13.tracheostomy (50) Dr Rahul Tiwari OMFS SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
2 muscles of mastication rt(76) Dr. RAHUL TIWARI
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Transcript of 2 muscles of mastication rt(76) Dr. RAHUL TIWARI
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GOOD AFTERNOON
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
PRESENTED BYDr. RAHUL TIWARI
1ST YEAR MDS - PG StudentDEPT. OF ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
SIBAR INSTITUTE OF DENTAL SCIENCES
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INTRODUCTIONEMBRYOLOGYHISTOLOGY
MUSCLES OF MASTICATIONMASSETER
TEMPORALISMEDIAL PTERYGOIDLATERAL PTERYGOID
ACCESSORY MUSCLES OF MASTICATIONAPPLIED ASPECTS
CONCLUSIONREFERENCES
CONTENTS
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MUSCLE- One of the contractile organs of the body OR
Animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells
Mastication or chewing is the process by which food is mashed and crushed by teeth. During the
mastication process, the food is positioned between the teeth for grinding by the cheek and tongue .
INTRODUCTION
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A tissue specialized to produce motion in response to muscle action potentials by its
qualities of contractility, extensibility elasticity and excitability.
These tissues bring about voluntary and involuntary movement of parts of the body.
The main functions of muscles are- Motion (Both reflex and voluntary), Maintenance of Posture, Heat production
MUSCLE TISSUE
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At the birth suckling muscles of the lips and cheeks are relatively better developed than the muscles of mastication.
But between the birth and adulthood the facial muscles increase fourfold and MOM sevenfold in weight.
The masseter and medial pterygoid are better developed than temporalis and lateral pterygoid.
MASTICATORY MUSCLES
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MYOGENESIS
MRF- MyoD1, MRF5,
MRF-4/herculin/MYF-6 and myogenin
MYOFIBRES from the paraxial
mesoderm with contractile properties
unsegmented head mesoderm and segmented
(somitic) mesoderm.
pharyngeal-arch muscles.
EMBRYOLOGY
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EMBRYOLOGY
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Mesodermal Origin Muscles Innervation (Cranial Nerve) Somitomeres 1,2 Superior, inferior, and medial ocular recti;
inferior oblique of eye Oculomotor (III)
Somitomere 3 Superior oblique of eye Trochlear (IV)
Somitomere 4 1st-arch masticatory muscles Trigeminal (V)
Somitomere 5 Lateral ocular rectus Abducens (VI)
Somitomere 6 2nd-arch facial muscles Facial (VII)
Somitomere 7 3rd-arch stylopharyngeus0 Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Somites 1,2 Laryngeal muscles Vagus (X)Somites 1–4 Tongue muscles Hypoglossal (XII)Somites 3–7 Sternomastoid, trapezius Accessory (XI)
CRANIOFACIAL MUSCLE ORIGINS AND INNERVATIONS
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MYOMERES & MYOTOMES
MYOBLASTS
MYOTUBES
EMBRYOLOGY
MYOCYTES
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Most muscle fibers develop before birth but increase in number and size in early infancy.
Motor nerves establish contact with the myocytes, stimulating their activity and
further growth by hypertrophy.
Failure of nerve contact or activity results in muscle atrophy
EMBRYOLOGY
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FOURTH SOMITOMERE
THE FIRST PHARYNGEAL
ARCH
FOUR MUSCLES OF
MASTICATION
TRIGEMINAL (FIFTH
CRANIAL) NERVE.
EMBRYOLOGY
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According to morphology-Striated, non striated, smooth
According to function-Voluntary, involuntary
Types- Skeletal- striated & voluntary
Cardiac- striated & involuntary Smooth- non striated & involuntary
HISTOLOGY
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HISTOLOGY
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Skeletal-Elongated and tubular, multiple nuclei located in
periphery.Striated muscle has alternating light and dark
bandsCardiac-
not long as skeletal & are branched cells. Mono or bi nucleated located in center, striated,
intercalated.Smooth-
Spindle shaped, wide in middle & narrow at both ends,
Single centrally located nucleus. No visible striation, but has same contractile
protein
CHARACTERISTICS
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ANATOMY
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CONTRACTION
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No capability of mitotic activity, regeneration by satellite cells.
