2 The electric grid is a complex system with unique characteristics Physically Never holistically...
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Transcript of 2 The electric grid is a complex system with unique characteristics Physically Never holistically...
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The electric grid is a complex system with unique characteristics
Physically Never holistically designed, grid developed
incrementally in response to local load growth Today, there are
30,000 Transmission paths; over 180k miles transmission line
14,000 Transmission substations Distribution grid connects these substations
with over 100 million loads Fragmented industry w/o a common voice
3,170 traditional electric utilities 239 investor-owned, 2,009 publicly owned,
912 consumer-owned rural cooperatives, and 10 Federal electric utilities.
Technically
Electricity flows within three major interconnections along paths of lowest impedance (at the speed of light); yet the grid is operated in a decentralized manner by over 140 control areas
Demand is uncontrolled; electricity is the ultimate “just-in-time” production process.
Uniqueness
Two things make electricity unique:
Lack of flow control
Electricity storage requirements
Change either of these and the grid delivery system will be transformed
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Why is Grid Modernization Important?Outages and Power Quality Disturbances Cost the U.S. $79B Annually
Source: NERC Systems Disturbance Reports, 1992-2003.
Source: LaCommare, Kristina Hamachi and Eto, Joseph H. Understanding the Cost of Power Interruptions to U.S. Electricity Consumers. (Accessed May 19,2005).
Frequency of Outages and Disturbances LBNL Base-Case Estimate of the Cost of Power Interruptions by Types of Interruption
Productivity of businesses and industry Costs to states and local governments
Reliable electric service Costs of manufactured goods
Public Interest at Risk
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Business-as-usual will not adequately address growing demands & emerging trends
Policy is needed to promoteinstallation of new transmission lines Strategically diverse generating resources need to be
connected Challenges to install required transmission lines will
continue
Additional Technology options, beyond installing transmission lines, will be needed for the future grid Increase power density down existing transmission
pathways Grid management & better utilization of existing
infrastructure to address peak load
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More lines can not address transmission congestion in certain regions In certain highly populated regions of
the country, transmission lines alone will not be able to meet load growth
Atlantic coastal area from Metropolitan New York southward through northern Virginia,
Southern California
California state law on “Loading Order” is shifting the resource planning
Other alternatives must be considered Increased power density through
existing corridors Peak load reduction
Urban areas with high-speed communication infrastructure can enable available technologies
The challenge is to find a balance between upgrades and other actions that are urgently needed in the near term, and the need to develop realistic concepts for the future grid.
It will be important to ensure that near-term initiatives are robust “no regrets” projects, suitable to a wide range of possible futures.
-Transmission Congestion Study
William Street & Fulton Street, NY City (2003)
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Preparing the Grid Now to Meet Future Scenarios
• Interdependencies of electric and energy systems
20% renewable40% nuclear10-20% natural gas20-30% clean coal
50% Demand growthLoad curves – increased peakingPlug-in hybrids (25% increase demand) More electrically sensitive equipment
smart control areasEnergy Mgt Systems (70%)Additional 30,000 miles needed~ 22 million DG units (2.5x increase)Rerouting of power and self-healing
Infrastructure protection and securityIncreased globalizationMaterials and resource limitationsAll-hazard risks will continue to increase
Blackouts Aging InfrastructureVulnerability of assets
140 control areasEnergy Mgt Systems (<1%)180,000 miles wires~10 million DG units
1,000 GW capacityHybrids, No PHEVsElectrically-sensitive equipment (8 hrs/yr )
1% renewable20% nuclear30% natural gas49% coal
Changing Supply Mix • Requires increased margins• Requires additional transmission• Requires control/communications
Demand Transformation• Expanding Digital Economy• Power quality needs• Demand growth
2006 2035
Complexity of Grid
• Expanding footprint, overlay of markets, “closer to the edge”
Vulnerability of Energy Infrastructure
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Benefits of Investing in Electric Infrastructure Technologies Increases grid reliability Reduces grid congestion Improves power quality Reduces system vulnerability Increases grid efficiency because inserting newer, more
efficient equipment Reduces costs associated with outages and power
disturbances Creates local jobs for installation, operation and
maintenance Supports competitive electricity market structure
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Tomorrow’s Technology Examples
High Temperature Superconductivity Wires Cables
Visualization and Controls Real-time monitoring Smart Meters
Distributed Energy Resources Plug-In Hybrids and Vehicles to Grid Power Electronics Energy Storage
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High Temperature Superconductivity (HTS)
Cable Configuration
Benefits: Increased grid reliability and security by
providing efficient power interconnections with high capacity
Minimal environmental impact: HTS cables can be readily permitted and installed in dense urban areas
Reduced right-of-way requirements (smaller footprint)
Has a 150x increase in power capacity compared with copper
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Superconductivity vs Conventional Technology Comparison
HTS Motor for Navy
Conventional Motor
HTS Transformer
Conventional Transformer
Power Cables
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Visualization and Controls Includes developing next generation system control and data acquisition
system with: GPS-synchronized grid monitoring Secure data communications Custom visualization and operating cuing Advanced control algorithms
Helps detect disturbances and prevent widespread outages Provides real-time information during energy emergencies
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Grid monitoring and operations
Situational Awareness
Visualization and Controls
Benefits
Improves reliability Improves system efficiency and
energy efficiency Increases utilization of assets Reduces vulnerabilities
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Distributed Energy Resources• Distributed energy resources are electric
generation systems located at or near the site where they are to be used.
