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M k k t t i F r l ' i 3 -N e r l o c a i d o _P R O P E R T YU.S. V . ME DICAL CE NT SF IE L D M A N U A MEDICAL L IBR AR YO U ST O R T E X AS

7N DI4TACTICAL EM PLOYM ENT

OF IIERBICIOES

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYD E C E M B E R 1 9 1 1

FOR TRAININg DEPAR TMENT US

. PI I . :M 3 - 3U.S.VMF I E L DM A N U A L

_PROPERTYA . MEDICALCENTEEDICALL I B R A R YHOUSTONT E X A S

MPtT l l taF

H E A D Q U A R T E R S ,D E P A R T M E N TO F T H EA R M YD E C E M B E R1971*

FO R IRAINiNQ D E P A R T M E N T

See Page 2-1

Herbicide Orange - Commercially Available

2,4-D & 2,4,5-T 50:50 mix

**********************

See Page 2-2

Herbicide Blue - Commercially Available

Phytar 560G

***********************

See Page 2-3

Herbicide White - Commercially Available

Tordon 101

************************

See Ground Dissemination Systems

Starting on Page 5-4

*************************

Storing, Handling, and Methods of Disposal

Starting on Page 6-1

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S K O F 1 C 0 1 4 4 i 1 0 . 1 . erda ,440 41 .14414.111-4.1Alvin L . Young Col lect ion on Agent O range

K 44 .4 4 0 1 1 1I t e m 1 1 1 1 1 m r i i r : o o 8 6

AverC o r m r a t e b e e r Department of the Army Headquarters WashingtonD.C.arierJam) u e Field Manual: Tactical E mploym ent of HerbicidesJ e w e a b l u l tY e a r 971M u l l t p l l s y ecemberC d e rNot a l Mos 22SOSIWIAMNOtes

Friday December 01 2000 age 86 of 91

ItemIDN u m b e r, o o o s eA u t h o r

CorporateAuthor Departmentof theArmy Headquarters WashingtonD.C.

Report/ArticleTf t l freclManual:Ta ctical EmploymentofHerbicidesJ o u r n a l / B o o kTit leY e a r 1Month/Day DecemberC o l o r N u m b e rofl inages 22D e s o r i p t o nN o t e s

Friday, December 01,2000 Page 86 of 91

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F O R E W O R DThis manual provides information for use in planning herbicide operationsat division, brigade, and lower levels. It contains a discussion of advantages

1 _ 1 > that can be obtained by employing herbicides in tactical situations. Thephysical and chemical properties of agents ORA N GE , BLU E , and WHI TEare presented with information on agent handling and disposal methods.The manual also discusses air and ground dissemination systems, condi-tions influencing the effectiveness of herbicides, and guidance for commandand control of herbicide operations. Information is presented on thedownwind drift hazards produced by the A/A45Y-1, PAU-7/B, andA GRI N A U TIC S spray systems. A conversion chart and a glossary of termsare included at the end o f the publication.

FM 3

F O R E W O R DThis ma nua l provides informationfor use inplannin g herbicide operationsat division, brigade,andlower levels. Itcontains adiscussion ofadvantagesthat can be obtained by employing herbicides intactical situations. Thephysical and chemical propertiesofagentsO R A N G E ,BLU E,andWH IT Eare presented with information onagent handlinganddisposal methods.The manu al also discusses air and grou nd dissemination systems, condi-tions influencingthe effectiveness ofherbicides, andguidanceforcomm andand control of herbicide operations. I nform ation is presented on thedownwind drift hazards produced by the A/A45Y-1, PAU-7/B, andA G R I N A U T I C S spray systems.Aconversion chart and aglossary of termsare includedat the end of thepublication.

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* FM 3-3F I E LD M A N U A L HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYW A S H IN G TO N , D .C ., 14 December 1971O. 3-3T A C TI CA L E M P L O Y M E N T O F HE R B IC ID E S

CHAP TER 1. Paragrupbu egsI N T R O D U C T I O NPurpose 1-1 1-1Scope 1-2 1-1Tactical employment of herbicides 1-3 1-1Changes and comments 1- 4 1-1

2. H E R BI CI D E A G E N T SGeneral 2-1 2-1O R A N G E 2-2 2-1B L U E 2-3 2-2W H ITE -4 2-83. CONDITIONS INFLUENCING THEEFFECTIVENESS OF HERBICIDES

General 3-1 8-1Target vegetation 8-2 3-1Selection of herbicide 8-3 3-1Rate of application 3-4 3-1Growth stage of vegetation 8-5 8-24. COMMAND AND CONTROL OF HERBICIDEOPERATIONS

General 4-1 4-iHerbicide operation request 4-2 4-1

5. METHODS OF DISSEMINATIONAerial spray systems 5-1 571Ground dissemination systems 5-2 5-4

8. STORAGE, HANDLING, AND METHODSOF DISPOSALStorage 6-1Handling and methods of disposal 6-2 6-1

A P PE N D I X A . REFERENCES A-1B. CONVERSION CHART B-1

G L O S S A R Y Glossary-1

*This manual supersedes Chapter S of TC 3-1 6, 9 A pril 1969.TA CO 3260 A

FIELD MANUAL]No. 3-3 I

FM3-3

HE DQU RTERSDEP RTMENT OF THE RMYWASHINGTON, D.C.,14 December 1971

TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT OF HERBICIDESParagraphs PageC H A P T E R 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N

Purpose 1-1 1-1Scope 1-2 1-1Tactical employment ofherbicides 1-3 1-1Changes andcomments 1-4 1-12 . H E R B I C ID E A G E N T S

General 2-1 2-1O R A N G E 2-2 2-1B L U E 2-3 2-2WHITE - 2-4 8. C O N D I T I O N S I N F L U E N C I N G THEE F F E C T I V E N E S S O F H E R B I C I D E S

General 3-1 3Target vegetation 3-2 3-1Selection ofherbicide 3-3 Rate ofapplication 3-4 Growth stageofvegetation 3-5 3-24. C O M M A N D A N D C O N T R O LO F H E R B I C I D EO P E R A T I O N S

General 4-1 4-Herbicide operation request 4-2 6 . M E T H O D S O F D I S S E M I N A T I O N

Aerial spray systems 6-1o V r lGround dissemination systems 5-2 5-46. S TO R A G E , H A N D L I N G ,A N DM E TH O D SO F D I S P O S A L

Storage 6-1 6-Handling andmethods of disposal 6-2 APPENDIX A. R E F E R E N C E S A-l

B. C O N V E R S I O N C H A R T B lG L O S S A R Y Glossary-1

*Thlimanual iuperi*d*

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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

1-1. PurposeThe purpose of this manual is to provide doctrinalguidance for the tactical employment of herbi-cides at division, brigade, and lower levels.1-2. ScopeThis manual discusses technical and operationalfactors governing the use of herbicides in militaryoperations. It also presents

a. Physical and chemical properties of agentsORANGE, BLUE, and WHITE and informationon storage, handling, and methods of disposal.

b. Information on air and ground disseminationsystems.

c. Conditions influencing the effectiveness ofherbicides.

d. Guidance for command and control of herbi-cide operations.1-3. Tactical Employment of HerbicidesDefoliation of heavily vegetated areas by the useof herbicides is the primary means of obtainingvisual observation of enemy forces, facilities,roads, ambush sites, infiltration routes, and otherenemy locations from the air, ground, or water.

a. The use of herbicides for defoliation(1) Enh ances security. Defoliation of vege-tation bordering and overhanging roads, paths,trails, waterways, and railroads enhances securityaround friendly base camps, airfields, ammunitiondumps, ports, along railroads, waterways, andother locations by providing defensive fields offire and reducing possible ambush sites.(2) Im prov es m ilitary intelligence. Defolia-tion of large-area targets improves military in-telligence for plans and operations by increasingvertical and horizontal visibility in heavilyforested or dense jungle areas. Defoliation alsoprovides data for correcting existing maps andfor preparing new ones.(3) Reduces enemy resistance. In defoliatedareas, troops will meet less enemy resistance thanin areas that have not been defoliated and fewertroops will be required for an operation. Expo-

sure of the enemy's supply depots, base campand other locations will make him more vulnerabto air strikes and the resultant damage, harrasment, and threat of attack may cause him to movout of an area.(4) Increases troops available for com baand reduces casualties. Defoliation of broad defensive fields of fire around friendly base camps anlocations, and defoliation of possible ambush sitepermits commanders to reduce the number of merequired for base camp security and convoy guarwork and makes more troops availa'ble for combaduty. Improved fields of fire wh erever locatedad as a deterrent to enemy attack and help to reduce friendly casualties when the enemy doeattack.(5) Facilitates m ovem ent of m ilitary s upplies. Defoliation along highways, railroads, anmain shipping channels will facilitate movemenof supplies and decrease the number of convoguards required.

b. Herbicides can also be used to reduce thenemy's food and industrial crops. This coulcause him to

(1) Divert combat manpower to productionof food.(2) Depend on local food resources.(3) Become more stationary because of th

necessity to cultivate hidden crops.(4) Reduce production of war munitions.

1-4. Changes and CommentsUsers of this publication are encouraged to submirecommended changes and comments to improvthe publication. Comments should be keyed to thspecific page, paragraph, and line of the text inwhich the change is recommended. Reasons will bprovided for each comment to insure understanding and complete evaluation. Comments should bprepared using DA Form 2028 (RecommendedChanges to Publications) and forwarded direct tothe Commanding Officer, U S A rmy Combat D evelopments Comm and Chemical-Biological-Radiological Agency, ATTN : CDCCBRDP, Fort McClellan, Alabama 36201.

AGO 3260A -1

FM 3

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

1 1 . PurposeThepurpose ofthis manualis toprovide doctrinalguidance for the tactical employmentof herbi-cides at division, brigade,an dlower levels.1-2. ScopeThis m anua l discusses technical and operationalfactors governingthe use ofherbicidesinmilitaryoperations. Italsopresents

o. Physical and chemical properties of agentsO R A N G E , B L U E , a n d W H I T E a nd i nf or m a ti onon storage,handling,an d methodsofdisposal.6. In forma tionon air andground disseminationsystems.e. Condit ionsinfluencingth e effectivenessofherbicides.d. Guidancefo r commandan d controlofherbi-cide operations.

