consult the following chapters: Chapter 17: National Economy; Chapter 18: Employment and Economic Development; Chapter 19: In-Migration; Chapter 21: Social Structures and Community Life; Chapter 22: Community Health, Safety, and Security; Chapter 23: Labour and Working Conditions; Chapter 24: Ecosystem Services; and Chapter 25: Human Rights.

(1) This assessment does not consider a closure phase, as full ownership of the port is anticipated to transfer to the Republic of Guinea between 40 and 50 years after its opening, when the cost of the port has been fully amortised. References in the assessment to the “end” of the operation period (or, alternately, port lifetime) refer to the time of transfer. Prior to its transfer, the port will be owned by a special purpose infrastructure company owned jointly by Simfer and the government, with the government holding a stake of up to 51%. There is no plan to remove the port infrastructure upon closure of the Simandou Mine. Potential impacts associated with closure of the Simandou Mine are considered in Volume I: Simandou Mine SEIA.


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20.2 Approach 20.2.1 Study Area Development of the port will have a wide range of effects on socio-economic and community conditions over geographic areas ranging from the immediate area around the port to the whole of Guinea. The port study area for impacts on land use and livelihoods has been defined at two levels: regional and local. The regional level extends over the prefecture of Forécariah. The local study area comprises four sub-prefectures within Forécariah, including Forécariah Centre (the location of the prefecture capital, Forécariah), Maférinyah (the location of the proposed port), and Kaback and Kakossa (which immediately surround the location of the proposed port). Within the local study area, select communities have been grouped into six clusters of “Project Affected Communities” (PACs) based on anticipated similarities in their experience of impacts due to proximity to Project infrastructure or activities. A detailed discussion and map of the PACs is located in Chapter 16: Socio-Economic and Community Baseline (see Table 16.2 and Figure 16.1). 20.2.2 Legal and Other Requirements This assessment has been prepared in line with applicable Guinean laws and development policies as well as international and Rio Tinto standards. Details regarding general legal and other requirements relevant to the assessment of socio-economic and community impacts can be found in Chapter 16: Socio-Economic and Community Baseline. Specific legislation relating to land use and livelihoods includes the following. Article 13 of the Constitution of the Republic of Guinea guarantees every citizen of Guinea the right to

own property. It establishes that nobody can be deprived of the right to property except where public interest has been established and that this must be subject to payment of fair and prior compensation.

The Land and Domain Code (Loi L/99/013/AN du 30 mars 1992 adoptant et promulguant le Code foncier et domanial) establishes the overarching legal framework applicable to land in Guinea and reinforces and underlines the right of private ownership.

The Urban Code (Loi L/98 nº 017/98 du 13 juillet 1998 adoptant et promulguant la loi portant Code de l’urbanisme de la République de Guinée) sets out the responsibilities of the Guinean State for the management and development of the national territory. This is exercised through the National Land Development Plan (Schéma National d’Aménagement du Territoire – SNAT) and the Regional Development Master Plans (Plans Directeurs d’Aménagement Régionaux – PDAR).

The Pastoral Code (Code Pastorale Loi L/95/051/CTRN du 29 août 1995) defines natural pastures as the portions of forest domains that provide pasture resources as well as fallow or post-season crop lands. These areas are open to pasturing livestock, subject to environmental protection considerations and, in the case of fallow agricultural lands, the permission of the property owner;

The Rural Land Policy Decree (le Declaration de politique foncière en milieu rural, Decret

D/2001/037/PRG) recognises customary rights and sets out proposals to reorient and improve the effectiveness of the existing statutory system. The focus is on clarifying and securing land tenure property rights in rural areas, including increasing the participation of local authorities and stakeholders.

The Mining Code (Code minière) establishes the rights of those holding mining concessions to occupy

land needed to carry out their activities within the perimeter of the concession area, if so authorised by the title. Legitimate occupants of such land must be compensated by the concessionaire.

The Decree Number 336/PRG of 30 July 1980 on national limits of jurisdiction specify the limits of territorial water of the Republic of Guinea. It sets the width of territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone at 12 nautical miles and 200 nautical miles. The decree prohibits foreign vessels from entering the territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone.


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The impact assessment and development of mitigation measures are consistent with international good practice as set out in the IFC Performance Standards (see Chapter 16: Socio-Economic and Community Baseline). Of particular relevance to this chapter is IFC Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement (2012). IFC PS 5 has the following objectives: to avoid, and when avoidance is not possible, minimise displacement by exploring alternative project

designs;

to avoid forced eviction;

to anticipate and avoid, or where avoidance is not possible, minimise adverse social and economic impacts from land acquisition or restrictions on land use by: providing compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost; and ensuring that resettlement activities are implemented with appropriate disclosure of information,

consultation, and the informed participation of those affected.

to improve, or restore, the livelihoods and standards of living of displaced persons; and

to improve living conditions among physically displaced persons through the provision of adequate housing with security of tenure at resettlement sites.

The mitigation measures also take into account Rio Tinto corporate policy as set out in the Rio Tinto Standards, in particular the Environmental Performance Standard E9: Land Use Stewardship and Communities Standard. 20.2.3 Prediction and Evaluation of Impacts The significance of potential impacts on land use and livelihoods is evaluated taking into account the magnitude of the change in baseline conditions and the sensitivity of affected receptors, following the general methodology presented in Chapter 1: Introduction. Further details regarding the methodology as applied in this chapter are described below. 20.2.3.1 Magnitude The magnitude of each potential impact on land use and livelihoods (both positive and negative) is ranked on a 4-point scale ranging from negligible through small and medium to large. Factors taken into consideration in determining magnitude include the following. Scale of the impact: A potential impact that could affect a large number of people or over a widespread

area is considered to be large. On the other hand, a potential impact that could affect a small number of people or over a small area is considered small.

Duration of the impact: A potential impact that is expected to persist for the 40-50 year operational

lifetime of the port would be considered large. A potential impact that is expected to last for only a short time (eg a few months at the start of construction) is considered small.

Intensity of the impact: A potential impact that could lead to a fundamental change in a population’s

way of life compared to baseline conditions is considered large. Conversely, a potential impact leading to only subtle changes in existing conditions would be small.

Note that in cases where a potential impact features a level of intensity warranting a high degree of attention by decision makers (eg physical displacement where only a few households lose their homes or economic displacement due to the loss of a small number of hectares), a large magnitude ranking may be applied, even if the impact is expected to be of a small scale or short duration.


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It must be noted that the details of impacts on particular individuals and households cannot be determined at this time with available data and prior to detailed design. In the case of physical displacement (both due to land occupation and quality of life factors as described in Section 20.4.3) and economic displacement, these details will be gathered through socio-economic surveys and consultation at the household and community levels through the implementation of the Resettlement and Compensation Action Plan Framework (PARC Framework). The PARC process will then establish mitigation measures for each Project affected person (PAP) and communities through PARC reports and entitlement matrices for each geographic area affected (see Section 20.5). 20.2.3.2 Sensitivity The sensitivity of affected receptors (in this case, people and the communities within which they live) relative to potential impacts on land use and livelihoods is ranked on a 4-point scale ranging from negligible to low, medium and high. In practice, all people are considered to be of at least medium sensitivity so the negligible and low grades are not used. Sensitivity is determined by the characteristics of the population who are potentially adversely affected or gaining benefit. Specifically, it is related to the population’s resilience – that is, their capacity to cope with changes while maintaining their livelihood and social wellbeing. Resilience is often related to the extent to which people can access suitable resources such as assets, social networks, or other means by which they can derive livelihoods and upon which they depend. More sensitive receptors tend to lack resources that could help them respond to or manage changes which may affect their wellbeing. Often, this sensitivity, also commonly referred to as vulnerability, can be exacerbated if receptor rights to those resources are not recognised or protected. Factors that tend to increase sensitivity include:

old age, youth, female gender, minority ethnicity, or religion; poor social and socio-economic status at birth; lack of access to land resources; lack of access to opportunities for income generation and employment; limited livelihood opportunities and livelihood alternatives; remoteness from urban centres and main communication infrastructure; poor quality and limited access to services (eg health, amenities); limited access to, and use of, natural resources including water; poor food security and reliance on subsistence farming; dependence on unique natural resources; limited education and skills; poor health or disability; absence of support networks; and marginalisation (ie degree of access to services and formalised rights). Conditions in Guinea place women in general as a highly sensitive (vulnerable) group. This also holds true for women in the port area, though their role in the fish trade means they are generally more economically empowered than women in other parts of rural Guinea (see Chapter 16: Socio-Economic and Community Baseline). Gender is therefore specifically taken into account in determining sensitivity, and the impact assessment and mitigation measures give specific attention to women and gender equality. 20.2.3.3 Significance Table 20.1 presents the overall approach to evaluating the significance of potential impacts on land use and livelihoods. Based on considerations of magnitude and sensitivity, the table assigns a significance ranking ranging from not significant to critical for negative impacts and not significant to major for positive impacts.


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Table 20.1 Evaluating the Significance of Impacts on Land Use and Livelihoods

Sensitivity (vulnerability) of receptors

Magnitude of Impact

Affects a negligible area or number of people relative to the total area or population within the area of influence or is very short term.

Affects a small area or a small number of people relative to the total area or population within the area of influence and / or is of short duration (less than 1 year). Perceptible difference from baseline conditions.

Affects a substantial area or number of people relative to the total area or population within the area of influence and / or is of medium duration (eg full construction period (3 years+). Clearly evident difference from baseline conditions.

Affects the majority of the area or population in the area of influence and / or persists over many years (eg Project lifetime). Change dominates over baseline conditions. Includes any physical or economic displacement of people, or permanent severance of routes between communities, occurring as a result of the Project.

Negative Impacts Negligible Small negative Medium negative Large negative

Med

ium

More developed communities with greater capacity to for change; better access to employment and commerce, resources, services; less vulnerability, greater level of education and skills.

Not Significant Minor Moderate Major

Hig

h

Less developed communities with lower resilience to change; more reliant on traditional / subsistence lifestyles; less access to resources, services; more vulnerable or otherwise disadvantaged people – eg poor, women, old, minorities, unskilled, low education / skills base.

Not Significant Moderate Major Critical

Positive Impacts Negligible Small positive Medium positive Large positive

Med

ium

More developed communities with greater capacity to for change; better access to employment and commerce, resources, services; less vulnerability, greater level of education and skills.

Not Significant Minor Moderate Major

Hig

h

Less developed communities with lower resilience to change; more reliant on traditional / subsistence lifestyles; less access to resources, services; eg more vulnerable or otherwise disadvantaged people – poor, women, old, minorities, unskilled, low education / skills base.

Not Significant Moderate Major Major

Note: “Negligible” and “low” sensitivities are not applicable to land use and livelihoods impacts as all people are considered to be at least moderately sensitive to both positive and negative effects.


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For significant impacts, mitigation measures are identified with the objective of enhancing positive impacts and reducing the significance of negative impacts, and residual impacts are evaluated taking into account the proposed mitigation. The assessment has adopted a deliberately conservative approach to residual impacts as the full details of mitigation for land use and land-based livelihood impacts are yet to be determined as part of development of the Project Social Management Framework and detailed field studies now being conducted under the PARC Framework. In practice, it is anticipated that the significance of negative residual impacts will reduce with the detailed development and implementation of mitigation measures. 20.3 Baseline The general baseline for the assessment of impacts on land use and livelihoods is presented in Chapter 16: Socio-Economic and Community Baseline, which includes information on the population within the local and regional study area as well as the ways in which land, water and other natural resources are used to provide livelihoods. This section provides more detail on the land cover and fisheries within the immediate vicinity of the port and associated uses. 20.3.1 Classification of Land Cover and Land Use An understanding of land cover is derived from analysis of GeoEye 0.5 m resolution imagery dated 2010 / 2011 and taken during the dry season. The process of verifying imagery was supported by flyover and on-the-ground reconnaissance visits to parts of the area including Maférinyah, Ile Kakossa and Ile Kaback. Table 20.2 classifies land cover in the study area and describes its use by the local population. It must be noted that the lack of land use does not necessarily equate to a lack of tenure. Land can be ‘fallow’ (ie, land that was cultivated in the past and is left to rest for a number of years to restore its fertility) or is otherwise ‘owned’ by founding families who hold a customary right to allocate it to members of a lineage or others. The distribution of land cover in the study area around the port is shown in Figure 20.1 Table 20.2 Existing Land Classification and Description of Use

Classification Description

Built Environment / Settlement Area

Human Settlement

Areas of permanent human settlement. Human settlement also includes temporary shelter for use during seasonal agricultural activities.

Roads and Overland Access Routes

Vehicular roads in the study area include:

major roads: arterial roads forming part of the national road network (eg N4) that are suitable for all vehicles; and

secondary and tertiary roads: generally unsurfaced roads that are suitable for vehicles but occasionally only accessible by four-wheel-drive vehicles.