If undergo mitotic activity- hyperplasia.
Muscle building, satellite cells may fuse with existing muscle cells, thus hypertrophy.
Skeletal muscle cells regulate their number and their size by the secretion of a member of the
transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), myostatin
REGENERATION OF MUSCLE
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Mastication is a repetitive sequence of jaw opening and closing with a profile in the vertical
plane called the chewing cycle. Mastication consists of a number of chewing cycles. The
human chewing cycle consists of three phases:1. Opening phase: the mouth is opened and
the mandible is depressed.2. Closing phase: the mandible is raised
towards the maxilla.3. Occlusal or intercuspal phase: the
mandible is stationary and the teeth from both upper and lower arches approximate.
THE CHEWING CYCLE
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Muscles of mastication- originate skull & insert mandible
Only mandible moves during mastication and other activities
Four muscles are the primary participants in mastication, other accessory muscles.
Each of these primary muscles of mastication is paired
THE CHEWING CYCLE
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They are: 1. Masseter 2. Temporalis
3. Lateral pterygoid 4. Medial pterygoid
Develop from the mesoderm of the 1st brachial arch.
Supplied by the mandibular nerve.
PRIMARY MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
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Quadrilateral Covers lateral surface of
ramus of mandible.
Three layers 1. superficial layer
[largest] 2. middle layer 3. deep layer
MASSETER
MASSETER
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1.SUPERFICIAL LAYER
ORIGIN: Maxillary process of
the zygomatic bone and anterior 2/3rd of
lower border of zygomatic arch.
FIBRES:Passes downwards &
backwards at 45 degrees.
MASSETER
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INSERTION: Lower part of the lateral surface of the ramus of mandible.
MASSETER
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2. MIDDLE LAYER :
ORIGIN : Medial aspect of 2/3rd of zygomatic bone & posterior
1/3rd of lower border of zygomatic arch.
FIBRES : Passes vertically
downwards.
INSERTION : Upper part of ramus of the
mandible.
MASSETER
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3. DEEP LAYER :
ORIGIN: Deep surface of
zygomatic arch.
FIBRES: Passes vertically
downwards.
INSERTION: Upper part of ramus &
coronoid process of mandible.
MASSETER
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NERVE SUPPLY:
Masseteric nerve, a branch of anterior division of mandibular nerve.
ACTIONS:
1. Elevates mandible to occlude teeth in mastication.
2. Small effect in side-to-side movements, protraction & retraction.
MASSETER
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SUPERFICIAL:
skinPlatysmarisoriuszygomaticus majorparotid gland
Muscle is crossed byparotid duct branches of facial nerve transverse facial vessels
MASSETER
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DEEP:Temporalis – lower part
mandibular ramusMasseteric nerve & artery
A mass of fat seperates it in front from buccinator &
buccal nerve POSTERIOR MARGIN:
Overlapped by parotid gland ANTERIOR MARGIN:
Projects over buccinator & is crossed by facial nerve
MASSETER
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Dissected muscle consist of 6 alternating musculo-aponuerotic layers, which is divided into
3 planes
Anterior and posterior fan contains 3-3 musculo-aponuerotic layers
Superficial/prior- 60* angulation with Frankfort horizontal plane
Deep/alter lamina- 60* angulation with Frankfort horizontal plane
Intermediate- 90* angulation with Frankfort horizontal plane
MASSETER
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Fan shaped muscle, fills the temporal fossa.
ORIGIN:Whole of the temporal
fossa except the part formed by zygomatic
bone.Deep surface of temporal
fascia.
TEMPORALIS
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FIBRES:Converge & descends into a tendon which
passes through the gap between zygomatic arch
& side of skull.
Anterior fibers -- oriented vertically.
Posterior fibers – horizontally.
Intermediate fibers -- obliquely
TEMPORALIS
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INSERTION:Margins & deep surface
of coronoid process,Anterior border of the
ramus of mandible almost to last molar.
NERVE SUPPLY:Two deep temporal
branches from anterior division of mandibular nerve.
TEMPORALIS
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SUPERFICIAL :
Skin
Auricularis anterior & superior
Temporal fascia
Superior temporal vessels
Auriculo temporal nerve
Temporal branches of facial nerve
Zygomatico temporal nerve
Epicranial aponeurosis
Zygomatic arch
Masseter.
