2 ANNUAL REPORT - AITEC - Associazione Italiana … Econ… · · 2012-01-10ANNUAL REPORT ITALIAN...

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A N N U A L R E P O R TITALIAN TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC CEMENT ASSOCIATION

YEARLY MEMBERS’ MEETING Rome, July 16th 2009

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THE REFERENCE ECONOMIC PICTUREThe international contextThe Italian economyInvestments in construction

PRODUCTION AND THE MARKETCement consumption and production in EuropeCement consumption and production in ItalyThe cement’s imports and exportsThe distribution of production by technical characteristics and compositionThe destination of cementThe sector’s structureEnergy consumptionCement transport

ENVIRONMENTAL CODES AND LEGISLATIONEmissions trading – After KyotoREACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization of Chemicals)IPPC (Integrated Pollution Prevention Control) and BAT (Best AvailableTechniques: the revision of the cement BRef and of Directive 91/61/ECThe new Framework Directive on WasteThe recovery of materials and energy from civil and industrial wasteWaste: the AITEC Communication Plan

PROMOTIONAL AND POPULARIZING ACTIVITIESThe MICA Master’s: AITEC and Roma Tre University for concrete trainingopportunitiesInternational Concrete Design CompetitionInternational Concrete Design Master’s ClassThe forms of cement – PlasticityFEDERBETON and FEDERCOSTRUZIONI

ANNEXES - STATISTICAL TABLES

5567

111114192427293335

37374040

424244

4747

48495051

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The international context

In 2008 the world economy entered into recession owing to the propagationof the financial crisis into the real economy. This was principally at the expense of the

great industrialized countries, which were the hardest hit by the crisis, while the growth ofsome of the large emerging economies, while showing a slowdown, remained positive. During

the year just ended the United States displayed an increase in the Gross National Product of 1.1%, lessby more than one percentage point than that achieved in 2007. During that same period the Euro Area

countries showed an increase in their GNPs of 0.8%, as against 2007’s 2.6%. These negative data are the fruitof the sensible worsening of the outside economic picture that took place during the second half of 2008, which

also saw the worsening of the financial crisis and its transmission to the real economy through the credit channel.These factors, together with the fall in stock market indices and the increase in uncertainty as to future prospects,

brought about in the Euro Area too a heavy slowdown in the growth of demand, a fall in production and an increasein unemployment (8.1% as of last December).

Principal raw materials prices also underwent the effects of the crisis, displaying an up and down trend, in the first and secondhalves of the year, with the last half evidently betraying the effects of the ongoing crisis. During the first half of 2008, in fact,

raw materials prices grew considerably, pushing inflation on consumer goods up to 4.0%. During the second half of the year,with the drop in demand prices were strongly reduced and, with them, the inflation measured, which settled at 1.6% inDecember 2008. One illuminating example of these dynamics comes from the behaviour of oil price quotations: the oil quota-tion at half year was, in fact, around 97 dollars per barrel, but had had a value of 40 dollars in December as against the 147 dol-lars quotation reached just five months earlier. The effect of these price dynamics was a considerable attenuation of the fears ofinflationary pressures by such organs as the European Central Bank (BCE), which adopted a substantially restrictive approach tomonetary policy.During 2008, which could at this point be pictured as a “two-faced Janus”, the BCE at first countered the inflation process by rai-sing the reference interest rate to 4.25% to then reduce it to 2.5% at year’s end (and to 1.0 % during the last meeting held inMay 2009). Despite the relaxation of monetary policies by the principal Central Banks and the support operations performedon the economy by the governments of the principal industrialized countries through strongly expansionary tax policies, in 2009the world’s GNP is expected to be reduced to 1.6%, and international trade is estimated to contract by a good 13.2%. In theindustrialized countries in particular a contraction of the GNP of 3.9% is expected. Specifically, the most marked reductionin the GNP (down 6.0%) is foreseen in Japan, while for the United States’ economy a contraction of 3.6% is estimated andfor the Euro Area one of 3.7%. In the emerging economies, however, the GNP should grow by 1.5%. For 2009 the risksfor the world’s economy come first of all from the difficulties in which the international financial system finds itself,

which seem not to be entirely resolved. This is borne witness to by the behaviour of the stock markets, which arestill weak, even if after the first ten days of March 2009 stock market indices have shown a few timid signals of

recovery. In particular, there remains, strongly, the primary need to reactivate the normal mechanisms ofgranting bank credit to the private sector, and in particular to small and medium-sized companies, in

order to counter the impact of the financial crisis on the real economy. Forecasts locate the reco-very as starting in 2010, a year in which world growth is expected to reach 2.0%, while for 2011

a world growth of a little more than 4.0% is expected. Regarding forecasts for the EuroArea countries, the growth of the GNP should be 0.3% in 2010 and 1.7% in 2011.

In that same period international trade is expected to go back to a growth of1.5% and to 5.3% during the following year, while as regards

energy commodities oil quotations are projected at an ave-rage of around fifty dollars a barrel during the

two-year period 2010-2011.

THE REFERENCE ECONOMIC PICTURE

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Italy’s economy

In 2008 Italy’s GNP dropped by 1.0%, undergoing a contraction slightly more intense than that recor-ded in long-ago 1993, the last year in which the dynamics of her GNP had exhibited a negative sign.In reality some signals of weakness in the Italian economy had already emerged during the first partof 2008, tied both to economic situation factors, such as the increase in oil prices and the strongappreciation of the euro over the dollar, and to structural factors. Right from the third quarter andmore pronouncedly in the fourth, the financial crisis had produced its effects on the real economythrough the channel of foreign demand, which involved a strong dip in exports. Domestic demandtoo was quite weak during the second half of the year: fixed investments were reduced, in particu-lar those in machinery and means of transport, as was family consumption. After the slight recoveryshown during the third quarter, there was a new contraction. In the fourth quarter, then, all typo-logies of consumer goods displayed a marked reduction, in particular durable and semi-durablegoods.The importance of the slowdown in Italy’s economy during the last quarter of 2008 is borne witnessto by the industrial production index, which, corrected for the number of working days and for theseason, showed a fall of 8.1% below the fourth quarter of 2007, the worst result since after the war,with the sole exception of Autumn 1969. On the whole in 2008 industrial production dropped by3.1%. Such a slowdown in production could not but be reflected in the labour market too, with thenumber of the employed that, measured according to standard work units (net of unemploymentbenefits payments) recorded in 2008 a contraction of -0.1%, interrupting a growth that had gone onfor thirteen years.On the consumption front family buying decisions in 2008 were negatively conditioned by high infla-tion in the first part of the year and by the unfavourable behaviour of the labour market during thesecond part. On the average, family consumption contracted by 0.9% during the year, this toobecause of the effect of the strong slowdown in the growth of credit granted to families that, in2008, had been 0.8% relative to the 7.8% measured in 2007. This as a consequence of the contrac-tion in loans granted for the purchase of dwellings (-0.9%) which was not adequately balanced bythe increase in the consumer credit component (4.3%) or by that of “other” loans (2.8%).As regards fixed investments, these dropped by 3.0%: by 5.3% for those in machinery, and by 2.1%for those in means of transport. Also the degree of plant use appeared in progressive reduction and,therefore, also the production of instrumental goods displayed an unfavourable trend (down 2.7%).On the whole, to be underscored is how companies’ investments were penalized by the effects of thecredit crunch that has involved the Italian banking system.Regarding trade balances, in 2008 exports dropped by 3.7% owing to the effect of the strong slow-down in demand of the principal trade partners. However, prices of the exports increased by 5.0% ,confirming the peculiar nature of the nation’s production, which permits Italian companies to prac-tice higher prices than the competition’s. Imports underwent a volume contraction of 4.5%. Despitethe strong drop in prices of raw materials seen during the second part of the year, the imports defla-tor increased by 6.9%. On the whole there was a worsening in the exchange rates, with a trade defi-cit measured in terms of cif/fob that marginally increased (-0.7% of the GNP as against -0.6% in2007).On the whole the Italian economy turned out to be relatively less exposed, compared with the otherwestern countries, to the specific risks of the crisis, even if it heavily felt its indirect impact. Thus,despite the contraction recorded in the construction sectors, the growth of house prices only mode-rated during the first three quarters of 2008 (up 2.7%). For purposes of comparison, in 2008 homeprices had dropped by 2.6% in the United States and by 09.9% in the United Kingdom. The Italian

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banking system too appears comparatively less vul-nerable to the financial crisis, and the impact on bank balance sheetsremains limited relative to that of other countries owing to the effect of thelower internationalization of the country’s major credit institutions.If the analysis is transferred to Italian families, one cannot but note that they are lessindebted than is the average for the Euro area and this, probably, has limited the“flywheel” effect in the propagation of the crisis from the financial world to the real economy. Taking account of the persistent weakness of the international economic situation and of thenegative drag inherited from the previous year, estimates of the Italian GNP envisage for 2009 areduction of 4.2%. In this scenario investments in construction are expected to feel the effects of thecrisis in the real estate sector and of the end of the long cycle of expansion that characterized them,while net exports would furnish a negative contribution to the growth of the GNP owing to the reduc-tion in world trade; stocks on hand would bring a slightly negative contribution too. On the productivityfront, finally, the forecasts of the principal international bodies on the behaviour of value-added of industryin its strictest sense, for the year to come, envisage an overall contraction of 9.7%, with the construction sec-tor having to go through a 6.5% contraction.

Investments in construction

After the long cycle of expansions that characterized investments in construction, in 2008, according to ISTAT,there was a drop of 1.8% as a consequence of the crisis in the real estate market. In particular, there was a deci-ded slowdown in public-works and non-residential building construction that brought about, as a whole, a dropof 2.9% relative to the preceding year, while residential building construction displayed a 0.9% slowdown.Value-added in the construction sector underwent during the year a contraction (down 1.2%) which is anywayless intense than that for industry in the strict sense (down 3.2%), while production in the sector was reducedby 2.1% on the whole during the year, with a drop of 5.9% concentrated in the fourth quarter. Overall, theconstruction-investment deflators anyway grew by 3.6%, bringing out a behaviour substantially in line withthe increases recorded in the preceding two-year period.ANCE too confirms the drop in construction investments, with a slowdown, however, that is more decided,estimated at -2.3%. This estimate is the result of a special investigation conducted by ANCE, at the end ofNovember 2008, to verify the balance-sheet estimates for 2008 for its associated companies and to takeaccount of the change in the ongoing economic and financial situation. The results of the study broughtout a darker picture than that delineated by the earlier investigations conducted by the same associa-tion.Analysis of investments by sector of activity shows that public works is the one having the greatestdifficulty, with a reduction in investments made in 2008 of 5.1%. This result worsens the negativetrend ongoing since 2005: -2.9% in 2005, -3.0% in 2006, -2.9% in 2007. An inversion of trendwas, instead, unfortunately, recorded in the sectors of new residential building construction,which recorded a decrease of 3.8% as against a growth of 1.6% in 2007 and in non-resi-dential building construction with a -2.4% relative to the up 0.3% in 2007. For 2009 theANCE forecasts do not allow a glimpse of improvement, they rather expressing strongdips in all sectors of activity: down 9.2% for new residential building construction,and down 4.0% for maintenance operations in dwellings, with a total dropin the sector of -6.8%.

