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SYLLABUS of FOUNDATION
ENGINEERING
Soil Exploration
Shallow Foundations
Deep Foundations
Earthen Dams
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SYLLABUS of FOUNDATION
ENGINEERING
Soil Exploration
Importance of soil exploration and planning of soilexploration program. Soil exploration methods:probing, test pits, auger boring, wash boring,percussion and rotary drilling and geophysicalmethods. Disturbed and undisturbed soil
sampling. Soil samplers. Insitu tests: standardpenetration test (SPT), cone penetration test(CPT), plate load test and field vane shear test.Bore hole logs and subsoil exploration report.
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Foundations
Definition, purpose and types of and generalrequirements of foundations. Depth offootings. Selection of foundation type.
Shallow Foundations
Definition of bearing capacity. Methods ofdetermining bearing capacity. Presumptivevalues of bearing capacity. Terzaghi andMeyerhofs theories of bearing capacity anddesign of isolated, combined and stripfootings. Settlement of shallow foundationsand their remedial measures.
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Deep Foundations
Introduction to deep foundations. Types ofpiles. Load carrying capacity of piles. Groupaction. Settlement. Negative skin friction. Pileload test. Cassion and well foundations.
Earthen Dams
Types of earthen dams, components and theirfunctions. General design considerations and
typical cross- section.
Foundations on difficult soils
Intoduction to relevant softwares.
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TextPrinciples of
FoundationEngineering
by Braja M.Das
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ReferenceSoil
Mechanics &Foundations
by MuniBudhu
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ReferenceFoundation
Analysisand Design
by Joseph E. Bowles
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ReferenceFoundationDesign
by DonaldP. Coduto
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Definition Foundation is a part of the structure that
supports the structural weight and transmitsthe load to underlying soil or rock.(Foundationincludes foundation structure and soilinfluenced by the structural load.)
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Types of FoundationsShallow Foundations versus Deep
Foundations
Foundations
ShallowFoundations
DeepFoundations
SpreadFootings
MatFoundations
DrivenPiles
DrilledShafts
Auger CastPiles
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FoundationsShallow Footings
Spread Footing
Mat Footing Combined Footing
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Deep Foundation
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Shoes, Snow shoes, and stilts are much likethe different types of footings of a structure
A Shoe make contact with a firm
surface (spread footings)
B. Snow shoes spread weight
over a large surface (raft footing).
C. Stilts (pile footings)reach firm surface
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Parts of a FoundationA foundation (substructure) can
be divided into three parts
Bearing surface.
Footing.
Upright supports.
The bearing surface is theearth upon which the
foundation rests. It may be soilor bedrock. The bearing surfacemay be far below the surface ofa swamp, river, or ocean.
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The footing is the flat part of the foundation.It spreads the load of the structure above it.
Upright support. They may be walls orpiers (masonry column) that rise above thefooting. They form the rest of the structure.
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Foundation System
This part will be doneby the Structural
Engineer
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Every civil engineering structure such as : Buildings
Bridges.
Highway pavement ,and
Railway track
Will have asuperstructure and
substructure(Foundations)
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Super structure transmits the load. Sub structure receives and transmits the
load to underlying soil or rock.
The foundation engineers aim is that nocomponent of the structure and foundationshould experience of any kind of distress.
Geotechnical design parameters:- Bearing capacity
- Settlement
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What is Foundation Engineering?
The art of selecting, designing, and constructingstructural support systems based on scientific
principles of soils and engineering mechanics
incorporating accumulated experience with
such applications.
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What is the currentstate-of-the-art?
In spite of the many advances in foundation
engineering it is still an art mostly supported
by empirical techniques.
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Why mostly empirical?We do not fully understand the
behavior of foundations.
Knowledge of subsurface conditions
are always limited.
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What do I have to know to be a
good Foundation Engineer?Geology
Geophysics
Subsurface Exploration
Laboratory Testing
Soil Mechanics
Structural Engineering
Construction Engineering
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Uncertainties
Soils:Not a manufactured material
High degree of variability
Material characterization done basedon a small sample
Complex behavior (non-linear;
anisotropic)Rationalism vs. Empiricism
Factors of Safety
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Who is responsible for
uncertainties?You (the Foundation Engineer).
Always use presence, common senseengineering, and experience first, beforefirst, beforefirst, beforefirst, before
blindly following analysis and test results.