1-3. Tactical Employment of HerbicidesDefoliation of heavily vegetated areasby the useof herbicidesis the prim ary meansofobtainingvisual observation of enemy forces, facilities,roads, ambush sites,infiltration routes,andotherenemylocationsfrom theair, ground,or water.

o. The use of herbicidesfordefoliation(1 ) Enhances security. Defoliation ofvege-tation bordering and overhanging roads, paths,trails, waterways, andrailroads enhancessecurityaround friendly base camps,airfields,ammunit iondumps, ports, along railroads, waterways, an dother locations by providing defensivefields offire and reducing possible ambush sites.(2 ) Improves military intelligence. Defolia-tion of large-area targetsimproves military in -telligence for plans and operationsby increasingvertical and horizontal visibi li ty in heavilyforested or dense jungle areas.Defoliationalsoprovides data for correcting existing maps andfo r p r ep ari n g n ew o n es .(3 ) Reduce s enemy resistance.I ndefoliatedareas,troopswill meet lessenemy resistance thanin areasthathave notbeen defoliatedandfewertroops will be requiredfor an operation. Expo-

sure of the enemy's supply depots, base campsan dother locations will ma kehimmore vulnerableto air strikesand theresultant damage, harrment, and threa t ofattack maycausehim tomoveout of an area.(4 ) Increases troops availablefo r combatan dred uces casualties.D efoliationofbroad defen-sive fields of fire arou nd frien dly basecampsan dlocations, an d defoliationofpossible ambush sitesperm its com m ande rstored ucethenu m be rof me nrequired for base camp securityandconvoy guardwork and makes more troopsavailableforcombatduty. Improvedfields of fire whereverlocatedact as a deterrent toenemy attackandhelp toduce friendly casualties when th e enemy doesattack.(5 ) Facilitates movementof military sup-plies. Defoliation along highways, railroads,an dmain shipping channels will facilitate movemenof suppliesand decrease the n u mb erofconvoyguards required.

b. Herbicides can also be used to reducetheenemy's food an d industrial crops. Thiscouldcause him to(1) Divert combat manpowertoproductionof food.(2 ) D ep en don localfood resources.(3) Become mo re stationary becauseof thenecessity to cultivate hidden crops.(4 ) Re duce productionof war munitions.

1 4 Changes and CommentsUsers of thispublication areencouragedtosubmitrecommended changes and comm entstoimproveth e publication. Commentsshould bekeyedto thespecific page, paragraph, and lineof the textinwhichthe chan ge isrecomm ended. Reasonswillbeprovided for each co mm enttoinsure unde rstand-ing an d comp lete evaluation . C omm ents shouldbeprepared using D A Form 2028 (RecommendedChanges to Publications)andforwarded directtoth e C o mman d i n gOfficer,USA rmy C ombat Devel-opments Command Chemical-Biological-Radiological Agency, A T T N :C D C C B R - D P , FortM cClel-lan, Alabama 36201.

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C H AP T E R 2H E R B IC ID E A G E N T S

2-1. Generala. Herbicides are chemical compounds used tokill or damage plants (AR 310-25). They can beused to dry foliage or to stimulate or inhibitgrowth by modifying physiological processes in

plants. These chemicals are classified as contactherbicides or as systemic herbicides, depending onthe way they affect plants.

1) Contact herbicides. Contact herbicides(or desiccants) are used to damage plant tissueby local action at the point of application andshow little or no movement throughout the plant.For this reason, thorough spray coverage is essen-tial for maximum agent effect. After beingsprayed with a contact herbicide, susceptibleplants dry rapidly; this causes leaves to fall fromsome plant species, and to shrivel but remain onothers,

2) Systemic herbicides. Systemic herbicidesare absorbed at the point of application and movedby the sap stream to other parts of the plant.These chemicals are growth regulators and usuallyact slower than contact herbicides. They damageplants by both local and systemic action, causingleaves to fall and, finally, killing the plants whenthe dose has been adequate. Plants treated withsublethal doses frequently recover partially orcompletely. Some plant species are highly re-sistant to this class of chemicals and show verylittle outward change. Systemic herbicides aremost effective on woody plants and broad-leavedvegetation in an active state of growth.

Note. Even though herbicides cause leaves, plants,and grasses to turn brown, leaves will remain on sometrees and plants, and grasses will still stand. Therefore,to obtain maximum visibility, plants must be burned, cut,or removed by other means, such as bulldozer or laborforce.

b. Various commercial chemical compoundsused as herbicides have been adapted for use inmilitary operations. Authority to use these chemi-cals must be obtained through the proper channelsas explained in chapter 4. Herbicides describedbelow are nicknamed ORANGE, BLUE, and

CO 5'SCA

WHITE to correspond with identifying colorbands used on the shipping drums and for con-venience.2-2. ORANGE

a. Composition. A 50 :50 mixture of :2,4-D (n-butyl-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate)and2,4,5-T (n-butyl-2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyace-tate)

b. Physical and Chemical Properties.Physical state Liquid at room temperatureColor eddish brownSolubility oluble in diesel fuel and organicsolvents; insoluble in waterFreezing point 5F to 46FWeight 0.7 pounds/gallonEffect on materials:

Metal oncorrosivePaint armful to someNatural rubber _ _ HarmfulNeoprene armfulTeflon, Viton esistantPolyethylene esistantButyl rubber esistant

c. Physiological Properties.(1) ORANGE is a systemic herbicide thatdefoliates a wide variety of woody and broad-leaved herbaceous plants. It affects grasses, bam-boos, and similar plants less. Agent ORANGE isabsorbed by a plant at the point of applicationwithin a few hours, and the chemical is trans-

located.(2) The components of ORANGE arerapidly decomposed by soil microorganisms andthe chemical usually disappears from soils within1 to 3 months following application. Lateral dis-tribution of 'the agent due to volatility alone isnegligible.(3) ORANGE is low in toxicity to man, fish,and wildlife; but it will cause slight skin irritationand minor inhalation effects.

d. Defoliation Capability. ORANGE will de-foliate adequately forest vegetation in temperate2-1

FM 3-3

CHAPTER 2HERBICIDE AGENTS

2-1. Ge n e r a la. Herbicides are chemical compounds used tokill or damage plants (AR 310-25).They can beused to dry foliage or to stimulate or inhibitgrowth, by modifying physiological processes inplants. These chemicals areclassified as contact

herbicidesor assystemic herbicides, dependingonthe waytheyaffect plants.(1) Contact herbicides Contact herbicides

(or desiccants) are used todamage plant tissueby local action at the point of application andshow little or nomovement throughout the plant.For thisreason, thorough spray coverage isessen-tial fo r maximum agenteffect. After beingsprayed with a contact herbicide, susceptibleplants dry rapidjy;this causes leavestofallfromsome plant species, and to shrivel but remain onothers,

(2 ) Systemic herbicides Systemic herbicidesareabsorbedat thepointofapplicationandmovedby the sap stream to other parts of the plant.Thesechemicalsaregrowth regulators andusuallyact slower than contact herbicides. They damageplants by both local and systemic action, causingleaves tofall and,finally,killingthe plants whenthe dosehas been adequate. Plants treated withsublethal doses frequently recover partially orcompletely. Some plant species are highly re-sistant to this class of chemicals and show verylittle outward change. Systemic herbicides aremost effective onwoody plants an d broad-leavedvegetation in an active stateof growth.Note Even though herbicides cause leaves, plants,an d grasses to turnbrown, leaves will remain on sometrees an d plants, an d grasses will still stand. Therefore,to obtainm a x i m u mvisibility, plants mustbe burned, cut,or removed by other means, such as bulldozeror laborforce,

6. Various commercial chemical compoundsused as herbicides have been adapted for use inmilitary operations. Authorityto usethese chemi-cals mustbeobtained throughtheproper channelsas explained in chapter 4. Herbicides describedbelow ar e nicknamed O R A N G E , BLUE, an d

WHITE to correspond with identifying colorbands used on the shipping drums and for con-venience.2 2. ORANGE

a. Composition A 50:50mixture of:2,4-D (n-butyl-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate)and2,4,5-T (n-butyl-2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyace-tate)

b. Physical andChemicalProperties.Physical state Liquid atroom temperatureColor ReddishbrownSolubility Solublein dieselfuelan dorganicsolvents; insolublein waterFreezing point 45 F to46FWeight 10.7 pounds/gallonEffect on materials:

Metal NoncorrosivePaint H a r m f u l tosomeNatural rubber H a r m f u lNeoprene HarmfulTeflon,Viton ResistantPolyethylene ResistantButyl rubber Resistantc. Physiological Properties

(1) ORANGE is a systemic herbicide thdefoliates a wide variety ofwoody and broad-leavedherbaceous plants. Itaffects grasses,bam-boos, and similar plants less. AgentO R A N G E isabsorbed by a plant at the point of applicationwithin a few hours, and the chemical is tralocated.(2) The components of O R A N G E ar erapidly decomposed by soil microorganisms an dthechemical usually disappears from soils within1 to 3monthsfollowing application. Lateral distribution o f - t h e agent due to volatility alone isnegligible.(8 ) ORANGEis low in toxicitytoman,fish,andwildlife;but itwill cause slightskin irrand minor inhalationeffects.

d. Defoliation CapabilityO RA NG Ewillde -foliate adequately forest vegetation in temperate2-1

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is progressive. For example, ORANGEgrowing season causes hardwood foliage to discolor in 1 or 2 weeks, leaves to dry in 2 or 3 weeks, and leaves to begin to fall after 4 weeks.

in aduring the fourth monthmultilayered canopy. Satisfactory1/ 2 months in a multi-hereafter, regrowth and replace-

ectiveness of the original treatment. Therefore,

e. Anticrop Capability. OR AN GE is effective inrops

Beans elon esameCabbage eanuts oybeansCotton epper obaccoGourd amie atermelonJute

growth stages include:Manioc or cassava aroPotatoes amsSweet potatoes

s highly susceptible to herbicide damage are :Jackfruit apayaKapok tar apple or caimito

Banana ango omeloCastor bean Mulberry oseappleGuava ineapple eadefoliated by

Coconut and betel palms are more resistant toORANGE than citrus and rubber plants.2-3. BLUE

a. Composition. Agent BLUE currently in useis a commercial, liquid formulation of sodiumcacodylate called Phytar 560G.b. Physical and Chemical Properties.Physical state ree-flowing liquidColor eddish or brownishSolubility oluble in water and alcohol;insoluble in oilsFreezing point 22FWeight 1.0 pounds/gallonEffect on materials:

Metals:Uncoated mildsteel (softmalleable) apid initial reaction; gray

precipitate formedZinc apid chemical reaction andcolor change; heavy granu-lar precipitate formedAluminum light initial reaction; whiteprecipitate formedBrass o initial reaction; whiteprecipitate formedCopper o initial reaction; no solidprecipitate ormedTin o initial reaction; graysuspension formed

No significant effect on paint, natural rubber, neo-prene, Teflon, Viton, polyethylene, or butyl rubber.

c. Physiological Properties.(1) BLUE is a fast-acting contact herbicidethat is effective against broad-leaved herbaceousor woody plants or grassy vegetation. It causesrapid browning and drying with accompanyingshriveling and falling of leaves in some woodyspecies. BLUE is exceedingly effective in the top-kill of grassy plants to include perennials duringany season. At rates of application used for de-foliation (para 3-4), the chemical exhibits littleor no systemic action within the plant.(2) In contact with soil, BLUE is quicklydeactivated by surface absorption; it is non-volatile and is not affected by light.(3) This agents is readily absorbed throughthe skin, and prolonged absorption may cause adistinct garlic odor on the breath. BLUE has avery low toxicity to animals.

d. Defoliant Capability. When applied to sus-septible vegetation at the recommended applica-tion rate (para 3-4), noticeable browning ordiscoloration is evident in I day and maximumdefoliation usually occurs in 2 to 4 weeks. How-GO 5250A

3-3d tropical regions.Seeparagraph 3- 4fo r recom- application rates. Treated grasses and may exhibit brown foliage and partial but they recover rapidly. T hetypical re - tropical,woody vegetationto systemic is progressive. F or exam ple,O R A N G E during the growing seasoncauses hardwoo d foliage todiscolor in 1 or 2weeks, leaves to dry in 2 or 3weeks, and leavestobegin tofall after 4weeks.

upon the type and densityof vegeta- 1month averages50 percent and rangesfrom 15 to 90 per- andreaches itsmaxi-um during th e second or third month in a canopyorduringthefourth month a dense, multilayered canopy. Satisfactorypersistfor 3 to 12monthsin asingle-layeredbut foronly 1 to 3 months in amulti-

from ground covermayreduce of the original treatment.Therefore, is desirable indense-cover areas to the periodof defoliation.e. AnticropCapability.O R A N G Eiseffectivein

at therateof 1gallon per acre.An n u a lcrops can bekilled byO R A N G E when appliedatstageinclude:Beans M elon SesameCabbage Pean uts SoybeansCotton Pepper TobaccoGourd Ram ie WatermelonJute

or tuber crops thatshowthe greatestreduc- in yields whenO R A N G E is applied duringstagesinclude:M anioc or cassavaPotatoesSweet potatoes

TaroY a m s woody crop species vary widelyinto direct applicationsofO R A N G E .highly susceptibletoherbicide damage are:

JackfruitKapok PapayaStar appleorcaimitoately susceptible crops are:

BananaCastor beanGuavaM a ng oM ulberryPineapple

PomeloRoseappleTea an d rubber plants can be defoliated by when the agent is applied in quantities than 1gallon peracre. However, the trees

usually refoliate within several months.

Coconut and betel palms ar e mo r e resistant toO R A N G E than ci trus and rubber plants .2-3. BLUE

a. Composition. Agent BLUE currently in useis a commercial,liquid f o rmu l ati on o f so d iu mcacodylate called Phytar560G.b. Physical an d Chemical Properties.Physical state Free-flowing liquidColor Reddishor brownishSolubility Solublein wateran d alcohol;insoluble in oilsFreezing point 2 2 FWeight 11.0 pound s/gallonEffect on materials:Metals:Uncoatedmildsteel (softmalleable) Ra pid initial reaction; gray

precipitate formedZinc Ra pid chemical reactionan dcolor change; heavy granu-lar precipitate formedA l u m i n u m_ J Slight initial reactio n; whiteprecipitate formedBrass Noinitial reaction;whiteprecipitate formedC opper N o initial reaction;no solidprecipitate formedTin No init ial reaction; graysuspension formedN o significanteffect on paint, natural rubber, neo-prene, Teflon, Viton, polyethylene,or butyl rubber.

c. Physiological Properties.(1) B L U Eis afast-acting contact herbicidethat iseffective a gainst broad-leaved herbaceo usor woody plants orgrassy vegetation. Itcausesrapid browning and drying with accompanyingshriveling an d fallingof leavesin some woodyspecies. BLUE is exceedinglyeffective in the top-kill of grassy plants to includ e perennials du ringan y season. A t rates of application used for de-foliation (para 3-4), thechemical exhibits littleor no systemic action within th e plant.(2) In contact with soil, BLUE isquicklydeactivated by surface absorption; it isnon-volatile and is notaffected by light.(3) This agentsisreadily absorbed throughthe skin, and prolonged absorption maycause adistinct garlic odor on the breath. BLUE has avery low toxicity to animals.

d. Defoliant Capability.When applied to sus-septible vegetation at therecommended applica-tion rate (para 3-4), noticeable browning ordiscoloration isevident in 1 day andm a x i m u mdefoliation usually occursin 2 to 4 weeks. How-

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1ever, the desired level of defoliation is of relativelyshort duration when compared to that of systemicagents. In dense forests with multilayered cano-pies, applications of BLUE can be repeated in 2to 4 weeks after the initial treatment to insurepenetration to lower vegetation layers and toextend the period of defoliation. Regrowth ofsome perennial grasses, such as elephant grass,wild cane, or cogon grass, is likely to occur w ithinI to 2 months after treatment. This necessitatesrepeated spray applications.

e. Anticrop Capability. BLUE is the agent ofchoice for destruction of cereal and grain crops.Effects of the chemical become evident within 12to 24 hours, and plants die within a few days.Since BLUE is water-soluble, it should not beapplied during rain or w hen rain is predicted.2-4. WHITE (Tordon 101)

a. Composition.20 percent picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichIoro-picolinic acid) and80 percent 2,4-D, both in the form of triiso-propanolamine salts.

b. Physical and Chemical Properties.Physical state iscous liquidColor ark brownSolubility nsoluble in oils; active

components are solu-ble in water

Weight .6 pounds/gallonWeight of active ingredi-ents (as add equiva-lent) :

Picioram .54 pound/gallon2,44) .0 pounds/gallonRemainder consists of water, wetting agent,and other inert ingredients

effect on materials:M et al s oncorrosiveOther materials used in

spray equipment oncorrosivec. Physiological Properties.

(I) WHITE is readily absokbed by foliageand the root system and is quickly transportedthroughout the plant.(2) Since soil microorganisms have littleeffect on the components of WH ITE , this agent ismore persistent in soils than ORANGE or BLUEand losses from soils occur principally by leaching.In sparsely vegetated areas, when applied at rates

used for defoliation, WHITE may persist in soilsfor as long as 1 year. It is subject to only limiteddecomposition by sunlight and ultraviolet radia-tion.

(3) Tests indicate that a single direct expo-sure to a spray of WHITE of normal concentra-tion would not constitute a percutaneous orinhalation hazard. This chemical is considerednontoxic and not hazardous to humans, animals,or fish.

d. Defoliant Capability. WHITE is effectiveprincipally on broad-leaved herbaceous plants andparticularly on woody plants. However, effects ofthe agent develop slowly on woody plants and fulldefoliation may not occur for several months afterspray-application. Temperate zone conifers arealso susceptible to WHITE but defoliation is de-layed. M ost grasses and m onocotyledonous plants,including nipa palm, are resistant to WHITE.

e. Anticrop Capability. WHITE is not recom-mended for use on crops because of its persistencein soils.

A G O 8 2 I S O A -3

FM 3-3ever,th e desired levelo fdefoliation is ofrelativelyshort duration when comparedto thatof systemicagents. I n dense forests withmultilayeredcano-pies, applications of BLUE can berepeatedin 2to 4 weeks after the initial treatment to insurepenetration to lower vegetation layers and toextend the period, of defoliation. Regrowthofsome perennial grasses,such aselephant grass,wild cane, orcogon grass,islikely tooccur within1 to 2 months after treatment.This necessitatesrepeated spray applications.

e. Anticrop Capability. B L U E is th e agentofchoice for destruction of cereal and grain crops.Effects of the chemical become evident within12to 24 hours, and plants diewithin a fewdays.Since BLUE is water-soluble, itshould not beapplied du ring rain orw hen rain ispredicted.2 4 WHITE Tordon 101)

a. Composition.20 percent picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-picolinic acid)an d80 percent 2,4-D, both in thef ormof triiso-propanolamine salts.

b. Physical an d Chemical Properties.Physical state Viscous liquidColor D ark brownSolubility Insolubleinoils; activecomponents a re s o lu -ble in waterWeight 9.6pounds/gallonWeight of active ingredi-ents (a s acid equiva-lent) :Picloram 0.54 pound/gallon2,4-D 2. 0pounds/gallonR emain d er consists of water,wetting agent,an d other inertingredients

Effect on materials:M etals NoncorrosiveOther materials used inspray equipment N oncorrosive

c. Physiological Properties.(1) WHITE is readily absorbed byfoliagean d the root system and isquickly transportedthroughout theplant.(2 ) Since soil microorganisms have littleffect on the componentsofWHITE, thisagentismore persistentin soils thanO R A N G EorBLUEan d losses from soils occur principallybyleaching.In sparsely vegetated areas,when applied at raused for defoliation, WHITEmay persistinsoilsfor as longas 1 year. It issubject toonly limiteddecomposition by sunlight and ultraviolet radia-tion.(3) Testsindicate that asingle direct expo-sure to a spray ofW H I T E ofnormal concentra-tion would not constitute a percutaneous orinhalation hazard. Thischemical isconsiderednontoxic and nothazardous to humans, animals,

or fish.d. Defoliant Capability. W H I T Eiseffectiveprincipally on broad-leaved herbaceous plantsan dparticularly on woo dy plants. How ever,effectsofth e agent develop slowlyonwoody plantsan dfulldefoliation may not occurfo rseveral months after

spi-ay-application. Temperate zone conifers ar ealso susceptible to W H I T E bu tdefoliationia de-layed. M ost grassesan dmonocotyledonousplants,including n i p a p al m, are resistant toW H I T E .e. Anticrop Capability. WHITE is notrecom-mended for use oncrops becauseof itspersistencein soils.