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Milioni di Euro / Millions of Euro

fabbricati non residenziali e lavori del genio civileabitazioni

residential buildings non residential buildings and public works

INVESTIMENTI NELLE COSTRUZIONI DAL 1999 AL 2008INVESTMENTS IN CONSTRUCTIONS FROM 1999 THROUGH 2008

ANDAMENTO DEGLI INVESTIMENTI NELLE COSTRUZIONI EVOLUTION OF CONSTRUCTION INVESTMENTS

171.110

80.644

90.466

20082006 2007 2007 2008

Milioni di Euro correnti - aggiustati per i giorni lavorativiMillions of current Euro - working days adjusted data

Variazioni % sull’anno precedente% Change over previous year

161.327

75.150

86.177

168.282

78.713

89.569

0,8

1,1

0,6

4,3

4,7

3,9

-1,8

-0,9

-2,7

1,7

2,5

1,0

Costruzioni / Constructions- abitazioni / residential

- fabbricati non residenziali e opere pubblichenon residential buildings and public works

(a) (b) (a) (b)

(a) in Euro concatenati; (b) in Euro correnti. / (a) in chained Euro; (b) in current EuroFonte: ISTAT, Conti Nazionali. / Source: ISTAT, National Accounts

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Gli investi-menti nelle costru-zioni

Una delle principali cause della perdita di dinami-smo dell’attività economica è stata la sensibile fre-nata del ciclo di accumulazione. La modesta crescitadegli investimenti fissi lordi sintetizza, però, dinamichedifferenziate tra le principali componenti.L’industria delle costruzioni ha assunto in corso d’anno unimportante ruolo di sostegno dell’attività economica, con-trastando gli impulsi recessivi provenienti dalle attivitàmanifatturiere.Complessivamente, gli investimenti in costruzioni hanno con-tribuito per oltre il 60% alla crescita degli investimenti fissilordi ed hanno registrato, per il terzo anno consecutivo, unprogresso anche se l’andamento appare orientato da un ridi-mensionamento.Sulla base delle stime di contabilità divulgate dall’IstitutoNazionale di Statistica, gli investimenti in costruzioni sonoammontati a 100.946 milioni di euro, con una crescita assolu-ta di 6.018 milioni rispetto al 2000, pari al 6,3% che, in pre-senza di un incremento dei prezzi impliciti del 2,6%, eviden-zia un tasso di crescita reale del 3,7%. Per apprezzare appie-no i dati sopracitati bisogna tenere conto delle rettificheapportate dall’ISTAT agli investimenti dell’anno 2000.La crescita quantitativa degli investimenti, precedente-mente stimata nella misura del 3,6% per l’intero setto-re, risulta ora pari al 5,6%. Secondo le nuove valuta-zioni gli investimenti in edilizia abitativa e nelle altrecostruzioni risultano accresciuti rispettivamente del5,2% e del 6,0% anziché del 2,5% e del 5,1%.L’Associazione Nazionale dei Costruttori Edili(ANCE) ha stimato che l’andamento dellenuove costruzioni (+6,0%) sarebbe origi-nato da tassi di crescita pari all’8,1%degli investimenti nei fabbricatinon residenziali destinati adattività economiche eal 3,0%

Cement consumption and production in Europe

The construction sector in Europe displays a sensible slowdown in the rate of growth in2008 over 2007, which, according to pre-balance sheet data disseminated by Euroconstruct,

settles at down 2.5% relative to the up 2.5% of the previous year.

This reversal was brought about to a large extent by the sharp slowdown of the countries that had rea-ched high production levels (Spain and Ireland in particular), acting as locomotives for the entire sector

at the continental level.

The sector’s negative behaviour translates into a dip in cement demand in Europe that, according to data dis-seminated by Cembureau, finished in the EU-27 area at 241 million tons with a decrease of 7.8%, which beco-mes 7.1% if consideration is taken only of the Cembureau countries. The crisis that seized the world economystarting from the last quarter of 2007 made its effects felt on the behaviour of per-capita cement consumptionin Europe.

Spain, in fact, which had acted as locomotive for consumption during the past years, recorded in 2008 a signifi-cant -26.2%. But the negative sign is to be seen in rather broadcast fashion throughout Europe, striking in par-ticular Ireland (down 21.4%), the United Kingdom (down 14.9%), Luxembourg (down 13.0%) and even countrieslike Turkey (down 5.5%), which over the past few years had chalked up interesting increases in consumption.The sole exceptions to this contraction scene are Sweden (up 6.9%) , Holland (up 5.4%) , Belgium (up 2.8%)and Austria (up 2,.7%), all countries having a per-capita level of consumption not particularly high and notable, then, to pick back up the continental consumption picture by their own increases.

Under the thrust of these negative consumption trends at the level of the individual country, per-capi-ta consumption recorded in the EU area brings out a decrease of 496 kg in 2008 as against the 539

kg of 2007. In light of the strong slowdown in the world economy in general, and in Europe in par-ticular, cement production in the Europe of the 27 underwent in 2008 an 8.7% contraction com-

pared with 2007, finishing up at an overall value of 253 million tons. The comprehensiveanalysis of the Cembureau countries brings out a decrease, overall, of 6.4% with a pro-

duction level of some 317 million tons.At the level of the individual countries, for production as for consumption, the

rather widespread negative sign is confirmed (in particular in Spain,United Kingdom and the Netherlands), with a few isolated excep-

tions that do not succeed in compensating for the dropseen in the other continental countries.

PRODUCTION AND THE MARKET

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In the extra EU Area the only significant countryable to keep up a positive sign, despite the drop in consumption, isTurkey (up 5.0%), whose production exceeds 53 million tons.

PRODUZIONE DI CEMENTO IN EUROPA CEMENT PRODUCTION IN EUROPE

2008 2007 2008 / 2007

000 t / 000 tonnes

Produzione / Production Variazioni % / Change %

Spagna / Spain Italia / ItalyGermania / GermanyFrancia / FranceRegno Unito / UKBelgio, NL, L / Belgium, NL, LAustria / AustriaAltri UE / Others EU

Totale Paesi UE 27 / Total EU countries 27

Turchia / TurkeySvizzera / Switzerland

Altri / Others

Totale Paesi / Total Countries

42.00243.03034.70121.71710.65911.6825.554

83.898

253.244

53.3804.284

5.700

316.608

54.72047.54234.41722.26812.60212.4065.397

87.965

277.317

50.8144.243

5.774

338.148

-23,2-9,50,8

-2,5-15,4-5,82,9

-4,6

-8,7

5,01,0

-1,3

-6,4

Fonte: Cembureau / Source: Cembureau

RIPARTIZIONE GEOGRAFICA DELLA PRODUZIONE EUROPEA DAL 2001 FINO AL 2008GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF EUROPEAN PRODUCTION FROM 2001 THROUGH 2008

Paesi UE 27EU Countries 27di cui Italia of which ItalyAltri Paesi Cembureau Other Cembureau countries

Totale Paesi / Total Countries

227.811

39.804

46.251

226.972

41.417

50.317

234.263

43.462

51.913

243.195

46.053

56.761

274.062

2001

277.289

2002

286.176

2003

299.956

2004

250.280

46.411

61.893

312.173

2005

267.118

47.875

62.644

329.762

2006

277.317

47.542

60.831

338.148 316.608

2007

253.244

43.030

63.364

2008

Fonte: Cembureau / Source: Cembureau Fonte: Cembureau / Source: Cembureau

000 t / 000 tonnes

CONSUMI DI CEMENTO PRO-CAPITE IN EUROPA PER CAPITA CEMENT CONSUMPTIONS IN EUROPE

2008 20072008 / 2007

kg

Variazioni % / Change %

Lussemburgo / LuxembourgSpagna / SpainIrlanda / IrelandGrecia / GreeceItalia / ItalyPortogallo / PortugalAustria / AustriaSvizzera / SwitzerlandTurchia / TurkeyBelgio / BelgiumNorvegia / NorwayFrancia / FranceFinlandia / FinlandPaesi Bassi / The NetherlandsDanimarca / DenmarkGermania / GermanySvezia / SwedenRegno Unito / Uk

Totale Europa / Total for Europe

1.255936928915719689709601571592417386359386337332275203

1.4431.2681.181

989804738690606605576430401392366340331257239

-13,0-26,2-21,4-7,5

-10,6-6,62,7

-0,8-5,52,8

-2,9-3,7-8,55,4

-1,00,56,9

-14,9

496 539 -8,0

Cement production and consumption in Italy

After the record year of 2006 and the slight dip of 2007, cement production in Italy showed asustained decrease, of 9.5%, bringing it back to the level recorded in 2003 with a value of 43.0million tons. The overall dip recorded in European cement production does not modify thepositions in the EU area, which once again assigns to Italy second position after Spain, whichis anyway discounting a drop that is decidedly more substantial: 23.2%.

Italy’s result is thus consistent with the general European picture, which reversed trend in2008, the total drop being 6.4%.

The production level was evidently struck by the economic recession in which the country felland that was manifested with particular vigour, in the last months of 2008, influencing con-sumer, investment and production choices. After three consecutive negative quarters, thefourth quarter marked the biggest drop with a decrease of 14.9%, sharpened furthermore bythe strong negative impact of the weather,.

On analyzing the distribution of production by geographic area it cannot escape us that theproduction decrease makes no distinctions of locale, being evident throughout the nation’sterritory with percentages running from down 12.0% in the Centre to down 6.1% in theSouth. The only regions with increases in production over 2007 are Calabria (up 7.4%) andBasilicata (up 2.4%), while the most significant decreases are found in Friuli and Latium (bothdown 15.3%), in Sardinia (down 14.3%) and in Umbria (down 13.2%).

Just as production did, cement consumption too contracted, displaying a decrease under 2007of -9.8%.

In 2008 clinker production in Italy was 31.1 million tons (down 7.8% under 2007), relative to adomestic consumption of 32.6 million tons.

In 2008 too the trend toward a decrease in the ratio between clinker consumption and cementproduction continued, its value reaching 76%. This behaviour is further confirmation of theefforts poured forth by the firms to produce cement types that, for equal yield, require alower use of clinker, making it possible to significantly progress toward compliance with theburdensome commitments on CO2 emissions assigned the sector.

During 2008 hydraulic binders production for construction (LIC) was 900 thousand tons, a dipunder the previous year.

