2 Perioperative Pediatric.pptx

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    Recent Advances inPediatric Perioperative Ca

    Elizeus Hanindito

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    Pediatric Anesthesia is an important sector efesae management in the perioperative period.

    High-income countries : guidelines, checklists,instruments, dedicated pediatric anesthesiologists

    o!"middle-income countries : #asic anesthesia seor improving the high rate o mor#idit$"mortalit$ lacking.

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    The aim of anesthesia & surgery i

    safety

    Safety means

    accident prevention

    Accident prevention begin with

    preoperative evaluation

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    Penilaian Preoperatif

    %uuan : deteksi masalah aktual"potensial $ang meningkatkan resikoanestesi"pem#edahan dan melakukan,

    'ptimalisasi kondisi pasien sehingga meminimalkan resiko pen$ulitaktual"potensial.

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    Pediatric Assessment %riangle

    Airway

    Breathing

    Circulation

    Disability

    Exposure

    Family

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    Pediatric anesthesia withoutears

    ()* pasien anak akan merasa takut & cemas. +$eri, pisah dengan orang tua, lingkungan"#au $

    asing.

    Pemasangan inus dan induksi anestesi dipaksakemergence delirium , gangguan perilaku"adap

    pasca#edah. Premedikasi armakologis"non-armakologis un

    mem#antu induksi $ang le#ih halus.

    ain e/001

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    Clear li2uids / am3reast milk 1 am

    4nant ormula ( am

    ight meal (-5 am

    Minimum Fasting Periods:Pedoman Puasa

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    6an /005 7 8es /09 , 90.09) operasi elekti ped;ppsala ;niversit$ Hospital

    i#eral clear li2uid asting 7 tetap di#eri minum sdipanggil ke kamar #edah

    pasien aspirasi 7 op tidak ditunda, tdk perlu peintensi

    91 pasien diduga aspirasi tanpa ada tanda klinis

    Pediatric Anesthesia , /09)

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    ) langkah pengelolaan de Apakah ada masalah osmolaritas > Akutatau kronis >

    Apakah ada masalah keseim#angan asam-

    #asa> Apakah ungsi ginal terganggu> 3agaimana status alium serum >

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    Capillar$ Re

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    ;#un/ & elastistas kulit

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    Produksi urine

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    ?engantuk-etharg$

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    8eraat 8ehidrasiTanda linis !ingan Moderat Berat

    Berat badan 3-! "-#$! ##-#!

    %ontenelleS'inturgor(yes

    )ormal *+-,

    arna 'ulit )ormal .ucat Abu/

    0embran mu'osa )ormal-'ering 1ering Sangat 'eripecah/

    2ap efill /-3 det 3-4 det 5 4 det

    6enyut 7antung )ormal 8 88

    Te'anan darah )ormal .erub9 .ostural :ipotens

    .rodu'si ;rine )ormal - sd't

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    "alur intra#ena terpasang dalam watu $ %& deti

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    Penelitian pada /,000 pasien op elekti : (0* pemeriksaan la# rutin, tanpa

    indikasi han$a 0./ * nilai a#normal tida

    meru#ah perencanaan anestesi"#edahPenelitian lain 5/* tanpa ada indikasi.Han$a 90 0.001* a#normal , 1 mempun$anilai klinis #ermakna 0.009*

    Health 3enchmarksF Program Clinical Gualit$ 4ndicator

    =peci

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    Apakah ada masalah denganpemeriksaanla# pra#edah >

    Pem#orosan 7 0 mil$ar dollar"tahun

    Pasien diperiksa untuk hal $ang tidak elas

    ecemasan pasien

    Pertim#angan mediko-legal, ke#iakan institusi

    Anesth Analg /09999/:

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    Ha$!ard, ?ofat, iu. =emin %hrom# Hemost./09/ 5 I :I1/-)/

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    Pemeriksaan aal hemostasis

    Anamnesa : ri!a$at keluarga & perdarahan 4ndikasi : pen$akit liver, ginal, trom#ositopenia,#erat, anticoagulant, +=A48, maor surger$, kegalanut.

    =ampling, reagens, heparin & kondisi patologis

    #erpengaruh Routine coagulation testing to predict operati

    #leeding risk in unselected patients prior to surgnot recommended (Grade B, evel 444

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    Pemeriksaan penunang kasuspediatri

    8 : H# 7 usia 9 tahun, remaa $g sdh menstrupotensi perdarahan op

    imia darah : kelainan ginal, hati,endokrin, o#at

    Eaal hemostasis : craniotom$ , H?. A%>

    ;rine rutin : operasi ;J tract, ineksi ;J tract

    K-ra$ thoraD : atas indikasi

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    Pengelolaan 4ntraoperati

    4nduksi anestesi Rumatan anestesi L pemantauan ungsi vital

    Pengelolaan cairan dan perdarahan.

