2 Million Years of Style

Australopithecus Afarensis

Upright walkingleaves hands free to manipulate.

Prehensile hands (& feet)

Paleolithic & Neolithic Stone Tools

Oldowan-approx 2MYA

Acheulean-approx 1.5MYA

Mousterian -from 200KYA

Neolithic“Laurel Leaf”

Control of fire improved safety, cooking & health, and enhanced social bonding.

Aesthetic awareness of both abstract and figurative forms

Decorative shell beads made by Homo Sapiens about 100,000 Y.A.

Face made from stone and bone by Neanderthal about 32,000 Y.A.

Self and environmental awareness.

Hand of Man, El Castillo, Spain about 20,000 Y.A.

Bison rock drawing from Altamera, Spainabout 20,000 Y.A.

Agriculture and farming was first used in the fertile crescent of present day Turkey and the Levant.

The oldest known town was Catal Huyuk, built close to a source of obsidian, a natural glass that was used for

toolmaking and trading.

Catal Huyukfrom 8 KYA?

Mother Goddess

Houses were entered through the roof for protection.

The invention of the plow pulled by oxen (or horse power) allowed for a huge increase in harvests.

Egyptian plow

Modern plow

The Iceman, found in the European Alps, from about 2,500 B.C. had tools that were both Stone Age & Copper Age

Stone dagger & grass sheath

Copper head bound to branch, axe

Retoucheur

The invention of the wheel brought about 5,000 years of style change.

Primitive tripart wheel

Modern magnesium alloy wheel

Pictograms lead to hieroglyphics, writing and the first font styles.

By 2000BC there were city based civilizations in Egypt, the Middle East, India and China.

Egypt & Sumeria

Temple at Sumer

Indus Valley Shang China

Shang bronze weapons

The rise of cities brought about specialization, trades, craftsmen, hierarchal culture and increased leisure time.

Assyrian wounded lion

Minoan Goddess

Egyptians at leisure

Siddhartha Gautama Buddha (563-483 BC) & Confucius (551-479 BC) founded two of the world’s great religions,

while in Central America the Olmec civilization was producing religious artworks.

Huge Buddha statue fromShive Dagon paoda, Burma

Olmec greenstone maskFrom about 300 BC.

The Ch’ín dynasty in China started building the Great Wall.

For 2200 years the Xi'an terracotta warriors silently guarded the tomb of Qin Shihuang, first Emperor of China.

Alexander the Great conquered the Eastern Mediterranean,

Egypt, Persia, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Western India.

Alexander founded and built the City in Egypt that bears his name- Alexandria, with it’s famous lighthouse and the library that was the

center of much of the world’s intellectual knowledge.

Sculptured relief of Alexander.

The main hall of the great Libraryheld perhaps half a Million scrolls.

Coin of Alexander.

The Lighthouse at Pharos.

The Roman state started as a small group of tribes on the Tiber and grew to become an empire that still influences style in the modern

world.

Republican Rome practiceddemocratic principalsfirst practiced by theAthenians. Painted by Rafaelduring the Renaissance.

Legend has it that Rome wasfounded by Romulus one of twinsthat were suckled by a she-wolf.

The Roman Empire encompassed the Mediterranean and strongly influenced all the cultures it controlled.

The Roman EmpireBy 150 A.D.

Well engineered roads meant militarycontrol and increased commerce.

Roman engineersfirst used the arch.

Roman glass

Examples of classical architecturalstyle can still be seen today.

Amy Wildermouth

Tommy Hsieh

Stephen Myers

Bibliography• In the Shadow of Man: Jane Goodall/Hugo Van Lawick, 1988 George Weidenfield & Nicholson Ltd.• The Ascent of Man: J. Bronowski, 1973 Little Brown & co.• Origins: Richard Leakey, 1977 MacDonald & Janes Publishers Ltd.• Origins Reconsidered: Richard Leakey/ Roger Lewin, 1992 Doubleday.• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/cavemen/factfiles/australopithecus_afarensis.html?img2• New Scientist: Douglas Palmer- Neanderthal art alters the face of archaeology, 6 Dec. 2003• The Man in the Ice: Konrad Spindler, 1994 Weidenfield & Nicholson. • http://www.geocities.com/elchasqui_2/ZSitchin24phot.html• http://alpha.montclair.edu/~lebelp/Millennium.html• http://jbohrn.augustpoetry.org/2002/• http://www.anarheologija.org/veliki/catal/catal-03.jpg• http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/cattle.htm• http://oregonstate.edu/dept/kes/plow.gif• The Times Concise Atlas of World History: Ed.by Geoffrey Barraclough, 1982 Angus & Robertson.• http://www.audaces.weblogger.terra.com.br/200408_audaces_arquivo.htm• http://www.annaswebart.com/culture/costhistory/minoan/• http://www.stonefoundation.org/gallery/assyrian.html• http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/macedonian_empire_336_323.jpg• http://www.users.bigpond.com/MSN/gary_fletcher/seven.html• http://www.unf.edu/classes/freshmancore/core1images/Capwolf1.jpg• http://www.scanglas.se/www/img/750.jpg• http://www.streetworks.fsnet.co.uk/roman/romanroad2.jpg• http://www.classicist.org/images/mars.gif• http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/smithala/pix/china/images/19BurArmy_JPG.jpg• The DK History of the World- Ed. By Gillian Denton, 1994 DK Publishing Inc.