2. Demography

7/31/2019 2. Demography

1/41

DEMOGRAPHYSize of populations/ reasons for the increase and decrease

of the numbers of people/ way in which people are

distributed/ general changes or trends.1

Train pushers

in Japan.

Japan is a

HEDC countrywith a

population of

127.5 million.

Their

population

however isageing, and

declining.

June, 2012(PCH)


2/41

How we use demographic statistics

Study the current state of a population

Make predictions about how the population

may change in the future

Compare the changes that have occurred in

the population between one time period and

another.

2


3/41

Australia Timor Leste

Median age life expectancy at

birth (years)

81.6 67.3

Birth rate (no. births per 1000 of

pop.)

12.47 26.25

Death/mortality rate (no. deaths

per 1000 of pop.)

6.74 5.98

Fertility Rate (no. of children per

woman)

1.78 3.28

Infant mortality rate (no. of

deaths per 1000 live births)

4.75 40.65

Literacy rate (age 15 and over

who can read and write)

99% 58.6%

GDP per capita (US dollars) $38,200 $2,300

3

Comparison of Australia and Timor-Leste, 2009(Source: CIA, World Factbook, 2009)

These stats can provide demographers with important information to plan for

the two communities.

Anomaly: (but correct!) Timor Leste has a lower death rate than Australia


4/41

Timor-Leste

One of the worlds newestcountries Was Portuguese colony

Then occupied byIndonesia (brutal times-100,000 died in this 25 yrs)

Roman Catholics One of the poorest

countries

Citizens faceunemployment, poorhealth

40% live on less thanA$1 a day.

4


5/41

Common statistics used by demographers:

5

Birth rate

Death rate

Infantmortality

rate

Populationdensity

Educationlevels

Age

Occupation Maritalstatus

Populationgrowth rate

Fertilityrate

Populationgrowth rate

Literacyrate

Important source of this information is a national census


6/41

Indigenous Australians, 2009 data shows:

Just over million indigenous Aussies (currently 22.3million Australians, 2012)

Majority live in NSW

Non Indigenous Australians have a much older average

age Indigenous women have more children at younger ages

Cardiovascular disease- main cause of death

These statistics illustrate the inequalities between theIndigenous and non-Indigenous communities.

6


7/41

Source: Heinemann Atlas 5th Ed.

Developed countries have lower fertility rates than many less developedcountries

In 2011, ranged from 0.9 (Taiwan) to 7.0 (Niger) Source: PRB 2012 7


8/41

Birth control in Timor Leste

High fertility rate of 3.28 because:

Lack of contraception

98% Roman Catholic (Pope Benedict condemns

artificial birth control). This shows the

considerable influence the church has on family

planning

8


9/41

Fertility in developed countries

Declined significantly over last few decades

Decline has become an issue of major concern

to policy makers

The average fertility rate of 1.6 in developed

nations is falling below replacement level.

9


10/41

Fertility in least developed countries

Fertility increases in the least developed countries due to: Lack of proper health facilities and lack of education for children,

particularly girls Women are not empowered to make informed choices about family

size

The average age of marriage is low, resulting in couples havingchildren at a much younger age

Lack of access to family planning and to modern methods ofcontraception

Government commitment to family planning is lacking

A largely rural lifestyle means that parents may have more childrento ensure that they have adequate labour on the farm

Larger families are culturally important and seen to be a sign ofvalue/wealth/ happiness

No government pension is available and children are responsible forparent care in old age.

High infant mortality rates, results in families trying to compensatefor the ones not likely to survive infancy

10


11/41

Mortality

No. of deaths per 1000 people per year

Causes: old age, disease, accidents, naturaldisasters, poor general health/ sanitation.

Mortality rate is related to life expectancy

E.g. Australia Life expectancy has increased over the last century

(now 81.6 yrs)

Therefore mortality rates have fallen considerably (now

6.74)

Thus, mortality rate and life expectancy areinversely related (meaning when oneincreases, the other decreases).

11


12/41

Indigenous Australians

In QLD, WA, SA & NT combined

75% of indigenous males amd 65% of indigenous

females died before the age of 65 years

This is in stark contrast to the non indigenous

population where only 26% of males and 16%

females who died aged less than 65.

12


13/41

In 2009, Angola had highest IMR (180.2)

Singapore had lowest IMR (2.31) 13

Infant mortality rate (IMR)Source: Heinemann Atlas 5th Ed.No. of deaths of babies under one year of age per 1000 live births

Angola >


14/41

Migration The movement of people from one area to another with

the intention of living in the new location for a relativelylong period also influences the size of populations.

Types: Internal migration (rural urban) or internationalmigration

14

Voluntary reasons for

migration

Involuntary reasons for

migration

Employment

Better standards of living

Economic incentives

Greater freedom

Family reunions

Conflict/ war

Persecution/ torture due to

religious or social affiliations,

ethnicity, race or political

views

Famine

Natural disasters


15/41

15Source: Heinemann Atlas 5th Ed, 2010


16/41

Reading a population pyramid

Population pyramids enable comparisons to

be made between countries and can help a

country plan for future service needs such as

retirement homes or schools.

