2 Perioperative Pediatric.pptx
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Transcript of 2 Perioperative Pediatric.pptx
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Recent Advances inPediatric Perioperative Ca
Elizeus Hanindito
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Pediatric Anesthesia is an important sector efesae management in the perioperative period.
High-income countries : guidelines, checklists,instruments, dedicated pediatric anesthesiologists
o!"middle-income countries : #asic anesthesia seor improving the high rate o mor#idit$"mortalit$ lacking.
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The aim of anesthesia & surgery i
safety
Safety means
accident prevention
Accident prevention begin with
preoperative evaluation
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Penilaian Preoperatif
%uuan : deteksi masalah aktual"potensial $ang meningkatkan resikoanestesi"pem#edahan dan melakukan,
'ptimalisasi kondisi pasien sehingga meminimalkan resiko pen$ulitaktual"potensial.
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Pediatric Assessment %riangle
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Exposure
Family
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Pediatric anesthesia withoutears
()* pasien anak akan merasa takut & cemas. +$eri, pisah dengan orang tua, lingkungan"#au $
asing.
Pemasangan inus dan induksi anestesi dipaksakemergence delirium , gangguan perilaku"adap
pasca#edah. Premedikasi armakologis"non-armakologis un
mem#antu induksi $ang le#ih halus.
ain e/001
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Clear li2uids / am3reast milk 1 am
4nant ormula ( am
ight meal (-5 am
Minimum Fasting Periods:Pedoman Puasa
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6an /005 7 8es /09 , 90.09) operasi elekti ped;ppsala ;niversit$ Hospital
i#eral clear li2uid asting 7 tetap di#eri minum sdipanggil ke kamar #edah
pasien aspirasi 7 op tidak ditunda, tdk perlu peintensi
91 pasien diduga aspirasi tanpa ada tanda klinis
Pediatric Anesthesia , /09)
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) langkah pengelolaan de Apakah ada masalah osmolaritas > Akutatau kronis >
Apakah ada masalah keseim#angan asam-
#asa> Apakah ungsi ginal terganggu> 3agaimana status alium serum >
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Capillar$ Re
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;#un/ & elastistas kulit
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Produksi urine
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?engantuk-etharg$
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8eraat 8ehidrasiTanda linis !ingan Moderat Berat
Berat badan 3-! "-#$! ##-#!
%ontenelleS'inturgor(yes
)ormal *+-,
arna 'ulit )ormal .ucat Abu/
0embran mu'osa )ormal-'ering 1ering Sangat 'eripecah/
2ap efill /-3 det 3-4 det 5 4 det
6enyut 7antung )ormal 8 88
Te'anan darah )ormal .erub9 .ostural :ipotens
.rodu'si ;rine )ormal - sd't
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"alur intra#ena terpasang dalam watu $ %& deti
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Penelitian pada /,000 pasien op elekti : (0* pemeriksaan la# rutin, tanpa
indikasi han$a 0./ * nilai a#normal tida
meru#ah perencanaan anestesi"#edahPenelitian lain 5/* tanpa ada indikasi.Han$a 90 0.001* a#normal , 1 mempun$anilai klinis #ermakna 0.009*
Health 3enchmarksF Program Clinical Gualit$ 4ndicator
=peci
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Apakah ada masalah denganpemeriksaanla# pra#edah >
Pem#orosan 7 0 mil$ar dollar"tahun
Pasien diperiksa untuk hal $ang tidak elas
ecemasan pasien
Pertim#angan mediko-legal, ke#iakan institusi
Anesth Analg /09999/:
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Ha$!ard, ?ofat, iu. =emin %hrom# Hemost./09/ 5 I :I1/-)/
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Pemeriksaan aal hemostasis
Anamnesa : ri!a$at keluarga & perdarahan 4ndikasi : pen$akit liver, ginal, trom#ositopenia,#erat, anticoagulant, +=A48, maor surger$, kegalanut.