In addition there are many small trails and paths suitable only for pedestrians, bicycles and livestock. Many of these cannot be reliably identified at the scale of available information and they have been excluded from the quantitative analysis, but they are addressed qualitatively.

Village Forest / Woodland

Villages tend to be located on higher ground with a high degree of tree cover, both planted and natural. The trees provide shade to the community and usually comprise fruit trees and coconut palms. Community woodland is also used for seasonal gathering of medicinal plants as well as other timber and non-timber forest produce.

Agricultural Land

Oil Palm Plantation

This comprises both plantations and natural oil palm groves. Natural palm groves are exploited by local populations for palm oil and palm seeds giving them high value. Through lack of management and extensive undergrowth, older palm stands often appear highly disturbed and impenetrable. Commercial oil palm plantations are easily recognisable by the regular pattern, with trees 3-6 m apart intersected by maintenance roads. Occasionally plantations are mixed, comprising a number of other tree species such as cola nut, acacia, mango and melina.

Rice Field

There are two types of rice fields in the area, bogoni and dara. Bogoni are in direct contact with the sea and sea inlets and are surrounded by clay dykes for water management. These fertile fields are used every year and do not require a fallow period. Dara lie further inland away from estuarine influence and are cultivated over a period of 1-2 years and then remain fallow for 4-7 years.


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Classification Description

Market Garden

This horticultural practice using raised beds is a major source of income. It is practiced on small surfaces of high quality land often located on the edges of settlements where communities engage in multi-cropping (ie food crops for household consumption and cash crops) to minimise their risk from the dependence on one type. Types of crops cultivated include watermelon, manioc, pineapple, chili and red pepper, eggplant and okra.

Salt Pan

Salt pans are flat areas where salt accumulates in the dry season as a result of water evaporating from depressions. Salt pans are located throughout the study area and communities carry out salt winning as a commercial activity. The salt pans are often located adjacent to bogoni rice fields, and are normally only tidally inundated by the higher spring tides. Like the bogoni, salt pans are surrounded by clay dykes to control the flow of seawater.

Fallow Land Some of the methods of cultivation used in the port area (such as dara rice) leave the land fallow for various periods. Fallow periods can range from 4-7 years following cultivation for 1-2 years. Whilst this agricultural land is in the fallow stage it can be used for pastoral purposes.

Cleared Soil

Cleared Soil These areas are infrequent in the port area and often visually similar to fallow land. These areas can be natural or man-made with the latter often being due to the clearing of land for agricultural purposes.

Woodland

Woodland (including Shrub Grassland)

The land cover varies to include open or closed stand of shrubs, bushes, palms, and trees of varying height and density. The shrub grassland and woodland areas are used for the collection of fuelwood, timber and non-timber products such as fruit and natural medicine, and for hunting. Less densely vegetated areas are also used for pastoral purposes.

Grassland

Grassland Land covered with grasses and other herbs, woody plants covering less than 10% of the ground. The grassland is used by local communities for a wide range of purposes including pasture land and hunting of small animals.

Mangrove

Mangrove Mangroves are coastal wetlands found along the estuary and tributaries (bras de mer) of the tidal rivers. These areas are used for fishing, small scale hunting, collection of herbs, and fuelwood supply.

Bare Land

Rock Outcrop There are currently two Pprominent granite rock outcrops in the area adjacent to the Marine Offloading Facility site. Dense natural forest / woodland can be found on the edges of the larger rock outcrop.

Sandy Beach Sandy beach featuring limited to no livelihood use except as a point to access fishing catch.

Mud Flats / River Banks

Mostly unvegetated sands and muds, submerged for part of the tidal cycle. There are extensive areas of mudflats found in the intertidal zone below the beach along the coastline of Ile Kaback and south of Ile Kakossa. Mudflats are used by fishermen where they use seine nets and carry out bait fishing. Fish traps are also used here.

Water

Water This includes main river corridors, tidal creeks, estuaries and other coastal waters, which are used for fishing and transport of goods and people. Many sources are influenced by seawater but those that are not are also used for drinking (in addition to other sources such as wells).

Notes: It can be difficult at times to distinguish different land types from an aerial perspective – for example, grassland versus fallow agricultural land. On the ground surveys conducted for the Resettlement and Compensation Action Plan Framework (PARC Framework) will confirm land cover for households and communities anticipated to be subject to physical or economic displacement, as will specialised studies to be conducted where communities are anticipated to experience land pressures due to in-migration (see Section 20.5). It should also be noted that salt pans, rock outcrops, and sandy beach are located only on the Marine Offloading Facility (MOF) site and are therefore not discussed in the economic displacement assessment in Section 20.4.4.

Senguelen

SouguéSenni

Fodeya

Ynde

Soungaya

Kaïnté

Khembebounyi

Kalefodéya

Modya

MakayahSeriyaGougoude

Yeniah

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Kansiyiré

KolemaManiah

SambouyaLabouya

Amaraya

Kounsima

Yonkima

MenyireSouleymaniya

Béribouni

Kaleyiré

Kamalo

Kinate

Friyah

Dabonkhorè

Baridabon

Dondoyah Kobérato

Kondébounyi

Souguébounyi

Bembenyi

Baréna

Khilifili

Bilidé

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Makayah

Fandiema

Sini

Kissouki

Kiaka

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Touguiyiré

Kaléa

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Alamemiya

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Kiranènè

Sangbon

Sourima

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Bamboukhoun

Sounganyah

Madinagbé

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Sèrah

Maligya

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Client: Taille: Titre:A4 Figure 20.1

Carcactérisation de l'utilisation des terres dans les environs des infrastructures portuaires /Characterisation of Land Use in the Area Around the Port Infrastructure

Projection: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 29N

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Projet: 0131299

Echelle: Comme Barre d’échelle

Date: 19/09/2012

Dessiné par: WB

Surface maximum du site étudiée (SMSE) / Maximum Assessed Site Extent (MASE)Infrastructures portuaires / Port infrastructureChenal de dragage / Dredging ChannelTracé indicatif de la voie ferrée / Indicative Rail Alignment

Agglomération / SettlementVillage / VillageHameau / Hamlet

Terres défriché / Cleared LandTerrain nu / Bare LandTerres agricoles / Agricultural LandPrairies / Grassland

De bois / WoodlandMangrove / MangroveVillage / Village AreaEau / Water

Utilisations des terres / Land uses

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20.3.2 Analysis of Land Cover The topography of the study area transitions from a slightly undulating landscape west of Maférinyah via a series of plains to the mangrove areas that border the shoreline and river bank of the Morebaya River system. The coastal area is primarily formed by tidelands composed by fluvial and marine sediments. There is a defined wet season in the area and at this time there may be periodic / seasonal flooding of much of the area. This is not only an important component of the cycle of use of the bogoni rice fields and habitation but also clearly alters the nature of the local hydrological regime at these times. The Morebaya River connects the area via a tributary of the Soubouya River to Conakry. The Sangbon is a larger tidal tributary that flows into the Morebaya Estuary at Touguiyiré and that separates Ile Kaback from the land to the north. It has a winding course as it penetrates inland for over 23 km with several tributaries. The wider area is largely used for agriculture, particularly rice fields (locally known as bogoni and dara). Mangroves line the Morebaya River and a number of tributaries. These give way to grassland and oil palm plantations further inland. Fishing (commercial and artisanal) is practised across the coastal environment and within tidal creeks using a variety of gear and methods. 20.3.3 Settlements The port is located on the east bank of the Morebaya River, in the district of Senguelen which falls in the Maférinyah sub-prefecture. A number of villages are located close to the port location, as described in Chapter 16: Socio-Economic and Community Baseline. Settlements with more than 50 houses include Touguiyiré and Senguelen, Bamboukhoun, Sounganyah and Madinagbé. Smaller hamlets lie scattered throughout the area. 20.3.4 Roads and Access Routes The main roads in the study area include the N4 which runs between Maférinyah and Forécariah (PAC 1); the road between Maférinyah and Touguiyiré, via a number of communities, including Madinagbé, Sounganyah and Bamboukhoun (PAC 3); and the road from Senguelen through Maliguiya to the coast. Throughout the study area, there are also a series of trails and paths used by local communities to access their homes, lands (such as agricultural fields and salt pans) and fishing grounds. The Morebaya River forms an important access route for access to and from communities and areas up and down the river. It also provides an important crossing between Ile Kaback and Ile Kakossa for the transport of people and goods, and for access to markets and fresh water sources. Transport occurs via small boats as well as a ferry crossing at Touguiyiré. 20.4 Assessment of Impacts 20.4.1 Overview This section considers potential impacts of the port on land use and livelihoods. Potential impacts include: physical displacement due to land occupation; physical displacement due to quality of life factors; economic displacement related to land-based livelihoods; economic displacement related to fisheries-based livelihoods; disruption to access routes; availability of food; and availability of community water supplies. In assessing impacts, this section applies the methodology described in Section 20.2.3 above, taking into account relevant aspects of the baseline (see Chapter 16: Socio-Economic and Community Baseline) and the project description (see Chapter 2: Project Description).


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20.4.1.1 Port Land Occupation and Infrastructure Placement As part of the design process, port components were located within or close to the Marine Offloading Facility (MOF), which will be built as part of the early works for the Project, in part to minimise land occupation and severance of communities. This has, relative to other design options, reduced the length of the conveyor and makes best use of the MOF quarry site by turning it into a stockyard (see Chapter 3: Alternatives). The conveyor corridor doubles as a corridor for the main access road, for maintenance and for transmission of electricity, water and fuel. The conveyor also includes an elevated section some 10 m above the ground at the intersection with the main road from Maférinyah to Touguiyiré just north of Bamboukhoun, to allow continued community use of the road. The export wharf is located in the river, minimising a need to reclaim bogoni and mangrove land on the river bank. In addition, the rail turning loop has been designed and positioned in agreement with the avoidance criteria for the rail component of the Project (see Chapter 3: Alternatives of the Simandou Project Social and Environmental Impact Assessment [SEIA] Volume II – Simandou Railway), to minimise all impacts on communities to the extent possible. While this optimisation in design reduces the overall footprint, it has not been possible to avoid impacts on land and people altogether. The port and its associated plant and infrastructure will occupy a land area of approximately 800 ha (1). This includes approximately 380 ha of land for the MOF, which has already been permitted through a separate MOF SEIA. The MOF land occupation is not assessed by this chapter as it was covered by the MOF SEIA but is included here for context given its planned integration with the port during operation (see Chapter 2: Project Description and Section 20.4.1.2). As a worst case assumption, it is assumed that all land within the port footprint will be occupied permanently and fenced, with all existing land uses displaced. In addition to land occupation, the port will also require use of water surface and sea bed. The water surface occupied by the approach channel, berthing areas and turning basin covers an area of approximately 1 430 ha. The dredge disposal site measures approximately 6 195 ha. 20.4.1.2 Displacement at the MOF Site The MOF SEIA determined that several settlements within and near to the MOF footprint would experience physical and economic displacement. Surveys and consultation undertaken through the PARC process have since determined that MOF Project activities will have a direct impact on the livelihoods of communities from eight villages in the districts of Senguelen and Bamboukhoun. This includes the physical displacement of 18 households, including two in Maliguya, an agricultural work zone located along the existing and proposed access roads from the port up to Senguelen Centre, and 16 in Fandiema. (Of the households in Fandiema, one will lose a vacant habitation and eight others will lose habitations occupied for less than six months a year, such as seasonal agricultural structures.) MOF Project land occupation of 380 ha and offshore dredging are also anticipated to result in the economic displacement of communities engaged in agriculture and fishing activities, as well as impacts to community resources (eg community land belonging to Bamboukhoun and water wells in Fandiema) and cultural heritage sites (eg sacred forest, symbols believed to be footprints of ancestors). Mitigation of physical and economic displacement at the MOF site will be undertaken in accordance with the PARC Framework. The following impact assessment sub-sections will consider only those displacement impacts associated with land occupation of an additional 420 ha by the port and its associated plant and infrastructure.

(1) Other ancillary facilities and infrastructure that will be part of the port but are considered in separate SEIAs include the following: permanent staff housing (planned for the town of Forécariah) and associated infrastructure, Borrow Pit 33 (planned to be located near Bamboro), and road infrastructure. The precise locations and land occupation requirements for these ancillary facilities and housing developments are still being determined. However, they will be selected to avoid displacement of existing homes and to minimise the loss of productive land and resources. These facilities and infrastructure will also be considered as part of the Simandou Project Social and Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA) Volume IV – Project-Wide Assessment.


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20.4.2 Physical Displacement due to Land Occupation The port layout has been planned to avoid the presence of any existing settlements within its 420 ha footprint. However, it is possible that some households that are part of settlements near the port perimeter will fall within the footprint, resulting in physical displacement. For example, there may be some form of physical displacement in Bamboukhoun due to the presence of the overhead conveyor belt. The number of affected households cannot be determined at this time with available data, but the details of those potentially affected (ie individuals, households) at Bamboukhoun and other settlements and the ways in which they are affected (eg assets lost or otherwise negatively affected) will be revealed through the PARC process, which is currently underway.

