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THE LATE EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURIES
To Jackson
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EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR
(1750-1776)
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In 1754 the colonists considered themselves English
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ALBANY PLAN OF UNION
In 1754, representatives from seven colonies met in Albany
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Developed by Benjamin Franklin
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Provided for an inter-colonial government and a system for collecting taxes for the colonies' defense
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Efforts to unite the colonies met with less success than he hoped
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Produced “Join or Die” cartoon and
flag
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THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR (1754-1763)
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Lasted ten years
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also called the French and Indian War
They fought on SAME side
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Colonists were expanding westward – French wanted to protect fur tradeFrench tried to stop them by building fortified outposts
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George Washington attacked a French outpost and lost badly
Allowed to return to Virginia, he was welcomed as a hero!!
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When the war was over, England was the undisputed colonial power of the continent
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Many Americans served in the English army English did not make a good impression!
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Sowed the first seeds of anti-British sentiment in the colonies
Indians particularly disliked the English
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English raised the price of goods sold to the Indians Pontiac rallied a group of tribes in the Ohio Valley and attacked colonial outposts
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British government issued the Proclamation of 1763 forbidding settlement west of the rivers running through the Appalachians
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Settlers had already moved west of the line.
The proclamation agitated them
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THE SUGAR ACT, THE CURRENCY ACT, AND THE STAMP ACT
WAR DEBTS
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Colonies' tradition of self-taxation was being usurped
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Stamp Act affected a group that was literate, persuasive, and argumentative-namely, lawyers
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James Otis wrote The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved
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Otis put forward the "No taxation without representation" argument
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Otis did not advocate secession
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Patrick Henry drafted the Virginia Stamp Act Resolves, protesting the tax
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THE TOWNSHEND
ACTS
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Taxed goods imported directly from Britain
Some of the tax collected was set aside for the the British army
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Patriots were mostly white Protestant property holders
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THE DECLARATION
OF INDEPENDENCE H/O
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The rebels were still looking for the masterpiece of propaganda that would rally colonists
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Guess who comes on the scene ….
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They got it in Common Sense
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In a nation of 2 million, most of whom couldn't read, it sold more than 100,000 copies in its first three months
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(about the same as selling 13
million compact discs today).
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Thomas Jefferson wrote the
Declaration of Independence
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With the document's signing on July 4, 1776, the Revolutionary War
officially began.
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Continental Army (as opposed to local militias) had trouble recruiting good soldiers Recruited blacks, and up to 5,000 fought on the side of the rebels (in return, most of those who had been slaves were granted their freedom)
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Franco-American Alliance
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Helped the colonists considerably. Ultimately, the colonists won a war of attrition
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The Treaty of Paris, signed at the end of 1782, granted the United States independence and generous territorial rights.
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CREATING A FUNCTIONING GOVERNMEN
T (1776-1800)
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THE ARTICLES OF
CONFEDERATION
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As soon as the Declaration of
Independence was signed, states began writing their own
constitutions
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In 1777 the Continental Congress sent the Articles of Confederation, the first national constitution, to the colonies for ratification
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FLAWS
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It did not give the national government the power to tax or to regulate trade
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Amendments to the articles required the unanimous consent of all the states
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Other Problems
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Women and blacks had made sacrifices in the fight for liberation, and some expected at least a degree of compensation
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In 1787 an army of 1,500 farmers marched on Boston to protest a number of unfair policies, both economic and political.
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They were armed and very angry, and they gave the elite class the wake-up call that the revolution might not be over yet. Shays' Rebellion helped convince some that a stronger central government was necessary
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787 contained a bill of rights, abolished slavery in the Northwest territories
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A NEW CONSTITUTION
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The Virginia Plan, largely the brainchild of James Madison, called for an entirely new government based on the principle of checks and balances.
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Only three of the 42 delegates refused to sign the finished document (two because it did not include a bill of rights)
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Opposition forces portrayed the federal government under the Constitution as an all-powerful beast
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Anti-Federalists, were particularly appalled by the absence of a bill of rights
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Federalist position was forcefully and persuasively argued in the Federalist Papers, anonymously authored by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay
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The Constitution went into effect in 1789; the Bill of Rights was added in 1791.