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Milioni di tonnellate / Millions of tonnes

anno 2008 / year 2008anno 2007 / year 2007


PRODUZIONE DI CEMENTO DAL 1999 AL 2008CEMENT PRODUCTION FROM 1999 THROUGH 2008

PRODUZIONE MENSILE DI CEMENTO DAL 2007 AL 2008MONTHLY CEMENT PRODUCTION FROM 2007 THROUGH 2008


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Expectations for the home market for 2009 donot yet delineate a well-defined picture. If on the one hand, infact, the crisis continues to weigh upon Italy for the entire year, beingattenuated only during 2010, on the other it is to be underscored that the tra-gedy of the earthquake in the Abruzzo region strongly emphasizes the need togo ahead with a reconstruction as fast as it must be imposing,.

In light of this fact it will therefore be necessary to identify what the guidelines for govern-ment action in this regard will be, the attempt being made to interpret the schedules and thedimensions of the resources that will be made available for reconstruction.

GIACENZE, CONSUMI E CONSEGNE INTERNEDOMESTIC STOCKS, CONSUMPTIONS AND DELIVERIES

Variazioni %Change %2008 / 2007

ConsegneinterneDomesticdeliveries

cementocement

Variazioni %Change %2008 / 2007

ConsumiinterniDomesticconsumptions

cementocement

t / tonnes

41.813.708

46.367.798

-9,8

40.554.974

44.918.354

-9,7

2008

2007

Variazioni % Change % 2008 / 2007

cemento clinkercement clinker

1.331.018

1.392.320

3.458.970

2.894.688

-4,4 19,5

Giacenze / Stocks

cemento clinkercement clinker

PRODUZIONE DI CEMENTO 2008 E 2007 PER REGIONI E PER GRANDI AREE TERRITORIALICEMENT PRODUCTION IN 2008 AND 2007 BY REGION AND BY LARGE TERRITORIAL AREAS

t / tonnes

PiemonteLiguriaLombardiaVenetoFriuli-Venezia GiuliaTrentino-Alto AdigeEmilia-Romagna

Settentrione / North

ToscanaMarcheUmbriaLazio

Centro / Centre

AbruzzoMoliseCampaniaPugliaCalabriaBasilicata

Meridione / South

SardegnaSicilia

Isole / Islands

Totale / Total

3.382.892195.062

6.209.0964.625.1941.361.004

432.0253.889.731

20.095.004

2.268.684431.339

2.711.2042.719.125

8.130.352

1.136.6861.018.3812.104.7113.250.0481.449.0211.105.753

10.064.600

1.214.9543.525.011

4.739.965

43.029.921

3.801.09265.000

6.865.3385.128.9351.607.704

499.4804.327.377

22.294.926

2.445.892465.284

3.122.3453.209.703

9.243.224

1.217.8931.133.4822.480.7933.451.9691.349.6521.079.978

10.713.767

1.418.1513.871.569

5.289.720

47.541.637

-11,0200,1

-9,6-9,8

-15,3-13,5-10,1

-9,9

-7,2-7,3

-13,2-15,3

-12,0

-6,7-10,2-15,2-5,87,42,4

-6,1

-14,3-9,0

-10,4

-9,5

2008 2007 Variazioni % / change %2008 / 2007

Fonte: Elaborazioni AITEC su dati Ministero Sviluppo Economico e ISTATAITEC Processing of Ministry for Economical Development and ISTAT data

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The cement’s imports and exports

Analysis of the balances involved in interchange with abroad brings out the persistence ofthe condition of Italy’s being a net importer, and also brings out the sensible improvement ofher trade balances as regards volumes exchanged (up 47.7%) with an exports under imports defi-cit halved relative to 2007 (-0.7 million tons).The interchange of cement brings out an improvement (up 7.2%) in the balance with abroad thatamounted to 1.3 million tons, as the result of an entering flow of 1.3 million tons and an outflow of 2.5million tons. With regard to clinker, however, the interchange balance with abroad was strongly negati-ve (-2.1 million tons), worsening (down -23.3%) relative to 2007. In particular, there was a decrease inimports to 2.1 million tons and at the same time a decrease in exports, which more or less cancelled one ano-ther (only 38 thousand tons). The principal exporter of clinker to Italy in 2008 was Turkey, which, with a volu-me of 634 thousand tons and a market share of 30.3%, took over from China (604 thousand tons and 28.8%).Cement exports during 2008 contracted slightly to 2.5 million tons, recording however a slight increase in theirincidence on the volume of national production (5.9%). Territorial analysis brings out the decreases for theislands (down 8.8%) and for the South (down 2.0%), as well as for the Centre (down 64.3% but on insignificantvolumes), with the North that succeeds in compensating only in part for these decreases (up 7.5%). The princi-pal foreign market for Italian cement is still the countries of the Mediterranean basin, with Spain in first place forthe third year in succession. This country, even if having experienced a building-construction collapse relative tothe previous year, still has to resort to imports to meet its home needs, taking 32.6% of total Italian exports. Theother principal export markets for Italy are confirmed as Albania and Malta, which, together with Spain, are theaddressees of 63.4% of Italian export flows. Total cement and clinker imports displayed, during the course of2008, a sensible decrease in volumes that reached 3.4 million tons, a drop of 21.5% under 2007. The presence ofimportant port infrastructures, able to receive merchantmen of considerable tonnage, is confirmed to be deter-mining in attracting cement import flows. As in the past, in fact, they are concentrated in the regions of Sicily,Puglia, Veneto and Liguria, which receive 62.0% of import flows. The principal countries from which Italy imports are those of the Mediterranean area, with Turkey, Greece,France, Slovenia, Croatia and Tunisia together furnishing 80.1% of Italian imports. Among them the principalexporter to Italy is confirmed as Turkey, which, anyway, covered in 2008 19.4% of Italian imports as against25.8% in 2007. Exports to Italy were already sensibly declining under 2006 (down 4.5%) as a consequenceof increasing Turkish home demand. To be remarked, furthermore, is the significant increase in importsfrom Tunisia, which furnishes Italy 6.5% of her clinker in 2008, over the 3.6% in 2007.With regard to clinker imports, confirmed is the Chinese leadership, which however presents sensiblylower values under 2007. To be brought out is the entrance of Thailand, which, with 630 thousandtons, furnishes 22.3% of the clinker imported by Italy, absorbing, in fact, almost entirely the sharesreleased by China. The impact of the environmental constraints on clinker production is the moreevident to the extent in which it is observed that a good 92.5% of clinker imports come fromextra-EU countries, not subject to the emissions limits imposed by the Kyoto protocol.In 2008 too, though confirmed as the principal exporter at the world level with 26.1 mil-lion tons, China has seen the volume of its exports decrease (down 21.1%) owing to gro-wing home demand and to the world crisis. The crisis also struck Indonesian exports(down 36.7%) , and those of Thailand (down 14.6%), while exports from Turkeygrew (up 52.8%) to 12.5 million tons and of Japan (up 14.0%) to 10.9 mil-lion tons.

PRODUZIONE MENSILE / MONTHLY PRODUCTION

t / tonnes

Gennaio / JanuaryFebbraio / FebruaryMarzo / MarchAprile / AprilMaggio / MayGiugno / JuneLuglio / JulyAgosto / AugustSettembre / SeptemberOttobre / OctoberNovembre / NovemberDicembre / December

Totale / Total

2.954.3023.802.1253.894.3023.930.5234.126.4853.967.0004.284.0282.479.9193.733.3594.217.1763.450.6502.191.051

43.029.921

3.362.0613.734.5824.482.7554.005.4224.461.9754.389.9894.600.8142.825.1024.090.8864.382.7023.944.0043.261.345

47.541.637

-12,11,8

-13,1-1,9-7,5-9,6-6,9

-12,3-8,7-3,8

-12,5-32,8

-9,5

2008 2007

PRODUZIONE DI CEMENTO PER ABITANTE (*) CEMENT PRODUCTION PER INHABITANT (*)

kg

Settentrione / NorthCentro / CentreMeridione / SouthIsole / Islands

Media / Average

737693712707

719

831801761792

804

-11,3-13,5-6,4

-10,7

-10,5

2008 2007 Variazioni % / Change %2008 / 2007

Variazioni % / Change %2008 / 2007

(*) Rapporto produzione-popolazione / Production-resident popolation ratio

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ESPORTAZIONI E IMPORTAZIONI DI CEMENTO E CLINKER CEMENT AND CLINKER EXPORTS AND IMPORTS RELATIVE TO ITALY

Importazioni / ImportsEsportazioni / Exports

000 t / 000 tonnes

cementocement

clinkerclinker

TotaleTotal

% di produzioneesportata% of productionexported

cementocement

clinkerclinker

TotaleTotal

% della produzione% of production

2.4802.4662.4772.2742.1781.9992.4262.6372.6402.536

9295

100835577

6114338

2.5722.5612.5772.3572.2332.0062.4332.6982.7832.574

6,96,66,55,75,14,65,25,65,96,0

1.4571.7932.2192.1012.2022.2762.1671.7491.4491.259

220547

1.0011.7772.3232.7202.8292.8722.8272.096

1.6772.3403.2203.8784.5254.9964.9964.6214.2763.355

4,56,08,19,4

10,410,810,89,79,07,8

1999200020012002200320042005200620072008

ANDAMENTO DELLE IMPORTAZIONI NAZIONALI DI CEMENTO E CLINKER DAL 1999 AL 2008NATIONAL CEMENT AND CLINKER IMPORTS FROM 1999 THROUGH 2008

ANDAMENTO DELLE ESPORTAZIONI NAZIONALI DI CEMENTO E CLINKER DAL 1999 AL 2008NATIONAL CEMENT AND CLINKER EXPORTS FROM 1999 THROUGH 2008



ANDAMENTO DEL SALDO COMMERCIALE CON L’ESTERO DI CEMENTO E CLINKER DAL 1999 AL 2008EXTERNAL TRADE PERFORMANCE FOR CEMENT AND CLINKER FROM 1999 THROUGH 2008

Migliaia di tonnellate / Thousands of tonnes


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IMPORTAZIONI DI CEMENTO PER REGIONI NEL 2008 CEMENT IMPORT IN 2008 BY REGION

t / tonnes




Centro / Centre


Meridione / South

SardegnaSicilia

Isole / Islands

Totale / Total

74.490215.43663.538

283.33876.14550.56142.249

805.758

27.58616.6464.657

21.429

70.317

9.8420

35.660171.05543.172

0

259.729

12.476110.454

122.930

1.258.734

3.382.892195.062

6.209.0964.625.1941.361.004

432.0253.889.731

20.095.004

2.268.684431.339

2.711.2042.719.125

8.130.352

1.136.6861.018.3812.104.7113.250.0481.449.0211.105.753

10.064.600

1.214.9543.525.011

4.739.965

43.029.921

2,2110,4

1,06,15,6

11,71,1

4,0

1,23,90,20,8

0,9

0,03,58,11,30,00,0

2,6

1,03,1

2,6

2,9

Importazioni / Imports Produzione / Production % della produzione% of production

ESPORTAZIONI DI CEMENTO E CLINKER DI ALCUNI PAESI DELL’EUROPA CEMENT AND CLINKER EXPORTS FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