Should surveys undertaken during the PARC process determine that the relocation of households that are part of settlements near the port perimeter is necessary, physical displacement will occur prior to construction and the impact will extend through operation. The loss of people’s homes and places of shelter as a result of physical displacement is considered to be of a large magnitude regardless of the number of households affected. The population has a high sensitivity and physical displacement of households and / or communities will therefore be a critical negative impact.

20.4.3 Physical Displacement due to Quality of Life Factors Settlements close to the port site will experience impacts associated with noise, vibration, emissions, dust, economic displacement, severance, and public safety. These impacts, on their own or in combination with each other, will have an effect on quality of life for those in close proximity to the port construction and / or operation. Should any settlement be close enough for these issues to have a significant effect on their quality of life, temporary or permanent relocation will be considered as an option in consultation with the affected people. However it should be noted that this would only be considered if all other mitigation options are insufficient to address the negative impacts, which is expected to be unlikely in most cases. The following criteria, by themselves or in combination, will be taken into account in considering the potential need for relocation of households: occurrence of major or moderate impacts on the household from noise as defined in Chapter 8: Noise

and Vibration;

occurrence of major impacts on air quality as defined in Chapter 9: Air Quality; major disruption of access to neighbouring communities, markets, cropland, pasture land, water and

other resources important for the livelihoods of households; and households that are located within 100 m of the infrastructure where residents may experience major

risks to their safety as a result of proximity to the infrastructure. The current baseline environment, as described in Chapters 8: Noise and Vibration and Chapter 9: Air Quality, is generally quiet and relatively rural in nature. Noise sources include people going about daily activity, wildlife and local traffic. Air quality is generally good and characterised by an absence of major sources of emissions (eg power generation, large roads, or large amount of shipping). However, coarse dust levels (PM10) are in excess of annual mean air quality guidelines, suggesting that the presence of mechanical emissions such as dust blow from open surfaces and unpaved roads. Study area populations particularly vulnerable to quality of life impacts may include individuals with respiratory illnesses and the elderly. In terms of community safety, there will be no households located within 100 m of the port infrastructure, with the potential exception of the rail loop. However, while the rail loop will have a 60 m buffer from the centre line, it will be fenced for safety and security. Therefore, there will be no major risks to community safety as a


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result of proximity to the infrastructure during construction or operation and the criterion is not considered further in the sub-sections below. 20.4.3.1 Construction Phase Impacts Noise sources during construction will include clearing and grubbing of the site, earthmoving, drilling, assembly and erection of plant and infrastructure, piling and construction traffic. The noise assessment in Chapter 8: Noise and Vibration concludes that the villages of Senguelen, Bamboukhoun and Touguiyiré are expected to experience major impacts during the night time and moderate impacts during the daytime prior to mitigation. The settlement of Kiban on Ile Kakossa (PAC 5) is expected to experience moderate impacts during the night time. The impacts at Senguelen, Bamboukhoun are due to general construction activities, whereas piling is the dominant contributing noise source at Touguiyiré and Kiban (1). Air emissions during construction will include combustion of fuel in construction vehicles, shipping equipment and generators, and dust released from construction activities such as land clearing, earthworks, movement of vehicles over unpaved surfaces, concrete batching, stockpiling and transport of friable (ie easily crumbled) materials. The assessment in Chapter 9: Air Quality concludes that there will be no major impacts on air quality in the surrounding communities prior to mitigation. In terms of disruption of access as discussed in Section 20.4.6, disruptions to tracks and paths on land used by communities in the Maférinyah and Kaback sub-prefectures will result in a critical negative impact prior to mitigation. Disruption to river crossings in the local study area that are used by communities to reach settlements and markets on opposite banks will also result in a critical negative impact prior to mitigation. In summary, noise and disruption of access impacts during construction are expected to have impact significance rankings that, if unable to be reduced through proposed mitigation measures, will alone or in combination trigger further consultation with affected settlements to determine whether relocation is appropriate. Depending on the impact and consultation outcomes, relocation may be temporary or permanent.

Should on-going Project monitoring and consultation with affected settlements determine that relocation is appropriate due to an inadequate reduction of noise and disruption of access impacts, physical displacement due to quality of life factors is expected to have an effect of a large magnitude (regardless of whether that displacement was temporary or permanent) on a population of a high sensitivity. As a result, the impact will be critical negative.

20.4.3.2 Operation Phase Impacts Noise sources during operation will include train unloading, conveyor operation, stockpiling and loading of ore, power generation, material unloading and berthing operations, maintenance dredging, vessel and vehicle movements. The noise assessment in Chapter 8: Noise and Vibration concludes that Bamboukhoun and Sounganyah are expected to experience major impacts during the night time and moderate impacts during the daytime prior to mitigation. Touguiyiré is expected to experience moderate impacts during the daytime and night time prior to mitigation. Senguelen is expected to experience moderate impacts at night time (and minor impacts during daytime) prior to mitigation. In all cases, these noise impact significance rankings assume that the settlements were not relocated due to major or moderate impacts during construction, as discussed in Section 20.4.3.1 above. Air emissions during operation will include dust released from the handling, storage and loading of ore at the port; combustion of fuel in the power station; combustion of fuel and dust emissions associated with road traffic; and combustion of fuel associated with shipping movements. The assessment in

(1) As part of the PARC process for the MOF, it has been determined that two other settlements that would experience significant noise impacts, Maliguiya and Fandiema, will be resettled due to their proximity to the MOF or their location within the MOF and port footprint.

Resettlement will eliminate any impacts at these receptor locations and are not considered further here. See Section 20.4.2 in this chapter and Chapter 8: Noise and Vibration.


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Chapter 9: Air Quality concludes that there will be no major impacts on air quality in the surrounding communities prior to mitigation. In terms of disruption of access as discussed in Section 20.4.6, disruptions to tracks and paths on land used by communities in the Maférinyah and Kaback sub-prefectures will result in a critical negative impact prior to mitigation. No major (or critical) impacts are anticipated due to disruption of access via river crossings. In summary, noise and disruption of access impacts during operation are expected to have impact significance rankings that, if unable to be lowered through proposed mitigation measures, will alone or in combination trigger further consultation with affected settlements to determine whether relocation is appropriate. Depending on the impact and consultation outcomes, relocation may be temporary or permanent.

Should on-going Project monitoring and consultation with affected settlements determine that relocation is appropriate due to an inadequate reduction of noise and disruption of access impacts, physical displacement due to quality of life factors is expected to have an effect of a large magnitude (regardless of whether that displacement was temporary or permanent) on a population of a high sensitivity. As a result, the impact will be critical negative.

20.4.4 Economic Displacement Related to Land-Based Livelihoods Land-based livelihoods are an essential part of the lifestyle of the majority of the local study area population. Approximately 55% of the study area’s men and women practice agricultural activities (particularly rice cultivation). Other important livelihood activities include salt production, inland fishing and shellfish collection, livestock rearing (small ruminants) and, to a limited degree, hunting. Natural resources are also collected for a range of subsistence and domestic purposes, such as energy, cooking, smoking of fish, building material, medicinal health care, consumption and crafts. Even in those settlements where river and sea-fishing is the primary occupation (PAC 3, 5 and 6), land-based livelihoods remain an important part of food security for households. The diversity of land cover in the local study area supports all of these land-based livelihood activities, though the degree of usage of each type may differ between households and communities through factors such as proximity, rights, or preference.

20.4.4.1 Construction and Operation Phase Impacts The port will occupy a land area of approximately 420 ha (excluding the approved MOF site), or less than 0.01% of the total land area in Forécariah prefecture. Economic displacement due to loss of land-based livelihoods through Project land occupation and activities will be experienced most acutely during construction, as it is during this phase that the Project will occupy land for the purposes such as infrastructure, housing, and temporary zones of managed vessel traffic around structures or vessels. However, pre-mitigation, any economic displacement occurring in construction will extend through operation and so the two phases are considered together here. Table 20.3 provides data on the total area of land within each class of land cover to be occupied by the port. Table 20.3 Land Use within the Port Occupied Area (Excluding MOF)

Classification Land Occupied by Port

Infrastructure (ha) Percentage of Land Cover

within Total Land Occupied

Built Environment / Settlement Area (Including Village Forest / Woodland)

17 4.1%

Agricultural Land 123 29.4%

Oil Palm Plantation 81 19.3%

Rice Fields 33 7.9%

Market Garden 3 0.7%


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Classification Land Occupied by Port

Infrastructure (ha) Percentage of Land Cover

within Total Land Occupied

Fallow Land 6 1.4%

Cleared Soil 8 1.9%

Woodland 198 47.3%

Woodland 18 4.3%

Shrub Grassland 180 43.0%

Grassland 10 2.4%

Mangrove 58 13.8%

Bare Land 2 0.5%

River Bank / River Bed 2 0.5%

Water 3 0.7%

Total 419 100.0%

The port’s land occupation would affect the following types of land cover. Woodland: Approximately 47.3% of the land occupied is woodland, comprising mainly shrub woodland,

which is used to a limited extent for collection of fuelwood, timber and non-timber products such as fruit, natural medicine. Woodland is also used for pasture (primarily for small ruminants rather than cattle as in other parts of the country) and small scale hunting.

Agricultural land: Approximately 29.4% of the land to be occupied by the port will be agricultural land, consisting mainly of rice fields (bogoni fields are also used by women for fishing for household consumption and market sales), oil palm plantations, cleared and fallow land, and market gardens.

Mangrove: Approximately 13.78% of the land to be occupied is mangrove, including both existing

mangrove forests and cleared mangrove areas. These areas are used for fishing and shellfish collection, small scale hunting and collection of fuelwood.

Built Environment / Settlement Area: Approximately 4.1% of the land to be occupied is a built environment (including path and trails for non-motorised travel), surrounded by village forest/woodland.

Grassland: Approximately 2.4% of the land to be occupied is grassland, which is used for slash-and-burn agriculture, pasture (primarily for small ruminants rather than cattle as in other parts of the country) and small scale hunting.

The remaining 3.1% of land to be occupied will consist of water, used in fishing and consumption; cleared soil, which may be natural or man-made; and bare land that provide limited livelihood inputs. In addition to Project land occupation, a number of other Project activities may affect land to a degree that current land use is no longer feasible and results in economic displacement. The port and rail turning loop will be constructed on elevated compacted fill, and the conveyor belt will

create embankments. This may change the local drainage characteristics and may lead to occasional flooding and potential loss of crops accessibility, changes in the supply of freshwater to agricultural fields (loss of agricultural yields) and salinisation of soils in low lying land during the dry season (see Chapter 5: Geology, Soils and Mineral Waste and Chapter 6: Water Environment).

Dredging activities, beach erosion caused by approach channels and the presence of the port may affect the occasional flooding of the mangrove creeks that irrigate the bogoni fields. Storm surges from water pushed toward the shore from the force of high winds may reach further inland and together with spring tide result in extensive seawater flooding of low lying land, resulting in loss of crops and bogoni dykes (see Chapter 6: Water Environment; Chapter 7: Marine and Littoral Physical Environment).


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Given the importance of land in the livelihoods of communities in the local study area, Project land occupation and activities are anticipated to result in economic displacement. Settlements most likely to be affected will include Bamboukhoun, which is known to own land within and surrounding the port site; Touguiyiré and Sounganyah, which are located near to the port site; as well as Fandiema and Maliguiya, which will also be physically resettled (see Section 20.4.2). Details of those affected at Fandiema, Maligya, Bamboukhoun, Touguiyiré, Sounganyah and other nearby settlements (ie individuals, households, and communities) and the ways in which they are affected (eg percentage of land occupied, assets lost or otherwise negatively affected) will be established through the PARC process, which is currently underway (see Section 20.5). It should be noted that in all cases of land occupation, women and female-headed households are expected to be particularly vulnerable because women depend solely on men for rights to land. Moreover, occupation of land used for market gardens and bogoni rice fields (more specifically, fishing locations within the fields) are expected to disproportionately affect women as they are the primary users of these land types.

Construction and operation of the port will require the occupation of 420 ha of land. Land occupation is expected to disrupt the livelihoods of a number of households and communities in the local study area, resulting in economic displacement. This displacement will have an impact of a large magnitude. The sensitivity of the affected population is high given their degree of dependence on land and natural resources and general lack of capacity to adapt and change without intervention. The dependence of women on men for land rights means women who head households or perceive themselves owners of specific land-based assets will be particularly vulnerable to this impact. As such, it is expected that there will be a critical negative impact with regards to economic displacement during construction and operation.