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THE WASHINGTON PRESIDENCY
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Created a government made up of the best minds of his time
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Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State and Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury
H/O
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These two men strongly disagreed about the proper relationship between the federal government and state governments
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Hamilton proposed a National Bank --
Jefferson and James Madison argued that the Constitution allowed Congress only those powers specifically granted to it
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Hamilton's plan called for the federal government to assume the states' debts
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Plan clearly favored Northern banks
Northern states also had more remaining debt than Southern states
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French Revolution took place during the Washington administration
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Thomas Paine supported it.Jefferson wanted to support the revolution and its republican ideals Hamilton had aristocratic leanings and so disliked the revolutionaries
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France and England resumed hostilities
Even Jefferson agreed that neutrality was the correct course to follow
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American supporters of the revolution held enthusiastic rallies
Rallies were organized by Democratic-Republican societies, which evolved into the Democratic-Republican political party
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Development of political parties troubled the framers of the Constitution Washington even accused the Democratic-Republican societies of instigating the Whiskey Rebellion
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Armed rebels across Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia defied government efforts to collect the new tax
Washington sent a large troop detachment to disperse the rebels
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Washington sent John Jay to England to negotiate a treaty concerning free trade
Congress attempted to withhold funding to enforce the treaty
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The House of Representatives asked Washington to submit all documents pertinent to the treaty
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Washington refused, establishing the precedent of executive privilege
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THE ADAMS PRESIDENCY
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Electoral college selected John Adams, a Federalist, as Washington's successor
Second-place candidate became vice-president
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So Adams' vice-president was the Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson
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Adams' greatest achievement was avoiding war with France
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XYZ Affair After the U.S. signed the Jay Treaty with Britain, France began seizing American ships …
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Adams sent three diplomats to Paris, where French officials demanded a huge bribe before they would allow negotiations
Adams published their written report in the newspapers
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He deleted the French officials' names and replaced them with the letters X, Y, and Z
Public became vehemently anti-French
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Alien and Sedition Acts, allowed the government to forcibly expel foreigners and to jail newspaper editors for "scandalous and malicious writing."
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Acts were purely political, aimed at destroying the Democratic Republicans,
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Jefferson led the opposition
Together with Madison, he drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
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Argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws
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Later referred to as nullification
Jefferson used the laws and the resolutions as key issues in his 1800 campaign for the presidency
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THE ELECTION OF 1800
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Federalist party was split clearing the way to the presidency for the Democratic-Republicans
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Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr each received an equal number of votes in the Electoral College, which meant that the Federalist-dominated House of Representatives was required to choose a president from between the two
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Alexander Hamilton swallowed hard and campaigned for Jefferson, with whom he disagreed on most issues and whom he personally disliked, because he believed Burr to be "a most unfit and dangerous man."
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Burr later proved Hamilton right by killing him
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For the second time in as many elections, a president was saddled with a vice-president he did not want
Remedied in 1804 with the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution
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THE JEFFERSONIAN
REPUBLIC (1800-1823)
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JEFFERSON'S FIRST TERM Adams was so upset about the election that he left the capital before Jefferson took office
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Before he left town, however, he made a number of "midnight appointments," filling as many government positions with Federalists as he could
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Jefferson's response was to refuse to recognize those appointments Upon taking office, Jefferson also immediately pardoned all those convicted under the Alien and Sedition Acts, then persuaded Congress, now controlled by his party, to repeal the laws
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Jefferson's refusal to accept Adams' midnight appointments resulted in a number of lawsuits
Marbury v. Madison, reached the Supreme Court in 1803
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William Marbury, one of Adams' last-minute appointees, had sued Secretary of State James Madison for refusing to certify his appointment to the federal bench
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Chief Justice John Marshall was a Federalist
Marshall was not certain that the court could force Jefferson to accept Marbury's appointment
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Court ruled that Marbury did indeed have a right to his judgeship, but that the court could not enforce his right
Although the power to do so had been granted to the Supreme Court in the Judiciary Act of 1789, Marshall now declared it unconstitutional
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Major accomplishment of Jefferson's first term was the Louisiana Purchase
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Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to buy New Orleans for $2 million
The French offered to sell Monroe the whole Louisiana territory for $15 million