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F M 3 -3

CHAPTER 3CONDITIONS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HERBICIDES

4

3-1. GeneralEffectiveness of herbicides will be determined bytype of vegetation in the target area, herbicideselected for use, the rate of application, and thegrowth stage of vegetation.3-2. Target VegetationTarget vegetation will vary from dense tropicalevergreen forests to open forests consisting ofboth evergreen and deciduous vegetation. D ensityof forests may range from a single-layer of vege-tation to multilayered canopies and may consistof a single plant species or of many species oftrees, shrubs, vines, bamboos, or palms. Respo nseto herbicides will vary with the mixtures ofspecies and the complexity of the forest cover.Species differ widely in their response or suscep-tibility to the systemic herbicides ORANGE andWH IT E . The long-term effectiveness of herbicidetreatments will be influenced by the proportion ofresistant species. Some forest vegetation can beeffectively defoliated for 4 to 12 months with asingle application of chemical. Repeat applicationsmay be needed to maintain long-term defoliation,particularly in multilayered canopies. Secondaryforests or scrub with a single layer may showbetter canopy penetration and m ore plant damagethan forests with several layers.

3-3. Selection of HerbicideInformation presented below will help analystsselect the most efficient agent for use in h erbicideoperations.

a. W HI TE produces a slower initial defoliationresponse and a slower rate of regrowth thanORANGE. Foliage will become discolored orbrown within 2 to 4 weeks after being sprayedwith WHITE, and within 1 week after beingsprayed with ORANGE.

b. The oil-soluble herbicide, ORA N GE , is moreeffective under moist, rainy conditions than thewater-soluble herbicides, WHITE and BLUE.AGO 3250A

ORANGE is not readily washed off foliage andwill penetrate waxy-surfaced leaves more effi-ciently than the w ater-soluble herbicides.c. BLUE is a rapid, short-term defoliant ofbroad-leaved herbaceous or woody plants or grassyvegetation.d. ORANGE and WHITE are effective defoli-

ants of broad-Ieaved, deciduous forests.e. Evergreen, conifer forests are more suscep-t ib le t o W H I T E t ha n O R A N G E .f. ORANGE is effective primarily againstbroad-leaved crops but it can also be used to con-trol broad-leaved weeds.g. BLUE is effective primarly against cereal

or grain crops.h. Most spray missions will be carried out on

targets with mixed forest vegetations; however,targets may consist of a single, dominant planttype. Ex amples and recommended herbicides are :

N ipa palm, frequently found with mangroves,provides a dense screen along waterways. Itcan be controlled successfully only byORA N GE , but it responds much more s lowlythan other vegetation.

Elephant grass can be controlled by BLUEdeposited at high rates. Bamboos of various types are difficult tocontrol. Some species may be defoliated byrepeated applications of BL U E , but the plants

are not killed, and the clumps of stems aloneprovide effective concealment. Broad-leaved, annual crop plants as a target

can be treated as a single species since theyare uniformly killed by ORA N GE applied atrates used for defoliation.i. Selection of herbicide may be influenced bythe proximity of agricultural crops to the target.3-4. Rate of Application

a. Application rate as used in this manual is3-1

FM 3-3

CHAPTER 3CONDITIONS INFLUENCING TH EEFFECTIVENESS OFHERBICIDES

3 1. GeneralEffectiveness of herbicides willbe determinedbytype of vegetation in the target area, herbicideselected for use, the rateof application, and thegrowth stageof vegetation.32. Target VegetationTarget vegetation will vary from dense tropicalevergreen forests to open forests consisting ofboth evergreen an ddeciduous vegetation. Densityof forests mayrangefrom asingle-layer of vege-tation to multilayered canopies and may consistof a single plant species or of many species oftrees,shrubs, vines, bamboos,orpalms. Responseto herbicides will vary with the mixtures ofspecies and the complexity of the forest cover.Speciesdiffer widely in their response or suscep-tibility to the systemic herbicides ORANGE andWHITE. The long-termeffectivenessof herbicidetreatments will beinfluenced by the proportionofresistant species. Some forest vegetation can beeffectively defoliated for 4 to 12 months with asingle applicationofchemical. Repeat applicationsmay be needed tomaintain long-term defoliation,particularly in multilayered canopies. Secondaryforests or scrub with a single layer may showbettercanopy penetration andmore plant damagethan forests with several layers.3 3. Selection of HerbicideInformation presented below will help analystsselect th emostefficient agent for use in herbicideoperations.

a. WHITE produces aslower initialdefoliationresponse and a slower rate of regrowth thanO R A N G E . Foliage will become discolored orbrow n within 2 to 4 weeks after being sprayedwith WHITE, and within 1 week after beingsprayed withO R A N G E .6. The oil-soluble herbicide,O R A N G E ,is moreeffective under moist, rainy conditions than th ewater-soluble herbicides, WHITE an d BLUE.

O R A N G E is not readily washedoff foliagean dwill penetrate waxy-surfaced leaves moree f f i -cientlythan the water-soluble herbicides.c. BLUE is a rapid, short-term defoliantbroad-leaved herbaceousorwoody plantsor gravegetation.d. O R A N G E and WHITE ar eeffective defoli-

ants ofbroad-leaved,deciduous forests.e. Evergreen, conifer forests are more suscep-tibletoWHITE than ORANGE./. O R A N G E is effective primarily againstbroad-leaved crops but it canalso beused tocontrolbroad-leaved weeds.g. BLUE iseffective primarly against cerealor grain crops.h. Most spray missions willbe carried out ontargets with mixed forest vegetations; however,

targets m ay consist of a single, dominant planttype. Examplesand recommended herbicides Nipa palm,frequentlyf ound withmangroves,provides a dense screen along waterways. can be controlled successfullyonly byO R A N G E ,but itresponds much more slowlythan other vegetation. Elephant grass can becontrolled bydeposited at high rates. Bamboos of various types aredifficult control. Some species may be defoliated byrepeated applicationsofBLUE,but theplantsare notkilled,and the clumpsof stems aloneprovide effective concealment. Broad-leaved, annual crop plants as aca n betreated as a single species since theyar e uniformlykilled by ORANGE appliedatratesusedfordefoliation.i.Selection of herbicide may beinfluenced by

theproximityofagricultural crops to the targ34. Rate o f Application

a. Application rate as used in this manualAGO 32SOA 3-19

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3 -3

ective concentration on target vegetation.Note. To convert gallons per acre to gallons peror examp le 3.0 gpa X

b. Tests with ORANGE at rates of 1.0 to 6.0

gpa will

3-5, Growth Stage of VegetationThe effectiveness of systemic herbicides (plantgrowth regulators) is influenced by the growthstage of vegetation in the target area. Becausesuch agents depend upon movement of the chemi-cal from the foliage to other parts of the plant,they are most effective when applied to activelygrowing vegetation. For similar reasons, systemicherbicides are effective against young plants.In tropical areas, plants are dormant during dryseasons when moisture in soils is insufficient forcontinued active growth; in temperate zones, thesame condition results from low temperatures.Therefore, a systemic herbicide applied during thedormant season takes longer to produce a signifi-cant response and generally is not as effective asthe same concentration applied during the grow-ing season. Contact herbicides normally do not killperennial woody or herbaceous plants and, in thetropics, new foliage may develop in 30 to 90 days.ORANGE and WHITE are systemic herbicides,BLUE is a contact herbicide.

GO 33250A

3-3e amount of agent,expressed as gallons pe r ( g p a) , thatmust bedispersed toobtain an concentrationon targetvegetation.

Note. To convert gallons pe racre togallons pe r gpa by 2.5; forexample 3.0 gpa x6 = 7.5gallons perhectare.A p p e n d i xB is aconversion

b. Testsw i t h O R A N G E at ratesof 1.0 to 6.0a showed increased defoliation with higher rates. Tropical-zone forests withcanopies require 3.0 gpa anderature-zon e forests can beadequ atelyde- 1.0 to 1.5gpa. Application ratesofB LU E orO R A N G E onsuscepti-ecrops may besufficient;however, 3.0 gpawille higher assurance ofadequa te coverageandeffectsth an1.0gpa.fore, for general use,anapp lication rateof O R A N G E ,BL U E,orW H I T Eisrecom- for defoliationmission s;and a rateof 3.0 O R A N G Eor B LU Eisrecommendedfo r

3-5. GrowthStage of VegetationThe effectivenessof systemic herbicides (plantgrowth regulators) isinfluenced by the growthstage of vegetation in the target area.Becausesuchagentsdepend upon movementof thechemi-cal from th e foliage toother partsof the plant,they are mosteffective when applied toactivelygrowing vegetation. Forsimilar reasons, systemicherbicides areeffective againstyoung plants.In tropical areas,plants aredormant during dryseasons when moisture insoilsisinsufficientfo rcontinued active growth;intemperate zones, th esame condition resultsfrom lo w temperatures.Therefore, asystemic herbicide applied during th edormant season takeslonger toproduce asignifi-cant response andgenerally is not aseffective asth e same concentration applied duringth egrow-ing season. Con tact he rbicide s norm allydo notkillperennial woody orherbaceous plants and,in thetropics, new foliage ma ydeve lopin 3 0 to 90days.O R A N G E and W HI TE aresystemic herbicides,BLUE is a contact herbicide.

