2 Concept Plan_Myanmar Workshop_Final.pdf

8/14/2019 2 Concept Plan_Myanmar Workshop_Final.pdf

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Singapores ExperienceLand Use Planning and Development:

Singapore-Myanmar Technical Cooperation Workshop 1416 August 2012

Seow Kah PingDirector, URA InternationalProfessional Development Group

Concept Plan

1. Background on Singapore

2. Planning History and Conditions ofSingapore (1950-70)

3. Concept Plan 1971

4. Subsequent Concept Plans

Briefing Outline


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3

23 km

43 km

Land Area: 714 km2

Population: 5.12 million

Density: 7300 pple/km2

SINGAPORECountry Profile

SmallCity-State

Limited land area

No hinterland

No natural resources


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Balancing

Competing

Land Use

Needs

IndusIndustry Water treatment & storage

Culture and Heritage

Nature and

GreeneryCommerce Housing

Concept Plan

Master Plan

Land Sales Development Control

Planning and Development Process


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Population Density

PopulationDensity

Transform

ationofSingapore

1960s PRESENT

PRESENT1960s

From 1960s till today


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TransformationofSingapore

1960s PRESENT

1960s PRESENTTOTALPOPULATION 1.64million 5.18millionLANDAREA

581.45squarekm

714.3squarekm

POPULATIONDENSITY

3 245per square km 7 257per square km


Non-

Residents

Population

Total

Population

ResidentsPopulation

Year X

63.6,%10.7%

25.7%Singapore

Citizens

Singapore

Permanent

Residents

ForeignersPopulation

X

Popu

lation(million)



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1,310 2,832

10,685

23,101

40,364

61,071

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)inbillio

ns

1960s PRESENTDPpercapita 1 310

$61, 071

GDP per

capita


Gro

ssDomesticProductpercapital

19461819

1941 19451826

Stamford

Raffles arrives

in Singaporeto establish a

trading post for the

British East IndiaCompany.

Singaporebecomes part of

the British colony

of Straits

Settlements underthe rule of the East

India Company.

Straits

Settlements

become a

crown colony

of British

Empire.

World War II

Straits Settlements

was dissolved and

Singapore

became a

Crown Colony

1867

Brief History of Modern Singapore
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SE_004648.jpg


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1stDemocratic General Election =

First Constitution of the Republicof SingaporeLee Kuan Yew: 1stPrime Minister

Yusof Ishak: 1stHead of State, replacing

British Governor

Limited Self-Rule

Singapore ceasedto be a British

colony with the

Merger of

Federation of

Malaya

1955 1959

1963

Brief History of Modern Singapore

Today

1965Independence

Planning History of Singapore
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=5553623http://www.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/image/20100130/a32-1.jpg


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1822Jackson Plan 1822: The Jackson Plan adopted by Sir

Stamford Raffles

Civic/administrative area and commercial square

designated

Separate ethnic enclaves

Roads laid out in grids Guided growth of the city for 8 years. In the next

100 years, Singapore grew chaotically

Drawn by J T Thompson, who was thegovernment surveyor from 1841to 1853

1846Plan ofSingapore Town


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Map of Singapore1941

Population:

Post-war baby boom as businesses re-

started with abundant employment

Average children/family: 6-7

Population grew rapidly from 1.02m to

1.64m in a decade

Singaporein the 1950s


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Mid 1953: Population 1,120,800

Singapore in the 1950s

1951: Colonial administration amended the Singapore Improvement

Ordinance, empowering Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) to carry out

survey for the Master Plan.

1952-1955: Preparation of MP; approved on 5 Aug 1958. Covering the

period 1963-1972. Reviewed every 5years.

Planning Coordination Committee: Commissioner of Lands (chairman),

City Council, Rural Board, SIT, and survey team (under Sir George Pepler).

1 Feb 1960: Planning Ordinance laid down basic legal framework

controlling use and development of land. Chief Planner appointed (chair of

the Master Plan Committee which replaced the Planning Coordination

Committee).

1958Master Plan


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Aim to solve problems of: inadequate road systems, insufficient

open spaces, lack of social amenities, incompatible land uses andpoor housing.

