2 Cardiovascular System Web

Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem

Blood: Composition and Blood: Composition and FunctionFunction

I. A. Composition of Blood—I. A. Composition of Blood—Cellular Cellular

Erythrocytes: Red Blood CellsNon-nucleatedNon-nucleatedOuter portion thickOuter portion thickInner portion thinInner portion thinHemoglobinHemoglobinCarries OxygenCarries Oxygen

I. B. Composition of Blood—I. B. Composition of Blood—Cellular Cellular

Leukocytes: White Blood CellsLeukocytes: White Blood CellsLargerLargerNucleatedNucleatedVarious shapesVarious shapesFights InfectionFights InfectionPass through vesselPass through vessel

I. C. Composition of Blood—I. C. Composition of Blood—Cellular Cellular

Thrombocytes: PlateletsThrombocytes: PlateletsParts of cellsClotting

All of these parts are made in the red All of these parts are made in the red bone marrow.bone marrow.

Blood stem cells are located in the Blood stem cells are located in the ends of bones.ends of bones.

Stem cells become two different cells, Stem cells become two different cells, one forms only one type of leukocyte, one forms only one type of leukocyte, the other forms the other two the other forms the other two leukocytes, platelets, and leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes.erythrocytes.

I. D. Formation of Cellular I. D. Formation of Cellular PartsParts

PlasmaPlasma Maintains blood volume and blood Maintains blood volume and blood

pressure.pressure. Transports dissolved materialsTransports dissolved materials Originates from the fluid absorbed in Originates from the fluid absorbed in

large intestine. large intestine.

I. E. Composition of Blood—I. E. Composition of Blood—Fluid Fluid

Proteins – from liver, affect pH, blood Proteins – from liver, affect pH, blood volume, osmotic pressure, clotting.volume, osmotic pressure, clotting.

Salts – from small intestine, affect Salts – from small intestine, affect pH, metabolism, osmotic pressure.pH, metabolism, osmotic pressure.

Nutrients – from small intestine, Nutrients – from small intestine, used for metabolism.used for metabolism.

Nitrogenous waste – from liver, Nitrogenous waste – from liver, ammonia.ammonia.

I. F. Composition of Blood—I. F. Composition of Blood—Fluid Fluid

Blood GasesBlood Gases Oxygen – from lungs, for cell respirationOxygen – from lungs, for cell respiration COCO22 – from cells, waste – from cells, waste

OtherOther Hormones – from various, for chemical Hormones – from various, for chemical

communication.communication. Vitamins – from various, for metabolismVitamins – from various, for metabolism

I. F. Composition of Blood—I. F. Composition of Blood—Fluid Fluid

Formed elements (cellular)Formed elements (cellular) 45% of the blood volume45% of the blood volume

Serum (plasma and dissolved parts)Serum (plasma and dissolved parts) 55% of the blood volume55% of the blood volume

I. G. Composition of BloodI. G. Composition of Blood

II. A. Blood ClottingII. A. Blood Clotting

Clotting: Clotting: DamageDamage occurs occurs ThrombocytesThrombocytes form (or attempt) plug form (or attempt) plug DamagedDamaged cells release cells release ThromboplastinThromboplastin TpTp causes causes Prothrombin ActivatorProthrombin Activator to be to be

releasedreleased PAPA acts on acts on ProthrombinProthrombin to form to form ThrombinThrombin ThrombinThrombin acts on acts on FibrinogenFibrinogen to form to form FibersFibers FibersFibers clog cut, reinforce platelet plugclog cut, reinforce platelet plug ErythrocytesErythrocytes stop up remaining holes in plug stop up remaining holes in plug

LeukocytesLeukocytes arrive to fight infection arrive to fight infection

Present in blood

Released into blood

Made in blood

II. A. Blood ClottingII. A. Blood Clotting

Clotting: Clotting:

Damage Thromboplastin ProthrombinActivator

ProthrombinThrombin

FibrinogenFibersThrombocytes

Erythrocytes

Present in blood

Released into blood

Made in blood

II. B. Blood TypesII. B. Blood Types

Antigens located on erythrocyte Antigens located on erythrocyte membranes.membranes.