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What is analysis good for?It is good to confirm that a
precedent solution can be safelyapplied to your site.
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Is it my job to be concerned of
costs?Yes. As a professional engineer, it is your
obligation to balance costs anduncertainties
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The Final Question
In Foundation Engineering, there areIn Foundation Engineering, there areIn Foundation Engineering, there areIn Foundation Engineering, there are
manymanymanymany ififififssss andandandand butbutbutbutssss. What do I do. What do I do. What do I do. What do I do
when I am in doubt?when I am in doubt?when I am in doubt?when I am in doubt?1. When in doubt go wide.
2. When in doubt go deep.
3. When in doubt grout (ground modify).
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Eiffel Tower, Paris, France,built in 1887-1889
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Leaning Tower, Pisa, Italy
Built 1173-1350
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Palacio de las BellasArtes, Mexico CityBuilt 1932-1934
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Tower of LatinoAmericana, Mexico CityBuilt in 1956
44 stories; 597-ft
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Performance Requirements
Design Loads
Allowable Stress Design vs LRFD
Performance Requirements
Strength Requirements
Serviceability Requirements
Total Settlement
Differential Settlement
Constructability Requirements
Economic Requirements
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Strength RequirementsFoundation
soil must bestrongenough tosupportimposedloads ..
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Failure of a Bridge FoundationDo
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Serviceability RequirementsSettlement must
be withinacceptable limits..
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Total vs. Differential SettlementDo
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Geotechnical Aspects
Determining the type of foundation for the structure,Determining the type of foundation for the structure,Determining the type of foundation for the structure,Determining the type of foundation for the structure,including the depth and dimensionsincluding the depth and dimensionsincluding the depth and dimensionsincluding the depth and dimensions
Calculating the potential settlement of the foundationCalculating the potential settlement of the foundationCalculating the potential settlement of the foundationCalculating the potential settlement of the foundation
Determining the expansion potentialDetermining the expansion potentialDetermining the expansion potentialDetermining the expansion potential
Investigating the stability of slopes and their effect onInvestigating the stability of slopes and their effect onInvestigating the stability of slopes and their effect onInvestigating the stability of slopes and their effect on
adjacent foundationsadjacent foundationsadjacent foundationsadjacent foundations
Investigating the possibility of foundation movementInvestigating the possibility of foundation movementInvestigating the possibility of foundation movementInvestigating the possibility of foundation movement
due to seismic forces, which would also include thedue to seismic forces, which would also include thedue to seismic forces, which would also include thedue to seismic forces, which would also include the
possibility of liquefactionpossibility of liquefactionpossibility of liquefactionpossibility of liquefaction
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Performing studies and tests to determine the potentialPerforming studies and tests to determine the potentialPerforming studies and tests to determine the potentialPerforming studies and tests to determine the potential
for deterioration of the foundationsfor deterioration of the foundationsfor deterioration of the foundationsfor deterioration of the foundations
Evaluating possible soil treatment to increase theEvaluating possible soil treatment to increase theEvaluating possible soil treatment to increase theEvaluating possible soil treatment to increase thefoundation bearing capacityfoundation bearing capacityfoundation bearing capacityfoundation bearing capacity
Determining design parameters for retaining wallDetermining design parameters for retaining wallDetermining design parameters for retaining wallDetermining design parameters for retaining wall
foundationsfoundationsfoundationsfoundationsProviding recommendations for dewatering andProviding recommendations for dewatering andProviding recommendations for dewatering andProviding recommendations for dewatering and
drainage of excavations needed for the construction ofdrainage of excavations needed for the construction ofdrainage of excavations needed for the construction ofdrainage of excavations needed for the construction of
the foundationthe foundationthe foundationthe foundation
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Investigating ground water and seepage problems andInvestigating ground water and seepage problems andInvestigating ground water and seepage problems andInvestigating ground water and seepage problems and
developing mitigation measures during foundationdeveloping mitigation measures during foundationdeveloping mitigation measures during foundationdeveloping mitigation measures during foundation
constructionconstructionconstructionconstruction
Site preparation, including compaction specificationsSite preparation, including compaction specificationsSite preparation, including compaction specificationsSite preparation, including compaction specifications
and density testing during gradingand density testing during gradingand density testing during gradingand density testing during grading
Underpinning and field testing of foundationsUnderpinning and field testing of foundationsUnderpinning and field testing of foundationsUnderpinning and field testing of foundations