20.4.5 Economic Displacement of Fisheries-Based Livelihoods After agriculture, fishing is a major contributor to livelihood in the study area, particularly for the fishing villages of Touguiyiré in Maférinyah (PAC 3); Baridabon and Khilifili on Ile Kakossa (PAC 5); and Konimodoua, Dabonkhorè, Friyah, Matakang, Khunyi and the trading and transportation hub of Sangbon on Ile Kaback (PAC 6). For these settlements, fishing includes artisanal fishing via motorised or non-motorised vessels along the coast, in the Morebaya River, and brackish fishing along mangrove areas and backwaters towards Fandiema / Moufanye (north) or Khilifili (west). Elsewhere, fishing is a secondary activity to agriculture and takes place mainly in rice fields, irrigation channels, and small waterways. Fish caught by fishermen are brought to land for either subsistence purposes or for sale. In most fishing villages, fishermen sell their catches to women (usually through their wives), and use the money to buy staple foods such as rice. Women, in turn, sell fish at the market, either fresh or after having smoked, dried, and salted the fish for preservation. In other cases, fishermen are paid a set price for their fish by foreign fishing companies operating on Ile Kaback, who also provide them with credit and equipment. This provides income for the fishermen, and an opportunity to keep their equipment in working condition. 20.4.5.1 Construction Phase Impacts During construction, the port will impact fisheries in the following ways. Port construction will require a zone of managed vessel traffic around structures or vessels that limits

people from movements up, down, and across the Morebaya River. The zone of managed vessel traffic around structures or vessels will extend for around 3 km from the area north of the MOF (above Moufanye) to the area south of the export wharf (close to Touguiyiré), and will also comprise a 200 m buffer on land on the east side of the river. This will impact fishermen who use this part of the river for fishing (such as in the mangroves) or to access locations north or south of the zone, including the sea which is down river to the south.


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Dredging will take place throughout construction, with up to seven dredgers active at any one time including in the mouth of the river and up to and including the zone of managed vessel traffic around structures or vessels of the MOF and export wharf area. The impact of the dredgers will be twofold. Dredging activities will act in combination with the noise associated with piling in the export wharf area which has the potential to affect some fish species up to 10 km away. Together they will contribute to the degradation or disturbance of fish habitats and breeding grounds affecting the abundance of fish in the estuary (see Chapter 7: Marine Physical and Littoral Environment, Chapter 13: Marine and Littoral Biodiversity and Chapter 8: Noise and Vibration). Secondly, the large vessels will limit movement for the fishermen and their ability to access various fishing grounds (including favourable times of day or tides).

In addition to dredgers, many large Project vessels will be active in the river as part of the construction activities. These will include fuel tankers, freight vessels and other boats delivering materials and products to the MOF and construction areas. These will also disrupt the movement of fishermen within the river and into the approach channel in the river mouth.

The activities described above are anticipated to affect the availability of fish and accessibility to fishing grounds, resulting in impact to the food gathering and income generation abilities of local communities who depend on fisheries-based livelihoods (including both the men who fish and women who sell fish). Details of those affected (ie individuals, households, and communities) and the ways in which they are affected (eg loss of fishing grounds, declines in catch) will be established through the PARC process, which is currently underway (see Section 20.5). Potential safety risks to fishing communities associated with increased vessel traffic are discussed in Chapter 22: Community Health, Safety, and Security.

Construction of the port will require a zone of managed vessel traffic around structures or vessels established in the Morebaya River, dredging activities, and an increase in large vessel traffic. These activities are anticipated to contribute to restrictions on accessibility of fishing groups and a degradation in fish habitats, leading to economic displacement among individuals and communities who depend on fisheries for subsistence and income generation, including both men who fish and women who process and sell fish. This displacement will have an impact of a large magnitude. The sensitivity of the affected population is high given their degree of dependence on fishing and general lack of capacity to adapt and change without intervention. As such, it is expected that there will be a critical negative impact with regards to economic displacement of fisheries-based livelihoods during construction.

20.4.5.2 Operation Phase Impacts During operation, the port will impact fisheries in the following ways.

During operation, the zone of managed vessel traffic around structures or vessels in the Morebaya River

that was in place during construction will be replaced by smaller, permanent zones of managed vessel traffic around structures or vessels around the export wharf, MOF and fuel berth. These zones will limit fishermen’s access to the east bank of the river.

Maintenance dredging will continue during the life of the port though on a smaller scale than during construction. This will continue to impact fish habitats, with adverse effect to fishermen as noted in the construction section above (see Chapter 13: Marine and Littoral Biodiversity).

There will not be piling in this phase and fish are likely to return to the area once the noise associated

with construction piling has ceased (see Chapter 8: Noise and Vibration and Chapter 13: Marine and Littoral Biodiversity).

Ore ships will be operational within the river, at a rate of around two boats every three days. These are

very large vessels with very limited maneuverability that will be towed to and from the export wharf. There will also be fuel tankers and other delivery vessels to and from the MOF areas. Again, this traffic will restrict access to fishing grounds for fishermen and other river users.


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The activities described above are anticipated to affect the availability of fish and accessibility to fishing grounds, resulting in impact to the food gathering and income generation abilities of local communities who depend on fisheries-based livelihoods (including both the men who fish and women who sell fish). The scale of the impact is expected to be smaller than in construction given the reduction in the size of the zone of managed vessel traffic around structures or vessels, dredging, and ship traffic. However, the duration of the impact, which could extend from construction over the long-term and, in some cases, permanently and the intensity of livelihood change and challenges to livelihood restoration that are associated with economic displacement remain large. Details of those affected (ie individuals, households, and communities) and the ways in which they are affected (eg loss of fishing grounds, declines in catch) will be established through the PARC process, which is currently underway (see Section 20.5).

The port will continue to affect a significant number of fishermen over the course of operation, with restrictions to fishing grounds and dredging continuing to result in economic displacement. The magnitude of this impact is therefore large. The sensitivity of the population will remain high, given dependencies on on fishing activities for subsistence and income generation. As such, it is expected that there will be a critical negative impact with regards to economic displacement of fisheries-based livelihoods during operation.

20.4.6 Disruption to Access Routes Livelihoods and community life in the local study area are supported by a network of access and travel routes, including roads for motorised vehicles, waterways for boats, and trails and paths used by pedestrians. These access routes connect communities to neighbouring communities, markets, services such as health and education, agricultural and pasture lands, water sources, hunting and gathering areas, and cultural sites. Beginning in construction and continuing through operation, a number of these routes will be restricted or severed, resulting in a significant impact on peoples’ livelihoods and well-being. 20.4.6.1 Construction and Operation Phase Impacts The types of disruption to overland access routes include the following. Severance of access across the conveyor and rail corridors, which will act as a barrier for local

communities. The Project has designed an elevated conveyor route to avoid severance of the road between Touguiyiré and Maférinyah except for a short duration during construction. The ground level sections may hinder people from accessing their lands directly and may result in the need for lengthy diversions to the elevated section at the road to cross to the other side. Severance of access will also take place in areas where smaller access roads or tracks to existing plantations, market gardens and agricultural land – for example, in hamlets to the south of Soungaya.

The construction of the port area and other infrastructure besides the rail and the conveyor will lead to a barrier effect and severance of access, for example from the south of the port area, to the north of it, for access to fields and other forms of livelihood. Other pathways that will be severed include the laydown area (mainly community woodlands) that are used by the community – for example, the community of Bamboukhoun will be unable to access its agricultural workplaces of Sourima and Khilitide (PAC 3).

The disruption to access on land trails and paths could affect many residents in the Maférinyah and Kaback sub-prefectures and would be even more significant if it results in diversions without alternatives. This would result in an impact of large magnitude. The sensitivity of the population is considered high due to their high dependence on accessing their land and the markets for the sale of produce, as well as their lack of alternatives in the area. The significance of the overland severance to access is therefore considered critical negative if good alternatives are not provided.

The types of disruption to water crossings and access routes include the following.


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Impacts on the Morebaya crossings between Maférinyah, Kakossa and Kaback sub-prefectures. There

are currently high levels of crossing activity to / from Ile Kaback and Ile Kakossa for the transport of people and goods. Touguiyiré is the primary crossing point, and field observations noted approximately 800 passenger boat movements involving 17 500 passengers over a seven-day period. Crossings occur mostly in small boats, but there is also an infrequent ferry service crossing at Touguiyiré that connects Touguiyiré with Kiranènè on Ile Kakossa and Sangbon on Ile Kaback. Communities on Ile Kakossa cross the Morebaya to buy foodstuffs and goods from the market, sell rice, salt and smoked fish and to visit family members.

Potential impacts on the communities’ access up and down the Morebaya River via secondary routes due to the zone of managed vessel traffic around structures or vessels around the construction area, extending across the width of the river. Affected communities include, but are not necessarily limited to, the hamlet of Fokou Fokou. Fokou Fokou is located on a tributary of the Morebaya River north of the port site and is the site of a small port used by boats to principally travel to Ile Kakossa. Field observations noted 115 boat movements from Fokou Fokou over a seven-day period.

General severance of direct access to the Morebaya River by communities from Ile Kaback and Ile

Kakossa due to the zones of managed vessel traffic around structures or vessels on land around the port footprint.

The disruption to and potential severance of river crossings, such as those from Touguiyiré, will impact on a substantial number of people who rely on the crossings to access markets, services, and other communities, and who may lack practical land-based alternatives. This impact will be of large magnitude during construction and, following a decreased scale and intensity of the zones of managed vessel traffic around structures or vessels, small magnitude during operation. As with overland access, the population sensitivity is considered high. Thus, this impact without mitigation will be critical negative during construction and moderate negative during operation.

20.4.7 Availability of Food The loss and / or reduced productivity of agricultural land and fisheries in study area settlements due to Project activities as described above may result in reduced access to food resources. In addition, expected population increases from in-migrants will place further strain on the existing sources of food. Potentially reduced levels of production, barriers to access, and increased levels of demand, can also result in food price inflation (as described in Chapter 18: Employment and Economic Development). Existing poverty levels in the area are high, households are dependent on fisheries or land-based subsistence activities and have limited disposable income. There is also existing food insecurity. Although rice production is an important economic activity in the study area, the importation of rice from other communities is common; many households (ranging from 42% to 70% of those surveyed in local study area prefectures) reported buying rice to meet the consumption needs. Farmers report obtaining credit from neighbours, merchants or friends to use to buy food for the household. Generally, food is relatively abundant from December to July, but food becomes scarce from July to November as households wait for the harvest. Given existing poverty and consumption levels, higher prices can create hardship and increase food insecurity at the household (and possibly community) levels. It may also be challenging or infeasible to increase levels of agricultural production to meet the growing demand for food products, due to a lack of infrastructure (eg irrigation), technology, skills, and / or available income / credit. This impact will affect four key groups of people, in different ways: existing residents who lose agricultural land (such as those in Bamboukhoun [PAC3]), as well as fishing

resources (PACs 3, 4, 5, 6) will lose a source of food, and potentially a source of income from the sale of excess harvests and catches;


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the poorest and most vulnerable people (eg women, elderly) may not be able to afford higher food prices and will therefore find it difficult to acquire food to meet their basic needs. In addition, people who make the shift to waged employment, to the detriment of their own food production, will have to spend income on food products that were previously available from the land or sea;

some in-migrants may lack the social capital and networks (ie blood ties or friendly relationships through

which to secure benefits and assistance from community members) to access food, particularly if they do not find employment and cannot afford the higher prices; and

people who have the means to expand their production and sale of food products will benefit from the

increase in demand and resulting increase in prices and sales. These food security impacts will be acute in the settlements across the study area, including those whose land is directly impacted by Project land occupation (PACs 3 and 4), where fisheries livelihoods are particularly affected (PACs 5 and 6), and in areas where in-migration is expected to be especially high (PACs 1, 2, and 3). While taking these impacts into consideration, it must also be considered that the local economy is not a closed system. There will be opportunities for expansion and increased efficiency where people have the means and capacity to respond. 20.4.7.1 Construction Phase Impacts The decrease in food security and supply will be most acute during construction phase when Project land occupation will occur, employment numbers will be the highest, and the highest level of in-migration is likely. Increased prices and decreased access to food resources as a result of Project-related land take and in-migration would increase hardship for many study area households.

During construction, the loss of agricultural land from Project land occupation, reduction in fish stocks due to offshore Project activities, and increased demand for food by in-migrants are anticipated to reduce the availability of food in the study area, to an effect of a large magnitude. The sensitivity of the population is high, as residents of the area are highly dependent on land-based, fisheries and subsistence livelihoods, and often lack the income or other resources to access food supplies by other means. The proximity to Conakry means that food may be brought in to supplement any loss, however, those economically vulnerable and without disposable income, will struggle to access these supplies. As such, the pre-mitigation significance level is therefore likely to be critical negative during construction.

20.4.7.2 Operation Phase Impacts The potential for decreased food security and supply will extend through operation. While in-migration will have declined from its peak during construction, additional in-migrants are likely to come into the area during the ramp up in operations as they seek opportunities with the Project or Project-related services or support industries. As Project-related in-migration declines over time, however, challenges associated with decreased food security and supply due to increased demand may level out. It is also anticipated that no new land occupation by the Project, which could strain agricultural production, will be required. Fishing resources will continue to be affected by increased traffic and activity at fishing sites, both from Project activities and fishermen seeking to meet increased demand. However, the impacts from Project activities on land-based livelihoods and fisheries may continue to be felt through operation as livelihood restoration may not be immediate.