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FM 3-3

CHAPTER 4C OM M A N D A N D C ON T R OL O F H E R BI CI D E O P E R A T I ON S

4-1. Generala. National policy will govern the use of herbi-cides in a theater of operations. W hen the decisionto use these agents has been made, commanderswill receive the necessary authority throughcommand channels. Specific guidance for their usewill include the level of command that may ap -prove herbicide o perations.b. The employment of herbicides for militarypurposes must be judiciously controlled. M any un-foreseen and undesirable problems may ariseunless the user is thoroughly familiar with thesocioeconomic and political implications the typeof vegetation to be attacked, the best herbicide touse, and the m ost efficient mode of dissemination.The user must know w hich chemicals will producethe desired level of defoliation on vegetation in aparticular target area.c. Close staff coordination and planning are es-sential to enable the subordinate commander tomake the proper decision. A key staff element isthe G5/civil military operations section, whichperforms the dual functions of civil affairs andpsychological operations (PSYOP). The civilaffairs function includes all activities that mightaffect the relationship between the military, thecivil government, and the people of the area. Asfor PSY O P, every action taken by the governmentand its military forces has a psychological impacton the populace and must be considered in all

planning activities. PSYOP is an effective toolthat can be employed before, during, and afterthe conduct of military operations. When suchoperations involve civilians and enemy forces,PSYOP can assist by informing the target popu-lation of what can be expected in the area, and ofinstructions and actions that will minimize struc-tural, crop, and plant damage and nonmilitarycasualties. To achieve national objectives, therewill be situations where short range tactical ad-vantages and expediencies should be sacrificed infavor of long range goals. For example, firepowermust be used with discretion to minimize non-

combatant casualties. Employment of herbicidescapable of causing widespread crop and plantdamage can have a disastrous effect on civiliansupport and attitudes, post hostility, rehabilita-tion, and economic recovery.4-2. Herbicide Operation RequestWritten command directives prescribe policies, re-sponsibilities, and procedures governing the oper-ational employment of herbicides. Requests forcrop destruction or defoliation are prepared inaccordance with these directive by units desiringthis support. The following information should beincluded in these requests :

a. Overlays or annotated photographs depictingthe exact area. Figure 4 is an example overlay.b. Target list.(1) Description of the area (to include the

district, county, state, section, province, or otherpolitical subdivision).(2) UTM grid coordinates.(3) Length and width or area of the target.This may be expressed in meters, acres, or hec-tares.(4) Type of vegetation crop (to includeplanting and harvest times for crops).(5) Recomm ended herbicide.(6) Recomm ended delivery system.c. Enemy situation in and near the target area.d. Location of food crops or other vegetationthat the user of herbicides does not want dam aged

or destroyed.e. Psychological operations considerations. Forinformation on psychological operations, tech-niques, and procedures, see FM 33-5.f. Civil affairs considerations direct impact onhuman and animal users of products of plants tobe damaged or destroyed and indirect impacts oncommerce, fishing, transportation, and other eco-nomic aspects of communities affected; and ac-

tions to be taken during and after proposednre 220A -1

FM 3-3

CHAPTER 4COMMANDAND CONTROL OFHERBICIDE OPERA TIONS

4 1 Genera la. National policy will govern the use of herbi-cidesin atheaterofoperations. When thedecisionto use these agents hasbeen made, commanderswill receive the necessary authority throughcommand channels.Specific guidancefo r theirusewill in clud e the level of comm and thatmay ap-prove herbicide operations.6. The employmentof herbicidesfo r militarypurposes must bejudiciously controlled. M anyun-foreseen and undesirable problems may ariseunless the user is thoroughly familiar with thesocioeconomic and political implications, the typeof vegetation to beattacked, thebest herbicide touse, and the mostefficientmodeof dissemination.The user must know which chemicalswillproducethe desired level of defoliation on vegetationin aparticular target area.c. Closestaff coordinationand planningare es-sential to enable the subordinate commander tomake the proper decision. A keystaff elementisth e GS/civil military operations section, whichperforms th e dual functionsof civilaffairsan dpsychological operations ( P S Y O P ) . T he c iv ilaffairs function includes all activities that mightaffect the relationship between the military, thecivil gov ernmen t, and the peopleof the area.A sfor PSYOP, every action taken by thegovernmentan d its military forces has apsychological impacton th e populacean d mustbe consideredin all

planning activities. PSYOP is aneffective toolthat can be employed before, during , and afterthe conduct of military operations. When suchoperations involve civilians and enemy forces,PSYOP can assist by informing the targetpopu-lation of wh at can be expected in the area, and ofinstructions an d actions thatwill minimize struc-tural, crop, and plant damageand nonmilitarycasualties. To achieve national objectives, therewill be situations where short range tactical ad-vantages an d expedienciesshouldbesacrificedinfavor of long range goals.F or example,firepowermust beused with discretiontominimize non-

combatant casualties. Em ployment of herbicidescapable of causing widespread crop and plantdamage can have a disastrouseffect on civiliansupport and attitudes,post hostility, rehabilita-tion, and eco nomic recovery.4 2 Herbicide Operation RequestW ritten co mm and directives prescribe policies,r e-sponsibilities, an d procedures governing th eoper-ational employment of herbicides. Requests fo rcrop destruction or defoliation are prepared inaccordance with thesedirective byunits desiringthis support. Thefollowing information shouldbeincluded in these requests:

a. O verlays or anno tated photographs depictingthe exactarea.Figure 4-1 is anexample overlab. Target list.(1) Description of the area (toinclude the

district, county, state,section, province,orotherpolitical subdivision).(2 ) UTM grid coordinates.(3) Length andwidth or areaof the targThis may be expressed in meters, acres, orhec-tares.(4) Type of vegetation crop (to includeplanting and harvest timesfo r crops).(5 ) Recomm ended herbicide.(6) Recom mended delivery system.c. Enemy situationin andnear the target ard. Location offood cropsor other vegetationthat the user of herbicidesdoes notwant damaged

or destroyed.e. Psychological operations considerations. Forinformation on psychological operations, tech-niques,and procedures,see FM 33-5./. Civilaffairs considerations:direct impact onh u m a n an d animal usersof productsof plantstobe dama ged or destroyed and indire ct impactsoncommerce, fishing, transportation, and other eco-nomic aspects of communitiesaffected;and ac-

tions to be taken during an d after proposed4 1

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Unnamed Stream

Citrus Plantation1 0 k m

9601

F M 3 -3TARGET OVERLAY: DEFOLIATION REQUEST NO. ONE ARGETS NO: 1 & 2REFERENCE: MAP, SOUTH VIETNAM, 1:50,000, SHEET 5000, 5010

Village5km

T o w n3km

Village4km Copy 1 of 3 copiesSheet 1 of I sheet

INCL 1Figure 4 1. Example target overlay.

his facet of planning because of its complexity.icer or the com mand er of the civil affairs or detailed information on civil affairs, see FMshould participate in 1-10.

GO 8260A

FM3 3

T A R G E T O V E R L A Y :D E F O L I A T I O NR E Q U E S TN O . O N ET A R G E T SN O :R E F E R E N C E : M AP,S O U T HV I E T N A M1:50,000,S H E E T 5000, 5010 2

Town3 k m

t r e m

C i t r u s P l a n t a t i o nf o u i

V i l l a g e4 k m C P X 1 of 3c o p i e sS h e e t 1 o f_1s h e e t

INC L 1Figure 4-1. Example target overlay.

operations. Thecommand civil affairsofficer or the commander of the civilaffairsresponsiblefor the area should participate inthis facet of planning because of its complexity.F or detailed information oncivil affairs, see FM41-10. ( 1

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CHAPTER

M E T H OD S OF D I S SE M I N A TI ON

5-1. Aerial Spray SystemsHerbicide operations requiring the use of theAJA45Y-1 or PAIJ-7113 spray tank must be co-ordinated with the Air Force Liaison Officer.

a. A/A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser.1) Status. Standard, Air Force.2) Description. The A/A45Y-1 defoliant

dispenser (fig. 5-1) is a modular spray system forinternal carriage in cargo aircraft. It is used pri-marily with the C-123 aircraft but can be adaptedfor use in the C-130. The module consists of a1,000-gallon tank, a 20-horsepower gasolineengine, and a pump mounted on a frame palletequipped with removable wheels. A single moduleis used in the C--123; two such modules can beused in the C-130, and each is operated from aconsole which incorporates pump and spray re-lease controls. The C-123 system uses wing boomsand a tail boom. Each wing boom is 22 feet longand 1.5 inches in diameter with 12 regularlyspaced check valve nozzles. These booms extendfrom the engine nacelles toward the wing tips.The tail boom is 20 feet long and 3 inches in diam-eter with 4 check valve nozzles spaced at 6-inchintervals on each end. It is anchored in the centerof the fuselage near the aft cargo door. During anoperational mission, the system's gasoline engineis started. A recirculating line permits the engine-pump combination to be operated without actualdissemination. When the aircraft is over the tar-get, a motor-operated gate valve in the disseminat-ing line is opened so that the agent can flow tothe spray nozzles.

3) Characteristics.Weight of tank (empty) 1,420 poundsWeight of tank filled with:O R A N G E 1 ,585 pounds

BLUE 1,870 poundsWHITE 0,540 pounds

Agent capacity 60 gallonsLength of tank 61 inchesCradle width 54 inchesFlow rate ariable (100 to 285gallons/minute)

4) Area coverage. Using the followinparameters, the A/A45Y-1 can cover a swatabout 88 meters by 16 kilometers or 1.4 squarkilometers (351 acres).Aircraft speed 30 knotsRelease altitude 50 feetFlow rate 30 gallons/minute

To achieve predictable deposits of agent, spraymissions should be conducted under inversion toneutral atmospheric conditions and calm windspeed. Direction of flight should be into the wind

5) Uses. The A/A45Y-1 system can be usedfor defoliation along lines of communicationcanals, river channels, boundary zones, and largeforested areas where improved visibility is desired. It can also be used to destroy enemy-heldcrop targets.

b. PAU-7/B Spray Tank.1) Status. Standard, Air Force.2) Description. The PAU-7/B tank (fig5-2) was designed for external carriage on highperformance aircraft. It consists of three stainlessteel sections welded together : nose cone, centesection, and aft hemisphere. An aluminum tai

cone, which houses the electrical components, provides an aerodynamic contour to the tail. Ram aienters through a 2.78-inch diameter butterflyvalve near the forward end of the center sectionand flows through an exit port that uses anothe2.78-inch diameter butterfly valve. An aluminumdissemination boom, fitted with flexible, wirereinforced tubing and extending from the exiport in the aft section of the tank, is lowered 30below the horizontal before agent is disseminatedThe tank has an on-off capability.