Antigens give us the blood type.Antigens give us the blood type. Plasma has antibodies opposite to Plasma has antibodies opposite to

antigens.antigens. When antigens contact antibodies of When antigens contact antibodies of

the same type agglutination occurs.the same type agglutination occurs. Hemolysis can also occur.Hemolysis can also occur.


Type Antigen AntibodyType Antigen Antibody

AA

BB

ABAB

OO


Type Give to Receive fromType Give to Receive from

AA

BB

ABAB

OO

II. C. Rh FactorsII. C. Rh Factors

+ or –+ or – Have or not have on membraneHave or not have on membrane Antibodies are made only after Antibodies are made only after

exposure and only to positive.exposure and only to positive. Mom is –, baby is +.Mom is –, baby is +. Antibodies to + are made in Mom.Antibodies to + are made in Mom. Hemolytic Disease of the newborn.Hemolytic Disease of the newborn.

III. A. ArteriesIII. A. Arteries

Take blood away from the heart.Take blood away from the heart. Very thick middle wall.Very thick middle wall. Do not collapse when cut.Do not collapse when cut. Blood pressure is high.Blood pressure is high.

III. B. VeinsIII. B. Veins

Return blood to heart.Return blood to heart. Thin middle wall.Thin middle wall. Do collapse when cut.Do collapse when cut. Blood pressure low.Blood pressure low. As they branch, As they branch,

become smallerbecome smaller Have valves to assist Have valves to assist

blood in return.blood in return.

III. C. CapillariesIII. C. Capillaries

Connections between Arterioles and Connections between Arterioles and Venuoles.Venuoles.

About the same diameter as an About the same diameter as an erythrocyte.erythrocyte.

From capillaries materials enter & From capillaries materials enter & exit the cells.exit the cells.


Osmotic Pressure: force due to salts etc. Osmotic Pressure: force due to salts etc. in the blood that brings water into in the blood that brings water into vessel.vessel.

Blood Pressure: force exerted by the Blood Pressure: force exerted by the heart in contractions.heart in contractions.

BP changes as the arteries get further BP changes as the arteries get further away from heart.away from heart.

OP remains the same.OP remains the same. Difference between BP & OP determines Difference between BP & OP determines

materials movement in or out of vessel.materials movement in or out of vessel.


Arterialend

Venous end

BP 30

Osmotic21

Osmotic21

Diff: 9Outward

BP15

Diff: 6Inward


At arterial end: nutrients, oxygen etc. At arterial end: nutrients, oxygen etc. move from vessel to cells.move from vessel to cells.

At venous end: waste, carbon dioxide At venous end: waste, carbon dioxide etc. move from cells to vessel.etc. move from cells to vessel.

But not all fluid moves into the But not all fluid moves into the vessels.vessels.

A third vessel found along vein, A third vessel found along vein, Lymphatic Vessel.Lymphatic Vessel.

III. D. Lymphatic VesselsIII. D. Lymphatic Vessels

Thin wallsThin walls Valves presentValves present Move fluid upward, gathers into Move fluid upward, gathers into

enlarged areas – Nodesenlarged areas – Nodes Eventually re-enters blood. Eventually re-enters blood. Fluid in this is called Lymphatic Fluid.Fluid in this is called Lymphatic Fluid. More in another chapter.More in another chapter.

IV. A. Heart Circulation IV. A. Heart Circulation In/Out In/Out

4 Chambers4 Chambers Two AtriaTwo Atria

Left/RightLeft/Right Two VentriclesTwo Ventricles

Left/RightLeft/Right A septum A septum

separates separates right from left.right from left.

IV. A. Into the HeartIV. A. Into the Heart

Superior and Superior and Inferior Vena Inferior Vena CavaCava Blood enters Blood enters Right AtriumRight Atrium

Tricuspid Valve is Tricuspid Valve is openopen

Blood enters the Right Blood enters the Right Ventricle, Atria Ventricle, Atria ContractContract

IV. A. Into the LungsIV. A. Into the Lungs Exits the heart Exits the heart

through the through the Pulmonary Semi-Pulmonary Semi-Lunar ValveLunar Valve

Ventricles Ventricles ContractContract

Enters Enters Pulmonary TrunkPulmonary Trunk

Into Pulmonary Into Pulmonary Veins to LungsVeins to Lungs

IV. A. Return to HeartIV. A. Return to Heart From Lungs enters From Lungs enters

Pulmonary Arteries.Pulmonary Arteries.