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The duration of the impact during operation will be long-term to permanent as the port’s land occupation and effects on fisheries will persist over the port lifetime. The scale and intensity of the impact will be reduced, with lesser impacts on fisheries than during construction, land loss confined to the port footprint, a smaller port workforce, and slowed and lower rate of in-migration. The port’s impact on the availability of food is therefore anticipated to be of a medium magnitude. The sensitivity of the population is high, as residents of the area are highly dependent on land-based and fisheries-based livelihoods, and often lack the income or other resources to access food supplies by other means. As such, the pre-mitigation significance level is anticipated to be major negative during operation.

20.4.8 Availability of Community Water Supplies Community water uses in the local study area typically include those related to abstraction of water for domestic and agricultural purposes, such as drinking, cooking, laundry, fishing, and irrigation. In the study area, only the major villages along the road between Touguiyiré and Maférinyah (PAC 3) have a reliable source of potable water. Water sources closer to the coast tend to be influenced by seawater, making them unsuitable for drinking and requiring members of coastal communities to travel to neighbouring settlements or purchase water from traders to access water supply. Touguiyiré residents (PAC 3) will travel to Senguelen (PAC 3), for example, and residents of Konomodiya on Ile Kaback (PAC 6) purchase jerry cans of water from traders bringing water from Karangbanyi (15 km inland). Scarcity of potable water becomes more acute in the dry season, encouraging residents to travel further inland to Maférinyah or to Conakry for supplies (see Chapter 16: Socio-Economic and Community Baseline). A significant source of irrigation water in the study area is from the Maférinyah reservoir. Chapter 6: Water Environment has assessed the impact on water in the study area as result of construction and operation of the port. According to this assessment, the quantity and quality of water in the local area will be adversely affected by port activities prior to mitigation, including the requirement for water for construction activities and equipment and potable water for work camps and crews. A demand for water will also result from a growing population due to in-migration. Furthermore, as local lifestyles change through increased incomes and economic diversification provided by direct, indirect, and induced employment opportunities (see Chapter 18: Employment and Economic Development), the local demand for and consumption of resources such as water is likely to increase. This pattern would continue throughout the life of the port. 20.4.8.1 Construction Phase Impacts The impact on water supply will be of significance due to the potential effect on supply of water to communities and / or plantations either in the Maférinyah area (PAC 1) if the port uses water from the Maférinyah reservoir, or in PACs in proximity to study area (PACs 3 and 4) if alternative sources are required. Changes to drainage and flood characteristics in the area due to Project works could also affect the irrigation of agricultural areas. The removal of access to water sources at Fandiema due to Project land occupation for the MOF (see Section 20.4.1.2) could also impact on surrounding communities who occasionally come across from Ile Kakossa to fetch fresh water during the dry season due to their relative proximity. Chapter 6: Water Environment has determined that impacts on water quality are anticipated to be minor to moderate, and most significant in terms of saline intrusion and acid runoff that will affect the quality of groundwater and / or surface water used for agricultural, domestic and potable supply. The potential indirect impacts on surface or shallow ground water quality from in-migration and poor sanitary conditions is assessed as major, since the increased stress would occur in locations in and around Maférinyah and larger settlements where water resources are already heavily utilised by communities. Impacts on the water supply and quality will affect local communities in a two ways. Firstly, communities may have to undertake more trips or travel further distances to access fresh water. Some households may be unable to afford to buy water that was previously available to them for free. Secondly, limited water


20-21

supply or poor quality could affect livelihood activities requiring water for irrigation or drinking, such as agriculture, palm oil extraction, and livestock raising. In-migration will increase effects in both instances, particularly in the larger communities of Forécariah, Maférinyah, and those in PAC 3 expected to attract in-migrants.

During construction, port activities and associated in-migration resulting in a decreased water quality and quantity could affect a substantial number of people both for their personal consumption needs and livelihoods. It is anticipated to be of medium magnitude. The sensitivity of the population is high, as communities are dependent on limited and poor water sources and infrastructure to supply household and potable water and also on livelihoods which require water inputs. As such, the impact is anticipated to be major negative.

20.4.8.2 Operation Phase Impacts Although a large proportion of water will be recycled from sedimentation ponds during operation, port demand is expected to have a major impact prior to mitigation given its high demand for water, particularly when dust suppression requirements are at their highest levels (see Chapter 6: Water Environment). In terms of impacts on the existing drainage and flood regime in the local study area, the port is expected to have a moderate impact on communities and their agricultural livelihoods, particularly in the vicinity of the conveyor and rail loop. In these locations, the size and scale of the works may restrict flow velocities and alter drainage patterns, which can affect agricultural land by altering the sedimentation regime, vegetation or soil and water quality due to reduced freshwater flushing. In terms of water quality, the impact is assessed as moderate due to the chances of potential leaks and spillages to the community’s water supply. All of these effects on the community’s water will be exacerbated by the presence of a larger population and on-going in-migration.

Decreased water availability is anticipated to have an effect of a medium magnitude during operation due to the scale and intensity of high water demand by the Project, changes to drainage and flood regimes with subsequent effects on agricultural land, and on-going demand from in-migration over a long duration. Given the high value of water resources to communities and the lack of readily available alternatives, the sensitivity of the population will remain high. As such, the impact is anticipated to be major negative.

20.5 Mitigation and Residual Impacts 20.5.1 Overview This section presents Project mitigation measures for potential impacts on land use and livelihoods. As noted in the impact assessment above, identified impacts include: physical displacement due to land occupation; physical displacement due to quality of life factors; economic displacement related to land-based livelihoods; economic displacement related to fisheries-based livelihoods; disruption to access routes; availability of food; and availability of community water supplies. As background to the mitigation measures presented, this section first describes the Social Management Framework (SMF) through which the Project will address socio-economic and community impacts. The section then summarises all mitigation measures for impacts on land use and livelihoods. Finally, the section assesses the residual impact significance for each specific impact following the application of mitigation measures.


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20.5.2 Framework for Mitigation To mitigate adverse socio-economic impacts and enhance positive benefits among the communities in which it operates, the Project has developed a Social Management Framework. The SMF falls under the Project’s Regional Development Strategy (RDS) and is designed to help to fulfil its objectives. 20.5.2.1 Regional Development Strategy The Regional Development Strategy identifies the ways in which the Project can facilitate and support linkages between the region affected by the Simandou Project and national and local development initiatives in Guinea. The Project aims to extend benefits beyond the life of the Simandou Mine by integrating sustainability considerations into all Project decisions and partnering with local and international organisations on development issues. The objectives of the RDS are for the Project to: avoid a net adverse impact on socio-economic conditions;

become a catalyst of growth so that the Project, the government, donors and other investors can direct

resources to well planned development initiatives in a coordinated way; and

to the extent possible, ensure that local development aspirations are met. Stakeholder involvement is considered critical to the Project’s alignment with Guinean development objectives. Accordingly, in 2012 the Project will establish a dedicated multi-sector forum (referred to at present as the ‘Regional Development Forum’) representing the Project, various levels of government, communities. The Project will also provide funding for the first regional economic plan. Thereafter, the Project envisages that its role would be that of a catalyst and long term stakeholder rather than owner, and that funding for the process in the mid- and long-term would be delivered through a fund established for this purpose (referred to at present as the ‘Simandou Development Fund’). 20.5.2.2 Social Management Framework The Social Management Framework provides a structure for the detailed design and implementation of the Project’s social mitigation measures, which will be captured in a series of Social Management Plans. As illustrated in Figure 20.2, the SMF groups social mitigation measures into a number of programmes under four themes: Urban and Rural Planning; Employment Creation and Livelihoods; Community Health, Safety, and Security; and Cultural Heritage and Awareness. These themes serve to highlight linkages between mitigation measures developed for different impacts and to promote coordination of efforts during detailed mitigation design and implementation. The Social Management Plans will describe detailed actions, indicators and targets for each theme to be achieved through their respective programmes. The detailed design and implementation of the SMF and Social Management Plans will be influenced by a number of factors listed below. Prioritisation: The Project will prioritise mitigation measures that address negative impacts and risks,

with special attention given to negative impacts anticipated to be of major or critical significance. Implementation timeframes will take into account the Project schedule and apply urgency in delivering measures that meet immediate needs in the first year of a given phase (eg construction), which may then be enhanced and expanded in subsequent years to encourage broader and lasting benefits. The Project will also consider appropriate target populations for mitigation, first prioritising Project affected communities (those affected both directly by Project activities and indirectly by in-migration pressures) and vulnerable groups within those communities. Recognising that impacts, risks, and affected populations (including vulnerable groups) may change over time, the Project will adapt its prioritisation process to findings from on-going monitoring as necessary.

Alignment: Where possible, the Project will align its mitigation with the development policies and plans

of local communities and government authorities (eg Local Development Plans, Poverty Reduction


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Strategy Paper) and objectives identified in relevant development forums (eg Simandou Development Forum, the Village Support Programme (PACV). Broader efforts to positively transform Guinea’s socio-economic environment will fall under the responsibility of the RDS. While it is anticipated that the RDS and SMF will work together to maximise the value of the mitigation by identifying appropriate partnerships and avoiding programmatic gaps or overlaps with other development entities, the SMF will initially maintain Project attention on the timely mitigation of negative impacts in Project-affected communities.

Stakeholder Engagement: The Project will engage a variety of stakeholders to consult, exchange

information, and work in partnership on detailed mitigation design and implementation. Consultation with Project affected communities in particular will be a critical factor in the design of the Social Management Plans. Any concerns regarding mitigation measures or Project activities will be managed through the Project Grievance Procedure (see Annex 1G) and the outcomes arising from grievance resolution will inform the evolution of mitigation. In addition, the Project will support capacity building within government and civil society organisations to enhance their capabilities over time to participate in mitigation design, implementation, and monitoring. The Project Stakeholder Engagement Plan will describe the processes by which these engagements and partnerships will be managed. The Project will regularly review the efficacy of its engagement and partnerships and adapt activities when appropriate to support the achievement of its mitigation targets.

The Project recognises the importance of mitigating adverse impacts on land use and livelihoods given local communities’ high reliance on agriculture and natural resources. Mitigation measures will be developed by the Project engineering team during the final design phase as well as through SMF programmes during construction and operation. Mitigation will meet the following objectives. In completing the final design, the Project will continue to avoid physical and economic displacement

wherever possible. Where it cannot be avoided, the Project will minimise physical and economic displacement by exploring alternative designs and layouts for Project facilities.

In the case of households and communities that will experience physical or economic displacement as a

result of the Project, the Project will plan and implement resettlement and compensation in accordance with the Resettlement and Compensation Action Plan Framework (PARC Framework), a programme that fits under both the SMF Employment and Livelihoods Creation and Urban and Rural Planning themes. Through the PARC Framework and its implementation, the Project will aim to fully restore, and where possible improve, the livelihoods of displaced households in accordance with the requirements of IFC Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement.

Where households are not physically displaced (either due to land occupation or quality of life factors)

or economically displaced by the Project, but experience indirect adverse impacts on land use and land-based livelihoods due to in-migration and associated development, the Project will provide opportunities to bolster or diversify livelihood options and minimise pressures to resources and infrastructure through other SMF programmes within the Employment and Livelihoods Creation and Urban and Rural Planning themes.

The sub-sections below describe specific activities related to Project design and SMF programmes under the Employment and Livelihoods Creation and Urban and Rural Planning themes.


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Figure 20.2 Simandou Project Social Management Framework

Urban and Rural Planning

Programme Development

Prioritisation Alignment

SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

Stakeholder Engagement

Consultation, Information Exchange, and PartnershipsCapacity Building

• Vision and Objectives • Organisation • Funding • Programmes • Schedule • Communication • Monitoring and Evaluation

Development Policies

Grievance ManagementGovernment Donors Communities

Civil Society and NGOs

Private Sector

Employment Creation and Livelihoods

Community Health, Safety, and Security

Cultural Heritage and Awareness

PACV Studies and

AnalysisRegional Development Forum

Impacts and Risks Project Phase

Agriculture and Food Security

Local Procurement

SME Development

Employment and Work Readiness

Community Health

Community Safety and Security

Human RightsEmployee Housing

Infrastructure

Tangible Heritage

Intangible Heritage

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration(PARC Framework and Implementation)

Beneficiaries Project Affected Peoples

In-Migration


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20.5.3 Project Design As described in Chapter 3: Alternatives, avoidance and minimisation of impacts on land use and land-based livelihoods have been key factors in the development of the design for the port. The Project seeks to minimise land use where ever feasible. The Project has also implemented specific measures at the port, as an example, the Project avoided potential impacts on communities from severance using the road between Madinagbé and Senguelen by elevating the conveyor to a height of 10 m. In another example, the port site drainage system has been designed to allow for retention and reuse from water and sedimentation ponds to minimise overall water demand. In developing the final design and layout of the port, the Project will: consult communities to identify all access routes (on land and water) that will be impacted and avoid

disrupting these routes where possible; site all Project infrastructure, as far as possible, to avoid or otherwise maximise distance from homes,

highly productive agricultural land such as rice fields, fish landing sites, and key land and water sources used for other livelihood activities (eg fishing, hunting and gathering, and water collection);

the Project will work with communities to educate them about the activities that will be required during construction and the subsequent operation of the port and agree how they can develop management of activities to seek to minimise disruption, for example associated with marine traffic, construction and on-going maintenance activities such as dredging; and

where disruption or severance of access by land or water cannot be avoided and where no alternatives

acceptable to the impacted individuals or communities already exist (eg severance due to the implementation of zones of managed vessel traffic around structures or vessels in the Morebaya river during construction), agree on appropriate measures with communities to mitigate the disruption. Agree measures, including provision of alternative routes (eg safe water channels, roads, bridges, underpasses) and compensation for loss of access, will be implemented through the PARC Framework.

