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Regents I Honors Physics

2: Motion

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PH2 UnitCover Page 2 of2

(J Unit Packet Contents:Unit Objectives: Motion

Notes 1: Motion / Velocity

Independent Practice: Motion / Velocity

Notes2: Accelerated Motion / Free Fall

Guided Practice: Accelerated Motion

Notes 3: Graphing Motion

Notes5: Equations ofMotion

Guided Practice: Equations ofMotion

Guided Practice: Free Fall

Independent Practice: Equations ofMotion

Ph2_UnitObjectivesName _

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Regents / Honors Physics

Unit Objectives: MotionAt the end ofthis unit the student will be able to:1. Define the terms motion and displacement.

2. Solve problems involving constant velocity using the formula v =Adt

3. Explain the difference between the terms vector and scalar.4. Distinguish between speed and velocity.5. Distinguish between average speed and instantaneous speed.6. Distinguish between constant speed motion and accelerated motion.

7. Solve problems involving constant acceleration using the formula a= ilvt

8. Evaluate graphs ofposition vs. time, distance vs. time and velocity vs. time for different types ofmotion.

9. Solve problems involving constant acceleration any ofthe equations ofmotion10. Solve problems involving free fall with air resistance neglected.

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Notes: Motion/ VelocityObjectives:1. Define the teffils motion and displacement.2. Solve problems involving constant velocity using the formula v = dlt3. Prepare a distance vs. time graph for a constant speed motion and explain the

shape ofthe graph. Set up cart ou a track demo aud collect data for distaucetraveled by cart aud time to travel.

Ph2_noteslkeyNameDate '----------

Page I of 5 9/812005 11:24:00 AMRegents Physics

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Watching the motion ofthe cart on the track propose some ways that you could describe the motion.

Aristotle and Motion

• Aristotle (384-322 BC) attempted to c1assity physical phenomena including motion which he

classified into natural and violent motion.

• Natural motion was believed to occur as a result ofobjects seeking their natural tendancyCJ 0 For example a rock comes from earth so ifit is taken away from earth it will_t..,a""""IIe..-__

back to earth.

o Smoke comes from air so it will naturally rise in the air

• Violent motion is motion that results from -pushin9-QLPulling forces.

o Aristotle taught that continued motion, such as an arrow flying through the air was the result

ofa continued push by the air on the back ofthe arrow.

• Aristotle taught that the nOffilal state ofobjects was one of rest and therefore the Earth

itself must be motionlessCopernicus and Galileo Weigh In

• In the 1500's, Copernicus introduced a theory that the Earth revolved around the sun and

therefore was not motionless• In the 1600's Galileo followed up with the Copernican theory with a host ofexperiments that

discredited Aristotle's teachings.

o Galileo conducted free fall experiments from the Leaning Tower ofPisa to demonstrate that

objects of different masses fall at the same rate.

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o In an experiment with two connected inclined

/p~es,~ileo~roposed the concept of

\~ mertla ) by suggesting that in the

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wocld-keep rolling until slowed by an opposing

incline.

o Galileo conducted experiments with smooth surfaces to demonstrate the effect of

1ri..cti..on.- and to demonstrate that it can be minimized.

o Galileo's theories were denounced by leaders in the Catholic Church who accepted

Aristotle's teachings and he was put on trial for heresy as a result ofpublishing

Ph2 noteslkey Page 2 of 5

o Galileo used balls rolling on

J inclined planes to support his

hypothesis that a ball on a horizontal plane would

neither speed up nor

slow down in the absence of friction.~';!'"

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his experiments.

() Description ofMotion

• Galileo was the first to describe motion in terms of a time rate of change which tells

how fast something happens.

• Speed is one example ofthis and it is a time rate of change of"positionspeed tells how fast an objects position changes.

• Mathematically, speed can be described as follows:

dspeed =-

t

Where: d= distancet = time

• Speed will always have units ofdistance per units oftime for example mi/hr; m/s; km/hr• Very often in real motion, the speed ofobjects vary while they are in motion,

• Because ofthis it is useful to define an average speed ofan object during a defined trip.

• Mathematically we describe average speed as follows:

dtotal dis tan ce

average spee =------time int erval OR

dV=-

t

Ph2 noteslkey Page 3 of 5 9/8/2005 11:24:00 AM• In physics problems we are frequently interested in the speed ofan object an some particular point in

i) time which we refer to as the instantaneous speed

• The notation used to represent average speed is v orVavg while the notation

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used to represent instantaneous speed speed is VSample problems:

1. Use the data in the cart demo to determine the average speed ofthe cart for the trip.a. Describe a point during the cart's motion when its instantaneous speed was less than its average

speed.b. Describe a point during the cart's motion when its instantaneous speed was greater than its

average speed.

2. What is the average speed of a cheetah that sprints 100 m in 4 seconds? How about if it sprints 50 m'--- ,

in 2 seconds? . J .

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Ph2_noteslkey Page 4of 5 9/81200511:24:00 AM3. Ifa car moves with an average speed of60 kmlh for an hour, it will travel a distance of60 lan.

a. How far would it travel it if moved at this rate for 4 hours?b. For 10 hours?c. Would it be possible forthe car that starts from rest and ends at rest to attain an average speed of

60 kmlhr and never exceed a reading of60 kmlhr on the speedometer?c--- ~ ----

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4. During a race on level ground, Susy covers 825 min 137 secon4§ while running due west. FindSusy's average speed.

5. A bicycle rider travels 22 kilometers in 3.25 hours traveling northwest. What is the average speed ofthe bicycle rider in kmlhr and in mi/hr?

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Speed vs. Velocity (Scalar and Vector quantities)9/812005 11:24:00 AM

but they are

quantity and

quantity and

quantity which means

Very often in physics the terms speed and velocity are used lnterchangablynot the same thing.

• Speed as we have described it so far is considered to be a scalarthat only the magnitude ofthe quantity is considered.

• The term velocity is a vector quantity which by definition includes not only a

magnitude but also a direction for the quantity.

• For example to sayan object is traveling 75 km/hr would be giving a scalartherefore describing its speed

• To sayan object is traveling 75 km/hr west would be giving a vectortherefore describing its velocity

• We'll learn more about working with vectors and scalars in a later unit.

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