000 t / 000 tonnes

Turchia / TurkeyGermania / GermanyGrecia / GreeceBelgio, NL, L / Belgium, NL, LItalia / ItalySpagna / SpainFrancia / FranceRegno Unito / UKAustria / Austria

12.5338.3133.7424.3082.5742.2021.177

339677

23,524,028,236,96,05,25,43,2

12,2

8.1798.0123.7704.3852.7831.0501.095

582569

16,723,326,935,35,91,94,94,6

10,5

53,23,8

-0,7-1,8-7,5

109,77,5

-41,819,0

2008 % della produzione% of production

2007 % della produzione% of production

Variazioni % Change %2008 / 2007

MAGGIORI ESPORTATORI MONDIALI DI CEMENTO MAJOR WORLD CEMENT EXPORTERS

2008 2007

Milioni di t / Millions of tonnes

Cina / ChinaThailandia / ThailandGiappone / JapanGermania / GermanyTurchia / TurkeyIndonesia / IndonesiaTaiwan / TaiwanIndia / IndiaCorea / KoreaCanada / CanadaGrecia / GreeceMalesia / MalaysiaItalia / ItalyFilippine / PhilippinesFrancia / FranceSpagna / Spain

26,115,610,98,3

12,54,97,75,66,54,23,73,92,51,61,22,2

33,018,29,68,08,27,87,46,76,35,53,83,82,72,01,11,1


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25

Production distribution by technicalcharacteristics and composition

In 2008 the analysis of the qualitative distribution of cement production by typology saw nochange in the balances that are by now consolidated for some years here.In particular, the cement most produced in Italy is still Portland (CEM II), which accounts for75.0% of the nation’s production. Within this category Portland limestone composite consti-tutes 65% of production. Pozzolana cement (CEM IV) is confirmed as the second-most-produ-ced cement in Italy, the share being 11.5% of the nation’s production in line with what wasfound in 2007. Portland CEM I is continuing its slow climb back up, accounting for 7.8% ofItalian production, while stable relative to 2007 are both slag cement (CEM III), accounting for4.6%,and composite cement (CEM V), for 1.1%.Analysis of the distribution of cement production by strength classes brings out the growingtrend towards high- and very-high-strength cements (classes 42.5 and 52.5) whose percentageweight (48.7%) is by now equal to almost one-half the nation’s production. On analyzing theuses at the territorial level it is noted that in the North the use of class 32.5 (60.1%) cementstill prevails, while in the rest of the nation cements having high strength are preferred owingto the excellent performance they offer in mechanical terms and in terms of speed of con-struction of the works on the job site.

24

ANDAMENTO DELLA RIPARTIZIONE PER TIPI DAL 1999 AL 2008DISTRIBUTION BY TYPE FROM 1999 THROUGH 2008

%

CEMI

CEMII

CEMIII

CEMIV

CEMV

10,089,618,938,988,518,547,036,536,917,81

72,8374,4176,0176,8376,9876,9576,7575,5076,1174,99

3,062,672,873,113,263,493,425,324,284,62

13,5212,4211,4410,4510,5810,1712,1811,8311,7211,50

0,510,890,750,630,670,850,620,820,981,08

1999200020012002200320042005200620072008

2008 RIPARTIZIONE PER TIPI DI CEMENTO2008 DISTRIBUTION BY CEMENT TYPE

tipo / type t / tonnes %

3.360.637550.783753.024451.814292.603

20.073.4587.926.111

73.1512.147.1931.970.770

17.2121.794.3483.154.093

464.723

43.029.921

7,811,281,751,050,68

46,6518,420,174,994,580,044,177,331,08

100,00

III/A-SII/B-SII/A-PII/B-PII/A-L; II/A-LLII/B-L; II/B-LLII/A-MII/B-MIII/AIII/BIV/AIV/BV/A

Totale / Total


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2726

The destination of cement

The channels of destination of cement works production (the intermediate destina-tions) displayed a substantial stability in 2008 relative to preceding years, there being con-solidated the trends that were determined over the course of a decade. In particular the pre-mixed-concrete sector is confirmed as being of major importance among the various productdestinations, taking up, with the concrete mixing stations, 48.5% of the nation’s production (21million tons).

The resale channel displayed, however, a slight slowdown going from 21.6% in 2007 to the 21.4% of2008, with a loss, in absolute terms, of a million tons. The dynamics that emerges from the flow ofintermediate destinations is a shift from the channel of construction companies to that of precasting,which grew by more than a percentage point. This dynamics seems to indicate that precasting has feltthe effects of the construction market slowdown, with some slight delay relative to the other sectors, byvirtue of its backlog of orders.

Cement distribution channels represent anyway, in most cases, an intermediate destination betweencement works and the construction world.

To cover this information gap, AITEC has been carrying on for some years a statistical analysis on cement enddestinations, by sector, which may be expressed as follows:Residential building construction 36.1%Public works 33.5%Instrumental building construction 30.4%.For more details on cement end destinations see Cemento e Costruzioni, AITEC Survey 2005.

DISTRIBUZIONE DELLA PRODUZIONE PER CLASSI DI RESISTENZADISTRIBUTION OF CEMENT PRODUCTION BY STRENGTH CLASSES

%

32,5 / 32.5

42,5 e 52,5 / 42.5 and 52.5

59,9

40,1

59,1

40,9

58,2

41,8

55,3

44,7

53,9

46,1

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

52,8

47,2

2004

52,4

47,6

52,0

48,0

2005 2006

51,0

49,0

2007

51,3

48,7

2008

2008 RIPARTIZIONE PER GRANDI CLASSI NELLE AREE GEOGRAFICHE2008 DISTRIBUTION BY BROAD CLASSES

t / tonnes % t / tonnes %

12.077.097

3.390.357

4.599.522

1.990.785

22.057.762

60,1

41,7

45,7

42,0

51,3

8.017.907

4.739.995

5.465.078

2.749.180

20.972.159

39,9

58,3

54,3

58,0

48,7


Centro / Centre

Meridione / South

Isole / Islands

Totale / Total

32,532.5

42,5 e 52,542.5 and 52.5

28


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The cement sector’s structure

The drop of almost 10% in production volume during 2008 did not substantially modifyL’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC’s production picture. In 2008 in fact the number ofproduction plants active remained the same.Distribution by production classes brings out furthermore a gradual and progressive matchingof production levels to meet a downsized demand, while not losing its peculiar characteristics:• capillary distribution of production plants over the nation’s territory;• a high number of companies active in the sector;• a very high technological level of the plants.

The number of companies operating in the cement sector in Italy reached in 2008 twenty-seven, twocompanies fewer than for the preceding year. This number is still quite high and confirms Italy’s diffe-rentness from other European countries, in which merger and acquisition processes have brought about alower number of companies on the market.The Italian cement sector is characterized furthermore by the considerable non-uniformity of its operators,it being able to count on the simultaneous presence of trans-national giants and of small-to-medium-sizedcompanies, working at the national level or even only locally.

ANDAMENTO DELLE DESTINAZIONI INTERMEDIE DEL CEMENTO DAL 1999 AL 2008BEHAVIOUR OF INTERMEDIATE CEMENT DESTINATIONS FROM 1999 THROUGH 2008 %

Centrali di betonaggioReady-mixed

RivenditoriRetail sales

PrefabbricatoriPre-cast

Imprese di costruzioneConstruction firms

Esportazione Export

PremiscelatoriPremixing

Altre destinazioniOther destinations

44,2

25,7

13,4

7,5

6,6

n.d./ n.a.

2,6

46,0

24,5

13,2

7,3

6,3

n.d./ n.a.

2,7

44,5

23,0

12,6

9,5

6,2

3,2

1,0

47,0

21,4

13,1

8,7

5,5

3,1

1,2

48,7

20,3

12,5

8,8

5,0

3,9

0,8

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

48,8

22,8

11,9

7,1

4,5

3,9

1,0

2004

48,6

23,2

11,2

7,0

5,2

3,7

1,1

2005

48,3

23,0

11,0

7,3

5,6

3,7

1,1

2006

48,5

21,6

11,0

8,1

5,6

4,1

1,1

2007

48,5

21,4

12,2

6,9

5,9

4,4

0,7

2008

RIPARTIZIONE DELLA PRODUZIONE TRA LE MAGGIORI AZIENDE NEL 2008PRODUCTION PERCENTAGE OF THE MAJOR COMPANIES IN 2008

ItalcementiBuzzi UnicemColacemCementirHolcimCementi RossiSacciCementizilloAdriasebinaCal.meMonseliceCementi MocciaCementi della Lucania

Altre aziende / Other firms

Totale / Total

(1 azienda e 28 unità / 1 company and 28 plants)(1 azienda e 12 unità / 1 company and 12 plants)(1 azienda e 8 unità / 1 company and 8 plants)(1 azienda e 4 unità / 1 company and 4 plants)(1 azienda e 3 unità / 1 company and 3 plants)(1 azienda e 4 unità / 1 company and 4 plants)(1 azienda e 4 unità / 1 company and 4 plants)(1 azienda e 2 unità / 1 company and 2 plants)(1 azienda e 2 unità / 1 company and 2 plants)(1 azienda e 3 unità / 1 company and 3 plants)(1 azienda e 1 unità / 1 company and 1 plant)(1 azienda e 1 unità / 1 company and 1 plant)(1 azienda e 1 unità / 1 company and 1 plant)

(13 aziende e 17 unità / 13 companies and 17 plants)

(27 aziende e 90 unità / 27 companies and 90 plants)

27,316,314,17,05,95,53,52,52,32,11,51,10,5

10,4

100,0

%

Gruppi e aziende associate AITEC / Groups and AITEC members companies

2008 DESTINAZIONI INTERMEDIE DEL CEMENTO 2008 CEMENT INTERMEDIATE DESTINATIONS

t / tonnes %

20.869.5129.208.4035.249.6502.969.0652.538.7651.893.317

301.209

48,521,412,26,95,94,40,7

Centrali di betonaggio / Ready-mixedRivenditori / Retail salesPrefabbricatori / Pre-castImprese di costruzione / Construction firmsEsportazione / ExportPremiscelatori / PremixingAltre destinazioni / Other destinations


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Regarding the dissemination of the plants over the nation’s territory, it is confirmed that 47% ofthem are located in the North, 18% in the Centre, and 35% in the South and the Islands, theyanyway guaranteeing the constant presence of plants not far from the places of the product’sconsumption.

Concerning the typology of the active kilns (eighty as in 2007) the dry or semi-dry technologiesare used exclusively, which means greater energy efficiency.

30

The production shares accounted for by large-size plants (with pro-duction capacities exceeding one million tons per year) diminished relativeto last year, a little more than ten percent having been lost. The productionlevels of five plants in fact went below the million-ton threshold.