Australian population pyramid:

http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/h

ome/Population%20Pyramid%20-%20Australia

16
http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/Population%20Pyramid%20-%20Australiahttp://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/Population%20Pyramid%20-%20Australiahttp://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/Population%20Pyramid%20-%20Australiahttp://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/Population%20Pyramid%20-%20Australiahttp://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/Population%20Pyramid%20-%20Australiahttp://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/Population%20Pyramid%20-%20Australiahttp://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/Population%20Pyramid%20-%20Australiahttp://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/Population%20Pyramid%20-%20Australiahttp://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/Population%20Pyramid%20-%20Australiahttp://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/Population%20Pyramid%20-%20Australia


17/41

Population pyramids are used to show information aboutthe age and gender of people in a specific country.

Male Female

Population in millions

In thiscountry

there is ahigh Birth

Rate

There isalso a high

DeathRate.

This population pyramid is typical of

countries in poorer parts of the world(LEDCs.) Source: slideshare


18/41

In some LEDCs the

government isencouraging couples tohave smaller families.This means the birth

rate has fallen.


19/41

Male Female


In thiscountry thenumber of

people in eachage group isabout the

same.

The largestcategory ofpeople wereborn about

40 yearsago.

In this country there is a low Birth Rateand a low Death Rate.

This population pyramid is typical ofcountries in the richer parts of the world

(MEDCs.)


20/41


Male Female

In this

country thebirth rate isdecreasing.

In the future theelderly people will makeup the largest section

of the population in thiscountry.

This is happeningmore and more in

many of the world sricher countries.


21/41

Male Female

Population in thousands

This country has a largenumber of temporary

workers. These are peoplewho migrate here especially

to find a job.


22/41

Population pyramid forMozambique.

Population pyramid forIceland.


23/41

What happens next?


24/41


25/41

What is going to happen to Japanspopulation in the future?

Why does this matter?


26/41

26

JAPANs population clockhttp://mega.econ.tohoku.ac.jp/Chil

/index_en.jsp
http://mega.econ.tohoku.ac.jp/Children/index_en.jsphttp://mega.econ.tohoku.ac.jp/Children/index_en.jsphttp://mega.econ.tohoku.ac.jp/Children/index_en.jsphttp://mega.econ.tohoku.ac.jp/Children/index_en.jsphttp://mega.econ.tohoku.ac.jp/Children/index_en.jsphttp://mega.econ.tohoku.ac.jp/Children/index_en.jsp


27/41

27


28/41

?


29/41

?


30/41

?


31/41

Reading a population pyramid

Unlike the DTM, pyramids include immigrants,

but like that model can present 4 idealised

types of graphs representing different stages

of development.

31

R di D hi i i d l


32/41

Reading a Demographic transition model

32

Source:

Resources

and

perspectives

, 2012


33/41

Demographic transition model

Literally means a model of population change

shows the relationship between birth rates anddeath rates.

describes how over a period of time, a sequenceof change in population growth occurs.

The model based on trends in severalindustrialised countries (e.g. UK) which suggested

there are four stages which all countries willeventually pass (now witnessing a fifth stage inMEDCs where population is declining).

33


34/41

34Source: http://www.nssgeography.com/


35/41

DTM Stage 1

Stage 1: High stationary High birth rates, high death rates - small population growth

Reasons: little access to birth control

high infant mortality so parents tend to have more children tocompensate in the hopes that more will live

children are needed to work on the land to grow food for thefamily

children are regarded as a sign of virility (strength) in somecultures

religious beliefs (e.g. Roman Catholics and Hindus) encouragelarge families

high death rates, especially among children because of disease,famine, poor diet, poor hygiene, little medical science.

35


36/41

Stage 2: Early expanding Birth rates still high but death rates fall rapidly-

rapid population growth

Reasons: improvements in medical care - hospitals, medicines,

etc.

improvements in sanitation and water supply

quality and quantity of food produced rises

transport and communications improve themovements of food and medical supplies

decrease in infant mortality.

36

DTM Stage 2


37/41

Stage 3: Late expanding Birth rates fall rapidly, death rates continue to fall slightly-

increase in population slows down

Reasons:

increased access to contraception lower infant mortality rate means there is less need to have a

bigger family

industrialisation and mechanisation means fewer labourers arerequired

the desire for material possessions takes over the desire forlarge families as wealth increases

equality for women means that they are able to follow a careerpath rather than feeling obligated to have a family.

37

DTM Stage 3


38/41

Stage 4: Low stationary

Both birth rates and death rates remain low

(fluctuating slightly to give a steady

population)- stable or slow increase.

fluctuating with 'baby booms' and epidemics

of illnesses and disease. This results in a

steady population.

38

DTM Stage 4


39/41

Since the 1990's it has been noticed that

several MEDC;s appear to be entering a new

and fifth stage. It is predicted that countriesentering this stage will eventually see a

decrease in population.

Declining birth rates and death rates, slow

decrease in population.

39

DTM Stage 5


40/41

*while it is generally true that MEDCs (moreeconomically developed countries) have reachedstage 4, most of the LEDCs (least economicallydeveloped countries) remain at stage 2.

40


41/41

Using your DTM, annotate the stages with

factors which cause changes in BR/DR/PC

listed on slides 35 to 39.

Also in another colour, write down one or two

countries that are representative of these

stages using slide 34.

2. Demography

Documents

Transcript of 2. Demography