RELATIONS
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DEEP:Temporal fossaLateral pterygoidSuperficial head of
medial pterygoidA small part of
buccinatorMaxillary artery & its
deep temporal branches
Deep temporal nervesBuccal nerve & vesselsAnterior border is
separated from the zygomatic bone by a mass of fat.
RELATIONS
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Elevates the mandible to close the mouth & approximate the teeth.
The movement requires both the upward pull of the anterior fibers & backward pull of the
posterior fibers.
Contributes to side- to- side grinding movements.
Posterior fibers retracts the mandible.
Vitti & Basmajian (1977) suggests that the temporalis is active in forcible elevation,
but not in slow elevation with out occlusion.
ACTIONS
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LATERAL PTERYGOID
Short, conical, thick muscle with two heads.
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ORIGIN:UPPER HEAD: Infra temporal surface & infra
temporal crest of the greater wing of sphenoid bone.LOWER HEAD:
Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid
plate.NERVE SUPPLY:
A branch from anterior division of mandibular nerve.
LATERAL PTERYGOID
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LATERAL PTERYGOID
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FIBRES:Passes backwards & laterally, and converge to insert.INSERTION:Pterygoid fovea of the
mandible,articular disc,Capsule of the T.M.J.Insertion is postero
lateral & at a slightly higher level than origin.
LATERAL PTERYGOID
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Early 3rd mth I.U, muscle inserts into mesenchyme that condenses around developing
condyle, but, part of it’s tendon sweeps backward above the condyle & gets inserted into
the portion of Meckel’s cartilage that later forms the head of the malleus.
-Harpman & Woollard (1938).
This part of tendon become inserted into the articular disc of T.M.J & it’s attachment to the
malleus does not persists. - Rees
(1954)
LATERAL PTERYGOID
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Opening the mouth – by pulling forward the condylar process of mandible & articular disc,
while head of the mandible rotates on the articular disc.
During closure of mouth, the backward gliding of the articular disc & condyle is
controlled by slow elevation of lateral pterygoid, while the masseter & temporalis
restore the jaw to the occlusal position.
- Posselt (1952).
ACTIONS
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2. Left lateral pterygoid & right medial pterygoid turn the chin to left side as a
part of grinding movements.
3. Medial & lateral pterygoids of two sides act together & protrude mandible, so that the lower incisors projects infront of the
upper.
Upper head is involved mainly in chewing.
Lower head is in protrusion.
ACTIONS
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Relations
LATERAL PTERYGOIDREATIONS
Body_ID: HC030020
The mandibular ramus and masseter, the maxillary artery - which crosses either deep or superficial to the muscle
Superficially - superficial head of medial pterygoid and the tendon of temporalis.
Deep - deep head of medial pterygoid, the sphenomandibular ligament, middle meningeal artery,mandibular nerve.
Upper border - temporal and masseteric branches of the mandibular nerve.
Lower border -lingual and inferior alveolar nerves.
The buccal nerve and the maxillary artery pass between the two heads of the muscles
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ORIGIN:SUPERFICIAL HEAD (SMALL
SLIP)
Lateral surface of the pyramidal process & maxillary tuberosity.
DEEP HEAD (QUITE LARGE) Medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate & the
grooved surface of the pyramidal process of the
palatine bone.
FIBRES:Runs downwards, backwards
& laterally.
MEDIAL PTERYGOID
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Attached by a strong tendinous lamina to the
postero inferior part of the medial surface of the mandibular ramus &
angle, as high as mandibular foramina & almost as forward as the
mylohyoid groove.
NERVE SUPPLY: A branch from the
mandibular nerve.
INSERTION
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MEDIAL PTERYGOID
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SUPERFICIAL:
Separated from lateral pterygoid muscle & ramus of
mandible bylateral pterygoid plate,
maxillary artery, Inferior alveolar vessels &
nerves, Lingual nerve,
Spheno mandibular ligament.
Process of the parotid gland separated from masseter by
lower part of the ramus of mandible
RELATIONS
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Elevates the mandible. Acting with lateral pterygoid, it protrudes
the mandible.