=ampling, reagens, heparin & kondisi patologis
#erpengaruh Routine coagulation testing to predict operati
#leeding risk in unselected patients prior to surgnot recommended (Grade B, evel 444
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Pemeriksaan penunang kasuspediatri
8 : H# 7 usia 9 tahun, remaa $g sdh menstrupotensi perdarahan op
imia darah : kelainan ginal, hati,endokrin, o#at
Eaal hemostasis : craniotom$ , H?. A%>
;rine rutin : operasi ;J tract, ineksi ;J tract
K-ra$ thoraD : atas indikasi
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Pengelolaan 4ntraoperati
4nduksi anestesi Rumatan anestesi L pemantauan ungsi vital
Pengelolaan cairan dan perdarahan.
Pengaturan suhu tu#uh.
Mentilasi mekanik : Ei'/ minimal, P4P minimal, P4: ratio 9:9
/ anestetist
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4nduksi 4nhalasi
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4nduksi intravena & 8istraksi
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4nduksi intravena & 8istraksi
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NguerO anesthesia
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Pemantauan4ntraoperati
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Nie#oDO Jlo#al 'Dimetr$ Proec
H' =ae =urger$ mem#uat organisasi nonNie#oDO
?isi ie#oD : to ensure that no patient diesbecause a pulse oimeter and basic safet! were not used during surger!"#
=etiap pem#edahan, pasien harus dipantau pulsoDimeter.
Anaesthesia without a pulse oximeter is like fyinplane without a radar, or skydiving without anemergency parachute.
$nesth $
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Eailsae monitoring
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Hipotermi
lasi
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Pengaruh hipotermi
?eningkatkan !aktu pulih sadar.
?eningkatkan potensi anestesi.
?emperlam#at meta#olisme o#at.
?engaki#atkan kardiovaskuler kurang sta#il
8epresi ungsi kogniti
= i l it i ti &
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=urgical site inection &h$pothermia
0
4
8
12
16
Wound Infection (%)
/!pothermic 0ormothermic
P =0.001Normothermia is mo
effective than antibioMelling et al
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?atraspenghangat
Penghangatinus
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desineksi
keringkan
precordial
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4ntraoperative %ransusion %rigg
?aDimum Allo!a#le 3lood oss
'ormal Acceptable EB(
)*+ )*+ )ml,g+
Premature -& . -/ 0/ %& . 1&&
'ewborn -/ . 2/ 0& . 0/ 3& . %&
0 Months 0& . -4 4/
- 5ear 0- . -4 4& . 4/ 6& . 3&
2 5ears 0/ . -0 4& . 4/ 6&
2
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2i'a # unit telah diberi'an @ tambah'an -#$! daripada transfusi la
dgn unit lain9
>i'a resi'o perdrhan postop besarnai''an :ct target9
G$$ *4/ = /,
4/
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Pain ?anagement
Pain therap$Pain documentationPain assessment
1/
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2ommunication & )umber 2oncept
*5 3 yrs,(ORourke, 2004)
Pediatric Pain Assessment
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Pain management
Pain therap$Pain documentationPain assessment
11
MA7A8A9 'T;;E8
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N+on-ver#al AgeO Pain Assessme
1Beha2ioural parameters1Ph!siologicalparameters3
2ohen HH @ /$$I
Pain Assessment Tool,7cale
=kala Eace egs Activit$ Cr$ Consola#il
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EACC ?erkel,9I
1(
4ategori ilai
0 9 /
5ace kspresi #iasa
=en$um
?en$eringai
?erengut8ahi mengerut
?erengut
'tot rahakontr.8agu gem
6egs =antai+ormal
Jerak terus%egang
?en$epakaki ditek
$cti2it! %enang,posisinormalJerak santai
?enggeliat3ergerak terus
%egang
Posisi kakJerakan k
7r! %idak menangissadar atau tidur
?erengek?enangis tdk terus
?enangis%eriak, ter=elalu me
7onsolabilit! =enang "santai %enang dengan#icara ,sentuhan,pelukan
%idak #isadihi#ur
)o pain ? $ L 0ild pain ? #-3 L 0oderate pain ? 4-" L Severe pain ? G-#$
.ediatric Anesthesia // */$
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T
PPP?=C'R
P'=%'P8AS
C;%'PPP
=C'
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Caudal epidural analgesia
ost popular central block
9asiest : safest approach
9cellent analgesia;painfree awakening
$pplicable to children of all ages
3rachial pleDus #lock ADillar$ approach
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3rachial pleDus #lock ADillar$ approach
3rachial pleDus #lock
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supraclavicular approach
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Post
Thoracotomy
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