DISTRIBUZIONE TERRITORIALE DELLE UNITÀ PRODUTTIVE NEL 2008TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS IN 2008




Centro / Centre


Meridione / South

SardegnaSicilia

Isole / Islands

Totale / Total

4076323

25

4132

10

324333

18

25

7

60

5103116

17

3003

6

001210

4

21

3

30

9179439

42

7135

16

325543

22

46

10

90

Ciclo completoFull cycle

Sola macinazioneGrinding only

TotaleTotal

RIPARTIZIONE DELLE CEMENTERIE PER CLASSI PRODUTTIVE NEL 2008CEMENT PLANTS DISTRIBUTION BY PRODUCTION OUTPUT IN 2008

t / tonnes

622.3344.858.485

11.810.70715.111.90610.626.489

43.029.921

%

1,411,327,435,124,8

100,0

Fino a 100.000 tonn. / Up to 100,000 tonsda 100.001 a 300.000 tonn. / from 100,001 to 300,000 tonsda 300.001 a 600.000 tonn. / from 300,001 to 600,000 tonsda 600.001 a 1.000.000 tonn. / from 600,001 to 1,000,000 tonsoltre 1.000.000 di tonn. / over 1,000,000 tons

Totale / Total

n.

112427199

90

FORNI DI COTTURA SINTERING KILNS

Forni attivi / Active kilnsRS Rotanti a via secca e semisecca / RS-Rotary, dry and semidry typeRH Rotanti a via umida / RH-Rotary, wet type

80800

80800

2008 2007


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Energy consumption

2008 will perhaps be remembered as the year of peak oil prices, with the scenariotypical of a global speculative bubble. The price of crude rose from 90 dollars a barrelin February 2008 to its historic high of 147.27 dollars, reached on July 11th 2008. After thesummer the speculative bubble rapidly shrivelled, owing to the global economic and finan-cial crisis and to the recession, destined to exert an effect on energy consumption throughoutthe world. The price of crude dropped suddenly by a hundred dollars in a few weeks, to belowfifty dollars.

The effects this produced on the cost of the principal energy sources had significant impact oncement industry costs, which, as we know, has a sizeable share of its industrial costs tied to coverageof its energy needs.

In this regard to be noted is the engagement that, over past years, was put forth by the cement sectorcompanies to achieve a high level of energy efficiency. To this purpose important investments weremade in a technology that today enables Italian firms to have a level of thermal-unit consumption com-petitive with the European level and to put itself forward as high ranking in the recovery of energy con-tained in wastes. Energy recovery, in fact, means saving non-renewable natural resources and recove-ring wastes under extremely controlled conditions. The cement industry has one of the best solutions forthe integrated handling of wastes as a sure solution for the community, the environment and industry.

Heat energy needs in the baking process of the raw materials was met in 2008 principally by the use ofsolid fuels such as carbon (whether coal or pet-coke) that meets almost 90% of the entire industry’senergy needs, with a 4.8% decrease in consumption owing to diminished production levels.

In 2008 electrical power consumption had dropped by 7.7% relative to 2007, and amounted to 4.8GWh. The efficiency of the Italian production plants indicates an average need of 111 kW per ton ofcement produced.

AZIENDE E UNITÀ PRODUTTIVECOMPANIES AND PLANTS

Aziende / Companies

Unità produttive / Plantsdi cui a ciclo completoof which, full-cycledi cui officine di macinazioneof which, grinding plants

27

90

60

30

29

90

60

30

2008 2007

RIPARTIZIONE DELLA PRODUZIONE PER CLASSI AZIENDALIPRODUCTION BY CLASSES OF COMPANIES

Inferiori a 500.000 tonn. Less than 500,000 tonnes

Da 500.000 a 3.000.000 tonn. From 500,000 to 3,000,000 tonnes

Oltre 3.000.000 di tonn. Over 3,000,000 tonnes

Totale / Total

14

9

4

27

6,1

29,1

64,8

100,0

n. %


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Cement transport

Analysis of delivery modes for cement transport brings out no great changes over 2007,the force relations between bulk cement and sacked cement deliveries being consolidated.In particular, bulk cement deliveries declined a little, reaching 78.4%. Bagged, having grownslightly, therefore arrived at 21.6%.Specifically, bulk cement deliveries in 2008 amounted to 33.7 million tons, relative to bag cementdeliveries of 9.3 million tons.The product transport by sea, quantified through a survey commissioned by AITEC, amounted in 2008to 370 thousand tons (net of import flows) the direction being principally from the South and Islandsto the Centre and North of Italy.It is to be noted that 2008, it being the year when oil prices reached their peak, was also and consequentlya peak year for diesel fuel costs. This fact threw the truck transport sector into crisis, making it hard tocompletely carry out the truck transport reform and the liberalization of freight rates, in force for a coupleof years now.

During 2008 bargaining between the government and truck transport associations had as a result the pro-duction of a set of standards and regulations aimed at substantially anchoring truck transport rates to theprice of diesel fuel. The sudden descent of oil prices, which came after the summer, in fact slackened thetension between all those concerned as regards measures concerning expensive diesel fuel, but at that pointthe economic crisis intervened, which brought out an excess of supply in the truck transport sector.For the cement sector truck transport is something of fundamental importance, whose cost, at times, rea-ches a substantial percentage of the price of the product delivered. Expensive diesel fuel and the trucktransport reform will be an incentive for the AITEC associated firms to seek out true logistics partners thatoffer a service of higher quality and greater safety.

CONSUMI ENERGETICI NEL 2008ENERGY CONSUMPTIONS IN 2008

4.781.010.887

41.820.013

3.367.847

124.142

280.165

Energia elettrica / Electrical power

Metano / Natural Gas

Carbone / Coal

Olio combustibile denso

Heavy fuel oil

Combustibili non convenzionali

Non-conventional fuels

kWh

mc / m3

t / tonnes

t / tonnes

t / tonnes

ANDAMENTO CONSUMI COMBUSTIBILI DAL 1999 AL 2008FUEL CONSUMPTIONS FROM 1999 THROUGH 2008

%

CarboneCoal

O.c.d.HFO

MetanoNatural gas

AltriOther

84,290,991,491,187,387,788,991,091,588,8

10,55,14,94,65,24,94,84,03,53,9

3,51,81,61,32,21,71,41,11,41,3

1,82,22,13,05,35,74,93,93,66,0

1999200020012002200320042005200620072008

RIPARTIZIONE CONSEGNE NEL 2008DELIVERY DISTRIBUTION IN 2008

t / tonnes %

9.294.463

33.735.458

21,6

78,4

Insaccato / Sacked

Sfuso / Bulk

ANDAMENTO RIPARTIZIONE CONSEGNEDELIVERY DISTRIBUTION

%

Insaccato / Sacked

Sfuso / Bulk

2005

21,9

78,1

2006

20,5

79,5

2007

20,9

79,1

2008

21,6

78,4

1999

26,2

73,8

2000

23,2

76,8

2001

22,2

77,8

2002

21,7

78,3

2003

21,0

79,0

2004

22,1

77,9

ENVIRONMENTAL CODES AND LEGISLATION

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ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS

Emissions trading: after Kyoto

The “experimental” three-year period 2005-2007 has been filed away. During it the cementsector could become accustomed to handling the emission quotas assigned and to the monito-

ring and communication rules, and could make the first verification of the actual fall-out of thecode for the individual firms. The five-year period 2008-2012 opened up without however the sec-

tor’s having at disposal the new rules of the “game“ as announced. In fact, owing to delay both in theapproval of the Assignment Plan (PNA2) and in the incorporation into Italian law of the provisions of the

new European decision for monitoring, cement firms were authorized by the ETS Committee to fulfil codeobligations on the basis of the provisions that had regulated the three-year period just concluded. The only

new feature introduced, which the firms immediately adopted, was the resort to SINAL laboratories for theanalyses of raw materials samples (for the fuels the sector had already had resort to the Experimental FuelsStation) in order to keep from once again suffering the 2% penalty in the counting of the emissions, as had hap-pened in 2007.

At the European level, during the year attention had been almost entirely concentrated on the package ofEuropean Commission proposals on climate changes and energy as regards the “after Kyoto”, called “20-20-20:20% reduction of European CO2 emissions in 2020, with 20% of energy coming from renewable sources”. As is wellknown, the proposals concern: the revision of the Emissions Trading directive to include the new CO2-quotas assignment criteria; Burden Sharing regarding the distribution of the EU objective for green-house effect gases reduction in the non-ETS sectors; the directive for the promotion of renewable sources.

One of the aspects of greatest interest in the package is the study conducted on the impact of the mea-sures proposed on the competitiveness of the sectors concerned. This is of absolute importance for the

cement sector, which has always been one of the market sectors most exposed and vulnerable.

In relation to this the Association followed with the greatest participation the debate going onin Europe, its aim to ensure that the cement sector’s special features emerge and that its

firms be protected against the dangers of distortion of their competitiveness consequenton application of the code. Some of the European initiative’s strategic aspects, in

this case, were in fact not reviewed, and thus the danger exists of its imposingon the member states highly stringent unilateral rules with respect to the

rest of the world where instead it is possible to operate with grea-ter flexibility.

During the negotiations carried on and in particular for some specific topics (such as carbon lea-kage), determining was the study conducted by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG), commissio-ned by Cembureau. This reconstructed investment, production and transport costs in the princi-pal European countries and in the countries that are potential exporters of clinker and cementto Europe, comparing them one against the other.The study results showed the cement industry’s high vulnerability to, and exposition to risk of,carbon leakage. In particular it emerged that for most Italian companies the shutdown of theirkilns and the import of extra-EU clinker would be competitive. The BCG study, set forth too inthe various national ministries owing to the significance of the conclusions reached, found visi-bility in the daily business newspaper Il Sole 24 Ore, which gave it a long review. The cement sector has thus had a means of identifying and bringing out what dangers couldarise from the European bill, whether at the world level whether within the Union itself, shouldsuitable corrections not be made to the manoeuvre proposed: first among everything, theimpossibility of supporting the cut in emissions of 21% of the volumes recorded in 2005, greatlysuperior to its own technological reduction potentials. The studies conducted have in factshown that the sector’s technological reduction potential in Europe is no more than 5-7%.These indications were put together through the data gathering promoted by Cembureau,which concerned all the European plants within the area of the GNR-Getting the Numbers Rightproject. The data base created, managed by a group of Price Waterhouse Coopers consultants,together with WBCSD-CSI forms a significant source of information . Also the assignment of thequotas using the auctions system for all sectors starting from 2020 and for all industrial sectorsdeclared to be at lower risk of loss of international competitiveness constitutes, starting from2013, a serious critical point in the system, exposing the cement sector to the risk of loss of com-petitiveness (carbon leakage).

The policy hypothesized would also involve a further increase in electrical power costs, owing tothe assignment at 100%, with the auctions system, to the thermoelectric sector starting from2013. In order to achieve significant efficiencies in the reduction of emission factors tied tocombustion, the sector has more than once expressed, in contacts with the competent ministriesinvolved in the European negotiations, the need to sustain effective policies granting incentivesfor the substitution of non-conventional fuels containing biomass, something that has beendone for years in other European countries. The most critical and sensitive phase of the nego-tiations, which demanded the Association’s constant attention and participation, was the defi-nition of the criteria for recognizing the Sector’s vulnerability to the international competitionof products coming from countries not adhering to the climate change agreements. This que-stion is much felt in Italy, since her cement industry is objectively the one most exposed amongEuropean cement companies, both because it has higher electrical power prices to pay, andbecause it has few possibilities of improving its fuels mix (there existing as yet enormous condi-tionings of regulations and of popular consensus on the use of non-conventional fuels), andfinally owing to her geographic position, which makes the industry more exposed to importrisks.