Enters Heart in Enters Heart in Left AtriumLeft Atrium

Bicuspid is openBicuspid is open Blood flows into Left VentricleBlood flows into Left Ventricle Atria contractAtria contract

IV. A. Into the BodyIV. A. Into the Body

Ventricles contractVentricles contract Blood flows Blood flows

through Aortic through Aortic Semi-Lunar Valve.Semi-Lunar Valve.

Blood enters Blood enters Ascending AortaAscending Aorta

Aortic ArchAortic Arch Descending AortaDescending Aorta

IV. B Vessels into the BodyIV. B Vessels into the Body

From Aortic arch:From Aortic arch: Brachiocephalic Artery: to Right Arm & Brachiocephalic Artery: to Right Arm &

HeadHead To head: Common Carotid ArteryTo head: Common Carotid Artery To Arm: Subclavian ArteryTo Arm: Subclavian Artery

Common Carotid Artery: to Left HeadCommon Carotid Artery: to Left Head Subclavian Artery: to Left ArmSubclavian Artery: to Left Arm Pulse in Common CarotidPulse in Common Carotid

In arms pulse taken in Radial ArteryIn arms pulse taken in Radial Artery

IV. B. Into the BodyIV. B. Into the Body

Descending Aorta (Thoracic Aorta): Descending Aorta (Thoracic Aorta): To organs in the thorax.To organs in the thorax.

Descending Aorta (Abdominal Aorta): Descending Aorta (Abdominal Aorta): To organs in the abdomen. To organs in the abdomen.

Aorta divides into Common IliacAorta divides into Common Iliac Right and left External Iliacs feed Right and left External Iliacs feed

right and left legs. Pulse: Femoral right and left legs. Pulse: Femoral Artery and Dorsal Pedal.Artery and Dorsal Pedal.

IV. B. From the BodyIV. B. From the Body

Blood returns through the same Blood returns through the same named veins.named veins.

Abdomen and legs return to Inferior Abdomen and legs return to Inferior Vena Cava.Vena Cava.

Arms: Subclavian Veins to Arms: Subclavian Veins to Brachiocephalic veins. Brachiocephalic veins.

Head: Jugular Veins to Head: Jugular Veins to Brachiocephalic.Brachiocephalic.

Brachiocephalics enter the Superior Brachiocephalics enter the Superior Vena Cava.Vena Cava.

IV. B. To specific organsIV. B. To specific organs

1 Common Carotid 1 Common Carotid AA

2 Jugular V2 Jugular V 3 Subclavian3 Subclavian 4 Brachiocephalic A4 Brachiocephalic A 5 Brachiocephalic V5 Brachiocephalic V 6 Aortic Arch6 Aortic Arch


7 Coronary A7 Coronary A 8 Cardiac V8 Cardiac V 9 Superior Vena 9 Superior Vena

CavaCava 10 Inferior Vena 10 Inferior Vena

CavaCava


12 Gastric A12 Gastric A 13 Splenic13 Splenic 14 Abdominal 14 Abdominal

AortaAorta 15 Hepatic 15 Hepatic

Portal VPortal V 16 Mesenterics16 Mesenterics 17 Renal17 Renal


18 Inferior 18 Inferior Vena CavaVena Cava

19 Gonadal19 Gonadal OvarianOvarian TesticularTesticular


20 Common 20 Common IliacIliac

21 Femoral21 Femoral

IV. B. ExtremitiesIV. B. Extremities

ArmsArms Axillary A: Pulse pointAxillary A: Pulse point Median Cubital V: Blood drawsMedian Cubital V: Blood draws Radial A: Pulse PointRadial A: Pulse Point

LegsLegs Great Saphenous V: used in bypassesGreat Saphenous V: used in bypasses Dorsal Ped: Pulse point (foot)Dorsal Ped: Pulse point (foot)