3) Characteristics.Weight of tank (empty) 6? poundsWeight of tank filled with:

O R A N G E 283 poundsBLUE 331 poundsWHITE 106 pounds

Agent capacity 60.4 gallonsLength of tank 85 inchesAGO 3250A -1

FM 3-

CHAPTER 5METHODS OF DISSEMINATION

5 1 Aerial Sp raySystem sHerbicide operations requiring the use of theA/A45Y-1or PAU-7/B spraytank must be co-ordinated with the Air ForceLiaisonOfficer.

a.A/A45Y-1 InternalDefoliant Dispenser.(1) Status. Standard, Air Force.(2 ) Description. The A/A45Y-1defoliant

dispe nser (fig. 5-1) is amodular spraysystem forinternal carriage incargo aircraft. It isused pri-marily with th e C-123aircraft but can beadaptedfor use in the C-130. Themodule consists of a1,000-gallon tank, a 20-horsepower gasolineengine, and a pu mp mounted on aframe palletequipped with removable wheels.Asingle mod uleis used in the C-123;tw o such modules can beused in the C-130, an deach isoperated from aconsole which incorporates pump and spray re -lease controls. TheC-123 system useswing boomsand a tail boom. Each wingboomis 22feet longand 1. 5 inches in diameter with 12 regularlyspaced check v alve nozzles. These boom s extendfrom th e engine nacelles toward th ewing tips.The tailb oom is 2 0fe et l ongand 3inch esindi am -eter with 4 check valve nozzles spaced at6-inchintervals oneach end.It isanchored in thecenterof the fuselage near the aftcargo door. D ur inganoperational mission, th esystem's gasoline engineisstarted.Arecirculating line permitstheengine-p u m p combination to beoperated without actualdissemination. When th eaircraft isover th etar-get,amotor-operated gatevalvein thedisseminat-in g line is opened so that theagent can flow tothe spray nozzles.

(3) Characteristics.Weightof tank empty) 1,420 poundsWeight of tank filled with:O R A N G E 11,585poundsB L U E 11,870poundsWHITE 10,540poundsAgent capacity 950 gallonsLength of tank 151 inchesCradle width 54 inchesFlow rate Variable(100 to 285gal l ons / mi nut e)

(4 ) Area coverage. Using th e followingparameters, the A/A45Y-1 cancover aswaabout 88 meters by 16kilometers or 1.4squarekilometers (351 acres).Aircraft speed 130 knotsRelease altitude 150feetFlow rate 23 0 gallons/minute

To achieve predictable deposits of agent,spraymissions should be conducted und er inversiontoneutral atmospheric conditionsand calm wind -speed. Direction of flightshouldbeintothewind.

(5 ) Uses. The A/A45Y-1syste mcan beus edfo r defoliation along linesof communication,canals, river channels, boundary zones,andlargeforested areas w here impro ved visibility is de-sired. It can also beused todestroy enemy-heldcrop targets.6. PA U-7/B Spray Tank.

1) Status. Standard, Air Force.(2 ) Description. The PAU-7/Btank (fig5-2) w as designed fo rexternal carriage onhighperformance aircraft. Itconsistsofthree stainlesssteel sectionswelded together: nose cone, centers ec tion, and a ft he m is phe re . A n a lum inum tacone, which housestheelectrical components, pro-vides an aerodynamic contourto thetail. Ram airenters through a 2.78-inch diameter butterflyvalve near the forw ard end of thecenter sectionan d flows through anexit port thatuses anothe2.78-inch diameter butterfly valve.A na lum inumdissemination boom, fit ted withflexible,wire-

reinforced tubing an d extendingfrom th e exitport in the aft section of thetank, islowered30below the horizontal before agentisdisseminated.The tank has anon-off capability.(3 ) Characteristics.

Weight of tank (empt y ) 567poundsWeight of tankfilled with:

O R A N G E 2 28 3 p o u n d sBLU E 233 1 poundsWHITE 2106 poundsA g e n t capacity 160.4 gallonsLength of tank 185inches

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FM 34Diameter of tank 2.5 inchesFlow rate 60 gallons/minute

4) Area coverage. Using the followingparameters, the PAU-7/B can cover a swathabout 52 meters by 7.5 kilometers or 0.4 squarekilometer (97 acres).Aircraft speed 50 knotsRelease altitude 50 feetFlow rate 60 gallons/minute

5) Uses. The PAU-7/B spray system canbe used for small-scale defoliation missions, vege-tation control in base perimeters, minefields, am-munition dumps, artillery positions, and lines ofcommunication. The system has also been usedfor small-area crop destruction.c. AGRINAUTICS Spray System.

1) Status. Not type-classified for herbicides.

(2) Description. The AGRINAUTICS(formerly AGAVENCO) spray unit (fig. 5-3) isself-contained and can be Used in the Army UH-12 and UH-1D, the US Navy UH-1E, and theUS Air Force UH-1F helicopters. It can be in-stalled in, or removed from, the aircraft in amatter of minutes because it is merely tieddown to installed cargo shackles, and no modifi-cations are required for its use. The sprayer is acommercial item that can be used to disseminateinsecticides or herbicides. Essential features are:

Fiberglass tank (200-gallon) Cradle or support structure 10 x 4 x 3.4 feet Externally mounted, six-blade w indmill pump Spray booms, 32 feet long, with positions for56 nozzles.

(3) Characteristics.Weight of system (empty) 00 pounds

Figure 5-1. 41445Y-1 internal defoliant dispenser.5-2 G O 1 1 2 1 0 A

FM 3-3Diameter of tank 22.5inchesFlow rate 36 0gallons/minute

(4 ) Area coverage. Using the followingparameters, the PAU-7/B cancover a swathabout 52meters by 7.5 kilometers or 0.4 squarekilometer (9 7 acres).Aircraft speed 65 0 knotsRelease altitude 150feetFlow rate 360 gallons/minute

(5 ) Uses. The PAU-7/Bspray system canbe used for small-scale defoliation missions, vege-tation control in base perimeters,minefields, am -munition dumps, artillerypositions, and linesofcommunication. The system has alsobeen usedfo r small-area crop destruction.c. AGRINAUTICS Spray System.

(1) Status.N ottype-classifiedfo rherbicides.

(2 ) Description. The A G R I N A U T I C S( f o r m e r l y A G A V E N C O ) sprayunit (fig. 5-3) isself-contained and can beused in theA r m y UH-1B and UH-lD, the USNa v y UH-1E, and theUS Air ForceUH-1F helicopters. It can be in-stalled in, or removed from, theaircraft in amatter of minutes because it is merely tieddown to installed cargo shackles,and nomodifi-cations are required for its use. The sprayer is commercial item that can beused to disseminateinsecticides or herbicides. Essentialfeatures are:

Fiberglass tank (200-gallon) Cradleor support structure 10 X 4 X 3.4feet Externally mounted, six-blade windmill pump Spray booms, 32feetlong, with positions for56 nozzles.

(3) Characteristics.Weight of system (empty)_ _200 pounds

Figure 5-1. A/A45Y-1 internaldefoliant dispenser. 5-2 AGO 8260A

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Figure 5-2. PAU-71B spray tank.

Weight of tank filled with:O R A N G E 377 poundsBLUE 410 poundsWHITE 256 pounds

Agent capacity:M aximum capacity 95 gallonsOperating capacity 10 gallonsMaximum flow rate 75 gallons/minute(4) Area coverage. Using the following

parameters, the AGRINAUTICS spray systemcan cover a swath about 30 meters by 10 00 m etersor 30,000 square meters (7 acres) :

Helicopter speed-50 knotsRelease altitude-50 feetFlow rate 175 gallons/minute

Because of the man euverability of the U H-1 -serieshelicopters, the A GRI N A U TIC S normally is usedon small, irregular targets requiring severalpasses to achieve complete spray coverage.

(5) Uses. T he A G R I N A U T I CS spray systemcan be used for small-scale defoliation missions,vegetation control in base perimeters, minefields,ammunition dumps, artillery positions, and linesof communication. The system can also be usedfor small-area crop destruction missions.

d. Field Expedients. A number of field expedi-ent (jerry-rigged) devices have been developedfor use in helicopters to spray small areas such asfields of fire around perimeter defensive areas,helicopter landing sites, and crops. These devicesrange from a 55-gallon drum equipped with spraybar for temporary mounting across the skids of aUH-1B/D helicopter to a 400-gallon metal tankor 500-gallon collapsible fuel bladder with power-driven fuel transfer pump and improvised boomfor use on CH-47 aircraft.

e. Guidelines for Delivering Aerial Spray. Thebasic consideration in spraying herbicides forvegetation control is to deposit them precisely onthe selected target. Exact placement of the spray

is essential to secure full advantage of the herbcide and to prevent possible damage to crops other desirable vegetation near the target. Thfollowing guidelines have been developed for thA/A45Y-1 systems :

(1) M issions should be accomplished undinversion or neutral atmospheric conditions wiair temperature not to exceed 85F if possiblThese conditions usually occur in early morninhours. Spraying under lapse conditions will rsult in upward movement of fine drops with consquent drift and reduction of deposit.

(2) Winds should not exceed 10 knots aground level.(3) Spray should be released at altitudes o200 feet or less.(4) The spray should be coarse to reduce thproportion of small drops that may drift off target. (Mass median diameter (MMD) of spray300 to 350 microns.)(5) Flight paths should be oriented as nearlas possible into the wind when there is no tacticareason or advantage for crosswind delivery f (2

below).(6) Spray applications should not be mad

when it is raining or when rain is predicted.f. Spray Drift.

(1) Spray drift from herbicide missions mabe a problem when food crops of friendly personnel are near the target. Principal factors influencing drift distance are : droplet size, height orelease, windspeed, and other atmospheric condtions. Under the worst delivery conditions, driffrom herbicide spray should not cause damage tbroad-leaved crops at distances greater than thoslisted in table 5-1 . These distances include a buffezone between the area being sprayed and crops.

(2) In general, drift hazard can be reducein the following ways :

AGO 8250A

FM 3

Figure 5-S. PAU-7/Bapray tank.Weight of tank filledwith:

O R A N G E 1377 poun dsBLU E 1410 poundsW H I T E ' 1256 poundsAgent capacity:M a x im u m capacity 195gallons

Operating capacity 110 gallonsM a xi m um flow rate 175 gallons/minute(4 ) Area coverage. Using the followingparameters, the A G R I N A U T I C S spray systemcan covera swath about30metersby1000 metersor30,000 square meters (7 acres):

Helicopter speed50 knotsRelease alt i tude50 feetFlow rate 175 gallons/minuteBecauseof the man eu ve rab ilityof the UH--1-serieshelicopters, the A G R IN A UT IC S normally isusedon small, irregular targets requiring severalpasses to ach ieve complete spray coverage.