Proposals:

Green belt of open space to contain urban sprawl

Decongestion of the Central city area

Decentralisation: 3 self contained new towns at Jurong,

Woodlands, and Yio Chu Kang

Improved transportation through the provision of major

arterial roads

New industrial estates

1958 Master Plan

Pop parameter: 2 mil by 1972

Major roads

Pop parameter: 2 mil by 1972

New Industrial Estates

Green belt

Green belt of open space to contain urban sprawl

Jurong

New Town

Woodlands

New Town

Yio Chu Kang

New Town

Decentralisation: 3 self contained new towns at Jurong,

Woodlands, and Yio Chu Kang

1958Master Plan


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Master Plan 1958- Strong physical bias

- Zoning for urban land uses

1958Master Plan Strong physical bias

Zoning for urban land

uses

Planning Response: Develop a long range plan

1957: Population reached 1,445,929

Rapid Population growth resulted in acute housing shortage

and Overcrowding

78.6% lived in the city

Singapore River, 1960s. Source: Singapore from the Air (Lloyd and Hoe)



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Acute Housing Shortage

Dilapidated Living Condition

Overcrowding

Unemployment

Traffic Congestion in City

Inadequate Infrastructure

Challenges faced in the 1960s

Year Population

1901 230

1930 560

1957 1,450

1966 1,930

1970 2,080

Population Growth

Challenges faced in the 1960s


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Housing Stocks 1966

Detached and Semi-Detached 18,200

Shophouses and Terraced 50,900

HDB Flats 86,300

Private Flats 12,500

Attaps/Zinc Roofed Hsg 80,300

Others 5,000

Total 265,000

Dilapidated Houses 50,000

Singapore in the 1960s:Challenge: Acute Shortage of Housing

Singapore in the 1960s:Challenge: Dilapidated Living Conditions


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Singapore in the 1960s:Challenge: Overcrowding

Unemployment: ~ 10%

Singapore in the 1960s:Challenge: Unemployment


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Singapore in the 1960s:Challenge: Traffic Congestion in the City

No natural resources Withdrawal of British Base

- Loss of 20% of jobs, 18% GDP

High unemployment

-Labour unrest

-Low wages

-Rapidly increasing

population

Overdependence on entrepot

trade

- Vulnerable to international

markets

- Slow economic growth rate

Low industrial base-Mainly for domestic

consumption

-Low-end commerce

War-ravaged infrastructure

Singapore in the 1960s:Economic Problems


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1962Lorange Plan Drawn by Professor Erick Lorange(Norwegian

architect-planner)UN Town planning advisor to

Singapore on Central Redevelopment for 6

months Preliminary survey highlighted the urgent need to

revise the 1958 Master Plan

Proposed dividing the city into precincts that

could be developed independently

Land use

Land ownership and tenure

Age and quality of buildings

State of overcrowding

Other social circumstances

Pattern of existing street

and layout system

Public utilities Land values

Priority factors to precinct redevelopment:

Tanjong Pagar Rd, Neil

Rd, New Bridge Rd

-Dilapidated shophouses

- Overcrowding in slums

Rochore Rd, Beach Rd,

Arab St, Victoria St.

- Predominant private land

ownership

1962Lorange Plan


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Implementing

redevelopmentschemes:

Land acquisition

Moving and re-housing

occupants

Resettlement of shops

1962Lorange Plan

1963: Second UN Planning team consisting of Charles Abrams,

Susumu Kobe and Otto Koenigsberger helped troubleshoot

housing problems and curb urban decay.

Ring Cityconcept

(originated from the

Netherlands) ring of

towns fringing the central

catchment area.

Randstad (Netherlands) Ring City Model

Utrecht

Amsterdam

Rotterdam

The Hague

1963Koenigsberger Plan


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Pop: 1.7mil

Built up areas:40%

Central catchment area

IndustriesInner ring roadNew

Settlements

1963Koenigsberger Plan

Concept Plan


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URBANREDEVELOPMENTAUTHORITY

One-North

Strategic plan and not just aphysical land use plan

Planning horizon of 40-50 years

Planning for a countrys needs

Airport

Parks and Nature Areas

Housing

Concept Plan

- Economic:Sustain a robust and vibranteconomy

- Social:Provide a good quality of living forall

- Environmental:

Develop in an environmentallyresponsible manner

- Integrated and long-term plan tomake optimal use of our limitedland and sea resources