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REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization of Chemicals)

After the new Community regulation’s entry into force on June first 2007 and having exhaustedthe phase of the first fulfilments required by it, such as the updating of the safety data cards onchemicals and on their mixtures on the market, the heart of the new legislative features broughtby REACH was got into, with the phase of pre-registration of all existing chemicals. This con-stitutes the preliminary obligatory action for a company for it to make use of the transitoryperiod before going ahead with the practices of registration of the chemicals produced withECHA, the competent European body. In order to comply with the Regulation’s prescriptions,the cement sector, though not having direct obligations concerning its products, such as clinkerand cement (both being exempted, for different reasons, from registration obligations), saw tocarrying out the recognition of the chemicals in use by the cement companies. In fact, for someof them, such as fly ash and chemical gypsums, though being wastes for the nation’s laws andfor this reason outside the field of application of REACH, it became necessary to register them,owing to interpretative documents produced by the European Commission on the activity ofby-products recovery in industrial cycles.

The fact of not being producers of these substances but of having made their pre-registrationwill anyway require cement companies to participate, with a level of involvement as yet to bedefined, in SIEF (Substance Information Exchange Forum) in order to insure the necessaryexchange of information in the supply chain, constituted in fact of the producers and users. Asis known the exchange of information is one of the principal obligations envisaged by REACH.SIEF’s activity will lead by the end of 2010 to the registration of the chemicals, which is neces-sary to permit their marketing.Different however is the approach that European cement companies have had to adopt asregards the dusts from electrofilters, “flue dusts” (CKD, clinker kiln dust, and BPD, by-pass dust),since these constitute a product of the activity and therefore their pre-registration was necessaryas was the successive registration, for their quota part used in cement production.

IPPC (Integrated Pollution Prevention Control) and BAT (Best AvailableTechniques): the revision of the Cement BRef and of Directive 91/61/EC

In September 2008 there was held at the European IPPC Bureau (EIPPCB) in Seville the conclusi-ve meeting of the technical working group for the final revision of the BRef “Cement, Lime ,Magnesium Oxide Manufacturing Industries”, containing the best techniques available for thesector for pollution and environmental-impact reduction.

The final text, which will not undergo further changes, as of the date of publication of thisannual report, is under study by the competent European Commission bureaus for definitiveapproval. Its subsequent publication is envisaged before the end of 2009.

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The use of wastes, already present in the preceding version of the BRef(2001), is considered a BAT for the cement sector: entire chapters of the newversion of the BRef are devoted to the consolidation of materials- and energy- reco-very techniques (co-incineration) in the cement production process as one of the bestavailable techniques for the Sector for preventing or reducing its activities’ environmen-tal impact.

The emissions levels associated with the application of the techniques described take account ofthe various process technologies adopted (e.g. differentiation of NOx emissions levels for dry-way,

semi-dry-way, and wet-way kilns).

The final text is the result of the involvement at the European level of all the stakeholders and of theactivities of the national and European associations. In this area AITEC has furnished its contribution atthe national level by taking part in meetings with the experts appointed by the institutions, such as theEnvironment ministry and ENEA, making them aware of the Sector’s priorities and, at the European level,participating with own experts in the work of the technical groups of the IPTS institute in Seville.

On the legislative side, under study by the European Council is the proposal for revision of the IPPC Directiveon the reduction of industrial emissions. This calls for filling out the (revised) IPPC Directive with anothersix sector directives, among which those on large combustion systems, on incineration and co-incinerationplants, on plants using solvents and on plants producing titanium dioxide. The aim is to work up a singleCommunity standard on the regulation of industrial emissions.

During the process of revision of the directive, which took place in 2008, AITEC was particularly engaged,in its dealings with national and European institutions, in sustaining the Sector’s priorities, to safeguardthe principle of flexibility set forth in the original directive. This too was in consideration of the localeffects of the emissions disciplined by the law, and to ensure that what was contained in the text of thedirective proposal be in line with the substance of the sector BRef just revised.

Giving rise to concern is the Community legislator’s intention to attribute a binding nature to the refe-rence documents on the best available techniques (BRef) and to the limit values associated with theBATs, which, rather, represent mean values for reference to be complied with within a given timeperiod under normal operating conditions. The discussion in Europe is still open and the marginsnecessary for all industrial sectors involved exist for being able to reaffirm and safeguard thefundamental principles that inspired the original workup of the law on the IPPC.

The new framework directive on waste

The new Framework Directive on Wastes (2008/98/EC), published in November 2008, which star-ting from September 12nd 2010 will replace directive 2006/12/EC, obligates member states to sub-stantially redesign their national legislative provisions on wastes.The provision in fact introduces various and significant new features, such as the definition ofby-product, a sharper delimiting of the confine between waste and secondary raw materials, andthe modification of the hierarchy for the integrated handling of waste (new notions of recyclingand recovery and the introduction of the concept of “preparation for the reuse of waste”). The incorporation of the directive into Italy’s legal system is part of the Italian government’s2009 Community Law agenda, and must take place on before 2010. It is legitimate therefore toexpect that Italy too, like the other EU countries, will take the occasion to carry out a furtherreorganization of its own regulations, making use of the principles of flexibility and of incenti-ves for wastes recycling and recovery. This could permit the industrial sectors having high poten-tials of use to finally play an active role in the integrated handling of waste.

The recovery of materials and energy from civil and industrial waste

The recovery of materials and energy from civil and industrial waste, in the cement industry, isan excellent alternative to the integrated handling of waste: it is a sure solution for the com-munity, the environment and industry, which makes it possible to save non-renewable naturalresources and to salvage waste under extremely controlled conditions.The use of alternative fuels reduces dependence on primary fossil fuels and at the same timecontributes to the reduction of emissions.

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Recovery of materialsThe use of waste to substitute for raw materials offers a number ofadvantages, besides a reduction in the exploitation of natural deposits and areduction in the environmental imprint of mining activities.The use of alternative materials as partial substitutes for clinker is one example of apositive contribution of the European cement industry to the management of naturalresources. The companies associated in AITEC in 2008 recovered materials from 1.4 milliontons of industrial wastes (fly ash from thermoelectric stations and incinerators and chemicalgypsums from the desulphurizing of fumes and waste waters, steel industry ash and so on).

Energy recoveryThe cement industry is a heavy energy user. The mix of conventional fuels used in the sector inclu-des all the fossil fuels: solid, liquid and gaseous (coal, natural gas, oil and its derivatives). These fuelsare scarce in Italy, and are subject to considerable price swings and transport costs. Furthermore, byusing only fossil fuels, the cement industry has no possibility of reducing CO2 emissions. This, on the onehand makes it necessary to acquire emissions rights, and on the other complicates achieving the gas andgreenhouse-effect emissions reduction objectives set by the Kyoto protocol. The cement industry is the-refore ever in search of alternative energy sources able to replace the very expensive conventional ones,which are ever less available on the market and are anyway destined to be exhausted, while at the sametime reducing CO2 emissions.In 2008 the companies associated with AITEC co-incinerated in their kilns some 280,000 tons of waste (RDF,waste rubber tires, waste oils, sludge, etc.) reaching levels of heat-equivalent substitution of traditional fos-sil fuels equal to six percent (some 270,000 tons of fossil fuels saved), much below what is achieved in therest of Europe. The latest data available (Cembureau 2006) indicates an average level of heat-equivalentsubstitution in Europe of 18 percent, with peaks of fifty percent in Austria and Germany.

RECUPERO DI MATERIA DA RIFIUTIMATERIAL RECOVERY FROM WASTE

654.259150.875253.69479.748

124.99381.910

114.787

1.460.266

Tipologia di rifiuto / Waste category 2008

Ceneri da impianti di combustione / Fly and bottom ashes Fanghi da impianti di depurazione / Sludges from Wastewater treatment plantsGessi chimici / Chemical gypsum Polvere di allumina / Alumina dustScaglie di laminazione / Metallurgical slagsRifiuti da demolizioni / Demolition wasteScorie industria siderurgica / Slags from steel Industry

Totale / Total

Tonnellate / TonnesRifiuti non pericolosi / Not hazardous waste

Tonnellate / Tonnes 2008

CDR di qualità normale (UNI 9903-1)RDF*

CDR di qualità elevata (UNI 9903-1)RDF-Q*

Farine animali, grassi animaliAnimal meal and fat

Plastiche, gommeRubber, plastic

PneumaticiUsed tyres

Altro (es. fanghi, rifiuti comb. liquidi)Others (i.e. sludge, pulp, liquid waste fuel)

Rifiuti pericolosi / Hazardous waste

Oli usati/emulsioni oleoseWaste oils

Solventi non cloruratiNo chlorinated solvents

Totale / Total

Sostituzione calorica (%)Thermal substitution rate (%)

81.554

34.571

24.815

29.263

47.880

16.424

34.763

10.896

280.165

6,0%

RECUPERO ENERGETICO RIFIUTIENERGY RECOVERY ALTERNATIVE FUELS

(*) CDR: Combustibile Derivato da RifiutiRDF: Refuse-Derived Fuel


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Waste: the AITEC communication plan

During 2008 the communication campaign on the use of waste in the cement production pro-cess was started off, the Association considering this one of its top-priority objectives.It is believed that an ongoing, incisive dialogue with the various parts of society must comeabout through procedures capable of leading to significant results in mitigating prejudicialhostilities against the practice of waste recovery in cement plants, in the short and medium term.AITEC’s activity of sensitizing national and local institutions must have as its top priority brin-ging about faster and more certain authorization procedures, for one thing through the sim-plification of the administrative procedures involved.

The association is aware that it must offer proposals to the authorities and in particular it deemsit suitable to make up its own proposal of program agreements, in the form that will make itpossible to carry them out on the basis of the laws in force.In this regard, AITEC is already evaluating forms of involvement of the public administration,among which the proposal for participation in the conference-exhibition ForumPA (PublicAdministration Forum) envisaged for May 2009. During it occasions of encounter can be crea-ted, to set forth the Sector’s potential as regards the virtuous recovery of waste in the cementproduction cycle.

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PROMOTIONAL AND POPULARIZING ACTIVITIES

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Promotional and popularizing activities

The MICA Master’s: AITEC and Rome Tre University for concrete trainingopportunities

In 2008 the sixth second-level Master’s program was carried on: “Innovation in design, the rehabilita-tion and control of reinforced-concrete structures”, aimed at those holding degrees in architecture, civil

engineering, and construction engineering. The Master’s, which came out of an agreement between AITECand Roma Tre University, envisaged right from the first, after classroom lessons were completed, conclusive

stages with large companies and important professional offices, such as Condotte SpA, DMS Engineering -Rome, FHECOR Ingenieros Consultores – Madrid, INTEGRA Srl-Rome, Roma Metropolitana Spa, SEIPRO Srl –Rome, SER.IN Srl - Rome, Studio Tecnico D’Innocenzo - Rome.