20.5.4 Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration – PARC Framework and Implementation The Project has developed a PARC Framework that will ensure that any resettlement activity is conducted according to a consistent set of principles and international standards, including the IFC Performance Standards. The PARC Framework will guide the programme for Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration within both the Urban and Rural Planning and Employment Creation and Livelihoods themes, working in complement with programmes targeting non-resettled communities. Aspects of the framework including key principles, planning and implementation procedures, entitlements and eligibility are summarised below.

The PARC Framework commits to the following key compliance requirements: IFC Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement (2012); Applicable Guinean legislation; and Rio Tinto Communities Standard and HSEC Policy. 20.5.4.1 PARC Key Principles The key principles of the PARC Framework are as follows. Compliance: Ensure compliance with Guinean legislation, the Rio Tinto Communities Standard and

HSEC Policy, and IFC Performance Standard 5.

Minimisation of adverse impacts: Negative / adverse impacts of the Project will be avoided or minimised, to the extent practicable.


20-26

Minimisation of displacement: Where feasible, avoid or at least minimise physical and economic displacement by exploring alternative Project designs and locations.

Consideration of both physical and economic displacement: Impacts from permanent or temporary land occupation on assets and livelihoods will be mitigated, with both physical and economic displacement (severance of livelihoods) taken into consideration.

Compensation at replacement value: The Project will compensate both physical and economic impacts of land occupation at full replacement value (ie the market value of assets plus transaction costs).

Security of Tenure: All those who have been physically resettled will be provided with security of

tenure either under customary or registered arrangements.

Opportunity cost: The determination of compensation will take into account the opportunity cost of the land and / or asset affected to the extent feasible.

Livelihood restoration: Affected livelihoods will be restored as a minimum, or preferably improved, and living conditions of affected households will be improved. A robust monitoring mechanism will ensure that livelihood restoration is regularly tracked and through consistent and continuous engagement to maximise livelihood restoration.

Recognition of customary rights: The Project will recognise customary land ownership aligned with the different layers of land rights identified in the local land tenure system and develop culturally appropriate and sustainable entitlements and compensation plans.

Consultation and disclosure: The Project will engage in free, timely, and informed consultation and

promote informed participation. The Project will be transparent in disclosing information related to the Project and entitlements and people’s participation will be sought across the lifecycle of the Project. Consultations will be commenced early to inform the potentially impacted and host communities, to discuss with them the process of surveys and assessments relating to PARC, and to involve them in the decision making process to gauge views on the resettlement planning and proposed mitigation measures. Consultations will continue during the implementation of resettlement and rehabilitation works.

Grievance procedure: A fair, transparent, effective and accessible grievance procedure will be established and operated throughout the process to ensure speedy resolution of grievances and disputes. Representation of the community will be ensured in the grievance procedures. The Project’s Grievance Procedure is presented in Annex 1G.

Minimising impacts on heritage sites and community assets: The Project will to the extent possible and feasible avoid impacts on cultural and heritage sites as well as community assets.

Vulnerable groups: The Project will recognise that vulnerable groups including women have special needs and require specific measures and provisions to ensure they are not further marginalised and that they are adequately compensated.

Rights of the spouse: The Project will allow the customary process to determine the rights of spouses,

considering there could be more than one wife of some heads of household. This also considers the fact that women retain the lineage rights of their birth place. Titles for land and house will be in the name of the Chef de ménage or head of household. However cash compensation for loss of crops and income will be paid directly to the individual who uses that land. Thus in the case of vegetable gardens, salt areas, plantations of palm trees, which women specifically use and operate, women will be entitled to the compensation for loss of livelihood from these.

User rights: The Project will take into account traditional and other rights of usage and passage of

pastoralists and transhumant herders on lands and along corridors of movement to ensure that these


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are taken into account in the engineering design, to the extent possible, and, if not possible, in the provision of compensation or resettlement.

20.5.4.2 PARC Planning and Implementation In planning and implementing resettlement and compensation the Project will ensure the following:

the compensation is received by the rightful and eligible person or family through a process agreed with

the settlement elders and the concerned family; the Project Affected Person (PAP) and / or Project Affected Families (PAF) families will be provided

options of monetary compensation as well as non-monetary (in-kind) compensation; resettlement housing and replacement agricultural land will be offered to Project affected people,

preferably as close to their original settlement / location as possible. Should this not be feasible, alternate locations will be discussed with the impacted households and decided based on their agreement;

PAPs are assisted in restoring their affected livelihoods. Provisions of transitional assistance,

rehabilitation grants and livelihood support programmes will be considered to restore livelihoods to pre-Project levels and where possible improve livelihoods;

the implementation of PARC and its outcomes are monitored and evaluated as part of a transparent

process involving independent parties; the impact on host communities and neighbouring settlements is minimised to the extent possible and,

where possible, they benefit from the resettlement process; community resources will be compensated at a community level along with programmes to mitigate

impacts and enhance the value and quality of the remaining resource; and adverse impacts on access routes, common property resources, and other community resources are

minimised to the extent possible. Wherever unavoidable the Project will provide alternatives for such losses and restore and / or strengthen community resources.

The details of the impact on each Project-affected party and their entitlements to resettlement and compensation actions will be determined following a comprehensive survey of all affected land, assets and communities. A detailed inventory of the assets and socio-economic circumstances of people and communities will be carried out and the results will be used to develop a Resettlement and Compensation Action Plan (Plan d’action de réinstallation et de compensation - PARC) for each individual element of the Project. A detailed Entitlement Matrix (see Table 20.4) will be developed and agreed for each area and all resettlement and compensation will be implemented in advance of work commencing in the relevant area. In developing the PARC and the Entitlement Matrices, Project-affected people will be consulted and provided with options and an opportunity to comment on the preferred solution. 20.5.4.3 PARC Eligibility Based on the impacts assessed and the broad entitlement principles, those individuals and households found to be subject to physical and / or economic displacement will be eligible for resettlement and / or compensation. These would include the following types of people (who may fall under one or more categories): general community / villagers; lineage; individual or nuclear family units; households or concessions which may be composed of several families;


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share croppers / tenants; transhumant herders; users of common property resources; vulnerable families; fishermen / women; and business owners and their employees. Eligibility will be determined on the basis of the cut-off date to reflect land and asset survey completion and which will be communicated well in advance. 20.5.4.4 PARC Entitlement Categories Based on the assessed impacts and the broad entitlement principles, Project-affected people will typically be entitled to the following kinds of compensation and assistance: compensation for loss of land, crops, trees etc; compensation for structures (residential and commercial) and other immovable assets; compensation for loss of livelihood, loss of income, and livelihood restoration support; compensation and assistance for loss of common resources (such as fishing area, water resources,

forest) and dependent livelihoods; assistance for resettlement, relocation and rehabilitation; replacement and shifting of community assets; strengthening and rebuilding and / or restoration of community resources, assets and / or facilities; preferential employment and skill building support; and community development activities. 20.5.4.5 PARC Entitlement Matrix A broad entitlement matrix has been developed indicating the options that will be available for different groups and types of impact. This is presented in Table 20.4.


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Table 20.4 Eligibility Criteria and Entitlement Matrix

Impacted Asset

Impacted Category

Potential Rights / Interests

Unit of Entitlement Eligibility Condition Proposed Entitlements

Res

iden

tial

Str

uct

ure

s

Individual or a Family Unit

(Houses & other structures in residential areas of village and agricultural hamlets (used temporarily / during season))

Legal rights

Customary rights

Individual or a family unit (nuclear family)

Concession or household which can comprise of several families

Community and lineage consensus that the person actually owns the house

Consensus on the occupancy right of the person from linage head

Documented evidence of legal title if any

Resettlement package including:

residential land of similar size and potential;

residential house of similar or better size, design and characteristics;

security of tenure;

moving allowance and assistance; and

livelihood restoration assistance in case livelihood is impacted.

In the case of migrants from other countries, self-relocation will be considered, should they opt to leave the country (Guinea).

Individual or a Family Unit

Occupation rights

Tenant or other occupant, squatters and non-paying tenants, if different from the owner

Consensus on the occupation rights

moving allowance and support;

transition or rental support for disruption;

livelihood restoration assistance if required; and

for squatters, replacement house with security of tenure.

On non-paying tenants, the Project will consider them as a part of the family. If they have an arrangement with the family and provide services like labour/sharecropping, the Project will treat them as tenants and compensate them for any loss of livelihood.

Ho

st A

gri

cult

ura

l Lan

d

(incl

udi

ng b

ush

fiel

ds, l

ow la

nd

field

and

rec

ent

fallo

w la

nd)

Village and / or General community

Community Customary Ownership

Community – represented by head / founder lineage of village or Council of Elders

Agreement and consensus on the title of the land and that it falls within the village boundary

Community compensation discussed with Council of Elders and community, based on a given amount in Guinean Francs per hectare of affected land. This will be a negotiated settlement, and be based on agreed criteria that people are not worse off as a result of the land loss, that there is community consensus on other compensation in kind.

Compensation will be provided in kind for community assets (eg school, health care, access road, housing, water supply) with community agreement on arrangements for running the facilities and their operations and maintenance.

General skill building support for youth and persons of employable age.


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Impacted Asset

Impacted Category



Host Community

Ancestral and / or Lineage rights

Community - represented by head / founder lineage of village or Council of Elders of the host community

Land in the host community village used for resettlement/replacement land

Community compensation (in- kind) discussed with Council of Elders and community, based on a given amount in Guinean Francs per hectare of affected land. This will be through negotiation, and be based on agreed criteria.

Lineage (Family or a group of families represented by a lineage / family head)

Ancestral and / or Lineage rights

Lineage head –represents one or a group of families under one common lineage

Recognition of the lineage right by the community and Council of Elders

Community compensation (in- kind) discussed with Council of Elders and community, based on a given amount in Guinean Francs per hectare of affected land. This will be through negotiation, and be based on agreed criteria.

Individual or Family

Individual / private rights

Women and youth rights

Head of the family (mostly nuclear family)

Women or youth in the family using the land

Legal title deed for the land (if registered)

Agreement in lineage and community (principle lineages and founding family head) that the individual holds rights (usage or hereditary) to the land

Clearing or cultivation of land in the past years

Replacement land of similar size and potential allocated through the traditional lineage land allocation mechanisms within the boundaries of the village territory.

Cash compensation for any improvements on the land, including clearing, irrigation systems, ploughing.

Livelihood restoration assistance (like preference in employment, skill building support).

OR if replacement land is not available

Cash compensation for land and improvements on land at replacement value.

Livelihood restoration assistance (like preference in employment, skill building support).

Res

iden

tial

Lan

d Village/

General Community



Agreement and consensus that the residential land falls within the village boundary

Resettlement package including:

residential land of similar size and potential;

residential house of similar or better size, design and characteristics;

shifting allowance and assistance; and

livelihood restoration assistance (employment, skill building Lineage Ancestral / Family head – Recognition of the


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Impacted Asset

Impacted Category



(Family or a group of families represented by a lineage / family head)

Lineage rights

who represents one or a group of families under one common lineage

lineage right by the community and Council of Elders

support).

In the case of the Marine Offloading Facility, where the permanent house is not ready at the time of resettlement, the family will be provided with temporary housing for a maximum period of one year. In such cases, the family will be provided another round of shifting allowance for the second time they will need to move into the permanent house. Individual or

Nuclear Family Individual /

private rights (including women and youth)

Head of the family (mostly nuclear family)

Legal title deed for the land (if registered)

Lineage / community consensus that the individual head actually holds usage right for that residential land

Fal

low

Lan

d

Village / General Community


Community -represented by head / founder lineage of village or Council of Elders

Agreement and consensus that the fallow land falls within the village boundary

Community compensation discussed with Council of Elders and community, based on a given amount in Guinean Francs per hectare of affected land.

Compensation always in kind for community assets (school, health care, access road, housing, water supply).

Livelihood restoration programme.

Lineage (Family or a group of families represented by a lineage / family head)

Ancestral / Lineage rights

Lineage or expanded family, represented by the lineage head

Recognition of the lineage right by the community and Council of Elders

Community compensation discussed with Council of Elders and community, based on a given amount in Guinean Francs per hectare of affected land.