SUSTAINABILITY

ECONOMIC

SOCIALENVIROMENT

LAND &

SEA

LAND &

SEALAND &

SEA

Planning for Sustainability


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Macro view of land use requirements

Balance between competing needs

Ensures sufficiency of land

Enhance investor & business confidence

Benefits of having a concept plan

Population

Populationthatrequires housing

PublicHousing

LandRequirements

Private Housing

LandedHousing

CondominiumsFlats,

Apartmentsand Others

LandRequirements

Population that doesnot requires housing

Total Land Requirements

Concept Plan: Land Requirements for Housing


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State and City Planning (SCP) Singapore counterpart of the UN team.

Formed from a number of departments with Planning Department asthe nucleus.

Crook Stewarts from Sydney selected for execution of the proposal.

Planning goals:

Expansion of port and maritime industries

Future growth of manufacturing sector

Housing, recreation and infrastructure

Urban renewal and redevelopment

Adequate provision of land for the military

Develop Singapore as SEAs regional centre of trade and commerce,

air transportation, tourist centre, educational, cultural and

industrial research centre

1967UN SCP Project

4-year planning programme with the objective of preparing a long range

land use and transportation plan, and a Central Area Plan.

Pop parameter of 4 mil.

A: Ring Plan

C: East-West

grid

F: Compacted

Ring Plan

B: Finger Plan from

Copenhagen

D: Developed

from Plan C

G: Grid

1967UN SCP Project


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Concentration in the south

More than of the land publicly owned

1967Existing Land Use

Draft Concept Plan

Revised Ring Plan


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Pop parameter: 4mil

Jurong Industrial Estate

1971Concept Plan



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Slums were

progressively cleared &

concentration of slums at

the harbour

Acquiring land through

Land Acquisition Act

Amalgamation of smallplots of land

Sale of land for

development

Concept Plan 1971:Strategy: Slum Clearance and Revitalization of the City


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Need to house people cleared fromslums and resettled from acquired sites

Construction of high-rise public housing

- Around the city area (i.e. present-day

Chinatown)

- Outside city area

New form of housing for the people

Concept Plan 1971:Strategy: Intensification of Public Housing Project

The Singapore Improvement

Trust carried out public

housing projects but provision

was not adequate.

HDB was formed in 1960

New satellite self-contained

towns such as Queenstown

and Toa Payoh planned

and developed

Concept Plan 1971:Strategy: Intensification of Public Housing Project


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Urban Renewal Dept set up in

1967 under HDB to clear slums

and revitalise Central Area

Dept turned into a statutory board

URAin 1974 to

- Redevelop Central Area

- Resettle residents affected by

redeveloment

Concept Plan 1971:Strategy: Development of the Central Area

Planned

Population

4 million

Population in

1970

2.07 million

Housing - New high-density satellite towns along East-West corridor

Transport - Island-wide expressways

- Proposed Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system to connect

the population centers with the city and JurongCommerce - Central Business District in the South

Industry - Jurong Industrial Estate planned in the west

Infrastructure -Port to be relocated at Pasir Panjang

-Airport to be relocated to Changi

1971Concept Plan


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1971 Concept Plan

Population Parameter of 3.4 milby 1992

Ultimate Population of 4.0 mil

1981 Revised Concept PlanPopulation Paramenter of 3.7 mil

by 2030

Ultimate Population of 4.0 mil

1981Concept Plan

Population: 2.4 million2.9 million

- Fertility rate: to 1.82

- Pro-family measures

- Relaxed immigration policy in 1989

Population: 2.4 mil2.9 mil

Fertility rate: to 1.82

Pro-family measures



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Population: 2.4 million2.9 million

- Fertility rate: to 1.82

- Pro-family measures

- Relaxed immigration policy in 1989

Further economic success

Unemployment rate falling to 3%

Real GDP growth averaging 8%


Implementation of Proposals
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_o3BLUEBGPy0/SnwE3qBGPMI/AAAAAAAAAmM/wh41RzPlFXo/s1600-h/800px-Port_of_Singapore_Keppel_Terminal.jpg


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HDB Developments in the 1970s


Public Housing Developments


Public Housing Developments


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1961 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1973 1979 1985 1990