The stages, providing the possibility of gaining applications experience, are a fundamental phase of this initiative,aimed at training professional figures having high competence in design, construction, management and monito-ring of reinforced-concrete structures.

In Autumn 2008 the seventh program (over 2008-2009) was called, whose weight and value were confirmed bysome data: eleven universities and bodies involved (in Rome, Perugia, Trento, Marche, Naples, Pescara and Chieti,Venice, the Higher Council of Public Works, the Higher Institute of Fire Safety, the supervisory office for publicworks in Latium, Abruzzo and Sardinia). There are 42 instructors for forty courses broken down into seventheme areas (Operations on the existing, Aseismic design, Modelling and analysis, Safety and assessment,Bridges, Special works, Basic courses, Management, economic and legislative aspects, Architectural andfunctional problems ) as well as a structural design Workshop that envisages working up designs invol-

ving topics of a strictly structural nature, and architectural topics, led by instructors who are specialistsin structures or are experts in architectural design. A total of 1500 hours of overall learning, with

sixty educational credits.

If work levels arrived at during the five school years - from 2002 to 2007 - taken into con-sideration are considered, it is seen that 49% of the students obtained positions and

37% started up activities as professional men. This shows that qualified desi-gners in reinforced concrete are in demand and can find a position, or can

work as professional men with excellent prospects.


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International concrete design competition: Implicit Performance Exploring the hybrid condition

In 2008 the third edition of the “International Concrete Design Competition” was concluded, adesign competition aimed at students of the faculties of engineering and architecture and of theSchools of Design. This initiative of the European cement industry was created with theEuropean trade associations Febelcem (Belgium), coordinator of this competition, BDZ(Germany), Cement Manufacturers Ireland (Ireland), Cement & Beton Centrum (Holland), IECAOficemen (Spain), Cementa AB (Sweden), Norcem (Norway) and TCMA (Turkey), with the supportof the European Cement Association Cembureau and with the participation for the second timeof Italy, which had in AITEC its reference and national secretariat.

The purpose of this bi-yearly competition is to stimulate, through an international competition,a design experimentation that develops the properties of concrete, as well as the usual and con-solidated knowledge and applications, going in depth then into both its architectural value andthe intelligent use of the material’s characteristics.The theme of this third competition was “Implicit performance – Exploring the hybrid condi-tion”, which launched a challenge on the theme of concrete performance. Requested was adesign study that, starting from the material’s most well-known and consolidated characteristics,thrusts on to seek out and express the more implicit ones, though equally sound (e.g. adaptabi-lity, durability, sustainability, acoustic or thermal performance, etc.) and the importance andadvantages that can be drawn from them.

Completing this – already quite extensive – theme is also the possibility of exploring (“exploringthe hybrid condition”) the possibilities and limits of the combination of concrete with otherresources or other materials in order to create new applications in which concrete performs abasic role but is not the only element in play.Curator and man inspiring the theme was architect Juan Herreros, founder and partner of theMadrid architectural offices Abalos & Herreros.

Taking part in the competition were students from various European universities in a total of 330students who presented more than 250 designs. Among all the works presented 28 were selec-ted as winners or deserving of remark, created by the students who worked individually or ingroups.

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In Italy a national jury met during May 2008 and chose the three winning projects:

• Project AZ972 Layering, by Paolo Borghino (Turin Polytechnic, Faculty of Architecture)• Project EM023 Noise Environmental Pollution barrier by Eleonora Massacesi and Stefano

Cerolini (Polytechnic University of the Marches – Faculty of Construction Engineering andArchitecture)

• ProjectMR198 Reverse Effect by Fatma Aliosman, Alper Kanyilmaz, Tolga Tutar and Ayse Bozkurt(Milan Polytechnic, Faculty of Architecture).

International concrete Design Master’s Class

The winners, besides receiving a money prize, also took part in the International Concrete Design Master’sClass, the competition’s culminating moment, which was held from August 2nd through 9th 2008 in Antwerp,Belgium on the deSingel University Campus.

The Master’s class, developed with the coordination of its curator Juan Herreros and with the support of astaff of experts, was for the students selected an exceptional opportunity to study and go in depth into -through applications seminars and laboratory experiments - the innovatory uses of the material concrete incontinuity with the competition’s theme.

Different for each working group, made up of students of various nationalities, the areas of experimentdealt with both the characteristics of the material in itself as regards mix design, and its functional andaesthetic applications.

Each working group produced some eight different “objects” of concrete following the requirements ofthe themes assigned to each group and interpreting their possibilities, not without a creative contribu-tion. For example, studied were the aesthetic effects of fair-face concrete, going in depth into its cha-racteristics of porosity, or magnetic concrete panels were created, with various applications.All the activities carried on are documented in the Concrete Design Book on Implicit Performance,which had a large circulation.


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The forms of Cement – Plasticity

The publishing collection on architecture LE FORME DEL CEMENTO (THE FORMS OF CEMENT) –conceived and promoted by AITEC and directed by architect Prof. Carmen Andriani – states asits intention to document, though a series of correlated volumes, the formal and technical rangethat concrete is able to express.

Lightness in weight, plasticity, dynamicity, sustainability, concreteness, are some of the formalcategories according to which to suggest, in the succession of issues, new interpretations of theworks presented, independently of the typology, be they churches or infrastructures, stations ormuseums, places of entertainment or of sport.After the volume Lightness (pub. Gangemi 2006) the publishing project brought out in 2008 thesecond volume, entitled Plasticity (Pub. Gangemi 2008).

The volume comprises four sections: a review of photographs from the files of works of the pio-neer masters who anticipated the issue’s theme, a critical text that retraces, in the history of con-struction, the evolutionary path. It is a selection of contemporary works that made concretelyreal some of those possible formal interpretations. Finally, a section devoted to works in coursethat documents some of the more significant jobsites.

Plasticity is the special aptitude that cement has in its being adaptable, adapted to and suitablefor formal experiment. To it are attributed particular definitions such as Zoomorph, Plastic,Phytomorph, versions that enclose the material and sculptural properties bringing it closer tothe artistic figurations of the masters.Responding to these characteristics are the works of Musmeci, Hadid, Niemeyer, Barragan, BoBardi, as do those of other great masters presented in this volume, which leads us through anevolutionary route up to Future Cement.Future Cement is a definition that opens up new technological and design routes for cement. Achallenge, at the limits of the material that goes beyond thought to arrive at doing as experi-ment, as the science of calculation and of construction, between challenge and continuity.

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FEDERBETON and FEDERCOSTRUZIONI

On July 10th 2008 there came into being FEDERBETON, the federation of associationsof companies dealing in materials and manufactured items having a cement base, whe-ther reinforced or not, of which AITEC, together with other sector associations was the pro-moter.Taking part in the project, besides AITEC, was ATECAP (Technical and Economic Association forPremixed Concrete), ASSIAD (Italian Association of Producers of Additives and Products forConcrete), ASSOBETON (National Association of Industrial Firms Producing Cement Items), ASSO-TRAFILRETI (Association of Producers of Drawn Steel, Net and Spot-welded Latticework), ENTENATIONALE CONPAVIPER (National Continuous Pavements Association), SISMIC (Technical Associationfor the Promotion of Seismic Steels for Reinforced Concrete) and UCoMESA (Union of builders ofMachines for Building Construction, Highway Construction, Mining and Similar).FEDERBETON’s objective is to involve the components of the processing industries down-line of cement,to develop together promotional and development polices for applications of reinforced concrete and torepresent the interest of the associates in new relationships with institutions and administrations whethernational or Community, with the political economic and social organizations and with every other compo-nent of society.FEDERBETON belongs to Confindustria and is a founding member of FEDERCOSTRUZIONI, the newly formedfederation of the vertical construction chain that takes as its objective to promote more favourable condi-tions for the development of entrepreneurial activities in the area of strengthening representation in thesector.The recognition of FEDERBETON AND OF FEDERCOSTRUZIONI as trade federations by Confindustria, is a factof great importance for working with visibility and suitable representation.


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• CEMENT INDUSTRY ACTIVITIES

• CEMENT PRODUCTION, STOCKS AND CONSUMPTIONBY GEOGRAPHIC DISTRICT

• MONTHLY CEMENT PRODUCTION

• WORLD CEMENT PRODUCTION


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ATTIVITÀ DELL’INDUSTRIA CEMENTIERA DAL 1983 AL 2008CEMENT INDUSTRY PRODUCTION FROM 1983 THROUGH 2008

milioni di Euro correntimillions of current Euro

000 t / 000 tonnes

19831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008

40.12138.85137.26635.90937.00838.74740.37440.75140.71741.34734.70533.08434.01933.83234.37836.07637.29939.02039.80441.41743.46246.05346.41147.87547.54243.030

39.49338.35136.96035.85736.72838.44140.04040.43840.54141.20034.62332.44332.82132.34632.38433.60134.69036.54437.25039.16841.31044.08243.88445.13044.91840.555

589522384275375358351338273255255678

1.3301.6512.1362.7312.5722.5612.5772.3572.2332.0062.4332.6982.7832.574

236252381319765

1.8892.3472.9063.0423.6373.1822.4541.8411.3041.5331.1851.6772.3403.2203.8784.5254.9964.9964.6214.2763.355

n.d / n.a.n.d / n.a.n.d / n.a.n.d / n.a.n.d / n.a.n.d / n.a.n.d / n.a.n.d / n.a.n.d / n.a.n.d / n.a.n.d / n.a.n.d / n.a.