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Ironically, Jefferson the anti-federalist had undertaken the largest federal action in the nation's brief history
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Jefferson sent explorers All returned with favorable reports, causing many pioneers to turn their attentions westward
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JEFFERSON'S SECOND TERM
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War of 1812 In 1805 the British and French were at war
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British began stopping American ships and impressing those sailors who might have deserted the British navy Jefferson responded with a boycott, biding his time while increasing military and naval appropriations
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Jefferson lobbied for and won the Embargo Act of 1807
Shut down America's import and export business, with disastrous economic results
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Jefferson repealed the unsuccessful Embargo Act in the final days of his presidency
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MADISON'S PRESIDENCY AND THE WAR OF 1812
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Madison, seeking a solution to America's trade problems, reopened trade with both France and England. He promised that if either of the countries would renounce its interference with American trade, he would cut off trade with the other one
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Napoleon made that promise
British, angry at the new embargo, stepped up their attacks on American ships
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Native Americans aligned themselves with the British
The British captured Washington, D.C., in 1814 and set the White House on fire
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Federalists, opposed to the war and not aware that its end was coming, met in the Hartford Convention to consider a massive overhaul of the Constitution or, failing that, secession
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When English-French hostilities ended (with Napoleon's defeat), many of the issues that had caused the war evaporated
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War had one clear positive result
It spurred American manufacturing
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"Henry Clay's American System."
Combination of programs that included protective tariffs on imports, improvements to interstate roads and the re-chartering of the National Bank
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Clay’s American System was viewed by many as an attempt at centralization of power and as a threat to State Sovereignty
Abraham Lincoln was a “Clay disciple”
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MONROE'S PRESIDENCY
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Demise of the Federalists briefly left the U.S with only one political party. This period of unity is referred to as "the Era of Good Feelings."
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Chief Justice John Marshall's rulings continued to strengthen the federal government and its primacy
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McCulloch v. Maryland the states could not tax the National Bank
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a financial scare called the Panic of 1819 threw the American economy into turmoil
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panic followed a period of economic growth, inflation, and land speculation, all of which had destabilized the economy
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National bank called in its loans, many borrowers couldn't repay them
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no nationally organized political opposition resulted from the panic, and Monroe easily won reelection in 1820
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Secretary of State under Monroe, John Quincy Adams negotiated a number of treaties that fixed U.S. borders, opened new territories, and acquired Florida
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revolutions in Central America and South America (against European imperialism)
US recognized the new nations
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they decided that America should assert its authority over the Western Hemisphere
Monroe Doctrine
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Claimed America's right to intervene anywhere in its own hemisphere, if it felt its security was threatened
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new period of expansion also resulted in a national debate over slavery
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Eleven states allowed slavery, eleven prohibited it Missouri's application for statehood, however, threatened the balance
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3/5 rule --- REAL Lincoln --- etc.
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Missouri Compromise (1) admitted Missouri as a slave state
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(2) carved off a piece of Massachusetts, called it Maine admitted Maine as a free state
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(3) established the southern border of Missouri as the northernmost point in which slavery would be allowed in the western territories
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BEGINNINGS OF MODERN AMERICAN DEMOCRACY (1824-1844)
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THE ELECTION OF 1824 AND
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'
PRESIDENCY
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turning point in presidential elections … majority of states now allowed voters to choose their presidential electors directly
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Congressional caucuses had chosen their parties' nominee in earlier elections
With more people voting directly for electors, however, the caucus nominee was no longer guaranteed to represent his party
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Democratic-Republican caucus chose William H. Crawford
Others--among them John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson--decided to challenge the nomination
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Of the four, Andrew Jackson received the greatest number of popular votes and electoral votes
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But none of the four had won a majority, so …….
the election was decided in the House of Representatives
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Clay threw his support to Adams, thereby handing Adams the victory … and Clay was named Secretary of State (importance of this ..)
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Opponents referred to Clay's appointment as the "corrupt bargain."
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Remember Clay’s American System?
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Contrary Congress
More congressmen had initially supported Jackson than Adams
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Adams was also handicapped with an
obnoxious personality
(It ran in the Family)
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He had been a Federalist congressman and was the son of a Federalist president
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His effort to strengthen the central government was thus viewed with deep suspicion
Jackson's supporters strongly favored
states' rights
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