Sav

ann

a L

and



Community-represented by head / founder lineage of village or Council of Elders

Agreement and consensus that the fallow land falls within the village boundary

Community compensation discussed with Council of Elders and community, based on a given amount in Guinean Francs per hectare of affected land this will be through negotiation, and be based on agreed criteria).

Compensation always in kind for community assets (school, health care, access road, housing, water supply) with community agreement on arrangements for running the facilities and their operation and maintenance.


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Impacted Asset

Impacted Category




Herder / Grazing Groups

Grazing rights

Head of the hunting clan if usage right has been conceded to such a group

Consensus with head of hunting groups and host / other inhabiting communities on herding / grazing groups holding rights to the affected piece of land

Replacement land of similar size and potential allocated through the traditional community land allocation mechanisms within the boundaries of the village territory or as agreed with the impacted and host groups and communities, respectively.


Fo

rest

Lan

d

Formal ownership of state

Legal ownership

State, through the Service des Eaux et Forêt”

Documentation held by Service des Eaux et Forêts

As agreed with Government of Guinea in the Early Works Protocol and later as per the agreement.


Community Customary Ownership of Community


Agreement and consensus that the forest land falls within the village boundary

Community compensation discussed with Council of Elders and community, based on a given amount in Guinean Francs per hectare of affected land this will be through negotiation and based on an agreed criteria that people are not worse off as a result of land loss.

Compensation to consider loss of timber and non-timber products (ie loss of access to natural resources).

Compensation always in kind for community assets (school, health care, access road, housing, water supply) with community agreement on arrangements for running the facilities and their operation and maintenance.

General skill building support for youth and persons of employable age.

Individual or Family groups

Usage rights to community members

Individuals and family units

Consensus on individuals / groups using the forest and its produce

Included in the community compensation.

No

n-

Res

iden

tial

S

tru

ctu

res


Ownership rights


Consensus on individuals / groups regarding ownership of non-residential structure

Cash compensation at full replacement value.

OR

Proposal to rebuild the same structure elsewhere by the Project.

Skill building support for youth and people of employable age.


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Impacted Asset

Impacted Category


Unit of Entitlement Eligibility Condition Proposed Entitlements P

eren

nia

l C

rop

s


Ownership rights


Community consensus that the person / family actually owns the crop

Cash compensation at full replacement value.

Cash compensation to also take into account improvements to land and rotational cycle of crop.

Skill building support for youth and people of employable age.

Rel

igio

us

/ S

acre

d /

C

ult

ura

l /

Her

itag

e S

ite Lineage /

Village and / or General Community

Community access and customary rights


Agreement and consensus that cultural / religious or sacred site falls within the village boundary

Prioritising the local significance of the cultural / sacred / heritage site

Avoid (to the extent possible) any impact on cultural/religious/heritage sites.

If avoidance is not feasible, mitigation plans for shifting of cultural / heritage / religious sites and their restoration will be worked out along with the Council of Elders / Founding Families with due regards for cultural processes using an appropriate cultural heritage management plan.

Co

mm

un

ity

Ass

ets

&

Infr

astr

uct

ure


Community customary ownership


Agreement and consensus that community asset and infrastructure falls within the village boundary

Restoration of the community assets and infrastructure in consultation with the community and Council of Elders.

For assets where restoration is not possible community compensation discussed with Council of Elders and community.



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Impacted Asset

Impacted Category


Unit of Entitlement Eligibility Condition Proposed Entitlements F

ish

ing

Rel

ated

Ass

ets

Fishing Groups and Communities

Community fishing rights in areas within the village boundaries

Individual or a family unit (nuclear family)

Concession or household which can comprise of several families

General Community

Agreement and consensus that the fishing area (catchment) falls within the village boundary.

Compensation at replacement cost for loss or damage to any fishing equipment’s and assets.

Replacement area of similar size and potential allocated through the traditional community area allocation mechanisms.

Community compensation discussed with Council of Elders and the fishing groups / community, based on impact and losses.


Livelihood support measures such as adding value to fishing activities to improve incomes including marketing and storage.

General skill building support for youth and persons of employable age and in employment subject to skill and qualification.

Women involved in Fishing related businesses

Community fishing rights in areas within the village boundaries

Community fishing rights in the ocean

Individuals or households where women are involved in secondary activities related to fishing

Agreement on the fishing women involved in secondary activities related to fishing.

Compensation at replacement cost for loss or damage to any equipment and assets.

Compensation for loss of income.

Livelihood support measures such as adding value to fishing activities to improve incomes including marketing and storage.

Other skill building support if fishing related activities become unviable to develop alternative livelihoods.

Fishing Groups and Communities

Community fishing rights in the ocean

Fishing Community – represented by head / founder lineage of village or Council of Elders

Agreement and consensus on the area that each village has rights to fish in the impacted area

Community compensation discussed with Council of Elders and the fishing groups / community, based on impact and losses.

Support in adding value to fishing activities to improve incomes.

General skill building support for youth and persons of employable age and in employment subject to skill and qualification.


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Impacted Asset

Impacted Category


Unit of Entitlement Eligibility Condition Proposed Entitlements C

om

mer

cial

Str

uct

ure

Individuals or households

Business Income

Individual or family unit

Community and lineage consensus that the person actually owns the commercial structure

Consensus on the occupancy right of the person / family from linage head

Documented evidence of legal title if any

Replacement commercial structure.

Compensation for loss of livelihood for transition period.

Assistance to re-establish businesses through its livelihood restoration programme.

In case there are employees involved in the business, provide transitional allowance in lieu of loss of employment, supplemented by livelihood restoration support.

Imp

act

on

th

e A

sset

s o

f V

uln

erab

le

Ho

use

ho

lds

Vulnerable Groups

Ownership, occupancy and user rights

Vulnerable Groups as identified such as women, marginalised communities, elderly etc

Agreement on vulnerability on the basis of socio-economic survey and consensus among the wider concession

All entitlements as defined in this Framework in accordance to the appropriate impacted assets.

Preference for skill development, employment, local procurement as feasible.

Transition allowance for longer duration if required.

Preference for livelihood restoration programmes customised to the nature and extent of vulnerability.


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20.5.4.6 In-Migration To mitigate in-migration and associated pressures on land, food, water, and other resources, the Project is updating its In-Migration Plan. The Plan, which guides the In-Migration programme under the Urban and Rural Planning and Employment Creation and Livelihoods themes, addresses how the Project will: minimise in-migration as far as possible;

manage and direct the flow of in-migrants in accordance with regional planning objectives; and

implement mitigation measures to address the adverse environmental and social consequences, and

maximise the benefits, of in-migration. Activities designed to help meet these objectives include: developing and implementing a communications plan to discuss issues and concerns of government

authorities and local communities relative to in-migration, and to inform potential in-migrants of the scale and nature of opportunities to manage expectations and, where appropriate, discourage their moving to the Project area;

supporting Project site design and policies that discourage settlements or the establishment of roadside stalls outside designated zones;

working with national, regional, and local authorities; village leaders; and communities (as appropriate for the area of focus) to undertake urban and village planning to manage settlement patterns;

supporting local capacity for in-migration management, including through the development of local In-Migration Committees; and

monitoring settlements to determine patterns of in-migration, understand the origins, characteristics and motivations of in-migrants, and identify the impacts of in-migration, and using the results to evaluate the success of its In-Migration Plan and revise it as required.

Further details regarding these in-migration mitigation measures are described in Chapter 19: In-Migration. 20.5.4.7 Infrastructure In the specific case of mitigating adverse impacts associated with increased demand for water in local communities, the Project will, under its Infrastructure programme under the Urban and Rural Planning theme: survey all settlements in the affected area to record the location, extent, and quality of water sources the

size of the population reliant on water and its usage patterns, particularly with regard to seasonality, and differences in water use or access by vulnerable populations, including women;

develop a programme in consultation with local communities to improve access to good quality potable water and determine preferred water infrastructure (eg construction of local wells, water treatment facilities); and

partner with local authorities and relevant organisations where available and appropriate (eg donors, civil society and NGOs) to facilitate delivery of sufficient supply, and adequate quality, of water to affected settlements (including at schools), as identified through on-going monitoring by the Project and the Village Support Programme (PACV). The Project will initially confirm the suitability of the water supply for potable use against a range of WHO parameters, and will then monitor for key pollutants in the water supply on an on-going basis (see Table 6.3 in Chapter 6: Water Environment).

Further water-related mitigation measures specific to Project activities (but not directly associated with community water needs) are discussed in Chapter 6: Water Environment.


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20.5.4.8 Agriculture and Food Security The Agriculture and Food Security programme under the Employment Creation and Livelihoods theme can be divided into three categories: agriculture, fishing, and livestock support, which focusses on bolstering or diversifying local

communities’ primary land-based livelihoods;

natural resources management, which supports sustainable natural resources management and conservation; and

food security, which aims to ensure, in partnership with government authorities, that foodstuffs remain in

adequate and accessible supply to local communities. While some of the mitigation measures listed here discuss the development of income-generation opportunities (as opposed to exclusively subsistence support) from land-based livelihoods, complementary work readiness and small business development activities for communities’ broader participation in a wage-based economy are described in Chapter 18: Employment and Economic Development. The Project also recognises relationships between the mitigation measures described here and broader environmental and social considerations and, where appropriate, more details regarding Project impact and associated mitigation measures for natural resources used by communities are described in Chapter 24: Ecosystem Services. The Project has already begun to develop and support a number of focussed agricultural development and intensification activities near the Simandou Mine, as noted in Chapter 16: Socio-Economic and Community Baseline. The Project will apply lessons learned and, where possible and practicable, continue to utilise partnerships established to date, to enhance and expand these activities or develop new activities suitable for identified community needs. 20.5.4.9 Agriculture, Fishing, and Livestock Support With regards to agriculture, fishing, and livestock-breeding, the Project will: develop sustainable agricultural, fishing, and livestock-breeding programmes, as identified through

needs-based assessments and community consultation, that aim to diversify and increase production in the Project area through best practice techniques. Needs based assessments and community consultation will take into account production activities by men, women, and youth. For the fishing programme, studies will specifically:

determine the fishery resource, catch effort and value; establish options for alternative fisheries and / or livelihood; and conduct annual wet and dry season monitoring of the fish species, fishery, seabed sediment and

water quality; and implement, if viable, a fisheries management plan through consultation under PARC.

provide training to farmers, fishermen, herders, and other key producers as appropriate in targeted

locations to improve their technical capabilities and support the marketing and sale of produced goods;

support access to equipment and other inputs (including through microfinance);

help establish market linkages between producers and potential customers, including the Project (eg support for cooperatives, local market infrastructure, procurement contracts);

align agricultural, fishing, and livestock-breeding programmes with applicable conservation-based outcomes to support sustainable production;


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in the event of injury or mortality of livestock due to construction or operations, the Project will notify nearby communities and provide appropriate compensation as determined by the PARC Framework or Grievance Procedure; and

ensure the replacement of bogoni rice fields will utilise comparable existing fields where this is possible.

For example, former fields that need additional inputs to return to productivity will be prioritised in the land identification process, with consideration of required inputs included in the compensation provided. In the event that the land compensation process could lead to additional clearing of mangrove for field creation, either directly or indirectly, this will be complemented by Project support for mangrove rehabilitation and planting.

20.5.4.10 Natural Resources Management To support natural resources management and conservation, the Project will: develop, implement and monitor workforce codes of conduct for Project personnel regarding the

exploitation of natural resources;

consult communities regarding species and areas that are locally valued, and on impacts to flora and fauna;

where it is safe and practical to do so, provide communities with access to cleared timber;

design and implement an information and awareness programme regarding sustainable harvesting, grazing, and conservation of natural resources in partnership with relevant organisations where available and appropriate;

undertake appropriate interventions (eg nurseries), as identified in needs assessments, to replace lost resources and to harvest and replant species of local significance, particularly medicinal species;

work with local communities on management of brush fires and forest fires;

explore alternative off-grid power provision (eg solar, wind) for employee housing and, where practicable, surrounding communities to reduce demand for wood for energy; and

through Project and participatory environmental monitoring, monitor pressure on natural resources used by the community (eg fuelwood, bushmeat, wild plants).

20.5.4.11 Food Security To promote food security, the Project will, in addition to the agricultural intensification programmes and natural resources management measures described above, and in partnership with government authorities: monitor the cost of staple foods as well as the availability of staple foods to meet both Project and local

community demand;

monitor the nutrition status of communities experiencing price inflation and limitations on the availability of staple foods through anthropometric measurements of children and adults, with a focus on vulnerable groups; and

develop appropriate interventions with organisations experienced in food security (eg targeted

assistance, seasonal support before agricultural intensification programmes take effect), taking into account the needs of identified vulnerable populations such as the elderly and women, where inflation or limited food supply cause negative pressures on local communities and communities are malnourished, and where these changes are identified to be linked to direct or indirect Project activities (eg Project food purchases, in-migration).