123998693

138208201365225222195251210180

(*) Cemento e clinker / Cement and clinker(**) Dati Eurostat fino al 2006; stimati dal 2007 / Eurostat data through 2006; estimated from 2007

PRODUZIONE, GIACENZE E CONSUMI DI CEMENTO PER CIRCOSCRIZIONI GEOGRAFICHE DAL 1993 AL 2008

CEMENT PRODUCTION, STOCKS AND CONSUMPTION BY GEOGRAPHIC DISTRICT FROM 1993 THROUGH 2008

Settentrione North

Centro Centre

Meridione South

Isole Islands

Totale / Total000 t / 000 tonnes

16.18715.28116.57216.70916.34716.52717.08518.31118.97320.47321.24722.02521.97222.29522.29520.095

7.2916.9136.6376.5496.8337.5207.7307.6537.6487.8098.3958.7638.9409.2169.2438.130

6.9017.2607.2666.8357.4007.9838.5208.8348.6408.7539.173

10.25510.52411.04910.71410.065

4.3263.6303.5443.7393.7984.0463.9644.2224.5434.3824.6475.0104.9755.3155.2904.740

34.70533.08434.01933.83234.37836.07637.29939.02039.80441.41743.46246.05346.41147.87547.54243.030

1993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008

PRODUZIONE, GIACENZE E CONSUMI DI CEMENTO PER CIRCOSCRIZIONI GEOGRAFICHE CEMENT PRODUCTION, STOCKS AND CONSUMPTION BY GEOGRAPHIC DISTRICT

ATTIVITÀ DELL’INDUSTRIA CEMENTIERACEMENT INDUSTRY PRODUCTION

GIACENZE STOCKS

Cemento / Cement

t / tonnes

Clinker

2.465.6832.193.5672.440.9212.521.6322.689.4172.081.3372.202.1052.005.5332.317.1932.040.4302.091.4392.471.2182.702.0142.267.0472.894.6883.458.970

1993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008

1.087.9051.160.1091.220.7571.183.2241.172.9701.063.4281.192.5661.201.9771.279.0921.254.1091.228.0641.199.6011.300.6251.409.3031.392.3201.331.018

t / tonnes

CONSUMI APPARENTI PER ABITANTEAPPARENT CONSUMPTION PER INHABITANT

TotaleTotal

SettentrioneNorth

CentroCentre

MeridioneSouth

IsoleIslands

MediaAverage

37.723.30934.868.29134.638.92733.622.81233.767.44634.685.37636.147.31738.337.63639.468.81341.268.85043.511.28046.357.98346.051.59646.878.64246.367.79841.813.708

637601652656640646666711742801831838831833834737

666631604595620681698689722716770783792811823693

492516515483522564603626635629659730747785726712

649541525553561598588627712664704753746797636707

661610605586587603628664703724763792794813804719

t / tonnes kg / kg

(*) Calcolati sulla popolazione del giugno 2008 / Computed using june 2008 population data

ProduzioneProduction

Consegne interneDomestic deliveries

Esportazioni*Exports(*)

Importazioni*Imports(*)

Investimenti**Investments(**)

1993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008 (*)

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PRODUZIONE MENSILE DI CEMENTO DAL 1998 AL 2008MONTHLY CEMENT PRODUCTION FROM 1998 THROUGH 2008

t / tonnes


Totale / Total

2.873.4883.267.1923.964.3734.180.4104.635.1244.427.6264.629.2522.891.5324.084.9874.357.9633.987.9443.111.495

46.411.386

2.189.0842.667.3783.223.7243.049.0773.428.9153.439.9343.507.5812.405.3063.317.5073.256.9593.187.3182.402.955

36.075.738

2.293.4162.472.3843.303.6553.223.9713.602.8433.553.6373.795.6762.471.1693.371.1743.578.9403.028.0642.604.015

37.298.944

2.353.5323.093.2993.675.3803.258.4503.804.6823.702.1303.803.9202.527.5023.496.7193.447.7843.051.3642.805.387

39.020.149

2.453.9492.951.3153.595.8843.320.6713.776.1093.884.0293.851.4382.524.3453.590.8403.921.6083.377.9132.555.967

39.804.068

2.485.3183.158.8383.887.0043.407.5653.992.4883.843.6813.994.4572.658.8333.613.5873.917.2203.646.5092.811.112

41.416.612

2.650.7813.226.0424.153.2303.765.8234.239.2994.025.9374.204.9152.566.1173.694.8264.134.0383.914.6492.885.873

43.461.530

2.828.6283.565.6234.116.3833.980.1294.436.0084.225.7134.540.8392.815.5074.188.1534.471.3343.708.5163.175.848

46.052.681

2005

2.879.2983.521.8994.157.7344.038.6044.561.5784.509.8804.664.4803.013.0214.154.1014.585.1434.295.8613.493.350

47.874.949

2006

3.362.0613.734.5824.482.7554.005.4224.461.9754.389.9894.600.8142.825.1024.090.8864.382.7023.944.0043.261.345

47.541.637

2007

2.954.3023.802.1253.894.3023.930.5234.126.4853.967.0004.284.0282.478.9193.733.3594.217.1763.450.6502.191.051

43.029.921

20081998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

PRODUZIONE MONDIALE DI CEMENTO DAL 2004 AL 2008WORLD CEMENT PRODUCTION FROM 2004 THROUGH 2008

Asia / Asiadi cui Cina / Chinadi cui Giappone / Japandi cui India / India

Europa / Europedi cui Italia / Italy

CISdi cui Russia

America / Americadi cui U.S.A. / U.S.A.

Africa / Africa

Oceania / Oceania

Totale / Total

2,60,8

-5,47,5

-6,3-9,5

-6,5-10,8

-1,8-8,1

3,9

0,3

0,8

35,443,5-6,635,8

5,6-6,6

25,516,7

11,9-10,0

41,7

9,9

28,7

67,844,23,36,2

13,72,1

3,32,1

10,64,4

4,2

0,5

100,0

71,449,22,46,6

11,21,5

3,21,9

9,23,1

4,6

0,4

100,0

1.486,2967,872,4

136,9

300,046,1

71,945,9

231,697,4

91,8

10,1

2.191,5

2004

1.603,81.079,6

72,7146,8

312,246,4

78,149,5

244,499,4

103,3

10,5

2.352,2

2005

1.808,41.253,5

73,2162,0

329,847,9

87,955,2

254,598,2

114,3

10,7

2.605,5

2006

1.962,01.377,8

71,4172,9

338,147,5

96,660,1

263,995,5

125,1

11,1

2.796,8

2007

2.012,91.388,4

67,6185,9

316,743,0

90,353,6

259,187,7

130,0

11,1

2.820,1

200820082007

20082004 2004 2008

Milioni di t / Millions of tonnes Variazioni % / Change % Incidenza % / Percentage %

Fonte: Cembureau ed elaborazioni AITEC / Source: Cembureau and AITEC workups

MAGGIORI PRODUTTORI DI CEMENTO NEL MONDO DAL 2003 AL 2008MAJOR WORLD CEMENT PRODUCER FROM 2003 THROUGH 2008

Cina / ChinaIndia / IndiaUSA / USAGiappone / JapanRussia / Russian FederationSpagna / SpainCorea del Sud / South KoreaTurchia / TurkeyItalia / ItalyBrasile / BrasileThailandia / ThailandMessico / MexicoIran / IranIndonesia / IndonesiaGermania / Germany

862,5126,792,873,842,644,859,738,143,534,235,632,630,534,933,6

9,96,8

-2,8-2,49,01,35,83,8

-0,711,58,51,2

13,24,90,3

0,87,5

-8,1-5,4

-10,8-23,2

1,35,0

-9,510,5

-11,8-1,511,04,80,8

2003

967,8136,997,472,445,946,655,841,346,136,436,734,132,337,932,7

2004

1.079,6146,899,472,749,550,349,145,646,439,237,936,732,736,131,9

2005

1.253,5162,098,273,255,254,051,449,047,942,441,340,235,338,134,3

2006

1.377,8172,995,571,460,154,754,450,847,547,244,840,740,039,934,4

2007

1.388,4185,987,767,653,642,055,153,443,052,239,540,144,441,834,7

200820082007

20082007

Fonte: Cembureau ed elaborazioni AITEC / Source: Cembureau and AITEC workups

Milioni di t / Millions of tonnes Variazioni % / Change %

PRODUZIONE DI CEMENTO PER MESI E PER CIRCOSCRIZIONI GEOGRAFICHEMONHTLY CEMENT PRODUCTION BY GEOGRAPHIC DISTRICT


Totale / Total

1.274.0371.785.9601.936.1551.789.4621.937.3921.863.9362.049.7481.147.6341.773.6402.030.1331.566.903

940.006

20.095.004

568.125725.189686.301754.983767.991764.640830.732464.607731.584782.776644.865408.559

8.130.352

740.229868.994848.522927.984967.881894.839972.547595.033851.023971.485846.223579.841

10.064.600

371.911421.982423.324458.095453.222443.585431.001271.646377.112432.782392.660262.645

4.739.965

2.954.3023.802.1253.894.3023.930.5234.126.4853.967.0004.284.0282.478.9193.733.3594.217.1763.450.6502.191.051

43.029.921

2008 2008 2008 2008 2008

1.425.1011.778.7642.203.1741.958.6412.103.8592.086.6872.165.7521.182.9071.901.1422.064.3561.890.0931.534.450

22.294.926

687.828704.703840.257762.859878.374840.909918.344559.070800.415865.132751.408633.924

9.243.224

851.674840.839980.177853.273983.571998.761

1.032.254684.726918.055980.533860.645729.261

10.713.767

401.608415.454465.574436.367502.305469.714490.776401.850460.109460.543430.742354.678

5.289.720

3.366.2113.739.7604.489.1824.011.1404.468.1104.396.0724.607.1262.828.5534.079.7214.370.5633.932.8883.252.313

47.541.637

2007 2007 2007 2007 2007

t / tonnes

Italia Settentrionale Northern Italy

Italia CentraleCentral Italy

Italia MeridionaleSouthern Italy

Italia InsulareItalian Islands

TotaleTotal

PRODUZIONE MENSILE DI CEMENTOMONTHLY CEMENT PRODUCTION

PRODUZIONE MONDIALE DI CEMENTOWORLD CEMENT PRODUCTION

On the coverAuditorium and Hall of Congresses, Merida, Spain

II of coverLe forme del cemento – Plasticità, new architecture collection – AITEC

III of coverConcrete highway pavement, AITEC Monograph

On the interior:The Rio Potengi cable-stayed highway bridge, Natal, Brazil - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. issue no. 849

International airport parking, Hamburg, Germany - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 843

Waketokuyama-Minato-ku restaurant, Tokyo, Japan - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 831

New Museum for Oriental and Modern Arts at the Hombroich Musum, Neuss, Germany - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 830

Opera house, Oslo, Norway - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 849

El Musical cultural center, Valencia, Spain - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 828

House of Parliament, Edinburgh, Scotland - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 828

International School of Geneva, Grand-Saconnex, Switzerland - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 831

Hall of Congresses, Ferry Porsche, Zell am See, Austria - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 851

House of Parliament, Edinburgh, United Kingdom - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no.828

Teaching Institute, Créteil, France - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 824

New Verdi Theatre, Pordenone, Italy - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 829

National Choreography Centre, Aix-en-Provence, France - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 850

Hall of Congresses and Auditorium, Badajoz, Spain - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 850

New Verdi Theatre,Pordenone, Italy - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 829

deSingel University Campus, Belgium

New Museum for the Oriental and Modern Arts in the Hombroich Museum, Neuss, Germany - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 830

Hall of Congresses and Auditorium, Badajoz, Spain - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 850

School of Economics, Amsterdam, Holland - the magazine L’industria italiana del Cemento - iiC, issue no. 829

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Progetto grafico: PaPress• - RomaStampa: Grafica e Stampa di G. Scalia - Roma

2 ANNUAL REPORT - AITEC - Associazione Italiana … Econ… · · 2012-01-10ANNUAL REPORT ITALIAN...

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