-The Employment

Act

-Industrial Relations

(Amendment) Act

-EDB reorganized

-JTC and DBS set up

-Taxation changes tocreate Asian Dollar

Market

-Attraction ofinward FDI

(higher value

products:

chemical,

electronics)

-The upgrading ofindustry = higher

skill equirements

Provision of

training schemes

-EDB setup- Shellopened 1stoil refinery

-Increase in

manufacturing sector

(labour-intensive

industries: textiles,

clothes, footwear)

Towards Export

Orientation

Capital-Intensive

and Higher Tech

Industries

Towards

Knowledge-based

Industries&Services

Regionalisation

GrowthStrategicEconomic

Plan

Timeline of Economic Policies & Strategies

Manufacturing of low-value products e.g clothes, textile, toys

set-up of factories equipped with electricity and water supply

JTC set up in 1968,responsible for construction and management of industrial

estates for foreign manufacturing firms

Jurong Industrial Estate under development (c. 1960s)

Source: http://herosofsingapore.blogspot.sg/

Increase in Manufacturing Sector
http://herosofsingapore.blogspot.sg/http://herosofsingapore.blogspot.sg/


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Shift to Higher-Tech Industries 1970s: competitors of low-end products from HK, Taiwan, S. Korea

Shift from apparel and textile sectorsHigh value products

- Chemical, Electronics, Machinery and equipment

- Aircraft industry

- Oil Rig industry

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1967 1973 1984 1990

%

Textiles & garments

Printing & Publishing

Petroleum refineries & Products

Transport equipment

Machinery

Electrical machinery

Electrical products &components

Instrumentation equipment &photographic & optic goods

Increase in electronics

employment

Source: Perry, Kong, Yeoh (1997) Singapore- A Developmental City-State. Table. 5.1, p. 106

1961 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1973 1979 1985 1990

-The EmploymentAct

-Industrial Relations

(Amendment) Act

-EDB reorganized

-JTC and DBS set up

-Taxation changes to

create Asian Dollar

Market

-Attraction ofinward FDI

(higher value

products:

chemical,

electronics)

-The upgrading of

industry = higher

skill

requirements

Provision of

training schemes

-EDB setup- Shellopened 1stoil refinery

-Increase in

manufacturing sector

(labour-intensive

industries: textiles,

clothes, footwear)

-Economic

restructuring

-R&D,

engineering

design, and

computer

softwareservices.-Aim to be the

Regional HQ

for MNCs

Towards Export

Orientation

Capital-Intensive

and Higher Tech

Industries

Towards

Knowledge-based

Industries

&Services

Regionalisation

GrowthStrategicEconomic

Plan

Timeline of Economic Policies & Strategies

-Becoming

internationally

oriented

-Maintaining

international

competitiveness

-Creating a

conducive climate

for innovation-Developing

manufacturing

and service

clusters


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JTC Developments in the late 1960s

Industrial Developments




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Economy: Sector Output


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Source: Singapore, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Economic Survey of Singapore

S$ 5 billion S$ 64.4 billion

Financial and

business services,

14.0%Transport and

communications,

8.8%

Manufacturing,

16.6%

Others, 60.6%

Financial and

business

services, 25.8%

Transport and

communications,

14.8%Manufacturing,

27.7%

Others, 31.6%

Economy: GDP Structure

1960 - 1992

Concept Plan 1991


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1. Plan to Facilitate Sustained Economic

Growth

2. Plan for Congestion Free City

3. Plan for High Quality Living

Environment

4. Plan to have a World Class

Infrastructure

Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrusts

Strategic Thrust 1: Sustained Economic Growth

Land for New Downtown

Land for Modern High Valued Added Manufacturing

Industries

Land for Business / Science Parks

Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: Sustained Economic Growth


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Land for New Downtown

Expansion of the CBD

New Downtown


Land for Modern High Valued Added Added Manufacturing

Industries



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Land for Business & Science Parks

Emphasis on high-technology industries

Technological

Corridor


Strategic Thrust 2: Congestion-Free City

Integrated Land Use & Transport Planning

Decentralisation Strategy

Island-wide Road and Rail Network

Regional Balance in Job / Worker Distribution

Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: Congestion-free City


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Integrated Land Use & Transport Planning