(5 ) Uses.T h e A G R I N A U T I C S spray systemcan be used fo r small-scale defoliation missions,vegetation control in base perimeters, minefields,ammunit ion dumps, artillery positions,andlinesof communication. The system can also be usedfo r small-area crop destruction missions.d. Field Expedients. A numbe rof field expedi-en t (jerry-rigged ) devices have been developedfor use in helicopters to spraysmall areassuch as

fields of fire around perimeter defensive areas,helicopter landing sites, and crops. Thesedevicesrange from a 55-gallon drum equipped with spraybar for temporary mounting across theskids of aUH-1B/D helicopter to a400-gallon metal tankor 500-gallon collapsiblefuel bladder with power-driven fuel-transfer pumpan d improvised boomfo r use onCH-47aircraft.e. Guidelinesfor Delivering Aerial Spray.Thebasic consideration in spraying herbicides forvegetation control is to deposit them preciselyon

the selected target.Exact placement of the spray

is essential to securefull advantage of the herbi-cide and to preventpossible damage tocropsother desirable vegetation near the targefollowing guidelines have been developedfor theA/A45Y-1 systems:(1) M issions should be accomplished und einversion or neutral atmospheric conditions wiair temperature not toexceed 85 F ifpossibleThese conditions usually occurin early morninghours. Spraying under lapse conditionswill re -sult inupw ard movementof finedrops with conse-quent drift an d reductionof deposit.(2) Winds should not exceed 10 knots atground level.(3 ) Sprayshould be released at altitudes of20 0 feet or less.(4 ) The sprayshould becoarsetoreducetheproportion of small drops thatm ay driftof f tar-get. (M a ss me di a n dia me te r (M M D )of spray30 0 to 350 microns.)(5) Flight pathsshouldbeoriented asnearlyas possibleinto th e wind when there is notacticareason or advantage fo rcrosswind delivery (/(below).(6 ) Spray applications should not bemadewhen it is raining orwhen rain ispredicted.

/. Spray Drift.(1) Spray drift from herbicide missionsmaybe a problem whenfood cropsof friendly person-nel are near the target.Principal factorsinfluenc-ing drift distance are: droplet size, height ofrelease, w indspeed , and other atmo spheric condi-tions. Under the worstdelivery conditions, drifrom herbicide sprayshould not cause damagetobroad-leaved cropsatdistances greaterthan thoslisted intable 5-1. These distances inc lud eabufferzone between the area being sprayedandcrops.(2) In general, drift hazardcan bereduced

in the following ways:AGO 3250A 5-315

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...Ie.?.

Figure 5-8. AGRINAUTICS spray system.

D isseminate defoliants at lower altitudes.D eliver in the crosswind direction.Perform m issions when the windspeed is lowor the wind blows away from desirable vege-tation.. Downwind Drift Distance in KilometersAveragewindspeed(knots)

Delivery systemA/A45Y-1 PAG-7/11 A G R 1 N A G T I C S

8 216 88 6 _ . 216 7 88 7 7 416 8 9 58 7 81 6 1 0 1 08 . 91 6 . 1 2

parameters: ircraft speed Flow rate Length of swath(knots) gai/min) km?1 5 0 00-285 bout 1650 60 bout 7.50 75 boat 1

5-2. Ground Dissemination Systemsa. Power-Driven, Decontamination ApparatusPDD A ).(1) Description. The PDDA is a truck ortrailer m ounted, self-contained spray system andis intended for dissemination of decontam inatingmaterial. These units can also be used to dissemi-nate herbicides. Several different E D D A modelsare avai able and all are adaptable for use onvegetation-control problems. Tank capacities ofthe different models vary from 200 to 400 or 600gallons. The larger models have power-take-offdriven pum ps capable of delivering herbicides at

the rate of 85 to 60 gallons per minute at pumppressures up to 800 pounds per square inch. D e-livery is through two hoses with adjustablenozzles. (Refer to TM 3-4230-208-12 and TM8-4230-209-12 for information on PDDAs.)(2) Use. PD D A units ear be used with herbi-cides to control vegetation on m inefields, perim-eter defenses, and roadsides. For local applicationof herbicides, BLUE and WHITE can be dilutedwith 2 gallons of agent in 50 gallons of water.

GO I250A

3-3-

Figure 5-S. AGRINAUTICS spray system.

Disseminate defoliants at lower altitudes. Deliver in the crosswind direction. Perform missions when thewindspeed is lowor thewind blows away from desirable vege-tation.5-1. DownwindDrift Distance in Kilometersll*

00000

Averagewindspeed(knots)8

168

168

16816816

Delivery system*A/A46Y-1

6778710

PAU-7/B

79810912

AGRINAUTICS232345

easured fromdownwind edge of target.should not bedamaged atdrift distances given in table.l ivery parameters: Aircraft speed Flow rate Length of swathknots) gal/min) km)IS O 100-285 about1655 0 360 about 7.5 60 176 about 1

5-2. Ground DisseminationSystemsa.Power-Driven Decontamination Apparatus PDDA),

(1) Description.The PDDA is a truck ortrailer mounted, self-contained spray system andisintended fo r disseminationof decontaminatingmaterial. These unitscanalsobeusedto dissemi-nate herbicides. Severaldifferent PDDA modelsare available and all are adaptable for use onvegetation-control problems. Tank capacities ofth e different models varyfrom 200 to 400 or 600gallons. The largermodels have power-take-offdriven pumps capable of delivering herbicides atthe rateof 35 to 60 gallons per minute at pumppressures up to 800pounds per square inch.D e-livery is through two hoses with adjustablenozzles. (Refer to TM 3-4230-203-12 and TM3-4230-209-12 for information onFDD As.)

(2 ) Use.PDDA unitscan 1beused with herbi-cides to control vegetation onminefields, perim-eterdefenses, and roadsides. Forlocal applicationof herbicides, BLUEan d WHITEcan be dilutedwith 2 gallons of agent in 50gallons of water.AG O 3260A

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F M ORA N GE can be mixed with diesel fuel at the rateof 5 gallons of agent to 50 gallons of diesel fuel.A pplications can be made at volumes of 50 to 1 00gallons of spray solution per acre as required tocompletely wet the foliage.

Caution: After using the PDDA for herbicideoperations, agent must be thoroughly removedfrom the tank, pumps, hoses, and nozzles. Fail-ure to remove residual herbicide will result indamage to rubber seals, hoses, and pumps. Oncethe PD D A has been used for herbicide operations,it is no longer safe for carrying water for drink-ing or showering. The PDDA should be taggedwith a warning note and a warning note enteredin the decon's logbook.

b. Hand-Operated Devices. Several hand-oper-ated pump and pressure devices are available todisperse limited amounts of herbicide. Normalapplication is a 1 :1 0 ratio of herbicide to dilutingsolution (water or diesel fuel). Since these de-vices are issued for insect control purposes, theymust be thoroughly cleaned after being used tospray herbicides so that food crops or commercial

plants will not be damaged when the devicagain used to spray insecticide.o. Field Expedients. Any combinationpumps and spray nozzles mounted on any vehthat can transport these items and the herbicidethe site of application can be used as ground fiexpedients. These expedient systems can also

used to spray diesel fuel or other flammable sstances to burn treated vegetation.d. Guidelines for Using Ground Disseminati

Systems. Using ground-based systems allows act placement of herbicide on the target and mimizes downwind drift of agent. Applicatioshould not be made if windspeed exceeds 1 0 knoor if it is raining or rain is predicted. The madisadvantages of ground-based systems for sprapplication are : the target area must be occupiand controlled by friendly troops ; the terramust be traversable by spray apparatus; and curent systems have only a limited standoff capbility. A 500-m eter buffer distance should be matained to avoid damage to desirable vegetationear the target.

JA G O 8 26 0 A

FM O R A N G Ecan be mix ed with dieselfuel at the rateof 5 gallons of agent to 50 gallonsof dieselfuel.Applications can be made at volumes of 50 to 100gallons of spray solution per acreasrequired tocompletelywet the foliage.

Caution: After using th e F D DA fo r herbicideoperations, agent must be thoroughly removedfrom the tank, pumps, hoses,andnozzles. Fail-ure to remove residual herbicide will result indamage to rubber seals, hoses,andpumps. Onceth e P D D Ahasbeen usedfo r herbicide operations,it is no longer safe for carrying waterfor drink-ing or showering. The PDDA should be taggedwith a warning noteand a warning note enteredin the decon's logbook.

6. Hand-Operated Devices. Several hand-oper-ated pump and pressure devices are available todisperse limited amounts of herbicide. Normalapplication is a 1:10 ratioofherbicide todilutingsolution (water or dieselfuel) . Since these de -vices are issued for insect control purposes, theymust be thoroughly cleaned after being used tospray herbicides so thatfood crops or commercial

plants will not be damaged when the deviceiaagain used to spray insecticide.c. Field Expedients. A ny combinationofpumps and spray nozzles moun tedon any vehithatcantransport theseitems and theherbicithe site of a pp licatio n can b e used as gro und fieexpedients. These expedient systems can also bused tospray dieselfuel or other flammable substancesto burn treated vegetation.d. GuidelinesforUsingGroundD isseminationSystems. Using ground-based systems allowseact placementofherbicideon the targetanmizes downw ind drift of agent. Applicatioshould not bemadeif windspeed exceeds10knots,or if it is raining or rain ispredicted. Themadisadvantages of ground-based systemsfo r spra

application are:the target area must beoccupan d controlled by friendly troops; the temustbetraversable by sprayapparatus; andcurent systems have only a limitedstandoff capa-bility.A500-meterbuffer distance shouldbemain-tained to avoid damage to desirable vegetatinearthe target.

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CHAPTER 6STORAGE, HANDLING, AND METHODS OF DISPOSAL

6r-1. Storagea. Herbicides are delivered in 55-gallon steel

drums marked with an identifying color bandORANGE, BLUE, or WHITE. Drums may bestored in either a horizontal or vertical position.Under prolonged storage, stockpiles should bechecked periodically to determine the cond ition ofthe containers; leaking or damaged drums shouldbe removed. ORANGE, BLUE, and WHITE arestable chemicals with 'a storage life of severalyears. The chem icals may outlast their metal con-tainers in prolonged storage.

