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Scientific Understanding

of Behavior

Where to Start

Ethical Research

Survey Research

ExperimentalDesign

When a person unquestionably uses their own personal

judgment or a single story about another person’s

experience as a way to know the world

What is intuition?

When a person accepts anything learned from the news media,

books, government authorities, or religious figures

What is authority?

Knowledge based on observations

What is empiricism?

Describe behavior, predict behavior, determine the causes

of behavior, and understand/explain behavior

What are the goals of science?

Fundamental research questions about the nature of behavior

What is basic research?

A statement about something that may be true

What is a hypothesis?

Individuals that take part in surveys

What are respondents?

They help researchers understand the dynamics of a

particular culture or organizational setting

What are informants?

They organize and explain a variety of specific facts or descriptions of behavior

What are theories?

Sometimes the most interesting discoveries in science are the

result of this

What is serendipity?

The principle in the Belmont Report that refers to the need

for research to maximize benefits and minimize any possible harmful effects of

participation

What is beneficence?

This provides researchers an opportunity to deal with issues of potential harmful effects of participation and explain the

true purpose of the study.

What is a debriefing?

Instead of using deception, the Stanford Prison Experiment is

an example of this type of alternative procedure

What is a simulation study?

This was revised in 2002 and is known as the Ethics Code

What is The Ethical Principles of Psychologists

and Code of Conduct?

Psychologists violate this ethical standard when they conduct

research and fail to tell participants about the

foreseeable consequences of declining or withdrawing from

the study

What is informed consent?(Section 8.02)

This type of relationship exists when increases in the number of hours students spend in the

library is accompanied by increases in their GPA’s too

What is a positive linear relationship?

When the nonexperimental method is used, alternative explanations for a causal relationship between two

variables exist because of this problem.

What is the third-variable problem?

This is done to eliminate the influence of individual

differences as alternative explanations for the results of

an experiment

What is random assignment?

This validity is challenged when the operational definition of a

variable is inadequate.

What is construct validity?

When a variable is measured using a reliable device, there is

little of this

What is measurement error?

An example of this measurement scale is student’s

letter grade on a test

What is ordinal scale?

This type of validity is demonstrated when a measure

is not related to variables is should NOT be related to

What is discriminate validity?

This measurement scale provides to most measurement

information

What is ratio scale?

The correlation of each item on a scale with every other item is

called this

What is called Cronbach’s alpha?

This type of validity concerns whether two or more groups of people differ on a measure in

expected ways

What is concurrent validity?