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20.5.5 Residual Impacts Following the implementation of the mitigation measures above, it is expected that the significance of impacts on land use and livelihoods will change as follows. 20.5.5.1 Physical Displacement due to Land Occupation The impact assessment determined that in the absence of Project mitigation the port would have a critical negative impact related to physical displacement due to land occupation (see Section 20.4.2). In completing the final design, the Project will continue to seek to avoid displacement of households and communities. Where displacement cannot be avoided, the Project will implement the PARC Framework. Physical displacement may occur, pending findings from on-going PARC surveys. Project-affected peoples (PAPs) experiencing physical displacement should gain benefit from forms of resettlement compensation (eg improved housing, security of tenure) but the disruption of relocation means that they may still experience a minor negative residual impact depending on the distance they have to move and the degree of disruption to their existing way of life. 20.5.5.2 Physical Displacement due to Quality of Life Factors The impact assessment determined that in the unlikely event that other mitigation measures do not effectively reduce noise and severance impact rankings to acceptable levels, the port would have a critical negative impact for relocated communities during construction and operation (see Section 20.4.3). Potential physical displacement due to quality of life factors has been considered through the lens of potential impacts from noise and vibration, air quality, severance and, safety. Mitigation measures specific to each of these are outlined in Chapter 8: Noise and Vibration, Chapter 9: Air Quality, Chapter 22: Community Health, Safety and Security and in Section 20.4.6 of this chapter. According to these chapters, there are pre-mitigation noise and disruption of access impacts with significance rankings ranging from critical negative to moderate negative during construction and operation. In the case of noise, these impacts are expected to affect the settlements of Senguelen, Bamboukhoun, and Touguiyiré (construction and operation) and Sounganyah (operation only). Disruption of access is expected to occur in communities in Maférinyah and Kaback sub-prefectures (on land) and in communities on Ile Kaback and Ile Kakossa and for example in Fokou Fokou and Moufoufanye / Fandiema (on water). Mitigation measures will be implemented with the objective of reducing noise impacts to minor negative (at a minimum) and access to moderate negative. As mitigation measures are implemented, on-going, free prior and informed consultation with affected communities and leadership will continue. The results of environmental monitoring carried out under the SEMP, the needs of the Project, the views of the community as provided through this consultation, and any issues raised through the Project Grievance Procedure will be taken into account. If at any time the Project or community identify conditions that may warrant consideration of re-evaluation or implementation of further mitigation measures, resettlement of affected households will be considered. This will be done in accordance with the PARC Framework. The anticipated Project impact following the implementation of mitigation measures other than PARC will result in a reduction to an impact of moderate negative, minor negative or not significant levels depending on the circumstances within individual communities. Where it is agreed that relocation in accordance with the PARC Framework will be applied, it is expected to result in a minor negative impact for resettled communities. 20.5.5.3 Economic Displacement Related to Land-Based Livelihoods The impact assessment determined that, in the absence of Project mitigation, the port would have a critical negative impact related to economic displacement of land-based livelihoods during construction and operation (see Section 20.4.4). To mitigate economic displacement due to land occupation, the Project will avoid or, where avoidance is not possible, minimise occupation of land used for livelihoods during final design. Where occupation resulting in


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economic displacement occurs, the Project will plan and implement compensation for Project affected peoples (PAPs) and communities in accordance with the PARC Framework. With the implementation of the PARC Framework, affected livelihoods will be restored as a minimum, or preferably improved. Nonetheless, given the intensity of change to impacted communities and their potential difficulties in adapting to livelihood restoration activities in a short timeframe, it is predicted that the residual impact may remain minor negative in construction and operation. 20.5.5.4 Economic Displacement Related to Fisheries-Based Livelihoods The impact assessment determined that, in the absence of Project mitigation, the port would have a critical negative impact related to economic displacement of fisheries-based livelihoods during construction and operation (see Section 20.4.5). To mitigate economic displacement of fisheries-based livelihoods, the Project will avoid or, where avoidance is not possible, minimise occupation of (and / or impacts upon) waters and sea bed used for livelihoods during design. The Project will implement a Dredging and Spoil Disposal Management Plan in addition to other monitoring and management commitments under the SEMP to minimise and mitigate impact on the marine environment and associated fisheries. Where occupation and use of the Morebaya River and sea resulting in economic displacement occurs, the Project will plan and implement compensation for Project affected peoples (PAPs) and communities in accordance with the PARC Framework. With the implementation of the PARC Framework, affected livelihoods will be restored as a minimum, or preferably improved. Nonetheless, given the intensity of change to impacted communities and their potential difficulties in adapting to livelihood restoration activities in a short timeframe, it is predicted that the residual impact may remain minor negative in construction and operation. 20.5.5.5 Disruption to Access Routes The impact assessment determined that in the absence of Project mitigation the port would have a critical negative impact related to disruption of land access routes during construction and operation. The port would have a critical negative impact related to river crossings during construction and a moderate negative impact during operation (see Section 20.4.6). To mitigate impacts to communities from disruptions to access to other communities, markets, services, land, water and cultural sites, the Project will consult with communities to identify access routes (on land and water, including the Morebaya river) and avoid severance where possible. The Project will provide temporary diversions (including safe water channels) where routes are affected during construction. Where permanent severance is expected to occur, the Project will work with communities to construct alternative routes. Replacement of a severed route and additional mitigations associated with the disruption of access to services linked to that route will occur within the process outlined by the PARC Framework. (See Chapter 22: Community Health, Safety, and Security for mitigation measures related to maritime safety within water access routes.) It is anticipated that with the implementation of these mitigation measures the Project will avoid or minimise disruption to access routes when possible and, when not possible, restore access and provide additional compensation to communities as necessary as determined by the PARC process. As a result, the residual impact of disruption to access routes is expected to reduce to minor to moderate negative for both river crossings and land crossings during construction and operation, depending whether or not the disruption is temporary and the degree of change from travel by alternative routes and access to people, goods, and services. 20.5.5.6 Availability of Food The impact assessment determined that in the absence of Project mitigation the port would have a critical negative impact on food security during construction and a major negative impact during operation (see Section 20.4.7).


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A key focus of the In-Migration Plan will be to manage pressures on land and associated adverse impacts on food security through urban and village planning. Project agricultural, fishing, and livestock intensification programmes and natural resources management measures will also help maintain or support increases to food supply. In addition, the Project, in partnership with government authorities, will monitor the cost and availability of staple foods to meet both Project and local community demand and malnourishment rates among children and adults. In partnership with government authorities and international organisations experienced in managing food security, the Project will develop other appropriate interventions where high costs or limited supply results in negative pressures on local communities and where communities are found to be malnourished, including vulnerable populations (eg targeted assistance, seasonal support before agricultural intensification programmes take effect). Further measures taken to monitor local price inflation (see Chapter 18: Employment and Economic Development) will enhance Project understanding and inform responses to the changing local economic environment. It is anticipated that with the implementation of these mitigation measures the Project will, in collaboration with government authorities, support the provision of an adequate supply of food that is available to the local population and remain responsive to changes in price or nutritional levels that indicate food insecurity. As a result, the residual impact of availability of food is expected to reduce to moderate negative during construction and minor negative during operation. 20.5.5.7 Availability of Community Water Supplies The impact assessment determined that in the absence of Project mitigation the port would have a major negative impact related to the decreased availability of water during construction and operation (Section 20.4.8). Mitigation measures to secure the availability of water for communities in light of expected increases in demand include conducting water surveys to record water location, quantity, quality, and usage patterns; engaging with local communities and authorities on water and water infrastructure needs; and supporting, in partnership with local authorities and relevant organisations, the delivery of water of sufficient supply and adequate quality to selected communities (to be determined by on-going monitoring). Additional measures related to mitigating potential impacts to water due to Project activities are presented in Chapter 6: Water Environment. It is anticipated that with the implementation of these mitigation measures the Project will have systems in place to ensure port-related water usage does not diminish the supply of water available to communities, and to enable communities to meet the growth in the demand of water and have access to better quality drinking water. As a result, the residual impact of availability of community water supplies is expected to reduce to minor negative during construction and operation. 20.6 Summary of Findings Potential impacts on land use and livelihoods by the port during construction and operation, and associated mitigation measures, are summarised in Table 20.5.


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Table 20.5 Summary of Potential Impacts on Livelihoods

Impact Description Phase Impact Assessment

SMF Themes and Programmes

Key Mitigation Measures Residual Impact

Physical displacement due to land occupation

Construction and operation of the Simandou Port may result in physical displacement among a limited number of households belonging to settlements in proximity to the port footprint. (Land used for the MOF site, which has already been approved by relevant authorities, is anticipated to result in the displacement of approximately 18 households.) On-going field surveys conducted through the PARC process will determine details regarding any additional physical displacement due to land occupation.

Construction Critical negative Project Design

PARC Framework

Avoid impacts on existing households and communities, where feasible, through detailed design.

Implement the PARC Framework to appropriately plan for, mitigate, and compensate for physical displacement, with the objective that livelihoods and quality of life are equal or better than they were before the Project.

Minor negative

Operation Critical negative Minor negative

Physical displacement due to quality of life factors

The quality of life of some local communities in proximity to the port could be affected by noise and severance impacts to a degree sufficient to warrant consideration of temporary or permanent physical relocation.


Stakeholder Engagement

Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration (PARC Framework and Implementation)

Implement mitigation measures to address potential impacts to noise and vibration, air quality, and severance as noted in Chapter 7 (Noise and Vibration), Chapter 8 (Air Quality), and this chapter, including on-going monitoring.

Undertake on-going, free, prior, and informed consultation with local communities and leadership.

Implement a grievance mechanism in which communities can raise complaints and concerns to the Project for redress.

Implement the PARC Framework in the event that Project activities result in the changes to quality of life that warrant consideration of relocation.

Not significant to moderate negative (environmental and CHSS mitigation only)

Minor negative (PARC)

Operation Critical negative Not significant to moderate negative (environmental and CHSS mitigation only)

Minor negative (PARC)


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Economic displacement related to land-based livelihoods

The port will occupy approximately 420 ha of land during construction and operation, which will lead to economic displacement of existing land users.



Avoid or, where avoidance is not possible, minimise occupation of land used for livelihoods during Detailed Design.

Implement the PARC Framework in those cases where Project land occupation and activities lead to economic displacement.

Minor negative


Economic displacement of fisheries-based livelihoods

The port will require a zone of managed vessel traffic around structures or vessels in the Morebaya River around vessels and Project activities during construction and, to a lesser extent, operation which will restrict the vessel movements of local communities. The port will also require extensive dredging, which will affect fish habitats. Both the zone of managed vessel traffic around structures or vessels and dredging will lead to economic displacement of communities who depend on river access and products for their livelihoods.



Avoid or, where avoidance is not possible, minimise occupation of water used for livelihoods during design.

Implement Dredging and Spoil Disposal Management Plan and SEMP.

Implement the PARC Framework in those cases where Project water occupation and activities in the Morebaya River and at sea lead to economic displacement.

Minor negative


Disruption to access routes

The port will sever or disrupt a number of access routes on land and water that are used by communities to connect to other communities (including service centres), agricultural land and

Construction Critical negative (overland access)

Critical negative (river crossing)

Project Design


Consult communities to identify access routes on land and water that may be impacted.

Avoid or, where avoidance is not possible, minimise severance or disruption of routes during Detailed Design.

Implement the PARC Framework in those cases where Project land occupation and activities lead to disruption to access, to determine an alternative route (and any

Minor to moderate negative

Operation Critical negative (overland access)

Minor to moderate negative


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fishing grounds, and other resources.

Moderate negative (river crossing)

other compensation related to loss of access).

Availability of food

Population growth due to in-migration and port activities will lead to reduced availability of land and increased food demand, limiting food supply and encouraging food price inflation.

Construction Critical negative Urban and Rural Planning

In-Migration

Employment Creation and Livelihoods

Agriculture and Food Security

Implement In-Migration Plan.

Undertake Project agricultural, fishing, and livestock intensification programmes and natural resources management measures.

In partnership with government authorities, monitor staple food prices and availability as well as malnourishment rates among children and adults.

Develop appropriate interventions, in partnership with government authorities and international organisations experienced in managing food security, when negative pressures and malnourishment are identified.

Moderate negative

Operation Major negative Minor negative

Availability of community water supplies

Port activities and in-migration will place considerable pressure on the supply and quality of water resources for local communities.

Construction Major negative Urban and Rural Planning

In-Migration

Infrastructure

Implement mitigation measures to address potential impacts to water quality and quantity in the study area by direct Project activities (see Chapter 6: Water Environment).

Conduct water surveys to record water location, quantity, quality, and usage patterns.

Engage with local communities and authorities on water and water infrastructure needs.

Support, in partnership with local authorities and relevant organisations, the delivery of water of sufficient supply and adequate quality to select communities (to be determined by on-going monitoring).

Minor negative

Operation Major negative Minor negative

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