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General Requirements forFoundation Engineering Projects
Knowledge of the general topography of the siteKnowledge of the general topography of the siteKnowledge of the general topography of the siteKnowledge of the general topography of the site
The location of buried utilitiesThe location of buried utilitiesThe location of buried utilitiesThe location of buried utilities
The geology of the proposed siteThe geology of the proposed siteThe geology of the proposed siteThe geology of the proposed siteThe previous history and use of the siteThe previous history and use of the siteThe previous history and use of the siteThe previous history and use of the site
Any special features such as the possibility ofAny special features such as the possibility ofAny special features such as the possibility ofAny special features such as the possibility of
earthquakes or climate factors such as flooding ,earthquakes or climate factors such as flooding ,earthquakes or climate factors such as flooding ,earthquakes or climate factors such as flooding ,seasonal swelling and shrinkage, permafrost, or soilseasonal swelling and shrinkage, permafrost, or soilseasonal swelling and shrinkage, permafrost, or soilseasonal swelling and shrinkage, permafrost, or soil
erosionerosionerosionerosion
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The availability and quality of local construction materialsThe availability and quality of local construction materialsThe availability and quality of local construction materialsThe availability and quality of local construction materials
For maritime or river structures, information on tidal rangesFor maritime or river structures, information on tidal rangesFor maritime or river structures, information on tidal rangesFor maritime or river structures, information on tidal ranges
and river levels, velocity of tidal and river currents, andand river levels, velocity of tidal and river currents, andand river levels, velocity of tidal and river currents, andand river levels, velocity of tidal and river currents, and otherotherotherother
hydrographic and meteorological datahydrographic and meteorological datahydrographic and meteorological datahydrographic and meteorological data
A detailed record of the soil and rock strata and ground waterA detailed record of the soil and rock strata and ground waterA detailed record of the soil and rock strata and ground waterA detailed record of the soil and rock strata and ground water
conditions within the zones affected by foundation bearingconditions within the zones affected by foundation bearingconditions within the zones affected by foundation bearingconditions within the zones affected by foundation bearing
pressure and construction operationspressure and construction operationspressure and construction operationspressure and construction operations
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Results of laboratory tests on soil andResults of laboratory tests on soil andResults of laboratory tests on soil andResults of laboratory tests on soil and
rock samples appropriate to therock samples appropriate to therock samples appropriate to therock samples appropriate to the
particular foundation design orparticular foundation design orparticular foundation design orparticular foundation design or
construction problemsconstruction problemsconstruction problemsconstruction problems
Results of chemical analyses on soil andResults of chemical analyses on soil andResults of chemical analyses on soil andResults of chemical analyses on soil and
ground water to determine possibleground water to determine possibleground water to determine possibleground water to determine possible
deleterious of foundation structuresdeleterious of foundation structuresdeleterious of foundation structuresdeleterious of foundation structures
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Preliminary Information and Planningthe WorkProject LocationProject LocationProject LocationProject Location
Basic information on the location of the project isrequired. The location of the project can be comparedwith known geological hazards such as active faults,landslides, or deposits prone to liquefaction.
Type of ProjectType of ProjectType of ProjectType of Project
It is important to obtain as much information about theproject as possible.
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Such information could include the type of structure and use,size of the structure including the number of stories, type of
construction and floor systems, preliminary foundation type,and estimated structural loadings.
Scope of workScope of workScope of workScope of work
The scope of the work must be determined, which includessubsurface exploration and laboratory testing to determinethe feasibility of the project, the preparation of foundation
design parameters, and compaction testing during the gradingof the site in order to prepare the building pad for foundationconstruction.
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After the preliminary information is obtained, the next
step is to plan the foundation investigation work.
For minor project, the planning effort may be minimal,
but for large-scale projects, the plan could be quiteextensive and could change as the design andconstruction progresses.
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The planning effort could include the following:
Budget and scheduling considerations
Selection of a team of professionals of relevant fields(such as geotechnical engineer, engineering geologist,
structural engineer, hydro geologist and the like)that willwork on the project
Preliminary subsurface exploration plan, such as number
, location, and depth of borings
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Document collection
Laboratory testing requirements
Types of engineering analyses
that will be required for the design
of the foundation.
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