2- Ischaemic Heart Disease
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Transcript of 2- Ischaemic Heart Disease
Ischaemic Heart Disease
Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD)
Common Health problem.
High Mortality & Morbidity.
Etiology: common Atherosclerosis
Two major types: Angina & MI.
Risk factors :
Hypertension
Hypercholesterolemia
Diabetes
Smoking, Life style, Diet, Genetic.
Patterns of IHD:
• Angina Pectoris:
• Acute Myocardial Infarction:
• Sudden cardiac death:
Pathogenesis
• Obstruction to blood flow
– Atheroma, Thrombosis, Embolism
• Diminished coronary perfusion
– Ischemia – Angina
– Infarction – Necrosis
• Granulation tissue
• Fibrous scarring.
Myocardial Infarction-MI
• “Death of heart tissue due to lack of blood supply”
• Atherosclerosis is the common cause.
• Infarction causing Coagulative necrosis (intact cell shape).
• Severe chest pain, breathlessness & sweating
• Complications: Cardiogenic shock, Heart failure or Death.
Coronary Atherosclerosis with Thrombosis
Recent transmural infarct
Wavy fibers are another sign of an early infarct.
Coagulative necrosis and a few inflammatory cells
Coagulative necrosis, interstitial bleeding, and a few inflammatory cells.
Complications
Cardiogenic shock, death
Arrhythmias and conduction defects
Congestive heart failure (pulmonary edema)
Mural thrombosis, or embolization
Myocardial wall rupture
Ventricular aneurysm
Angina Pectoris
Paroxysmal attacks of chest pain
Substernal or precordial
Myocardial ischemia
Gross - Morphology - Micro
• 1-18h: None
• 24h: Pale, edema
• 3-4D: Hemorrhage
• 1-3W: Thin, yellow
• 3-6W: Tough white
• None
• Edema, inflammation
• Necrosis, granulation
• Granulation tissue
• Dense Fibrosis
1- Stable Angina
Pain related to exertion
Relieved by rest or vasodilators
Subendocardial ischemia
ST-segment depression
2- Variant Angina
Classically occurs at rest
Reversible spasm
ST-segment elevation or depression
3- Unstable Angina
Prolonged pain or pain at rest
ST-segment depression
Sudden Cardiac Death
Unexpected death within one hour of heart attack
300,000-400,000 persons per year
Usually high grade coronary stenosis
Ventricular electrical instability
Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease
LV Dilatation, atherosclerosis, focal scars
Myocyte hypertrophy, myocytolysis, focal small
interstitial scars
Slow progressive heart failure with or without previous
MI or angina
40% of mortality in IHD
Ischemic cardiomyopathy
Pathology of
Hypertension
Introduction
• Silent Killer – painless – complications
• dizziness, headache, and visual difficulties,
• It is the leading risk factor – MI, DM, Stroke
• 25% of population, ~35% unaware.
• “Sustained increase in blood pressure”
• Systolic >140, Diastolic > 90 mm of Hg*
Etiologic Classification:
• Primary or Essential Hypertension(95%)
• Secondary Hypertension (5-10%)
–Renal – Kidney disorders.
–Other – endocrine, drugs etc.
Pathogenesis of complications Of Hypertension
Ishchemia – MI, CNS,
Kidney, eye
Aneurism / Rupture – CNS,
Aorta,
Myocardial Hypertrophy
LVH, Cardiac failure.
Consequences of Hypertension:
• Blood Vessels
–Atherosclerosis, Arteriolosclerosis.
• Heart
–Enlarge, Ischemia, Infarction.
• Kidney
– Ischemia, Infarction - nephrosclerosis.
• Eyes:
–Retinopathy – Ischemia, infarction.
• Brain:
– Ischemia, infarction, Haemorrhages.
Thickening of blood vessel:
Onion Skin Thickening
Of arterioles.
Narrow Lumen
Hypertrophy of heart:
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Cardiomyopathy
Myocarditis:
Etiology
Viral – Coxsackie A, ECHO, Influenza
Chlamydia and Rickettsia – psittaci & typhi
Bacteria – diphtheria, TB, Strep
Fungal & Protozoa – Trypanosomes, Toxo
Hypersensitivity – SLE, RHD, drugs
Physical Agents – Radiation
Idiopathic – Giant cell myocarditis
Morphology
• Gross: dilated, flabby heart, pale patches with
hemorrhage
• Microscopic: interstitial inflammatory infiltrate with
myocyte necrosis, fibrosis
• Mononuclear cells: idiopathic or viral
• Neutrophils: bacterial
• Eosinophils: hypersensitivity
• Granulomatous: TB or sarcoid
Dilated heart in myocarditis
Myocarditis : T lymphocyte infiltrate and myocyte necrosis.
This is usually either viral or of unknown cause.
Toxic myocarditis: There is some inflammation, myocyte
changes (big nucleolus). Myocyte necrosis also happens.
Giant Cell Myocarditis
• Myocyte necrosis
• Multinucleated giant cells
• Lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages,
eosinophils, and neutrophils
• Rapid progression to death
Giant Cell Myocarditis
Cardiomyopathies
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
• Gross: increased weight, dilatation, endocardial
fibrosis, normal valves and coronary arteries
• Microscopic: myocyte hypertrophy, myofibrillar loss
and interstitial fibrosis
• Etiology: viral, genetic, toxins
• Clinical significance: heart failure & death
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy – loss of myofibrils
• Cardiomyopathy – trichrome stain showing extensive fibrosis
(blue) between the myocytes. The myocytes also vary in size, and
some have partial loss of myofibrils.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
• Hypertrophy of ventricular septum (95%)
• Disarray of myofibers (100%)
• Volume reduction of ventricles (90%)
• Endocardial thickening of LV (75%)
• Mitral valve leaflet thickening (75%)
• Dilated atria (100%)
• Abnormal intramural coronaries (50%)
• Etiology: hereditary, can appear sporadically
• Clinical significance: syncope, arrhythmias and
sudden death with a risk of 2-6% per year
• Cannot equate with hypertrophy alone! There is
variation in heart size without disease.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – myofiber dysarray – not all
fibers are pulling the same direction. Thus the contraction is
ineffective.
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
• Endomyocardial fibrosis; subendocardial fibrosis
• Loeffler’s endocarditis – eosinophilic infiltrate
• Endocardial fibroelastosis
Amyloidosis – notice the
pink material between the
myocytes.
Amyloidosis – Congo Red is
very, very positive.
Amyloidosis: this heart is thickened, pale, and has a rubbery
consistency that interferes with cardiac expansion during
diastole.
Specific Heart Muscle Diseases
• Toxic: alcohol, cocaine, Adriamycin
• Metabolic: hemochromatosis, hyperthyroidism
• Neuromuscular: muscular dystrophy
• Storage disease: glycogen
• Infiltrative: sarcoidosis
Note the fibrosis and loss of myofibrils in some cells.
Hemochromatosis: note the brown perinuclear deposits of
hemosiderin. It is the soluble iron.
Hemochromatosis – iron stain (iron is blue).
Cardiac tumors
• Primary tumors are rare (most common benign)
• Metastases far more common.
Metastatic neoplasms
• Most common cardiac neoplasms.
– Lung
– Breast
– Melanomas
– Lymphomas
– Leukemias