When the medial & lateral pterygoid’s of one side act together, the corresponding side of
mandible is rotated forwards to the opposite side, with the opposite mandibular
head as a vertical axis.
Alternating activity in the left & right sets of muscles produces side-to-side movements,
which are used to triturate food.
ACTIONS
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In 1996, researchers at the UNVERSITY OF MARYLAND identified a new muscle in the skull
and named it SPHENOMANDIBULARIS.
ORIGIN AND INSERTION: It extends from the lateral surface of the sphenoid bone to the medial surface of the
coronoid process and ramus of the mandible. The muscle is believed to be either a fifth muscle
of mastication or a previously unidentified component of an already identified muscle.
NERVE SUPPLY: It is supplied by the maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve.
THE FIFTH MUSCLE OF MASTICATION
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They are paired muscles.
Anterior digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Buccinator
ACCESSORY MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
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Two bellies united by an intermediate tendon
ORIGIN :Anterior belly – Digastric fossa
of mandiblePosterior belly - mastoid notch on the medial side of the base
of the mastoid processFIBRES :
Anterior belly runs downwards & backwards
Posterior belly runs downwards & forwards
INSERTION :Both the heads meet at the intermediate tendon which
perforates stylohyoid muscle & is held by a fibrous pulley to the
hyoid bone.
DIGASTRIC MUSCLE
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NERVE SUPPLY :
ANTERIOR BELLY: Mylohyoid nerve, a branch of the
mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
POSTERIO BELLY: Nerve from posterior auricular
branch of facial nerve
ACTIONS : Depress and retract the mandible, so assisting the lateral pterygoid muscle in
opening the mouth
elevation of the hyoid bone, utilized during swallowing and
speech
DIGASTRIC MUSCLE
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RELATIONS –
Superficial -platysma,
sternocleidomastoid,
splenius capitis, longissimus capitis,
stylohyoid, mastoid process,
the retromandibular vein,
the parotid and submandibular salivary glands.
DIGASTRIC MUSCLE
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RELATIONS –
DIGASTRIC MUSCLE
Medial to the anterior belly- Mylohyoid, hyoglossus,superior oblique,rectus capitis lateralis,the transverse process of the atlas vertebra,internal jugular vein,occipital artery,hypoglossal nerve,internal and external carotid, facial and lingual arteries- medial to posterior belly
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Flat, triangular muscle.Two mylohyoids forms floor of
mouthSituated just below the anterior
belly of digastric muscle
ORIGIN :Mylohyoid line of mandible, extends
from symphysis in front to last molar tooth behind
INSERTION :Posterior fibres :Body of hyoid
boneMiddle & anterior fibres : median
raphe between mandible &hyoid bone
MYLOHYOID
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Fibres Runs medially & slightly downwards
NERVE SUPPLY :Mylohyoid nerve, a nerve from mandibular
division of the trigeminal nerve
ACTION :Elevates floor of mouth in deglutition
Depress the mandible & elevates hyoid bone
MYLOHYOID
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The inferior (external) surface –platysma, anterior belly of digastric, the superficial part of the submandibular gland, the facial and submental vessels, and the mylohyoid vessels and nerve.
posteriorly-the mucous membrane of the mouth.
MYLOHYOID
The superior (internal) surface-geniohyoid, part of hyoglossus and styloglossus, the hypoglossal and lingual nerves, the submandibular ganglion, the sublingual gland, the deep part of the submandibular gland and its duct, the lingual and sublingual vessels
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Thin quadrilateral muscleORIGIN :
Upper fibres, from maxilla, opposite molar teeth
Lower fibres, from mandible, opposite molar teethMiddle fibres, from
pterygomandibular rapheINSERTION :
Upper fibres – Upper lipLower fibres – Lower lip
Middle fibres – Decussate before passing to lips
ACTION :Flattens cheek against gums &
teethPrevents accumulation of food in
the vestibule.
BUCCINATOR
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Anteriorly – the superficial surface of buccinator is related to
zygomaticus major, risorius, levator and depressor anguli oris, and the parotid duct. It is crossed by the
facial artery, facial vein and branches of the facial and buccal nerves.
Posteriorly – buccinator lies in the same plane as the superior
pharyngeal constrictor, which arises from the posterior margin of the pterygomandibular raphe, and
is covered there by the buccopharyngeal fascia.