    Pengaturan suhu tu#uh.

    Mentilasi mekanik : Ei'/ minimal, P4P minimal, P4: ratio 9:9

    / anestetist

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    4nduksi 4nhalasi

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    4nduksi intravena & 8istraksi

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    4nduksi intravena & 8istraksi

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    NguerO anesthesia

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    Pemantauan4ntraoperati

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    Nie#oDO Jlo#al 'Dimetr$ Proec

    H' =ae =urger$ mem#uat organisasi nonNie#oDO

    ?isi ie#oD : to ensure that no patient diesbecause a pulse oimeter and basic safet! were not used during surger!"#

    =etiap pem#edahan, pasien harus dipantau pulsoDimeter.

    Anaesthesia without a pulse oximeter is like fyinplane without a radar, or skydiving without anemergency parachute.

    $nesth $

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    Eailsae monitoring

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    Hipotermi

    lasi

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    Pengaruh hipotermi

    ?eningkatkan !aktu pulih sadar.

    ?eningkatkan potensi anestesi.

    ?emperlam#at meta#olisme o#at.

    ?engaki#atkan kardiovaskuler kurang sta#il

    8epresi ungsi kogniti

    = i l it i ti &

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    =urgical site inection &h$pothermia

    0

    4

    8

    12

    16

    Wound Infection (%)

    /!pothermic 0ormothermic

    P =0.001Normothermia is mo

    effective than antibioMelling et al

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    ?atraspenghangat

    Penghangatinus

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    desineksi

    keringkan

    precordial

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    4ntraoperative %ransusion %rigg

    ?aDimum Allo!a#le 3lood oss

    'ormal Acceptable EB(

    )*+ )*+ )ml,g+

    Premature -& . -/ 0/ %& . 1&&

    'ewborn -/ . 2/ 0& . 0/ 3& . %&

    0 Months 0& . -4 4/

    - 5ear 0- . -4 4& . 4/ 6& . 3&

    2 5ears 0/ . -0 4& . 4/ 6&

    2

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    2i'a # unit telah diberi'an @ tambah'an -#$! daripada transfusi la

    dgn unit lain9

    >i'a resi'o perdrhan postop besarnai''an :ct target9

    G$$ *4/ = /,

    4/

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    Pain ?anagement

    Pain therap$Pain documentationPain assessment

    1/

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    2ommunication & )umber 2oncept

    *5 3 yrs,(ORourke, 2004)

    Pediatric Pain Assessment

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    Pain management

    Pain therap$Pain documentationPain assessment

    11

    MA7A8A9 'T;;E8

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    N+on-ver#al AgeO Pain Assessme

    1Beha2ioural parameters1Ph!siologicalparameters3

    2ohen HH @ /$$I

    Pain Assessment Tool,7cale

    =kala Eace egs Activit$ Cr$ Consola#il

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    EACC ?erkel,9I

    1(

    4ategori ilai

    0 9 /

    5ace kspresi #iasa

    =en$um

    ?en$eringai

    ?erengut8ahi mengerut

    ?erengut

    'tot rahakontr.8agu gem

    6egs =antai+ormal

    Jerak terus%egang

    ?en$epakaki ditek

    $cti2it! %enang,posisinormalJerak santai

    ?enggeliat3ergerak terus

    %egang

    Posisi kakJerakan k

    7r! %idak menangissadar atau tidur

    ?erengek?enangis tdk terus

    ?enangis%eriak, ter=elalu me

    7onsolabilit! =enang "santai %enang dengan#icara ,sentuhan,pelukan

    %idak #isadihi#ur

    )o pain ? $ L 0ild pain ? #-3 L 0oderate pain ? 4-" L Severe pain ? G-#$

    .ediatric Anesthesia // */$

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    T

    PPP?=C'R

    P'=%'P8AS

    C;%'PPP

    =C'

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    Caudal epidural analgesia

    ost popular central block

    9asiest : safest approach

    9cellent analgesia;painfree awakening

    $pplicable to children of all ages

    3rachial pleDus #lock ADillar$ approach

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    3rachial pleDus #lock ADillar$ approach

    3rachial pleDus #lock

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    supraclavicular approach

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    Post

    Thoracotomy

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