Caution: D rums that have contained herbicidesMUST NOT be used to hold potable or agricul-tural water; preferably the drums should bedestroyed or have holes punched in them.b. Loading pumps and hoses used to transferherbicides from drums to storage or aircraft tanks

should be kept clean and free of dirt or otherforeign material that could clog or impair the air-craft spray system. T ransfer equipment should beflushed thoroughly with water after each use orafter changing from one ch emical to another.6-. Handling and Methods of Disposal

a. ORANGE(1) Handling.(a) ORANGE may be handled with ordi-nary sanitary precautions; however, this agent onskin or clothing or in the eyes should be removedpromp tly by rinsing copiously with clear water toprevent possible irritation. Contam inated clothingshould be washed before reuse.(b) Exposure of rubber or neoprene hoseto ORANGE results in deterioration. Transferhoses, pump seals, and other equipment parts sub-

jected to continued contact with this chemicalshould be checked often for deterioration unlessthey have been made from resistant materialssuch as Teflon or Viton.(2) Methods of disposal.(a) Spillage or spray deposit on aircraftand painted surfaces should be removed as soonA G O 3 2 5 0 A

as possible by washing the surfaces with difuel or other light petroleum o ils and then rinthem thoroughly with clear water.(b) Loading and storage areas whORA N GE has been spilled repeatedly may becontaminated by flushing them several times wdiesel fuel. The used diesel fuel should be draiinto settling basins or pits so that it will be inporated into the soil and decomposed by the acof soil microorganisms and sunlight. If possiheavily contaminated soils or settling basshould be deep-plowed to work the agent intosoil to aid in leaching, decomposition, or deacttion. (c) Containers should be removed frloading areas frequently to avoid damage or hard to nearby sensitive crops by concentravapors of the chemicals or by improp er use ofempty containers in agricultural areas. U sed c

tainers and surplus quantities of ORA N GE shobe buried in deep pits at locations where there wbe the least possibility of agent leaching into w asupplies or cultivated crop areas.b. BLUE.

(1) Handling.(a) BL U E can be safely handled usingdinary sanitary precautions to avoid prolongcontact with skin or clothing. Spillage shouldavoided but can be removed by liberal flushwith clear water.(b) The formation of precipitate in solots of agent BL U E has caused difficulties. D rushould be checked to insure that precipitatepresent, is not pumped into the spray systeBL U E should not be used in a spray system eithbefore or after WHITE unless the tank and stem have been thoroughly flushed with watermixture of these two agents results in the formtion of a precipitate consisting of the sodium sof 2,4-D (component of WHITE). When an ageis to be changed, the tanks or spray system shoube filled at least half full with clean water and tsystem exhausted of liquid before the new ageis added.

6

FM

CHAPTER 6STORAGE, HANDLING, AND METHODS OFDISPOSAL

61. Storagea. Herbicides are delivered in 55-gallon steeldrums marked with an identifying color bandO R A N G E , BLUE, or WHITE. Drums may bestored in either ahorizontal or vertical position.Under prolonged storage, stockpiles should bechecked periodicallytodeterminetheconditionofthe containers; leaking or damaged drums shouldbe removed.O R A N G E , BLUE, and WHITE are

stable chemicals with 'a storage life of severalyears.The chemicals may outlast their metal con-tainers inprolonged storage. aution Drums that havecontained herbicidesM U S T N O T b e usedtoholdpotableor agricul-tural water;preferably th edrums shouldbedestroyed or have holespunchedin them.b. Loading pumps and hosesused to transfer

herbicidesfrom drumstostorageoraircraft tanksshould be kept clean and free of dirt or otherforeign material thatcould clog orimpair the air-craftspray system.Transferequipment should beflushedthoroughly with water after each use orafter changingfrom one chemical to another.6-2. Handling and Methods of Disposal

a. ORANGE.(1) Handling. a) O R A N G E may be handled with ordi-nary sanitaryprecautions;however, this agent onskinorclothingor in theeyes should be removedpromptly by rinsing copiously with clear water toprevent possible irritation.Contaminated clothingshouldbe washed before reuse.(6 ) Exposure of rubber or neoprene hoseto O R A N G E results in deterioration. Transferhoses, pump seals, andother equipment parts sub-jected to continued contact with this chemicalshould be checkedoften fo r deterioration unlessthey have been madefrom resistant materialssuchasTeflon orViton.(2) Methodsof disposal.

(a) Spillage or spray deposit on aircraftand painted surfaces should be removed as soonAGO 8250A

as possible by washing the surfaces withfuel or other light petroleum oils and then rthem thoroughly with clear water.(6 ) Loading and storage areasO R A N G E hasbeen spilled repeatedlymay bcontaminated by flushing them several timesdiesel fuel. Theused dieselfuel shouldbe draininto settlingbasins or pits so thatporated into the soil and decomposed by the of soil microorganisms and sunlight. If poheavily contaminated soils or settlingshould bedeep-plowedtowork the agent soilto aid inleaching, decomposition, ordetion. (c ) Containers should be removed loading areasfrequently to avoid damage oard to nearby sensitive crops by concenvapors of thechemicals or by improper use oempty containers in agricultural areas. Used tainers an dsurplus quantitiesofO R A N G Eshouldbe buried in deep pits at locations where therewbethe least possibility of agent leaching into wsuppliesorcultivated crop areas.

6. BLUE.(1) Handling. a) BLUE can besafely handled usingdinary sanitary precautions to avoid prolocontact with skin or clothing. Spillage shoulavoided but can be removed by liberal flu

with clear water.(ft) The formation of precipitate inlots ofagent BLUEhas causeddifficulties. Drumshould be checked to insure that precippresent, is notpumped into the spray syBLUE should not beused in aspray systembefore or after WHITE unless the tank antemhave been thoroughlyflushedwith watemixture of these two agents resultsin the tion of a precipitate consisting of the sodiumof 2,4-D (componentof WHITE). Whenan agis to be changed, the tanks or spray systemshobe filled at leasthalffull with clean water andsystem exhausted ofliquid before the new agis added.

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M 3-3(2) Me thods of disposal.(a) Equipment used to apply BLUE

hould be thoroughly cleaned before being storedor discarded. Several flushings with soap or de-tergent water to which ammonia has been addedhould be followed by a clear rinse. For mostprevent the accumulation of rust or sediment.(b) Excessive spillage of BLUE in load-ng or storage areas should be removed by a

possible.c. WHITE.I) Handling.a) Ordinary precautions used for any

clear water. Contaminated clothing should bewashed before reuse.b) Tanks and spray systems should bethoroughly flushed with water before a period ofdisuse or before using agent BLUE b (1) above).

(2) Methods of disposal.(a) The picloram in WHITE is persistentin spray equipment, containers, and soil. Thus,full decontamination of equipment and areas sub-ject to spillage is extremely difficult. A vigorouscleaning with soap and water, ammonia water,and clear rinses and flushings is necessary. Equip-ment used for WHITE should not be used forothgr purposes such as applying fertilizers orinsecticides.(b) Loading and storage areas subject tochemical spillage may be partially decontaminatedby repeated washings with ammonia water and

flushings with clear water. Runoff water fromsuch flushings should be diverted into settlingbasins or restricted areas not likely to overflowonto crop land.

G O $U O A

FM 3-3(2) Methodsof disposal.(a ) Equipment used to apply BLUEshould be thoroughly cleaned before being storedor discarded. Several flushings with soapor de-tergent water to which ammoniaha s been addedshould befollowed by a clear rinse. For mostspray systems, a final rinse with dieselfuel m ay

prevent theaccum ulationof rustor sediment.(6 ) Ex cessive spillageof B LU Ein load-ing or storage areas should be removed by ahorough washing with clear water an d dilutedammonia.If possible,runoff orexcess watercon-ainingdiluted B LU Eshouldbe diverted into pitsr settling basins fo r incorporation into soil. Usedontainersan d residual chemicals shouldbeburied possible.c. WHITE.(1) Handling. a) Ordinary precautions usedfor any argicultural chemicalar e recommended WHITE. This agentmay bemildly to skin an d eyes on prolonged contact,d spillage on the skin shouldbe rinsed with

clear water. Contaminated clothingshould bewashed before reuse. b) Tanks an d spray 'systemsshould bethoroughly flushed with water beforea periodofdisuse or before using agent BL UE b(1) ab ove ).

(2 ) Methodsof disposal.(a) Thepicloramin W H I T E is persistentin spray eq uipm ent, containers, a nd soil. Thus,full decontaminationof equipmentan d areassub-ject to spillage is extremelydifficult. A vigorouscleaning with soap and water, ammonia water,an d clear rinses and flushings is necessary. Equip-m e nt used fo r WHITE shouldnot be usedfo rother purposes such as applying fertilizers orinsecticides.

( ) Loading an d storage areas subjecttochemical spillage may be partially decontaminatedby repeated washings w ith am monia water andflushings with clear water.Runoff water fromsuch flushings should be diverted into settlingbasins or restricted areas notlikely tooverflowonto crop land.

C

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APPENDIX AR E F E R E N C E S

A-1. Army Regulations (AR)310-25 ictionary of United States Army Terms (AD).310-50 uthorized A bbreviations and Brevity Codes.

A-2. Field Manuals (FM )3-1 hemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Support.33-6 sychological Operations Techniques and Procedures.41-10 ivil A ffairs Oper ations.

( TM )D econtaminating A pparatus, Pow er-D riven, Truck M ounted, 400-GallonM 9 .D econtaminating A pparatus, Power-D riven, Skid-M ounted, M ultipurposeN onintegral, 500-Gallon, M 1 2A 1 .

A. Technical Manuals3-4230-203-123-4230-209-12

A. Tables of Organization and Equipment (TOE)3-500 hemical Service Organization, Teams F B and PA .

AGO 3260A

FM 3

APPENDIX AREFERENCES

A l Army Regulat ions (AR)310-25 DictionaryofUnited StatesArmy Terms( A D ) .310-50 Authorized A bbreviationsandBrevity C odes.

A-2. Field Manuals (FM )3 1 Che mical, Biological andRadiological( C B R ) Support.33-5 Psychological O perations Techniques andProcedures.41-10 CivilAffairs Operations.

A-3. Technical M anu als (TM)3-4230-203-12 Decontaminating Apparatus, Power-Driven, TruckM o u n te d ,400-Gallon,M 9.3-4230-209-12 D econtaminating Apparatus, Pow er-D riven, Skid-M ounted, M ultipurposNonintegral, 500-Gallon, M 1 2A 1 .

A-4. Tables of Organization and Equipment (TOE)3-500 Chemical Service O rganization, TeamsFB and PA.

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AGO 3250A

A PPENDIX BC O N V E R S I O NC H A R T

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