BUCCINATOR
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Superficially – the buccal pad of fat separates the posterior part of buccinator from the ramus of the mandible, masseter
and part of temporalis.
Deep surface – the buccal glands and mucous membrane of the
mouth. The parotid duct pierces buccinator opposite the third upper molar tooth, and lies on the deep
surface of the muscle before opening into the mouth opposite the maxillary second molar tooth
BUCCINATOR
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Short & narrow muscle
Lies above medial part of mylohyoid muscle
ORIGIN :
Inferior mental spine
FIBRES : Runs backwards & downwards
GENIOHYOID
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INSERTION :
Anterior surface of body of hyoid bone
NERVE SUPPLY :
By fibres from 1st cervical nerve via hypoglossal nerve
ACTION :
Elevates hyoid bone
Depress mandible
GENIOHYOID
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MUSCLES RESPONSIBLE FOR MOVEMENTS OF MANDIBLE
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In case of uni or bilateral condylar fractures due to the pull of lateral pterygoid, the
fractured condylar heads displaces anteromedially, thus reducing the height of
the ramus of mandible, there by causing posterior gag & anterior open bite.
APPLIED ASPECTS
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In case of unfavorable angle fractures, medial pterygoid & masseter pulls the fragment upwards causing difficulty
in fracture reduction.
APPLIED ASPECTS
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In case of bilateral para symphysis fractures, due to the pull of digastric, geniohyoid & genioglossus, the fractured segment is pulled posteriorly & inferiorly, there by causing fall back of tongue and compromising the airway.
This usually happens in unconscious patients.
APPLIED ASPECTS
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Inflammatory lesions about the mandibular joint may produce a chronic masseter myositis with subsequent fibrosis which may
restrict the play of muscles & limit the movements of the jaw.
APPLIED ASPECTS
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Beginning at about 30 Years of age these is a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass that
is largely replaced by fat.
Due to loss of muscle mass, there is a decrease in maximal strength and a
diminishing of muscle reflexes
Muscle spasm of the masseter and lateral pterygoid associated with excessively wide
opening of mouth results in lock jaw in dislocated position.
AGEING
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A lesion at foramen ovale results in parenthesis along the mandible, the mandibular teeth and the
side of face, as well of paralysis of muscles of mastication.
An injury to nerve supply to muscles of mastication causes the chin to be drawn to the
paralyzed side on protraction. This is due to lack of contraction of medial and lateral pterygoid
muscle on paralyzed side.
APPLIED ANATOMY
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Acute inflammation of masseter muscle with pain, swelling, tenderness restriction. This may be
caused due to cellulitis, trauma, and irritation of the muscle.
This can be treated by anti inflammatory analgesics, gentle range of motion exercise.
MYOSITIS
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Intensive bruxism of long duration, may result in masseter muscle hypertrophy. This may cause muscle pain, tender on palpation. It may
also be associated with temporalis muscle hypertrophy.
MASSETER HYPERTROPHY
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Is an autoimmune disorder, results in abnormality at the
neuromuscular junction, resulting in prevention of muscle fiber
contraction which in turn causes weakness of skeletal muscle.
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
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Limitation of jaw opening due to spasm of mastication
muscles is a rare complication of mandibular
anesthesia.
There is decrease in jaw opening 2-4 days and no
associated pain.
It takes 2-4 weeks to recover.
TRISMUS AFTER INJECTION
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JUST AS THE CLINICIAN NEEDS THE MEDICAL
HISTORY TO MAKE A LOGICAL DIAGNOSIS,
SO TO THE ANATOMY OF MUSCLE IS ESSENTIAL
FOR A LOGICAL EXPLANATION OF ANY
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL IMBALANCES IF
IT DO OCCURS
CONCLUSION
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1. Gray’s Anatomy - Churchill Livingstone. 2. Human anatomy - B. D. Chaurasia. 3. Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy
- Anne M. R. Agur , Arthur F.Dalley. 4. Text book of Anatomy with Colour Atlas
- Inderbir Singh. 5. Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma
- Fonseca. 6. Text book of Histology
- Hiatt & Garner 7. Text Book of Medical Physiology
- Arthur C. Guyton
REFERENCES
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