• Examples include:• Reciprocating internal combustion engines • Combustion turbines (Simple Cycle or
Combined Cycle)• Microturbines• Fuel Cells• Small Wind Turbines• Photovoltaic Panels
• Distributed energy resources provide energy solutions for utilities, customers, and local energy systems such as district energy, power parks, and microgrids
Benefits
Increases grid reliability Addresses vulnerability of
critical infrastructure Helps manage peak loads Lowers emissions Helps customers manage energy
costs
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Customer Efficiency
Central Generation
Today's Today's Central UtilityCentral Utility
Tomorrow's Tomorrow's Distributed Utility?Distributed Utility?
RemoteLoads
Wind
PV
Genset
Fuel Cell
Battery
Customers
Central Generation
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PHEV Roll-Out Scenario (Per U.S. EPA)
In 2030: Annual sales reach 2.7 million
PHEVs 27 million PHEVs on the road (9% of the nearly 300 million
vehicles)
By comparison: Conventional hybrids
represented 1.2% of all U.S. sales in 2005 (~ 5% by 2010)
Passenger vehicle fleet: PHEVs start penetrating in 2011 and grow to 15% of passenger vehicle sales by 2030
0.0
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2010 2015 2020 2025 2030Ne
wV
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2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
In-U
seV
ehic
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op.(
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Passenger Cars Light Duty Trucks
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2nd Generation PHEV -- Vehicle to Grid
Time of Day
MW
Lo
ad
Off peak charging
Load leveling during extreme load events
Source: Prometheus Institute
Benefits: Load leveling; off peak
charging 24/7 grid services take
advantage of the 90%+ time that vehicles are not in use
Potential added revenue for utilities and consumers
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Power ElectronicsBenefits:
Allow precise and rapid switching of electric power to support long distance transmission.
This speed and precision will allow the system to more rapidly respond to system disturbances and allow the system to operate with lower margins and fewer constraints, thereby reducing the need for additional infrastructure
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Energy Storage
PumpStorage
1 MW1 kW 100 kW 10 MW 100 MW
Min
ute
sH
ou
rs
Max
imu
m D
isch
arg
e T
ime
High Energy Fly Wheels
Power Rating
CompressedAir
Flow Batteries
NAS Battery
Metal-Air Batteries
Advanced Batteries
Lead-Acid Batteries
Super Capacitors
Sec
on
ds
10 kW
Low Energy Fly Wheels SMES
Benefits
Increases grid reliability
Reduces system transmission
congestion
Helps manage peak loads
Makes renewable electricity sources
more dispatchable
In the electricity sector, supply is relatively fixed, at least in the short term, while demand will fluctuate
Developing technology to enable storing electrical energy so it can be available whenever needed and would represent an important breakthrough
Some of the energy storage technologies include: batteries, flywheels, and supercapacitors
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Conclusions The electricity grid is aging and reliability is a concern There are policy and technology options that will help to modernize
the electric grid. Some of the technology options include: High Temperature Superconductivity Visualization and Controls Distributed Systems Vehicle to Grid Power Electronics Energy Storage
Public-Private partnerships are key to making this happen
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Questions?
Energetics Incorporated
www.energetics.com
Peggy Welsh
Senior Consultant
202-406-4108