IV. C. Electrical ImpulsesIV. C. Electrical Impulses

S/A Node: S/A Node: impulse for atria impulse for atria to contractto contract

A/V Node: A/V Node: receives impulse receives impulse and pushes it on and pushes it on for the ventriclesfor the ventricles

IV. C. Electrical ImpulsesIV. C. Electrical Impulses

S/A Node: impulse for atria to contract=PS/A Node: impulse for atria to contract=P A/V Node: receives impulse and pushes it A/V Node: receives impulse and pushes it

on for the ventricles to contract=QRSon for the ventricles to contract=QRS

P

Q

R

S

T

T indicates recoveryT indicates recovery

IV. C. DefibrillationIV. C. Defibrillation

Stops the irregular heartbeatStops the irregular heartbeat After stopping, heart may restartAfter stopping, heart may restart Correct rhythm.Correct rhythm. Cannot be done if the person is Cannot be done if the person is

“flatlined”“flatlined” ““Shocking” does not restart a Shocking” does not restart a

stopped heart.stopped heart.

IV. D. Blood PressureIV. D. Blood Pressure

Important because arteries can only Important because arteries can only withstand a certain internal pressurewithstand a certain internal pressure

Systolic: pressure when the heart Systolic: pressure when the heart contracts.contracts.

Diastolic: pressure when the heart is Diastolic: pressure when the heart is relaxed.relaxed.

120/80 “normal BP”120/80 “normal BP”

V. A. Problems: HeartV. A. Problems: Heart

Mitral Valve Prolapse – live with, repair Mitral Valve Prolapse – live with, repair or replace, medsor replace, meds


Congestive Heart Failure Congestive Heart Failure Left side does not pump as strongly Left side does not pump as strongly

as right. as right. Left atrial pressure increases, results Left atrial pressure increases, results

in edema of lungs.in edema of lungs. Meds, augment with back muscle, Meds, augment with back muscle,

transplanttransplant


Irregular Heart BeatIrregular Heart Beat

V-Fib: Ventricular V-Fib: Ventricular FibrillationFibrillation

A-Fib: Atrial A-Fib: Atrial FibrillationFibrillation

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/images/4453/4453-4478-10873-19971.gif

V. B. Problems: VesselsV. B. Problems: Vessels

Angina – Nitroglycerin, BypassAngina – Nitroglycerin, Bypass Myocardial Infarction – prevent moreMyocardial Infarction – prevent more Hypertension – decrease salt, medsHypertension – decrease salt, meds Hypotension – increase salt & fluidsHypotension – increase salt & fluids


Atheriosclerosis – Angioplasty (Stent)Atheriosclerosis – Angioplasty (Stent)


AtheriosclerosiAtheriosclerosis – Bypasss – Bypass


Plaque Plaque RemovalRemoval

Carotid ArteriesCarotid Arteries


CVA – loss of oxygen to brainCVA – loss of oxygen to brain Difficulty feeling or moving on one side of the Difficulty feeling or moving on one side of the

body body Slurring or trouble speaking Slurring or trouble speaking Brief episode of a weakness of an arm or leg Brief episode of a weakness of an arm or leg Momentary loss of vision Momentary loss of vision Darkening of the vision in one eye Darkening of the vision in one eye A shade or curtain coming down over one eye A shade or curtain coming down over one eye Dizziness or confusion Dizziness or confusion Faint (syncope) or feeling faint Faint (syncope) or feeling faint


Aneurysm – surgical Aneurysm – surgical correctioncorrection

http://brainavm.uhnres.utoronto.ca/images/case/aneurysm/PreAng1.jpg

http://brainavm.uhnres.utoronto.ca/images/case/aneurysm/PostAng1.jpg


Blood clotsBlood clots Cause of MI & CVACause of MI & CVA t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator) converts t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator) converts

plasminogen into plasmin, dissolves all clotsplasminogen into plasmin, dissolves all clots Aspirin TherapyAspirin Therapy

Dilated/Inflammed VesselsDilated/Inflammed Vessels Phebitis – deep, prone to clotsPhebitis – deep, prone to clots Varicose Veins – superficial, valve Varicose Veins – superficial, valve

insufficiencyinsufficiency

2 Cardiovascular System Web

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