Decentralisation Strategy



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Island-wide

Road & Rail Network


Rail Network Expressway and Semi-Expressway Network

Regional Balance in Job / Worker Distribution

For the 5 Regions (Central, North, NE, West and East) toensure that the job/worker ratio approaches 1.0

Increase population for Central Area and employment for

North-East and East Regions



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Better

Housing

Mix

Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment

Better Quality Public Housing & Facilities



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Provide variety of housing


Island-wide

Green Network



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Enhance quality of life through

planning for parks, open spacesand park connectors


Conserve andRevitalise Historic

Areas



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Rejuvenating the Singapore River


Focus on Architecture & Urban Design



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Improve infrastructure

1

Reclamation of Jurong Island

After

Before

Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: World-class Infrastructure

Expansion of International Airport Expansion of Container Port

1991 Concept Plan Population Parameter of 4 mil


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Vision Towards a tropical city of excellence

Planned

Population

4 million

Population in

1970

3.05 million

Housing - Greater variety and choice in housing forms (low, medium

and high-density housing) in order to meet Singaporeans

rising aspirations and expectations

- Park connectors network to join up existing parks

Transport - Island-wide expressways

- Island-wide expressways with semi-expressways

- More extensive MRT network

Commerce Decentralizationthree regional centers: Jurong, Tampinesand Woodlands and other centres

Industry - Industrial estates outside Jurong/ Business Parks

Infrastructure -Expansion of airport and port

1991Concept Plan

Staging Year2000

Staging Year

2010

Staging Year

X

1991Concept Plan: Staging Plan


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New homes in established areas

Live close to families

Enjoy ready amenities

Bukit

Merah

Toa

Payoh

Ang Mo

Kio

Bedok

LIVENew Home in Familiar places

Density Mix low med high

Proposed 8 13 79

Today 9 13 78

LIVEHousing Density


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Population in the city will

increase from 3% to 7% Create critical mass and buzz

Close to work

Close to attractions after work

GPR in New Downtown increase to

between 6.0 and 7.0

LIVE New Homes in Familiar places

An economically vibrant city

WORKCatering to Businesses


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Build higher close to MRT stations

Sufficient land for industries

WORK: Better Use of Industrial Land

More Commercial Space in

the Central Area

Create a critical mass in

Central Area

Denser and more

comprehensive rail networkin the Central Area

WORK: Global Business Centre


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More Jobs

More Housing

Jurong and

Tuas

City Area

WORKMore Jobs Closer to Home

Woodlands

Jurong EastTampines

More jobs in the Regional Centres

LIVEMore Jobs closer to Homes


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2011S$299.6 billion

(at 2005 market price)

*Others:Construction,

Wholesale &

Retail, Trade,

Accommodation

& Food Services

1960

S$ 5 billion1992

S$ 64.4 billion

Financial and

business services,

14.0%

Transport and

communications,

8.8%

Manufacturing,

16.6%

Others

60.6%

Financial and

business services,

25.8%

Transport and

communications,

14.8%

Manufacturing,

27.7%

Others,

31.6%

Financial and

business services,

26.0%

Transport andcommunications,

12.0%

Manufacturing,

21.0%

Others,

41.0%

Leisure opportunities

in the Central

Catchment

PLAYMore Recreation Choices


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Connecting Parks and

Activities to your Home

PLAYMore Recreation Choices

New Orbital

and Radial

lines

ExtensiveRoad Network


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Long Term

Islandwide Rail

Network

ExtensiveRoad Network

Conservation of Buildings

Focus on Identity: Our Built Heritage


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Vision Towards a thriving world-class city in the 21stcentury

Planned

Population

5.5 million

Population in 2000 4.03 million

Housing - High-density housing with amenities close-by

- More new housing in established existing towns

- Better housing environment in the west

Transport - More extensive MRT network

Commerce -Greater flexibility for businesses (New Business Zone and

New White Zone)

Industry -Move towards high-valued industries e.g. electronics,

chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biomedical sciences andengineering

- Intensification of Industries and businesses close to train

stations

Infrastructure - Expansion of port and airport

2001Concept Plan

Take a long-term view

Adopt an integrated approach

Support business needs

Have an open, transparentsystem

Be flexible and responsive

Key Planning

Principles


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Thank You

2 Concept Plan_Myanmar Workshop_Final.pdf

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